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Grote K, Schaefer AC, Soufi M, Ruppert V, Linne U, Mukund Bhagwat A, Szymanski W, Graumann J, Gercke Y, Aldudak S, Hilfiker-Kleiner D, Schieffer E, Schieffer B. Targeting the High-Density Lipoprotein Proteome for the Treatment of Post-Acute Sequelae of SARS-CoV-2. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4522. [PMID: 38674105 PMCID: PMC11049911 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Here, we target the high-density lipoprotein (HDL) proteome in a case series of 16 patients with post-COVID-19 symptoms treated with HMG-Co-A reductase inhibitors (statin) plus angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockers (ARBs) for 6 weeks. Patients suffering from persistent symptoms (post-acute sequelae) after serologically confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection (post-COVID-19 syndrome, PCS, n = 8) or following SARS-CoV-2 vaccination (PVS, n = 8) were included. Asymptomatic subjects with corresponding serological findings served as healthy controls (n = 8/8). HDL was isolated using dextran sulfate precipitation and the HDL proteome of all study participants was analyzed quantitatively by mass spectrometry. Clinical symptoms were assessed using questionnaires before and after therapy. The inflammatory potential of the patients' HDL proteome was addressed in human endothelial cells. The HDL proteome of patients with PCS and PVS showed no significant differences; however, compared to controls, the HDL from PVS/PCS patients displayed significant alterations involving hemoglobin, cytoskeletal proteins (MYL6, TLN1, PARVB, TPM4, FLNA), and amyloid precursor protein. Gene Ontology Biological Process (GOBP) enrichment analysis identified hemostasis, peptidase, and lipoprotein regulation pathways to be involved. Treatment of PVS/PCS patients with statins plus ARBs improved the patients' clinical symptoms. After therapy, three proteins were significantly increased (FAM3C, AT6AP2, ADAM10; FDR < 0.05) in the HDL proteome from patients with PVS/PCS. Exposure of human endothelial cells with the HDL proteome from treated PVS/PCS patients revealed reduced inflammatory cytokine and adhesion molecule expression. Thus, HDL proteome analysis from PVS/PCS patients enables a deeper insight into the underlying disease mechanisms, pointing to significant involvement in metabolic and signaling disturbances. Treatment with statins plus ARBs improved clinical symptoms and reduced the inflammatory potential of the HDL proteome. These observations may guide future therapeutic strategies for PVS/PCS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karsten Grote
- Department of Cardiology, Angiology, and Intensive Care, Philipps University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany; (K.G.); (A.-C.S.); (M.S.); (V.R.); (S.A.); (E.S.)
| | - Ann-Christin Schaefer
- Department of Cardiology, Angiology, and Intensive Care, Philipps University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany; (K.G.); (A.-C.S.); (M.S.); (V.R.); (S.A.); (E.S.)
| | - Muhidien Soufi
- Department of Cardiology, Angiology, and Intensive Care, Philipps University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany; (K.G.); (A.-C.S.); (M.S.); (V.R.); (S.A.); (E.S.)
| | - Volker Ruppert
- Department of Cardiology, Angiology, and Intensive Care, Philipps University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany; (K.G.); (A.-C.S.); (M.S.); (V.R.); (S.A.); (E.S.)
| | - Uwe Linne
- Mass Spectrometry Facility, Department of Chemistry, Philipps University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany;
| | - Aditya Mukund Bhagwat
- Institute of Translational Proteomics & Core Facility Translational Proteomics, Philipps University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany (W.S.)
| | - Witold Szymanski
- Institute of Translational Proteomics & Core Facility Translational Proteomics, Philipps University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany (W.S.)
| | - Johannes Graumann
- Institute of Translational Proteomics & Core Facility Translational Proteomics, Philipps University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany (W.S.)
| | - Yana Gercke
- Department of Cardiology, Angiology, and Intensive Care, Philipps University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany; (K.G.); (A.-C.S.); (M.S.); (V.R.); (S.A.); (E.S.)
| | - Sümeya Aldudak
- Department of Cardiology, Angiology, and Intensive Care, Philipps University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany; (K.G.); (A.-C.S.); (M.S.); (V.R.); (S.A.); (E.S.)
| | - Denise Hilfiker-Kleiner
- Institute Cardiovascular Complications in Pregnancy and Oncologic Therapies, Philipps University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany;
| | - Elisabeth Schieffer
- Department of Cardiology, Angiology, and Intensive Care, Philipps University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany; (K.G.); (A.-C.S.); (M.S.); (V.R.); (S.A.); (E.S.)
| | - Bernhard Schieffer
- Department of Cardiology, Angiology, and Intensive Care, Philipps University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany; (K.G.); (A.-C.S.); (M.S.); (V.R.); (S.A.); (E.S.)
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Gomułka K, Mędrala W. Serum Levels of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor, Platelet Activating Factor and Eosinophil-Derived Neurotoxin in Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria—A Pilot Study in Adult Patients. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179631. [PMID: 36077027 PMCID: PMC9456178 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU) is a skin disease characterized by the presence of wheals, angioedema, or both for at least 6 weeks. Although, CSU is often regarded as autoimmune in nature, its etiology is not fully explained and interactions between various small molecules are still taken under account. The aim of this research was to investigate the mean serum concentration of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), platelet activating factor (PAF), and eosinophil-derived neurotoxin (EDN) in relation to the disease activity and pruritus intensity in adult patients with CSU. Fifteen patients with CSU and 15 healthy subjects participated in this pilot study. Blood samples were taken to examine the mean serum levels of VEGF, PAF, and EDN by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay test (ELISA). The Urticaria Activity Score (UAS7) and The Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) were used to assess the disease activity and the pruritus intensity, respectively. Obtained results revealed that VEGF, PAF, and EDN concentrations were higher in patients with CSU compared with those of the control group, but only for VEGF it was statistically significant (p = 0.008). However, levels of all investigated cytokines were not significantly correlated neither with the disease activity nor with the pruritus intensity. Our results showed higher serum levels of VEGF, PAF, and EDN among CSU patients which may highlight a functional role of these cytokines in the disease’s pathogenesis. In contrast, VEGF, PAF, or EDN might not be useful to reflect the severity of symptoms.
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Hernandez I, Hayward JJ, Brockman JA, White ME, Mouttham L, Wilcox EA, Garrison S, Castelhano MG, Loftus JP, Gomes FE, Balkman C, Brooks MB, Fiani N, Forman M, Kern T, Kornreich B, Ledbetter EC, Peralta S, Struble AM, Caligiuri L, Corey E, Lin L, Jordan J, Sack D, Boyko AR, Lyons LA, Todhunter RJ. Complex Feline Disease Mapping Using a Dense Genotyping Array. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:862414. [PMID: 35782544 PMCID: PMC9244801 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.862414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The current feline genotyping array of 63 k single nucleotide polymorphisms has proven its utility for mapping within breeds, and its use has led to the identification of variants associated with Mendelian traits in purebred cats. However, compared to single gene disorders, association studies of complex diseases, especially with the inclusion of random bred cats with relatively low linkage disequilibrium, require a denser genotyping array and an increased sample size to provide statistically significant associations. Here, we undertook a multi-breed study of 1,122 cats, most of which were admitted and phenotyped for nine common complex feline diseases at the Cornell University Hospital for Animals. Using a proprietary 340 k single nucleotide polymorphism mapping array, we identified significant genome-wide associations with hyperthyroidism, diabetes mellitus, and eosinophilic keratoconjunctivitis. These results provide genomic locations for variant discovery and candidate gene screening for these important complex feline diseases, which are relevant not only to feline health, but also to the development of disease models for comparative studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Hernandez
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Jessica J. Hayward
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
- *Correspondence: Jessica J. Hayward
| | - Jeff A. Brockman
- Pet Nutrition Center, Hill's Pet Nutrition, Topeka, KS, United States
| | - Michelle E. White
- Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
- Vertebrate Genomics Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Lara Mouttham
- Cornell Veterinary Biobank, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Elizabeth A. Wilcox
- Cornell Veterinary Biobank, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Susan Garrison
- Cornell Veterinary Biobank, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Marta G. Castelhano
- Cornell Veterinary Biobank, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - John P. Loftus
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Filipe Espinheira Gomes
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Cheryl Balkman
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Marjory B. Brooks
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Services, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Nadine Fiani
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Marnin Forman
- Cornell University Veterinary Specialists, Stamford, CT, United States
| | - Tom Kern
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Bruce Kornreich
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Eric C. Ledbetter
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Santiago Peralta
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Angela M. Struble
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Lisa Caligiuri
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Elizabeth Corey
- Cornell Veterinary Biobank, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Lin Lin
- Cornell Veterinary Biobank, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Julie Jordan
- Cornell Veterinary Biobank, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Danny Sack
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Adam R. Boyko
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Leslie A. Lyons
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Rory J. Todhunter
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
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He Y, He Z, Zhang X, Liu S. Platelet-activating factor acetyl hydrolase IB2 dysregulated cell proliferation in ovarian cancer. Cancer Cell Int 2021; 21:697. [PMID: 34930255 PMCID: PMC8690939 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-021-02406-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ovarian cancer is the leading cause of death from gynaecologic illnessed worldwide. Platelet-activating factor acetyl hydrolase IB2 (PAF-AH IB2) is an intracellular serine esterase that hydrolyzes platelet-activating factor, a G-protein-like trimer with two catalytic subunits and one regulatory subunit. The regulatory role of PAF-AH IB2 in the oncogenesis of ovarian cancer is not well understood. Methods In this study, the TCGA dataset and clinical cancer tissue microarray were utilized to investigate abnormal overexpression of PAF-AH IB2 in ovarian cancer. To investigate the impact on the cell proliferation, migration, and tumorigenicity in vitro, PAF-AH IB2 stable knocking down (KD) ovarian cancer cells were established by ShRNA. The whole transcription profiling, tyrosine kinase profiling and standard cell functional assays were integrated to explore the biological importance and mechanism of PAF-AH IB2 modulated in ovarian cancer. Results PAF-AH IB2 was identified significantly overexpression in four subtypes of ovarian cancer. In vitro, PAF-AH IB2 KD significantly inhibited cancer cell proliferation, migration, and tumorigenicity, activated caspases and caused cell cycle arrest, and made the cells more sensitive to PAF. PAF-AH 1B2 KD cells down-regulated several key regulators of the multiple tyrosine kinases-mediated signaling pathway, suggesting a novel interaction network between the growth factor receptors pathway and PAF-AH 1B2 mediated PAF signalling. Conclusions These findings revealed a previously undiscovered role for PAF-AH IB2 as a potenial therapy target and essential signaling mediators in ovarian cancer pathogenesis, as well as new possible preventive and therapeutic strategies to inhibit this enzyme in clinical treatment for ovarian cancer. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12935-021-02406-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- YingYing He
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, #132 Lanhei Road, Panlong District, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, People's Republic of China.,School of Chemical Science & Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, Yunnan, China
| | - Zhicheng He
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, #132 Lanhei Road, Panlong District, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, People's Republic of China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, #132 Lanhei Road, Panlong District, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Shubai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, #132 Lanhei Road, Panlong District, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, People's Republic of China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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Pamenter ME, Hall JE, Tanabe Y, Simonson TS. Cross-Species Insights Into Genomic Adaptations to Hypoxia. Front Genet 2020; 11:743. [PMID: 32849780 PMCID: PMC7387696 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Over millions of years, vertebrate species populated vast environments spanning the globe. Among the most challenging habitats encountered were those with limited availability of oxygen, yet many animal and human populations inhabit and perform life cycle functions and/or daily activities in varying degrees of hypoxia today. Of particular interest are species that inhabit high-altitude niches, which experience chronic hypobaric hypoxia throughout their lives. Physiological and molecular aspects of adaptation to hypoxia have long been the focus of high-altitude populations and, within the past decade, genomic information has become increasingly accessible. These data provide an opportunity to search for common genetic signatures of selection across uniquely informative populations and thereby augment our understanding of the mechanisms underlying adaptations to hypoxia. In this review, we synthesize the available genomic findings across hypoxia-tolerant species to provide a comprehensive view of putatively hypoxia-adaptive genes and pathways. In many cases, adaptive signatures across species converge on the same genetic pathways or on genes themselves [i.e., the hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) pathway). However, specific variants thought to underlie function are distinct between species and populations, and, in most cases, the precise functional role of these genomic differences remains unknown. Efforts to standardize these findings and explore relationships between genotype and phenotype will provide important clues into the evolutionary and mechanistic bases of physiological adaptations to environmental hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew E. Pamenter
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Ottawa Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - James E. Hall
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Yuuka Tanabe
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Tatum S. Simonson
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
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Ulambayar B, Yang EM, Cha HY, Shin YS, Park HS, Ye YM. Increased platelet activating factor levels in chronic spontaneous urticaria predicts refractoriness to antihistamine treatment: an observational study. Clin Transl Allergy 2019; 9:33. [PMID: 31346408 PMCID: PMC6636088 DOI: 10.1186/s13601-019-0275-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Platelet activating factor (PAF) is an endogenous, active phospholipid released from inflammatory cells, platelets, and endothelial cells, and is involved in the regulation of immune responses. Degradation of PAF by PAF acetylhydrolase (PAF-AH) has been shown to be associated with anaphylaxis, asthma, and peanut allergy. The purpose of this study was to investigate relationships among clinical parameters, including urticaria severity and treatment responsiveness, and PAF and PAF-AH levels in sera from patients with chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU). Methods Serum PAF and PAF-AH levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in 283 CSU patients and 111 age- and sex-matched, healthy normal controls (NCs). Urticaria severity was evaluated by urticaria activity score over 7 days (UAS7). Within 3 months after measuring PAF levels, patients whose urticaria was not controlled by antihistamine treatment were classified as histamine receptor 1 antagonist (H1RA) non-responders. Results Serum PAF levels were significantly higher in CSU patients than in NCs (median 4368.9 vs. 3256.4 pg/ml, p = 0.015), while serum PAF-AH levels were significantly lower in CSU patients (105.6 vs. 125.7 ng/ml, p = 0.001). H1RA non-responders had higher levels of PAF in their sera than H1RA responders. A generalized linear model revealed that a higher UAS7 score (odds ratio 1.023, p = 0.024) and a PAF level ≥ 5000 pg/ml (1.409, p < 0.001) were significant predictors of a poor response to H1RA treatment. Conclusions Compared with NCs, CSU patients, particularly those with H1RA refractoriness, showed significant increases in serum PAF levels and decreases in PAF-AH. Therapies modulating PAF and PAF-AH levels could be effective in patients with CSU refractory to antihistamines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastsetseg Ulambayar
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Ajou University School of Medicine, 164 Worldcup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, 443-721 Korea
| | - Eun-Mi Yang
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Ajou University School of Medicine, 164 Worldcup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, 443-721 Korea
| | - Hyun-Young Cha
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Ajou University School of Medicine, 164 Worldcup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, 443-721 Korea
| | - Yoo-Seob Shin
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Ajou University School of Medicine, 164 Worldcup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, 443-721 Korea
| | - Hae-Sim Park
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Ajou University School of Medicine, 164 Worldcup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, 443-721 Korea
| | - Young-Min Ye
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Ajou University School of Medicine, 164 Worldcup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, 443-721 Korea
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Chaithra VH, Jacob SP, Lakshmikanth CL, Sumanth MS, Abhilasha KV, Chen CH, Thyagarajan A, Sahu RP, Travers JB, McIntyre TM, Kemparaju K, Marathe GK. Modulation of inflammatory platelet-activating factor (PAF) receptor by the acyl analogue of PAF. J Lipid Res 2018; 59:2063-2074. [PMID: 30139761 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m085704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelet-activating factor (PAF) is a potent inflammatory mediator that exerts its actions via the single PAF receptor (PAF-R). Cells that biosynthesize alkyl-PAF also make abundant amounts of the less potent PAF analogue acyl-PAF, which competes for PAF-R. Both PAF species are degraded by the plasma form of PAF acetylhydrolase (PAF-AH). We examined whether cogenerated acyl-PAF protects alkyl-PAF from systemic degradation by acting as a sacrificial substrate to enhance inflammatory stimulation or as an inhibitor to dampen PAF-R signaling. In ex vivo experiments both PAF species are prothrombotic in isolation, but acyl-PAF reduced the alkyl-PAF-induced stimulation of human platelets that express canonical PAF-R. In Swiss albino mice, alkyl-PAF causes sudden death, but this effect can also be suppressed by simultaneously administering boluses of acyl-PAF. When PAF-AH levels were incrementally elevated, the protective effect of acyl-PAF on alkyl-PAF-induced death was serially decreased. We conclude that, although acyl-PAF in isolation is mildly proinflammatory, in a pathophysiological setting abundant acyl-PAF suppresses the action of alkyl-PAF. These studies provide evidence for a previously unrecognized role for acyl-PAF as an inflammatory set-point modulator that regulates both PAF-R signaling and hydrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shancy Petsel Jacob
- Department of Studies in Biochemistry University of Mysore, Manasagangothri, Mysuru 570006, India
| | | | - Mosale Seetharam Sumanth
- Department of Studies in Biochemistry University of Mysore, Manasagangothri, Mysuru 570006, India
| | | | - Chu-Huang Chen
- Vascular and Medicinal Research, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Anita Thyagarajan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435
| | - Ravi P Sahu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435
| | - Jeffery Bryant Travers
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435
| | - Thomas M McIntyre
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH
| | - Kempaiah Kemparaju
- Department of Studies in Biochemistry University of Mysore, Manasagangothri, Mysuru 570006, India
| | - Gopal Kedihithlu Marathe
- Department of Studies in Biochemistry University of Mysore, Manasagangothri, Mysuru 570006, India .,and Department of Studies in Molecular Biology, University of Mysore, Manasagangothri, Mysuru 570006, India
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Kono N, Arai H. Platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolases: An overview and update. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2018; 1864:922-931. [PMID: 30055287 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2018.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolases (PAF-AHs) are unique members of the phospholipase A2 family that can hydrolyze the acetyl group of PAF, a signaling phospholipid that has roles in diverse (patho)physiological processes. Three types of PAF-AH have been identified in mammals, one plasma type and two intracellular types [PAF-AH (I) and PAF-AH (II)]. Plasma PAF-AH and PAF-AH (II) are monomeric enzymes that are structurally similar, while PAF-AH (I) is a multimeric enzyme with no homology to other PAF-AHs. PAF-AH (I) shows a strong preference for an acetyl group, whereas plasma PAF-AH and PAF-AH (II) also hydrolyze phospholipids with oxidatively modified fatty acids. Plasma PAF-AH has been implicated in several diseases including cardiovascular disease. PAF-AH (I) is required for spermatogenesis and is increasingly recognized as an oncogenic factor. PAF-AH (II) was recently shown to act as a bioactive lipid-producing enzyme in mast cells and thus could be a drug target for allergic diseases. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Novel functions of phospholipase A2 Guest Editors: Makoto Murakami and Gerard Lambeau.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nozomu Kono
- Department of Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; PRIME, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, 1-7-1 Otemachi, Chiyodaku, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan.
| | - Hiroyuki Arai
- Department of Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, 1-7-1 Otemachi, Chiyodaku, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan
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Li ZY, Chung YH, Shin EJ, Dang DK, Jeong JH, Ko SK, Nah SY, Baik TG, Jhoo JH, Ong WY, Nabeshima T, Kim HC. YY-1224, a terpene trilactone-strengthened Ginkgo biloba, attenuates neurodegenerative changes induced by β-amyloid (1-42) or double transgenic overexpression of APP and PS1 via inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2. J Neuroinflammation 2017; 14:94. [PMID: 28449688 PMCID: PMC5408406 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-017-0866-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ginkgo biloba has been reported to possess free radical-scavenging antioxidant activity and anti-inflammatory properties. In our pilot study, YY-1224, a terpene trilactone-strengthened extract of G. biloba, showed anti-inflammatory, neurotrophic, and antioxidant effects. RESULTS We investigated the pharmacological potential of YY-1224 in β-amyloid (Aβ) (1-42)-induced memory impairment using cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) knockout (-/-) and APPswe/PS1dE9 transgenic (APP/PS1 Tg) mice. Repeated treatment with YY-1224 significantly attenuated Aβ (1-42)-induced memory impairment in COX-2 (+/+) mice, but not in COX-2 (-/-) mice. YY-1224 significantly attenuated Aβ (1-42)-induced upregulation of platelet-activating factor (PAF) receptor gene expression, reactive oxygen species, and pro-inflammatory factors. In addition, YY-1224 significantly inhibited Aβ (1-42)-induced downregulation of PAF-acetylhydrolase-1 (PAF-AH-1) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) gene expression. These changes were more pronounced in COX-2 (+/+) mice than in COX-2 (-/-) mice. YY-1224 significantly attenuated learning impairment, Aβ deposition, and pro-inflammatory microglial activation in APP/PS1 Tg mice, whereas it significantly enhanced PAF-AH and PPARγ expression. A preferential COX-2 inhibitor, meloxicam, did not affect the pharmacological activity by YY-1224, suggesting that the COX-2 gene is a critical mediator of the neuroprotective effects of YY-1224. The protective activity of YY-1224 appeared to be more efficacious than a standard G. biloba extract (Gb) against Aβ insult. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that the protective effects of YY-1224 against Aβ toxicity may be associated with its PAF antagonistic- and PPARγ agonistic-potential as well as inhibition of the Aβ-mediated pro-inflammatory switch of microglia phenotypes through suppression of COX-2 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Yi Li
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, 24341 Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Hee Chung
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974 Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Joo Shin
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, 24341 Republic of Korea
| | - Duy-Khanh Dang
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, 24341 Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hoon Jeong
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974 Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Kwon Ko
- Department of Oriental Medical Food and Nutrition, Semyung University, Jecheon, 27136 Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Yeol Nah
- Ginsentology Research Laboratory and Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029 Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Gon Baik
- R&D Center, Yuyu Pharma, Seoul, 04598 Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Hyeong Jhoo
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, 24341 Republic of Korea
| | - Wei-Yi Ong
- Department of Anatomy, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119260 Singapore
| | - Toshitaka Nabeshima
- Nabeshima Laboratory, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Meijo University, Nagoya, 468-8503 Japan
| | - Hyoung-Chun Kim
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, 24341 Republic of Korea
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Ryan AF, Juhn SK, Andalibi A, Bakaletz LO, Ehrlich GD, Jung TTK, Li JD, Lin J, Post CJ. 4B. Biochemistry. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/00034894051140s107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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11
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Ye S, Fujiwara T, Zhou J, Varughese KI, Zhao H. LIS1 Regulates Osteoclastogenesis through Modulation of M-SCF and RANKL Signaling Pathways and CDC42. Int J Biol Sci 2016; 12:1488-1499. [PMID: 27994513 PMCID: PMC5166490 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.15583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
We have previously reported that depletion of LIS1, a key regulator of microtubules and cytoplasmic dynein motor complex, in osteoclast precursor cells by shRNAs attenuates osteoclastogenesis in vitro. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we show that conditional deletion of LIS1 in osteoclast progenitors in mice led to increased bone mass and decreased osteoclast number on trabecular bone. In vitro mechanistic studies revealed that loss of LIS1 had little effects on cell cycle progression but accelerated apoptosis of osteoclast precursor cells. Furthermore, deletion of LIS1 prevented prolonged activation of ERK by M-CSF and aberrantly enhanced prolonged JNK activation stimulated by RANKL. Finally, lack of LIS1 abrogated M-CSF and RANKL induced CDC42 activation and retroviral transduction of a constitutively active form of CDC42 partially rescued osteoclastogenesis in LIS1-deficient macrophages. Therefore, these data identify a key role of LIS1 in regulation of cell survival of osteoclast progenitors by modulating M-CSF and RANKL induced signaling pathways and CDC42 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiqiao Ye
- Center for Osteoporosis and Metabolic Bone Diseases, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Toshifumi Fujiwara
- Center for Osteoporosis and Metabolic Bone Diseases, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Jian Zhou
- Center for Osteoporosis and Metabolic Bone Diseases, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA;; Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, P. R. China
| | - Kottayil I Varughese
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Haibo Zhao
- Center for Osteoporosis and Metabolic Bone Diseases, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA;; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
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12
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Tsimihodimos V, Kostoula A, Kakafika A, Bairaktari E, Tselepis AD, Mikhailidis DP, Elisaf M. Effect of Fenofibrate on Serum Inflammatory Markers in Patients With High Triglyceride Values. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther 2016; 9:27-33. [PMID: 15094966 DOI: 10.1177/107424840400900i105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background: Atherosclerosis is the leading cause of death in developed countries. Although the mechanisms that underlie this process are not well defined, it has been proposed that atherosclerosis is mainly an inflammatory disease. In this context, a number of inflammatory markers have been studied for their ability to predict future cardiovascular events in asymptomatic individuals or patients with established atherosclerotic disease. Methods and Results: The aim of our study was to evaluate the effect of micronized fenofibrate on serum inflammatory markers, such as C-reactive protein, fibrinogen, and plasma platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase (PAF-AH) in patients with high triglyceride values. An analysis of baseline values revealed that hypertriglyceridemic patients (n = 58) exhibit an atherogenic phenotype, characterized not only by elevated lipid values but also by high concentrations of serum inflammatory markers. Along with the improvement in serum lipid profile (reduction in triglycerides and total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, and nonhigh-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, with a concomitant increase in high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels), fenofibrate administration significantly reduced the values of serum inflammatory markers by 34%, 9.5%, and 24.8% for C-reactive protein, fibrinogen, and plasma PAF-AH, respectively. However, with the exception of PAF-AH, these reductions in inflammatory markers were not correlated with the changes in lipid values. Conclusions: In addition to its well-known hypolipidemic effects, fenofibrate may also possess significant anti-inflammatory properties that can contribute its antiatherogenic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasilis Tsimihodimos
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
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13
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Ding X, Lu J, Yu R, Wang X, Wang T, Dong F, Peng B, Wu W, Liu H, Geng Y, Zhang R, Ma H, Cheng J, Yu M, Fang S. Preliminary Proteomic Analysis of A549 Cells Infected with Avian Influenza Virus H7N9 and Influenza A Virus H1N1. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156017. [PMID: 27223893 PMCID: PMC4880285 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A newly emerged H7N9 influenza virus poses high risk to human beings. However, the pathogenic mechanism of the virus remains unclear. The temporal response of primary human alveolar adenocarcinoma epithelial cells (A549) infected with H7N9 influenza virus and H1N1 influenza A virus (H1N1, pdm09) were evaluated using the proteomics approaches (2D-DIGE combined with MALDI-TOF-MS/MS) at 24, 48 and 72 hours post of the infection (hpi). There were 11, 12 and 33 proteins with significant different expressions (P<0.05) at 24, 48 and 72hpi, especially F-actin-capping protein subunit alpha-1 (CAPZA1), Ornithine aminotransferase (OAT), Poly(rC)-binding protein 1 (PCBP1), Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A-1 (EIF5A) and Platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolaseⅠb subunit beta (PAFAH1B2) were validated by western-blot analysis. The functional analysis revealed that the differential proteins in A549 cells involved in regulating cytopathic effect. Among them, the down-regulation of CAPZA1, OAT, PCBP1, EIF5A are related to the death of cells infected by H7N9 influenza virus. This is the first time show that the down-regulation of PAFAH1B2 is related to the later clinical symptoms of patients infected by H7N9 influenza virus. These findings may improve our understanding of pathogenic mechanism of H7N9 influenza virus in proteomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoman Ding
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiahai Lu
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ruoxi Yu
- Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Major Infectious Disease Control Key Laboratory, Key Reference Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosafety, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Nanshan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Fangyuan Dong
- Major Infectious Disease Control Key Laboratory, Key Reference Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosafety, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Bo Peng
- Major Infectious Disease Control Key Laboratory, Key Reference Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosafety, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Weihua Wu
- Major Infectious Disease Control Key Laboratory, Key Reference Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosafety, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Major Infectious Disease Control Key Laboratory, Key Reference Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosafety, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yijie Geng
- Major Infectious Disease Control Key Laboratory, Key Reference Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosafety, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Renli Zhang
- Major Infectious Disease Control Key Laboratory, Key Reference Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosafety, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hanwu Ma
- Major Infectious Disease Control Key Laboratory, Key Reference Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosafety, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jinquan Cheng
- Major Infectious Disease Control Key Laboratory, Key Reference Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosafety, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Muhua Yu
- Nanshan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
- * E-mail: (MHY); (SSF)
| | - Shisong Fang
- Major Infectious Disease Control Key Laboratory, Key Reference Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosafety, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
- * E-mail: (MHY); (SSF)
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Jacob SP, Lakshmikanth CL, Chaithra VH, Kumari TRS, Chen CH, McIntyre TM, Marathe GK. Lipopolysaccharide Cross-Tolerance Delays Platelet-Activating Factor-Induced Sudden Death in Swiss Albino Mice: Involvement of Cyclooxygenase in Cross-Tolerance. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0153282. [PMID: 27064683 PMCID: PMC4827832 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) signaling through Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR-4) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of many infectious diseases. Some believe that TLR-mediated pathogenicity is due, in part, to the lipid pro-inflammatory mediator platelet-activating factor (PAF), but this has been questioned. To test the direct contribution of PAF in endotoxemia in murine models, we injected PAF intraperitoneally into Swiss albino mice in the presence and absence of LPS. PAF alone (5 μg/mouse) caused death within 15-20 min, but this could be prevented by pretreating mice with PAF-receptor (PAF-R) antagonists or PAF-acetylhydrolase (PAF-AH). A low dose of LPS (5 mg/kg body wt) did not impair PAF-induced death, whereas higher doses (10 or 20 mg/kg body wt) delayed death, probably via LPS cross-tolerance. Cross-tolerance occurred only when PAF was injected simultaneously with LPS or within 30 min of LPS injection. Tolerance does not appear to be due to an abundant soluble mediator. Histologic examination of lungs and liver and measurement of circulating TNF-α and IL-10 levels suggested that the inflammatory response is not diminished during cross-tolerance. Interestingly, aspirin, a non-specific cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitor, partially blocked PAF-induced sudden death, whereas NS-398, a specific COX-2 inhibitor, completely protected mice from the lethal effects of PAF. Both COX inhibitors (at 20 mg/kg body wt) independently amplified the cross-tolerance exerted by higher dose of LPS, suggesting that COX-derived eicosanoids may be involved in these events. Thus, PAF does not seem to have a protective role in endotoxemia, but its effects are delayed by LPS in a COX-sensitive way. These findings are likely to shed light on basic aspects of the endotoxin cross-tolerance occurring in many disease conditions and may offer new opportunities for clinical intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shancy Petsel Jacob
- Department of Studies in Biochemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangothri, Mysuru, 570006, Karnataka, India
| | | | | | | | - Chu-Huang Chen
- Vascular and Medicinal Research, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, Texas, 77225–0345, United States of America
| | - Thomas M. McIntyre
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine (NC10), Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio, 44195, United States of America
| | - Gopal Kedihitlu Marathe
- Department of Studies in Biochemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangothri, Mysuru, 570006, Karnataka, India
- * E-mail:
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15
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Garg S, Madhu SV, Suneja S. Lipoprotein associated phospholipase A2 activity & its correlation with oxidized LDL & glycaemic status in early stages of type-2 diabetes mellitus. Indian J Med Res 2016; 141:107-14. [PMID: 25857502 PMCID: PMC4405925 DOI: 10.4103/0971-5916.154512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background & objectives: Lipoprotein associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2) is an important risk predictor of coronary artery disease (CAD). This study was aimed to evaluate Lp-PLA2 activity and oxidized low density lipoprotein (oxLDL) in newly diagnosed patients of type 2 diabetes mellitus and to determine the correlation of Lp-PLA2 activity with oxLDL and plasma glucose levels. Methods: Blood samples were collected in patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes (n=40) before any treatment was started and healthy controls (n=40). These were processed for estimating plasma glucose: fasting and post prandial, ox LDL, and Lp-PLA2 activity. The parameters in the two groups were compared. Correlation between different parameters was calculated by Pearson correlation analysis in both groups. Results: Lp-PLA2 activity (24.48 ± 4.91 vs 18.63 ± 5.29 nmol/min/ml, P<0.001) and oxLDL levels (52.46 ± 40.19 vs 33.26 ± 12.54 μmol/l, P<0.01) were significantly higher in patients as compared to those in controls. Lp-PLA2 activity correlated positively with oxLDL in both controls (r=0.414, P<0.01), as well in patients (r=0.542, P<0.01). A positive correlation between Lp-PLA2 activity and fasting plasma glucose levels was observed only in patients (r=0.348, P<0.05). Interpretation & conclusions: Result of this study implies that higher risk of CAD in patients with diabetes may be due to increase in Lp-PLA2 activity during the early course of the disease. A positive correlation between enzyme activity and fasting plasma glucose indicates an association between hyperglycaemia and increased activity of Lp-PLA2. This may explain a higher occurrence of CAD in patients with diabetes. A positive correlation between oxLDL and Lp-PLA2 activity suggests that Lp-PLA2 activity may be affected by oxLDL also.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seema Garg
- Department of Biochemistr, University College of Medical Sciences & Guru Teg Bahadur Hospital, (University of Delhi), Delhi, India
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16
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Platelets in the immune response: Revisiting platelet-activating factor in anaphylaxis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2015; 135:1424-32. [PMID: 26051949 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2015.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Revised: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Anaphylaxis is an acute, severe, life-threatening multisystem allergic reaction resulting from the sudden systemic release of biochemical mediators and chemotactic substances. Release of both preformed granule-associated mediators and newly generated lipid-derived mediators contributes to the amplification and prolongation of anaphylaxis. Platelet-activating factor (PAF) is a potent phospholipid-derived mediator the central role of which has been well established in experimental models of both immune-mediated and non-immune mediated anaphylaxis. It is produced and secreted by several types of cells, including mast cells, monocytes, tissue macrophages, platelets, eosinophils, endothelial cells, and neutrophils. PAF is implicated in platelet aggregation and activation through release of vasoactive amines in the inflammatory response, resulting in increased vascular permeability, circulatory collapse, decreased cardiac output, and various other biological effects. PAF is rapidly hydrolyzed and degraded to an inactive metabolite, lysoPAF, by the enzyme PAF acetylhydrolase, the activity of which has shown to correlate inversely with PAF levels and predispose to severe anaphylaxis. In addition to its role in anaphylaxis, PAF has also been implicated as a mediator in both allergic and nonallergic inflammatory diseases, including allergic rhinitis, sepsis, atherosclerotic disease, and malignancy, in which PAF signaling has an established role. The therapeutic role of PAF antagonism has been investigated for several diseases, with variable results thus far. Further investigation of its role in pathology and therapeutic modulation is highly anticipated because of the pressing need for more selective and targeted therapy for the management of severe anaphylaxis.
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Kispert S, Marentette J, McHowat J. Cigarette smoke induces cell motility via platelet-activating factor accumulation in breast cancer cells: a potential mechanism for metastatic disease. Physiol Rep 2015; 3:3/3/e12318. [PMID: 25802360 PMCID: PMC4393154 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Most cancer deaths are a result of metastasis rather than the primary tumor. Although cigarette smoking has been determined as a risk factor for several cancers, its role in metastasis has not been studied in detail. We propose that cigarette smoking contributes to metastatic disease via inhibition of breast cancer cell platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase (PAF-AH), resulting in PAF accumulation and a subsequent increase in cell motility. We studied several breast cell lines, including immortalized mammary epithelial cells (MCF-10A), luminal A hormone positive MCF-7, basal-like triple negative MDA-MB-468, and claudin-low triple-negative highly metastatic MDA-MB-231 breast tumor cells. We exposed cells to cigarette smoke extract (CSE) for up to 48 h. CSE inhibited PAF-AH activity, increased PAF accumulation, and increased cell motility in MDA-MB-231 metastatic triple negative breast cancer cells. The calcium-independent phospholipase A2 (iPLA2) inhibitor, (S) bromoenol lactone ((S)-BEL) was used to prevent the accumulation of PAF and further prevented the increase in cell motility seen previously when cells were exposed to CSE. Thus, iPLA2 or PAF may represent a therapeutic target to manage metastatic disease, particularly in triple-negative breast cancer patients who smoke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon Kispert
- Department of Pathology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - John Marentette
- Department of Pathology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Jane McHowat
- Department of Pathology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
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18
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Monillas ES, Caplan JL, Thévenin AF, Bahnson BJ. Oligomeric state regulated trafficking of human platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase type-II. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2015; 1854:469-75. [PMID: 25707358 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2015.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Revised: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The intracellular enzyme platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase type-II (PAFAH-II) hydrolyzes platelet-activating factor and oxidatively fragmented phospholipids. PAFAH-II in its resting state is mainly cytoplasmic, and it responds to oxidative stress by becoming increasingly bound to endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi membranes. Numerous studies have indicated that this enzyme is essential for protecting cells from oxidative stress induced apoptosis. However, the regulatory mechanism of the oxidative stress response by PAFAH-II has not been fully resolved. Here, changes to the oligomeric state of human PAFAH-II were investigated as a potential regulatory mechanism toward enzyme trafficking. Native PAGE analysis in vitro and photon counting histogram within live cells showed that PAFAH-II is both monomeric and dimeric. A Gly-2-Ala site-directed mutation of PAFAH-II demonstrated that the N-terminal myristoyl group is required for homodimerization. Additionally, the distribution of oligomeric PAFAH-II is distinct within the cell; homodimers of PAFAH-II were localized to the cytoplasm while monomers were associated to the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi. We propose that the oligomeric state of PAFAH-II drives functional protein trafficking. PAFAH-II localization to the membrane is critical for substrate acquisition and effective oxidative stress protection. It is hypothesized that the balance between monomer and dimer serves as a regulatory mechanism of a PAFAH-II oxidative stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth S Monillas
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Jeffrey L Caplan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Anastasia F Thévenin
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Brian J Bahnson
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA.
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The role of platelet-activating factor in mesangial pathophysiology. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2015; 185:888-96. [PMID: 25655028 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2014.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2014] [Revised: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Platelet-activating factor (PAF) is a powerful proinflammatory mediator that displays an exceedingly diverse spectrum of biological effects. Importantly, PAF is shown to participate in a broad range of pathologic conditions. This review focuses on the role that PAF plays specifically in the pathophysiology of the kidney, the organ that is both a source and a target of PAF. Renal mesangial cells are responsible for glomerular PAF generation and, ultimately, are the victims of its excessive production. Mesangial pathology is widely acknowledged to reflect glomerular damage, which culminates in glomerulosclerosis and proteinuria. Therefore, modulation of mesangial cell responses would offer a pathophysiology-based therapeutic approach to prevent glomerular injury. However, the currently available therapeutic modalities do not allow for targeted intervention into these processes. A more profound understanding of the mechanisms that govern PAF metabolism and signaling in mesangial cells is important, because it could facilitate the quest for improved therapies for renal patients on the basis of PAF as a drug target.
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Kono N, Arai H. Intracellular Platelet-Activating Factor Acetylhydrolase, Type II. PLATELET-ACTIVATING FACTOR ACETYLHYDROLASES (PAF-AH) 2015; 38:43-54. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.enz.2015.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Platelet-activating factor synthesis and receptor-mediated signaling are downregulated in ovine newborn lungs: relevance in postnatal pulmonary adaptation and persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2014; 4:458-69. [PMID: 24924225 DOI: 10.1017/s2040174413000366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Platelet-activating factor (PAF) is a phospholipid with a wide range of biological activities. We studied PAF metabolism and PAF receptor (PAFR) signaling in perinatal ovine lungs to understand PAF's role in transition of the perinatal pulmonary hemodynamics and pathophysiology of persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn. We hypothesized that downregulation of PAF synthesis with upregulation of PAF catabolism by acetylhydrolase (PAF-Ah) in the newborn lung is needed for fetus-to-newborn pulmonary adaptation. Studies were conducted on fetal and newborn lamb pulmonary arteries (PA), veins (PV) and smooth muscle cells (SMC). PAF metabolism, PAFR binding and cell proliferation were studied by cell culture; gene expression was studied by qPCR. Fetal lungs synthesized 60% more PAF than newborn lungs. Compared with the fetal PVs and SMCs, PAF-Ah activity in newborn was 40-60% greater. PAF-Ah mRNA expression in newborn vessels was different from the expression by fetal PA. PAF-Ah gene clone activity confirmed deletion of hypoxia-sensitive site. PAFR mRNA expression by the PVs and SMC-PV of the fetus and newborn was greater than by corresponding PAs and SMC-PA. Q-PCR study of PAFR expression by the SMC-PV of both groups was greater than SMC-PA. Fetal SMCs bound more PAF than the newborn SMCs. PAFR antagonist, CV-3988, inhibited PAFR binding and DNA synthesis by the fetal SMCs, but augmented binding and DNA synthesis by newborn cells. We show different PAF-PAFR mediated effects in perinatal lungs, suggesting both transcriptional and translational regulation of PAF-Ah and PAFR expression in the perinatal lamb lungs. These indicate that the downregulation of PAF-mediated effects postnatally protects against persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn.
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Yu C, Fan L, Wu Q, Fu K, Gao S, Wang M, Gao J, Li Y, Chen J. Biological role of Trichoderma harzianum-derived platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase (PAF-AH) on stress response and antagonism. PLoS One 2014; 9:e100367. [PMID: 24964161 PMCID: PMC4070952 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the properties of platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase (PAF-AH) derived from Trichoderma harzianum. The enzyme, comprised of 572 amino acids, shares high homology with PAF-AH proteins from T. koningii and other microbial species. The optimum enzymatic activity of PAF-AH occurred at pH 6 in the absence of Ca2+ and it localized in the cytoplasm, and we observed the upregulation of PAF-AH expression in response to carbon starvation and strong heat shock. Furthermore, PAF-AH knockout transformant growth occurred more slowly than wild type cells and over-expression strains grown in SM medium at 37°C and 42°C. In addition, PAF-AH expression significantly increased under a series of maize root induction assay. Eicosanoic acid and ergosterol levels decreased in the PAF-AH knockouts compared to wild type cells, as revealed by GC/MS analysis. We also determined stress responses mediated by PAF-AH were related to proteins HEX1, Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase, and cytochrome c. Finally, PAF-AH exhibited antagonistic activity against Rhizoctonia solani in plate confrontation assays. Our results indicate PAF-AH may play an important role in T. harzianum stress response and antagonism under diverse environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanjin Yu
- Department of Resource and Environmental Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao tong University, Shanghai, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Lili Fan
- Department of Resource and Environmental Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao tong University, Shanghai, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Qiong Wu
- Department of Resource and Environmental Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao tong University, Shanghai, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Kehe Fu
- Department of Resource and Environmental Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao tong University, Shanghai, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Shigang Gao
- Department of Resource and Environmental Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao tong University, Shanghai, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Meng Wang
- Department of Resource and Environmental Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao tong University, Shanghai, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Jinxin Gao
- Department of Resource and Environmental Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao tong University, Shanghai, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Yaqian Li
- Department of Resource and Environmental Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao tong University, Shanghai, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Resource and Environmental Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao tong University, Shanghai, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P. R. China
- * E-mail:
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Rönnlund D, Xu L, Perols A, Gad AKB, Eriksson Karlström A, Auer G, Widengren J. Multicolor fluorescence nanoscopy by photobleaching: concept, verification, and its application to resolve selective storage of proteins in platelets. ACS NANO 2014; 8:4358-4365. [PMID: 24730587 DOI: 10.1021/nn406113m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescence nanoscopy provides means to discern the finer details of protein localization and interaction in cells by offering an order of magnitude higher resolution than conventional optical imaging techniques. However, these super resolution techniques put higher demands on the optical system and the fluorescent probes, making multicolor fluorescence nanoscopy a challenging task. Here we present a new and simple procedure, which exploits the photostability and excitation spectra of dyes to increase the number of simultaneous recordable targets in STED nanoscopy. We use this procedure to demonstrate four-color STED imaging of platelets with ≤40 nm resolution and low crosstalk. Platelets can selectively store, sequester, and release a multitude of different proteins, in a manner specific for different physiological and disease states. By applying multicolor nanoscopy to study platelets, we can achieve spatial mapping of the protein organization with a high resolution for multiple proteins at the same time and in the same cell. This provides a means to identify specific platelet activation states for diagnostic purposes and to understand the underlying protein storage and release mechanisms. We studied the organization of the pro- and antiangiogenic proteins VEGF and PF-4, together with fibrinogen and filamentous actin, and found distinct features in their respective protein localization. Further, colocalization analysis revealed only minor overlap between the proteins VEGF and PF-4 indicating that they have separate storage and release mechanisms, corresponding well with their opposite roles as pro- and antiangiogenic proteins, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Rönnlund
- Department of Applied Physics, Royal Institute of Technology , Stockholm, 106 91 Sweden
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Marathe GK, Pandit C, Lakshmikanth CL, Chaithra VH, Jacob SP, D'Souza CJM. To hydrolyze or not to hydrolyze: the dilemma of platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase. J Lipid Res 2014; 55:1847-54. [PMID: 24859738 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r045492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mounting ambiguity persists around the functional role of the plasma form of platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase (PAF-AH). Because PAF-AH hydrolyzes PAF and related oxidized phospholipids, it is widely accepted as an anti-inflammatory enzyme. On the other hand, its actions can also generate lysophosphatidylcholine (lysoPC), a component of bioactive atherogenic oxidized LDL, thus allowing the enzyme to have proinflammatory capabilities. Presence of a canonical lysoPC receptor has been seriously questioned for a multitude of reasons. Animal models of inflammation show that elevating PAF-AH levels is beneficial and not deleterious and overexpression of PAF receptor (PAF-R) also augments inflammatory responses. Further, many Asian populations have a catalytically inert PAF-AH that appears to be a severity factor in a range of inflammatory disorders. Correlation found with elevated levels of PAF-AH and CVDs has led to the design of a specific PAF-AH inhibitor, darapladib. However, in a recently concluded phase III STABILITY clinical trial, use of darapladib did not yield promising results. Presence of structurally related multiple ligands for PAF-R with varied potency, existence of multi-molecular forms of PAF-AH, broad substrate specificity of the enzyme and continuous PAF production by the so called bi-cycle of PAF makes PAF more enigmatic. This review seeks to address the above concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopal Kedihitlu Marathe
- Department of Studies in Biochemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangothri, Mysore 570006, India
| | - Chaitanya Pandit
- Department of Studies in Biochemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangothri, Mysore 570006, India
| | | | | | - Shancy Petsel Jacob
- Department of Studies in Biochemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangothri, Mysore 570006, India
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Chakraborti S, Alam MN, Chaudhury A, Sarkar J, Pramanik A, Asrafuzzaman S, Das SK, Ghosh SN, Chakraborti T. Pathophysiological Aspects of Lipoprotein-Associated Phospholipase A2: A Brief Overview. PHOSPHOLIPASES IN HEALTH AND DISEASE 2014:115-133. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-0464-8_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/19/2023]
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26
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Sankararaman S, Yanamandra K, Napper D, Caldito G, Dhanireddy R. The prevalence of platelet activating factor acetylhydrolase single nucleotide polymorphisms in relationship to necrotizing enterocolitis in Northwest Louisiana infants. SPRINGERPLUS 2013; 2:294. [PMID: 23888267 PMCID: PMC3710407 DOI: 10.1186/2193-1801-2-294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Studies documented that platelet activating factor (PAF) and the enzyme platelet activating factor acetylhydrolase (PAFAH) play a very important role in the pathogenesis of neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). In this retrospective, case-controlled pilot study, the authors investigated the prevalence of single nucleotide polymorphisms (Ile198Thr and Ala379Val) of the PAFAH gene. SUBJECTS AND METHODS We screened 570 blood samples from both Caucasian and African-American preterm infants in the Northwest Louisiana population for the above mentioned PAFAH gene polymorphisms. Out of 570 infants, 36 had stage I or II NEC based on diagnostic coding, the International Classification of Diseases, 9th revision, Clinical Modification, 2009 (ICD-9-CM). The remaining infants without an ICD-9-CM diagnosis of NEC were recruited as control population. The DNA was isolated and restriction fragment length polymorphism microplate polymerase chain reaction assay was performed. RESULTS Variants of the PAFAH gene polymorphism (Ile198Thr and Ala379Val) frequencies were not significantly different between the infants with NEC and the control group (P value of 0.26 by either multiple logistic regression analysis or the Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel test). CONCLUSIONS This is the first study of its kind in exploring the relationship between NEC and single nucleotide polymorphisms in the coding genes of the enzyme PAFAH. Our preliminary data demonstrated that adjusted for the effect of race, PAFAH polymorphisms (Ile198Thr and Ala379Val) have no significant effect on NEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senthilkumar Sankararaman
- Department of Pediatrics (Neonatology division), University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163 USA
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Hrabakova R, Kollareddy M, Tyleckova J, Halada P, Hajduch M, Gadher SJ, Kovarova H. Cancer cell resistance to aurora kinase inhibitors: identification of novel targets for cancer therapy. J Proteome Res 2012; 12:455-69. [PMID: 23151231 DOI: 10.1021/pr300819m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Drug resistance is the major obstacle to successful cancer therapy. Our study focuses on resistance to Aurora kinase inhibitors tested as anti-cancer drugs in clinical trials. We have used 2D electrophoresis in the pH ranges of 4-7 and 6-11 followed by protein identification using MALDI-TOF/TOF to compare the protein composition of HCT116 colon cancer cells either sensitive to CYC116 and ZM447439 inhibitors or resistant toward these drugs. The analysis also included p53(+/+) and p53(-/-) phenotypes of HCT116 cells. Our findings demonstrate that platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase and GTP-binding nuclear protein Ran contribute to the development of resistance to ZM447439 only where resistance is related to p53. On the other hand, serine hydroxymethyltransferase was found to promote the tumor growth in cells resistant to CYC116 without the influence of p53. Computer modeling of interaction networks highlighted a direct link of the p53-independent mechanism of resistance to CYC116 with autophagy. Importantly, serine hydroxymethyltransferase, serpin B5, and calretinin represent the target proteins that may help overcome resistance in combination therapies. In addition, serpin B5 and calretinin appear to be candidate biomarkers that may be accessible in patients for monitoring of cancer therapy with ease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Hrabakova
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, AS CR, vvi, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Germ Cells, Rumburska 89, 277 21 Libechov, Czech Republic
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Abstract
Although an atherogenic lipoprotein phenotype has been well recognized as an important predictor of cardiovascular disease, recent studies have demonstrated a number of additional lipid-related markers as emerging biomarkers to identify patients at risk for future coronary heart disease. Among them, lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A(2) (Lp-PLA(2)), seems to be a promising candidate that might be added to the clinical armamentarium for improved prediction of cardiovascular disease in the future. Of particular note, Lp-PLA(2) is the only enzyme that cleaves oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) in the subendothelial space, with further generation of proinflammatory mediators such as lysophosphatidylcholine (LysoPC) and oxidized fatty acid (oxFA), thereby probably linking two important features of atherogenesis, namely oxidation of LDL and local inflammatory processes within the atherosclerotic plaque. This overview aims to summarize our current knowledge based on observations from recent experimental and clinical studies. Emphasis has been put on potential pathophysiological mechanisms of action and on the clinical relevance of Lp-PLA(2) in a wide variety of clinical settings, including apparently healthy individuals, patients with stable angina or acute coronary syndromes, after myocardial infarction, and with subclinical disease. Although a growing body of evidence from epidemiological and clinical studies suggests that Lp-PLA(2) may represent an independent and clinically relevant long-term risk marker for coronary heart disease and, probably, also for stroke, the role of this enzyme in the setting of the acute coronary syndrome remains to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Khuseyinova
- Department of Internal Medicine II - Cardiology, University of Ulm Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
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29
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Zheng GH, Xiong SQ, Mei LJ, Chen HY, Wang T, Chu JF. Elevated Plasma Platelet Activating Factor, Platelet Activating Factor Acetylhydrolase Levels and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease or Blood Stasis Syndrome of Coronary Heart Disease in Chinese: A Case Control Study. Inflammation 2012; 35:1419-28. [DOI: 10.1007/s10753-012-9455-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Sharma J, Young DM, Marentette JO, Rastogi P, Turk J, McHowat J. Lung endothelial cell platelet-activating factor production and inflammatory cell adherence are increased in response to cigarette smoke component exposure. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2012; 302:L47-55. [PMID: 21984569 PMCID: PMC3349370 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00179.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2011] [Accepted: 10/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
An early event in the pathogenesis of emphysema is the development of inflammation associated with accumulation of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) in small airways, and inflammatory cell recruitment from the circulation involves migration across endothelial and epithelial cell barriers. Platelet-activating factor (PAF) promotes transendothelial migration in several vascular beds, and we postulated that increased PAF production in the airways of smokers might enhance inflammatory cell recruitment and exacerbate inflammation. To examine this possibility, we incubated human lung microvascular endothelial cells (HMVEC-L) with cigarette smoke extract (CSE) and found that CSE inhibits PAF-acetylhydrolase (PAF-AH) activity. This enhances HMVEC-L PAF production and PMN adherence, and adherence is blocked by PAF receptor antagonists (CV3988 or ginkgolide B). CSE also inhibited PAF-AH activity of lung endothelial cells isolated from wild-type (WT) and iPLA(2)β knockout mice, and with WT cells, CSE enhanced PAF production and RAW 264.7 cell adherence. In contrast, CSE did not affect PAF production or RAW 264.7 cell adherence to iPLA(2)β-null cells, suggesting that iPLA(2)β plays an important role in PAF production by lung endothelial cells. These findings suggest that inhibition of PAF-AH by components of cigarette smoke may initiate or exacerbate inflammatory lung disease by enhancing PAF production and promoting accumulation of inflammatory cells in small airways. In addition, iPLA(2)β is identified as a potential target for therapeutic interventions to reduce airway inflammation and the progression of chronic lung disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janhavi Sharma
- Department of Pathology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63104, USA
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31
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Ye S, Fowler TW, Pavlos NJ, Ng PY, Liang K, Feng Y, Zheng M, Kurten R, Manolagas SC, Zhao H. LIS1 regulates osteoclast formation and function through its interactions with dynein/dynactin and Plekhm1. PLoS One 2011; 6:e27285. [PMID: 22073305 PMCID: PMC3207863 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2011] [Accepted: 10/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Microtubule organization and lysosomal secretion are both critical for the activation and function of osteoclasts, highly specialized polykaryons that are responsible for bone resorption and skeletal homeostasis. Here, we have identified a novel interaction between microtubule regulator LIS1 and Plekhm1, a lysosome-associated protein implicated in osteoclast secretion. Decreasing LIS1 expression by shRNA dramatically attenuated osteoclast formation and function, as shown by a decreased number of mature osteoclasts differentiated from bone marrow macrophages, diminished resorption pits formation, and reduced level of CTx-I, a bone resorption marker. The ablated osteoclast formation in LIS1-depleted macrophages was associated with a significant decrease in macrophage proliferation, osteoclast survival and differentiation, which were caused by reduced activation of ERK and AKT by M-CSF, prolonged RANKL-induced JNK activation and declined expression of NFAT-c1, a master transcription factor of osteoclast differentiation. Consistent with its critical role in microtubule organization and dynein function in other cell types, we found that LIS1 binds to and colocalizes with dynein in osteoclasts. Loss of LIS1 led to disorganized microtubules and aberrant dynein function. More importantly, the depletion of LIS1 in osteoclasts inhibited the secretion of Cathepsin K, a crucial lysosomal hydrolase for bone degradation, and reduced the motility of osteoclast precursors. These results indicate that LIS1 is a previously unrecognized regulator of osteoclast formation, microtubule organization, and lysosomal secretion by virtue of its ability to modulate dynein function and Plekhm1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiqiao Ye
- Center for Osteoporosis and Metabolic Bone Diseases, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and the Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, Arkansas, United States of America
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Silva IT, Mello APQ, Damasceno NRT. Antioxidant and inflammatory aspects of lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A₂ (Lp-PLA₂): a review. Lipids Health Dis 2011; 10:170. [PMID: 21955667 PMCID: PMC3204246 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-10-170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2011] [Accepted: 09/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The association of cardiovascular events with Lp-PLA2 has been studied continuously today. The enzyme has been strongly associated with several cardiovascular risk markers and events. Its discovery was directly related to the hydrolysis of the platelet-activating factor and oxidized phospholipids, which are considered protective functions. However, the hydrolysis of bioactive lipids generates lysophospholipids, compounds that have a pro-inflammatory function. Therefore, the evaluation of the distribution of Lp-PLA2 in the lipid fractions emphasized the dual role of the enzyme in the inflammatory process, since the HDL-Lp-PLA2 enzyme contributes to the reduction of atherosclerosis, while LDL-Lp-PLA2 stimulates this process. Recently, it has been verified that diet components and drugs can influence the enzyme activity and concentration. Thus, the effects of these treatments on Lp-PLA2 may represent a new kind of prevention of cardiovascular disease. Therefore, the association of the enzyme with the traditional assessment of cardiovascular risk may help to predict more accurately these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isis T Silva
- Departamento de Nutrição, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Thévenin AF, Monillas ES, Winget JM, Czymmek K, Bahnson BJ. Trafficking of platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase type II in response to oxidative stress. Biochemistry 2011; 50:8417-26. [PMID: 21882811 DOI: 10.1021/bi200802w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase type II (PAFAH-II) is an intracellular phospholipase A(2) enzyme that hydrolyzes platelet-activating factor and oxidatively fragmented phospholipids. This N-terminally myristoylated protein becomes associated with cytoplasm-facing cell membranes under oxidative stress. The structural requirements for binding of PAFAH-II to membranes in response to oxidative stress are unknown. To begin elucidating the mechanism of trafficking and stress response, we constructed a homology model of PAFAH-II. From the predicted membrane orientation of PAFAH-II, the N-terminal myristoyl group and a hydrophobic patch are hypothesized to be involved in membrane binding. Localization studies of human PAFAH-II in HEK293 cells indicated that an unmyristoylated mutant remained cytoplasmic under stressed and unstressed conditions. The myristoylated wild-type enzyme was partially localized to the cytoplasmic membranes prior to stress and became more localized to these membranes upon stress. A triple mutation of three hydrophobic patch residues of the membrane binding region likewise did not localize to membranes following stress. These results indicate that both the myristoyl group and the hydrophobic patch are essential for proper trafficking of the enzyme to the membranes following oxidative stress. Additionally, colocalization studies using organelle-specific proteins demonstrate that PAFAH-II is transported to the membranes of both the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia F Thévenin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
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Pande AH, Tillu VA. Membrane lipid composition differentially modulates the function of human plasma platelet activating factor-acetylhydrolase. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2011; 1811:46-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2010.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2010] [Revised: 08/16/2010] [Accepted: 09/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Urothelial cell platelet-activating factor production mediated by calcium-independent phospholipase A2γ. Urology 2010; 77:248.e1-7. [PMID: 21094990 DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2010.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2010] [Revised: 07/20/2010] [Accepted: 08/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the effect of phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) inhibitors on urothelial cell platelet-activating factor (PAF) production in response to tryptase stimulation. METHODS Urothelial cells isolated from normal human ureters were immortalized with the human papillomavirus type 16E6E7 cell line (TEU-2 cells). PLA(2) activity in TEU-2 cells was measured using (16:0, [(3)H]18:1) plasmenylcholine and phosphatidylcholine substrates in the presence and absence of calcium. [(3)H]PAF production was measured in TEU-2 cells prelabeled with [(3)H] acetic acid. PAF-acetylhydrolase activity was measured by determining the amount of [(3)H] acetate hydrolyzed from [(3)H]PAF incubated with TEU-2 cellular protein. Adherence of human polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) to TEU-2 cells was assessed by measuring myeloperoxidase activity in adherent PMNs after incubation with TEU-2 cells. RESULTS Most PLA(2) activity measured in TEU-2 cells was determined to be membrane-associated, calcium-independent PLA(2) and selective for plasmenylcholine substrate. Stimulation of TEU-2 cells with tryptase results in increased production of PAF and increased PMN adherence that were inhibited completely by pretreatment with the membrane-associated, calcium-independent PLA(2)γ-selective inhibitor (R)-bromoenol lactone. Pretreatment with the cytosolic PLA(2) inhibitor methyl arachidonyl fluorophosphonate resulted in potentiation of tryptase-stimulated PAF production and PMN adherence to TEU-2 cells that is a result of PAF-acetylhydrolase inhibition. CONCLUSIONS Tryptase stimulation of TEU-2 cells results in activation of membrane-associated, calcium-independent PLA(2)γ, leading to an increase in PAF production and increased PMN adherence. Inhibition of TEU-2 cell PAF-acetylhydrolase activity with methyl arachidonyl fluorophosphonate potentiated tryptase-stimulated PAF production and PMN adherence.
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In vivo anti-atherogenic properties of cultured gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) polar lipid extracts in hypercholesterolaemic rabbits. Food Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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37
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Mouchlis VD, Mavromoustakos TM, Kokotos G. Design of new secreted phospholipase A2 inhibitors based on docking calculations by modifying the pharmacophore segments of the FPL67047XX inhibitor. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2010; 24:107-15. [DOI: 10.1007/s10822-010-9319-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2009] [Accepted: 01/21/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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38
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Karantonis HC, Gribilas G, Stamoulis I, Giaginis C, Spiliopoulou C, Kouraklis G, Demopoulos C, Theocharis SE. Platelet-activating factor involvement in thioacetamide-induced experimental liver fibrosis and cirrhosis. Dig Dis Sci 2010; 55:276-84. [PMID: 19242794 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-009-0745-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2008] [Accepted: 01/27/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Platelet-activating factor (PAF) is a potent lipid inflammatory mediator acting on cells through its specific receptor. Plasma PAF-acetylhydrolase (PAF-AH) is the main enzyme that inactivates PAF in blood, participating in its homeostasis. The objective of this study was to investigate the involvement of PAF in the liver fibrotic process using an experimental animal model. Liver fibrosis was induced in adult male Wistar rats by administration of thioacetamide (TAA) in drinking water (300 mg/l) for three months. The animals were sacrificed at time 0 (control group) and after 1, 2, and 3 months. PAF levels in liver and blood and PAF-AH activity in plasma were determined. Liver histopathological examination was also performed. TAA administration resulted in progressively increased liver fibrosis, leading finally to the formation of cirrhotic nodules in the liver. Throughout the experiment PAF levels in liver tissue remained stable. "Total" ("free" plus "bound") PAF levels in blood decreased, reaching statistically significant differences in the first and third months compared with the control group (P < 0.05). "Free" PAF levels in blood were higher at one month (P < 0.05) and decreased gradually thereafter. In all treated groups, "bound" PAF levels in blood decreased whereas plasma PAF-AH activity increased (P < 0.05) compared with the control group. Our data indicated alterations of PAF levels in blood and PAF-AH activity during fibrosis induction, implicating participation of PAF in the liver fibrotic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haralabos C Karantonis
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias str, 11527 Goudi, Athens, Greece
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Ding C, Liang X, Ma L, Yuan X, Zhu X. Opposing effects of Ndel1 and alpha1 or alpha2 on cytoplasmic dynein through competitive binding to Lis1. J Cell Sci 2009; 122:2820-7. [PMID: 19622634 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.048777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lis1 is an essential protein whose insufficiency causes aberrant neuronal positioning during neocortical development. It is believed to regulate both cytoplasmic dynein, a microtubule minus-end-directed motor, through direct interaction, and platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase (PAF-AH) Ib by complexing with the catalytic subunits alpha1 and alpha2. Although alpha1 and alpha2 are highly expressed in brain, their deficiencies fail to cause brain abnormality. Here, we show that overexpression of alpha2 or alpha1 results in inactivation of dynein characterized by Golgi and endosome dispersion and mitotic delay. Further overexpression of Lis1 or Ndel1, a Lis1- and dynein-binding protein that is also crucial for dynein function, restored Golgi and endosome distribution. Biochemical assays showed that alpha1 and especially alpha2, were able to compete against Ndel1 and dynein for Lis1 binding in a dose-dependent manner. Overexpression of alpha2 in developing rat brain repressed the radial migration of neurons and mitotic progression of neuroprogenitors. By contrast, a Lis1-binding-defective point mutant, alpha2(E39D), was ineffective in the above assays. These results indicate an antagonistic effect of alpha1, alpha2 and Ndel1 for Lis1 binding, probably to modulate dynein functions in vivo. They also help to explain why brain development is particularly sensitive to a decrease in Lis1 levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Ding
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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Turk R, Vnuk D, Svetina A, Flegar-Meštri Z, Robi M, Turk N, Starešina V, Rumenjak V, Jureti D. Effect of Splenectomy and Autologous Spleen Transplantation on the Serum Platelet-Activating Factor Acetylhydrolase (PAF-AH) Activity and Acute Phase Response (APR) in a Porcine Model. Inflammation 2009; 32:340-5. [DOI: 10.1007/s10753-009-9117-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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41
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Serum platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase activity: A novel potential inflammatory marker in type 1 diabetes. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2008; 87:42-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2008.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2008] [Revised: 07/04/2008] [Accepted: 07/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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42
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Samanta U, Bahnson BJ. Crystal structure of human plasma platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase: structural implication to lipoprotein binding and catalysis. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:31617-24. [PMID: 18784071 PMCID: PMC2581546 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m804750200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2008] [Revised: 08/28/2008] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Human plasma platelet-activating factor (PAF) acetylhydrolase functions by reducing PAF levels as a general anti-inflammatory scavenger and is linked to anaphylactic shock, asthma, and allergic reactions. The enzyme has also been implicated in hydrolytic activities of other pro-inflammatory agents, such as sn-2 oxidatively fragmented phospholipids. This plasma enzyme is tightly bound to low and high density lipoprotein particles and is also referred to as lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2. The crystal structure of this enzyme has been solved from x-ray diffraction data collected to a resolution of 1.5 angstroms. It has a classic lipase alpha/beta-hydrolase fold, and it contains a catalytic triad of Ser273, His351, and Asp296. Two clusters of hydrophobic residues define the probable interface-binding region, and a prediction is given of how the enzyme is bound to lipoproteins. Additionally, an acidic patch of 10 carboxylate residues and a neighboring basic patch of three residues are suggested to play a role in high density lipoprotein/low density lipoprotein partitioning. A crystal structure is also presented of PAF acetylhydrolase reacted with the organophosphate compound paraoxon via its active site Ser273. The resulting diethyl phosphoryl complex was used to model the tetrahedral intermediate of the substrate PAF to the active site. The model of interface binding begins to explain the known specificity of lipoprotein-bound substrates and how the active site can be both close to the hydrophobic-hydrophilic interface and at the same time be accessible to the aqueous phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uttamkumar Samanta
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
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43
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Stafforini DM. Biology of platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase (PAF-AH, lipoprotein associated phospholipase A2). Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2008; 23:73-83. [PMID: 18949548 DOI: 10.1007/s10557-008-6133-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2008] [Accepted: 08/06/2008] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This article is focused on platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase (PAF-AH), a lipoprotein bound, calcium-independent phospholipase A(2) activity also referred to as lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A(2) or PLA(2)G7. PAF-AH catalyzes the removal of the acyl group at the sn-2 position of PAF and truncated phospholipids generated in settings of inflammation and oxidant stress. DISCUSSION Here, I discuss current knowledge related to the structural features of this enzyme, including the molecular basis for association with lipoproteins and susceptibility to oxidative inactivation. The circulating form of PAF-AH is constitutively active and its expression is upregulated by mediators of inflammation at the transcriptional level. This mechanism is likely responsible for the observed up-regulation of PAF-AH during atherosclerosis and suggests that increased expression of this enzyme is a physiological response to inflammatory stimuli. Administration of recombinant forms of PAF-AH attenuate inflammation in a variety of experimental models. Conversely, genetic deficiency of PAF-AH in defined human populations increases the severity of atherosclerosis and other syndromes. Recent advances pointing to an interplay among oxidized phospholipid substrates, Lp(a), and PAF-AH could hold the key to a number of unanswered questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana M Stafforini
- Huntsman Cancer Institute and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, 2000 Circle of Hope, Suite 3364, Salt Lake City, UT 84112-5550, USA.
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Sung HJ, Ryang YS, Jang SW, Lee CW, Han KH, Ko J. Proteomic analysis of differential protein expression in atherosclerosis. Biomarkers 2008; 11:279-90. [PMID: 16760137 DOI: 10.1080/13547500500525458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Although recent studies have shown that several pro-inflammatory proteins can be used as biomarkers for atherosclerosis, the mechanism of atherogenesis is unclear and little information is available regarding proteins involved in development of the disease. Atherosclerotic tissue samples were collected from patients in order to identify the proteins involved in atherogenesis. The protein expression profile of atherosclerosis patients was analysed using two-dimensional electrophoresis-based proteomics. Thirty-nine proteins were detected that were differentially expressed in the atherosclerotic aorta compared with the normal aorta. Twenty-seven of these proteins were identified in the MS-FIT database. They are involved in a number of biological processes, including calcium-mediated processes, migration of vascular smooth muscle cells, matrix metalloproteinase activation and regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Confirmation of differential protein expression was performed by Western blot analysis. Potential applications of the results include the identification and characterization of signalling pathways involved in atherogenesis, and further exploration of the role of selected identified proteins in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Sung
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, South Korea
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Phospholipases A(2) in the genome of the sea anemone Nematostella vectensis. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2008; 3:226-33. [PMID: 20483221 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2008.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2008] [Revised: 04/27/2008] [Accepted: 04/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The genome of the sea anemone Nematostella vectensis (Nv) (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) was sequenced recently (Putnam et al., Science 317: 86, 2007). In the current study, 22 proteins of Nv were identified as putative phospholipases A(2) (PLA(2)) that showed up to 40-50% sequence identity with secreted or intracellular PLA(2)s including those of humans. Nv1-Nv6 PLA(2)s have identity with secreted human group (G)IB and GIIA PLA(2)s and PLA(2)s of the sea anemones Adamsia carciniopados and Urticina crassicornis. Nv7 and Nv8 PLA(2)s have identity with human and bee venom GIII PLA(2)s and Nv9 PLA(2) with GXIIA PLA(2). Nv10-Nv13 PLA(2)s show identity with GIX PLA(2) of Conus magus and bacterial PLA(2)s but no significant identity with any human PLA(2). Nv14 has identity with intracellular GIV PLA(2), Nv15 with GVII PLA(2), Nv16 and Nv17 with GVIII PLA(2), Nv18-Nv20 with GVI PLA(2), and Nv21 and Nv22 with patatin, respectively. The observations indicate that the cnidarian phospholipasome contains a rich array of orthologs of most types of animal PLA(2)s, and that many of the PLA(2)-driven vital functions prevail in these ancient metazoans. Cnidarian PLA(2)s may be considered as evolutionary precursors of PLA(2)s of higher animals.
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46
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Multiple roles of phospholipase A2 during lung infection and inflammation. Infect Immun 2008; 76:2259-72. [PMID: 18411286 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00059-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Antithrombotic and antiatherosclerotic properties of olive oil and olive pomace polar extracts in rabbits. Mediators Inflamm 2008; 2007:36204. [PMID: 18253466 PMCID: PMC1940054 DOI: 10.1155/2007/36204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2007] [Revised: 04/12/2007] [Accepted: 05/06/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Olive oil polar lipid (OOPL) extract has been reported to inhibit atherosclerosis development on rabbits. Olive pomace polar lipid (PPL) extract inhibits PAF activity in vitro and the most potent antagonist has been identified as a glycerylether-sn-2-acetyl glycolipid with common structural characteristics with the respective potent antagonist of OOPL. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of PPL on early atherosclerosis development on rabbits and to compare it with the antiatherosclerotic effect of OOPL. OOPL and PPL inhibition potency, towards both PAF action and PAF binding, was tested in vitro on washed rabbit platelets. Consequently, rabbits were divided into three groups (A, B, and C). All groups were fed atherogenic diet for 22 days. Atherogenic diets in groups B and C were enriched with OOPL and PPL, respectively. At the end of the experimental time, rabbits were euthanized and aortic samples were examined histopathologically. OOPL and PPL inhibited PAF-induced aggregation, as well as specific PAF binding, with PPL being more potent. Free and bound PAF levels and PAF-AH activity were significantly elevated at the end of the experimental time. Plasma total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and triglycerides levels were also found increased. Groups B and C exhibited significantly increased
values of EC50 compared to group A. Histopathological examination revealed that the development of early atherosclerosis lesions in groups B and C were significantly inhibited compared to group A. Significant differences were noted in the early atherosclerosis lesions between groups B and C, thus indicating that PPL exhibit its anti-atherosclerotic activity by blocking PAF receptor. Specific PAF antagonists with similar in vitro and in vivo bioactivity to those that have been previously reported in OOPL exist in PPL.
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Kono N, Inoue T, Yoshida Y, Sato H, Matsusue T, Itabe H, Niki E, Aoki J, Arai H. Protection against oxidative stress-induced hepatic injury by intracellular type II platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase by metabolism of oxidized phospholipids in vivo. J Biol Chem 2007; 283:1628-1636. [PMID: 18024956 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m708622200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Membrane phospholipids are susceptible to oxidation, which is involved in various pathological processes such as inflammation, atherogenesis, neurodegeneration, and aging. One enzyme that may help to remove oxidized phospholipids from cells is intracellular type II platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase (PAF-AH (II)), which hydrolyzes oxidatively fragmented fatty acyl chains attached to phospholipids. Overexpression of PAF-AH (II) in cells or tissues was previously shown to suppress oxidative stress-induced cell death. In this study we investigated the functions of PAF-AH (II) by generating PAF-AH (II)-deficient (Pafah2(-/-)) mice. PAF-AH (II) was predominantly expressed in epithelial cells such as kidney proximal and distal tubules, intestinal column epithelium, and hepatocytes. Although PAF-AH activity was almost abolished in the liver and kidney of Pafah2(-/-) mice, Pafah2(-/-) mice developed normally and were phenotypically indistinguishable from wild-type mice. However, mouse embryonic fibroblasts derived from Pafah2(-/-) mice were more sensitive to tert-butylhydroperoxide treatment than those derived from wild-type mice. When carbon tetrachloride (CCl(4)) was injected into mice, Pafah2(-/-) mice showed a delay in hepatic injury recovery. Moreover, after CCl(4) administration, liver levels of the esterified form of 8-iso-PGF(2alpha), a known in vitro substrate of PAF-AH (II), were higher in Pafah2(-/-) mice than in wild-type mice. These results indicate that PAF-AH (II) is involved in the metabolism of esterified 8-isoprostaglandin F(2alpha) and protects tissue from oxidative stress-induced injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nozomu Kono
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; PRESTO and CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi-shi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Takao Inoue
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; PRESTO and CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi-shi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Yasukazu Yoshida
- Human Stress Signal Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 1-8-31, Midorikawa, Ikeda, Osaka, 563-8577, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Sato
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Mochida Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 722 Uenohara, Jimba, Gotenba, Shizuoka, 412-8524, Japan
| | - Tomokazu Matsusue
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Mochida Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 722 Uenohara, Jimba, Gotenba, Shizuoka, 412-8524, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Itabe
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Showa University, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
| | - Etsuo Niki
- Human Stress Signal Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 1-8-31, Midorikawa, Ikeda, Osaka, 563-8577, Japan
| | - Junken Aoki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki-aza, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Arai
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; PRESTO and CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi-shi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan.
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Gomez Lira M, Provezza L, Terranova C, Martinelli N, Bozzini C, Pignatti PF. Two new highly polymorphic markers in the 3' UTR region of the PLA2G7 gene. Int J Immunogenet 2007; 34:465-8. [PMID: 18001304 DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-313x.2007.00710.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We described two new highly polymorphic markers located 31 bp downstream of the last nucleotide of exon 12 in the 3' UTR region of the gene PLA2G7: 1344 +31TG(n) AG(m). Eight and 14 alleles were observed for the AG and TG repeats, respectively. These two markers have the highest heterozygosity until now reported for PLA2G7 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gomez Lira
- Section of Biology and Genetics, Department of Mother and Child, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
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50
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Park EJ, Suh M, Thomson B, Ma DWL, Ramanujam K, Thomson ABR, Clandinin MT. Dietary ganglioside inhibits acute inflammatory signals in intestinal mucosa and blood induced by systemic inflammation of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide. Shock 2007; 28:112-7. [PMID: 17510604 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0b013e3180310fec] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Our previous study demonstrated that feeding ganglioside increased total ganglioside content while decreasing cholesterol and caveolin-1 content in developing rat intestinal lipid microdomains. Cholesterol or caveolin depletion in membranes inhibits inflammatory signaling by disrupting microdomain structure. We hypothesized that dietary ganglioside-induced reduction in cholesterol content will reduce proinflammatory mediators in the intestinal mucosa after acute exposure to bacterial endotoxin. Weanling rats were fed semipurified diets with 0.1% (wt/wt of total fat) gangliosides (treatment) or without ganglioside (control). After 2 weeks of feeding, half of animals from each diet group were injected with saline or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) endotoxin (Escherichia coli serotype O111:B4, intraperitoneal, 3 mg/kg body weight) to induce acute gut inflammation. Intestinal mucosa and blood were collected after 6 h. The effect of dietary ganglioside on proinflammatory mediators including cholesterol, platelet-activating factor, prostaglandin E2, leukotriene B4 (LTB4), interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) was determined in inflamed mucosa and blood. Feeding animals the control diet increased cholesterol content in intestinal lipid microdomains by 92% after LPS injection compared with saline injection. Animals fed the ganglioside diet significantly decreased cholesterol content in lipid microdomains by 60% compared with animals fed the control diet. Feeding animals the ganglioside diet increased total ganglioside content by 90% while decreasing platelet-activating factor content by 45% in the inflamed mucosa by acute systemic exposure to LPS compared with animals fed the control diet. When animals were fed the ganglioside diet, the levels of prostaglandin E2, LTB4, IL-1beta, and TNF-alpha were lower in inflamed mucosa, and LTB4, IL-1beta, and TNF-alpha were decreased in plasma by 41%, 58%, and 55% compared with control animals, respectively. The present study demonstrates that dietary gangliosides inhibit proinflammatory signals in the intestine and blood induced by acute inflammation of LPS and suggests therapeutic potential in the treatment and management of acute local and systemic inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eek Joong Park
- Nutrition and Metabolism Research Group, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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