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Nakamura Y, Yoshida M, Tanigawa K, Harada A, Kihara-Negishi F, Maruyama K, Karasawa K. Deficiency of Type I Platelet-Activating Factor-Acetylhydrolase Catalytic Subunits Causes an Increase in Body Weight. Biol Pharm Bull 2021; 44:920-925. [PMID: 34193688 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b20-00936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Type I platelet-activating factor-acetylhydrolase (PAF-AH) forms a complex consisting of two catalytic subunits (α1 and/or α2) with a regulatory subunit (β). Although this protein was discovered as an enzyme that degrades an acetyl ester linked at the sn-2 position of platelet-activating factor (PAF), its physiological function remains unknown. In this study, to examine whether knockout mice lacking the catalytic subunits of this enzyme showed a different phenotype from that of wild-type mice, we measured and compared the body weights of knockout mice and control mice. The body weights of knockout mice were significantly increased compared to those of the control mice during 6 to 20 weeks from birth. Food intake was also significantly increased in knockout mice compared with control mice during these periods. Since a decrease in testis weight was reported in the knockout mice, we expected a decrease in testosterone levels. We measured and compared the amounts of testosterone in the serum and testis of knockout and control mice using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, and found that testosterone levels in both the serum and testis were significantly decreased in the knockout mice compared with the control mice. These results suggest that a deficiency of type I PAF-AH catalytic subunits causes an increase in body weight, in part, due to reduced testosterone levels in male mice.
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Yu C, Fan L, Wu Q, Fu K, Gao S, Wang M, Gao J, Li Y, Chen J. Biological role of Trichoderma harzianum-derived platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase (PAF-AH) on stress response and antagonism. PLoS One 2014; 9:e100367. [PMID: 24964161 PMCID: PMC4070952 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the properties of platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase (PAF-AH) derived from Trichoderma harzianum. The enzyme, comprised of 572 amino acids, shares high homology with PAF-AH proteins from T. koningii and other microbial species. The optimum enzymatic activity of PAF-AH occurred at pH 6 in the absence of Ca2+ and it localized in the cytoplasm, and we observed the upregulation of PAF-AH expression in response to carbon starvation and strong heat shock. Furthermore, PAF-AH knockout transformant growth occurred more slowly than wild type cells and over-expression strains grown in SM medium at 37°C and 42°C. In addition, PAF-AH expression significantly increased under a series of maize root induction assay. Eicosanoic acid and ergosterol levels decreased in the PAF-AH knockouts compared to wild type cells, as revealed by GC/MS analysis. We also determined stress responses mediated by PAF-AH were related to proteins HEX1, Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase, and cytochrome c. Finally, PAF-AH exhibited antagonistic activity against Rhizoctonia solani in plate confrontation assays. Our results indicate PAF-AH may play an important role in T. harzianum stress response and antagonism under diverse environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanjin Yu
- Department of Resource and Environmental Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao tong University, Shanghai, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Lili Fan
- Department of Resource and Environmental Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao tong University, Shanghai, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Qiong Wu
- Department of Resource and Environmental Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao tong University, Shanghai, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Kehe Fu
- Department of Resource and Environmental Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao tong University, Shanghai, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Shigang Gao
- Department of Resource and Environmental Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao tong University, Shanghai, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Meng Wang
- Department of Resource and Environmental Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao tong University, Shanghai, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Jinxin Gao
- Department of Resource and Environmental Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao tong University, Shanghai, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Yaqian Li
- Department of Resource and Environmental Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao tong University, Shanghai, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Resource and Environmental Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao tong University, Shanghai, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P. R. China
- * E-mail:
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Menikou S, Patel MP, Rose KL, Botto M, Warner JO, Pickering MC, Boyle RJ. Relationship between complotype and reported severity of systemic allergic reactions to peanut. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2012; 129:1398-1401.e3. [PMID: 22325069 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2011.10.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2011] [Revised: 10/26/2011] [Accepted: 10/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Marcorelles P, Laquerrière A, Adde-Michel C, Marret S, Saugier-Veber P, Beldjord C, Friocourt G. Evidence for tangential migration disturbances in human lissencephaly resulting from a defect in LIS1, DCX and ARX genes. Acta Neuropathol 2010; 120:503-15. [PMID: 20461390 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-010-0692-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2009] [Revised: 04/22/2010] [Accepted: 04/27/2010] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
During corticogenesis, neurons adopt different migration pathways to reach their final position. The precursors of pyramidal neurons migrate radially, whereas most of the GABA-containing interneurons are generated in the ventral telencephalon and migrate tangentially into the neocortex. Then, they use a radial migration mode to establish themselves in an inside-out manner in the neocortex, similarly to pyramidal neurons. In humans, the most severe defects in radial migration result in lissencephaly. Lately, a few studies suggested that lissencephaly was also associated with tangential neuronal migration deficits. In the present report, we investigated potential anomalies of this migration mode in three agyric/pachygyric syndromes due to defects in the LIS1, DCX and ARX genes. Immunohistochemistry was performed on paraffin-embedded supra- and infratentorial structures using calretinin, calbindin and parvalbumin antisera. The results were compared with age-matched control brain tissue. In the Miller-Dieker syndrome, GABAergic neurons were found both in upper layers of the cortex and in heterotopic positions in the intermediate zone and in ganglionic eminences. In the DCX mutant brain, few interneurons were dispersed in the cortical plate, with a massive accumulation in the intermediate zone and subventricular zone as well as in the ganglionic eminences. In the ARX-mutated brain, the cortical plate contained almost exclusively pyramidal cells and was devoid of interneurons. The ganglionic eminences and basal ganglia were poorly cellular, suggesting an interneuron production and/or differentiation defect. These data argue for different mechanisms of telencephalic tangential migration impairment in these three agyric/pachygyric syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascale Marcorelles
- Pathology Laboratory, Pole Pathologie-Biologie, Brest University Hospital, Brest, France.
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Lu J, Pierce M, Franklin A, Jilling T, Stafforini DM, Caplan M. Dual roles of endogenous platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase in a murine model of necrotizing enterocolitis. Pediatr Res 2010; 68:225-30. [PMID: 20531249 PMCID: PMC2921952 DOI: 10.1203/pdr.0b013e3181eb2efe] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Human preterm infants with necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) have increased circulating and luminal levels of platelet-activating factor (PAF) and decreased serum PAF-acetylhydrolase (PAF-AH), the enzyme that inactivates PAF. Formula supplemented with recombinant PAF-AH decreases NEC in a neonatal rat model. We hypothesized that endogenous PAF-AH contributes to neonatal intestinal homeostasis and therefore developed PAF-AH mice using standard approaches to study the role of this enzyme in the neonatal NEC model. After exposure to a well-established NEC model, intestinal tissues were evaluated for histology, proinflammatory cytokine mRNA synthesis, and death using standard techniques. We found that mortality rates were significantly lower in PAF-AH pups compared with wild-type controls before 24 h of life but surviving PAF-AH animals were more susceptible to NEC development compared with wild-type controls. Increased NEC incidence was associated with prominent inflammation characterized by elevated intestinal mRNA expression of sPLA2, inducible NOS, and CXCL1. In conclusion, the data support a protective role for endogenous PAF-AH in the development of NEC, and because preterm neonates have endogenous PAF-AH deficiency, this may place them at increased risk for disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Lu
- Department of Pediatrics, Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Evanston, IL 60201, USA
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Satoh K. [Plasma platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase (PAF-AH) deficiency as a risk factor for stroke]. Brain Nerve 2008; 60:1319-1324. [PMID: 19069165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Platelet-activating factor (PAF) is a phospholipid mediator with a wide range of potent biological activities. The molecular structure of PAF is identified as 1-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine and it is degraded by the enzyme PAF acetylhydrolase (PAF-AH), which removes the sn-2 acetyl moiety of the molecule. Plasma PAF-AH activity is elevated in various disorders, including stroke, and this is considered an adaptation to the enhanced inflammatory or thrombotic processes in such disorders. Deficiency of plasma PAF-AH occurs due to a missense mutation (G994-->C) in exon 9 of the PAF-AH gene, which results in a Val-->Phe substitution at position 279 of the mature enzyme protein. This mutation is found in about 4% of the general Japanese population. However, it is not specifically related to any particular disease. The prevalence of plasma PAF-AH deficiency and the frequency of mutant alleles are significantly higher in patients suffering from stroke as compared to healthy controls. The prevalence of the mutation was similar in the groups of patients with atherothrombotic infarction and intracerebral hemorrhage. There was no difference in the prevalence of the mutation in the patients with essential hypertension as compared to that in healthy in controls. Therefore plasma PAF-AH deficiency may be considered as a genetic risk factor for stroke, and recognition of this mutation in individuals may be useful for early initiation of preventive measures against stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Satoh
- Department of Vascular Biology, Institute of Brain Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan
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Zhang G, Assadi AH, McNeil RS, Beffert U, Wynshaw-Boris A, Herz J, Clark GD, D'Arcangelo G. The Pafah1b complex interacts with the reelin receptor VLDLR. PLoS One 2007; 2:e252. [PMID: 17330141 PMCID: PMC1800349 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0000252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2007] [Accepted: 01/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Reelin is an extracellular protein that directs the organization of cortical structures of the brain through the activation of two receptors, the very low-density lipoprotein receptor (VLDLR) and the apolipoprotein E receptor 2 (ApoER2), and the phosphorylation of Disabled-1 (Dab1). Lis1, the product of the Pafah1b1 gene, is a component of the brain platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase 1b (Pafah1b) complex, and binds to phosphorylated Dab1 in response to Reelin. Here we investigated the involvement of the whole Pafah1b complex in Reelin signaling and cortical layer formation and found that catalytic subunits of the Pafah1b complex, Pafah1b2 and Pafah1b3, specifically bind to the NPxYL sequence of VLDLR, but not to ApoER2. Compound Pafah1b1+/−;Apoer2−/− mutant mice exhibit a reeler-like phenotype in the forebrain consisting of the inversion of cortical layers and hippocampal disorganization, whereas double Pafah1b1+/−;Vldlr−/− mutants do not. These results suggest that a cross-talk between the Pafah1b complex and Reelin occurs downstream of the VLDLR receptor.
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MESH Headings
- 1-Alkyl-2-acetylglycerophosphocholine Esterase/deficiency
- 1-Alkyl-2-acetylglycerophosphocholine Esterase/genetics
- 1-Alkyl-2-acetylglycerophosphocholine Esterase/metabolism
- Amino Acid Motifs
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- COS Cells
- Catalytic Domain
- Cell Adhesion Molecules, Neuronal/physiology
- Cell Line
- Cerebral Cortex/abnormalities
- Chlorocebus aethiops
- Extracellular Matrix Proteins/physiology
- Hippocampus/abnormalities
- Humans
- LDL-Receptor Related Proteins
- Lissencephaly/genetics
- Lissencephaly/metabolism
- Lissencephaly/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Neurologic Mutants
- Microtubule-Associated Proteins/deficiency
- Microtubule-Associated Proteins/genetics
- Microtubule-Associated Proteins/metabolism
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/physiology
- Protein Binding
- Protein Interaction Mapping
- Receptors, Cell Surface/deficiency
- Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics
- Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism
- Receptors, LDL/deficiency
- Receptors, LDL/genetics
- Receptors, LDL/metabolism
- Receptors, LDL/physiology
- Receptors, Lipoprotein/deficiency
- Receptors, Lipoprotein/genetics
- Receptors, Lipoprotein/metabolism
- Receptors, Lipoprotein/physiology
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism
- Reelin Protein
- Serine Endopeptidases/physiology
- Signal Transduction/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangcheng Zhang
- The Cain Foundation Laboratories, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Amir H. Assadi
- The Cain Foundation Laboratories, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Robert S. McNeil
- The Cain Foundation Laboratories, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Uwe Beffert
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Anthony Wynshaw-Boris
- Department of Pediatrics and Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Joachim Herz
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Gary D. Clark
- The Cain Foundation Laboratories, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Gabriella D'Arcangelo
- The Cain Foundation Laboratories, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Program in Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Karasawa K. Clinical aspects of plasma platelet-activating factor-acetylhydrolase. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2006; 1761:1359-72. [PMID: 17049457 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2006.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2006] [Accepted: 06/15/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Plasma platelet-activating factor (PAF)-acetylhydrolase (PAF-AH), which is characterized by tight association with plasma lipoproteins, degrades not only PAF but also phospholipids with oxidatively modified short fatty acyl chain esterified at the sn-2 position. Production and accumulation of these phospholipids are associated with the onset of inflammatory diseases and preventive role of this enzyme has been evidenced by many recent studies including prevalence of the genetic deficiency of the enzyme in the patients and therapeutic effects of treatment with recombinant protein or gene transfer. With respect to the atherosclerosis, however, it is not fully cleared whether this enzyme plays an anti-atherogenic role or pro-atherogenic role because plasma PAF-AH also might produce lysophosphatidylcholine (LysoPC) and oxidatively modified nonesterified fatty acids with potent pro-inflammatory and pro-atherogenic bioactivities. These dual roles of plasma PAF-AH might be regulated by the altered distribution of the enzyme between low density lipoprotein (LDL) and high density lipoprotein (HDL) particles because HDL-associated enzymes are considered to contribute to the protection of LDL from oxidative modification. This review focuses on the recent findings which address the role of this enzyme in the human diseases especially including asthma, septic shock and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Karasawa
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 199-0195, Japan.
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Naoki K, Asano K, Satoh N, Fukunaga K, Oguma T, Shiomi T, Suzuki Y, Nakajima T, Niimi K, Shiraishi Y, Ishizaka A, Yamaguchi K. PAF responsiveness in Japanese subjects with plasma PAF acetylhydrolase deficiency. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 317:205-10. [PMID: 15047169 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2004] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Approximately 4% of the Japanese population genetically lack plasma platelet activating factor acetylhydrolase (PAF-AH) and show a higher prevalence of thromboembolic disease, but whether they are susceptible to another PAF-related disease, asthma, remains controversial. To determine the role of plasma PAF-AH in airway physiology, we performed PAF bronchoprovocation tests in 8 plasma PAF-AH-deficient subjects and 16 control subjects. Serial inhalation of PAF (1-1000 microg/ml) concentration-dependently induced acute bronchoconstriction, but there was no significant difference between PAF-AH-deficient and control subjects (11.7 +/- 4.6% vs. 9.6 +/- 2.8% decrease in forced expiratory volume in 1 s). Transient neutropenia after single inhalation of PAF (1000 microg/ml) showed no significant difference between the groups either in its magnitude (72 +/- 11% vs. 65 +/- 9% decrease) or duration (4.1 +/- 1.0 vs. 3.3 +/- 0.8 min). In conclusion, a lack of plasma PAF-AH activity alone does not augment physiological responses to PAF in the airway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhiko Naoki
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
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