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Tarawneh HY, Jayakody DM, Sohrabi HR, Martins RN, Mulders WH. Understanding the Relationship Between Age-Related Hearing Loss and Alzheimer’s Disease: A Narrative Review. J Alzheimers Dis Rep 2022; 6:539-556. [PMID: 36275417 PMCID: PMC9535607 DOI: 10.3233/adr-220035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence suggests that hearing loss (HL), even at mild levels, increases the long-term risk of cognitive decline and incident dementia. Hearing loss is one of the modifiable risk factors for dementia, with approximately 4 million of the 50 million cases of dementia worldwide possibly attributed to untreated HL. This paper describes four possible mechanisms that have been suggested for the relationship between age-related hearing loss (ARHL) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD), which is the most common form of dementia. The first mechanism suggests mitochondrial dysfunction and altered signal pathways due to aging as a possible link between ARHL and AD. The second mechanism proposes that sensory degradation in hearing impaired people could explain the relationship between ARHL and AD. The occupation of cognitive resource (third) mechanism indicates that the association between ARHL and AD is a result of increased cognitive processing that is required to compensate for the degraded sensory input. The fourth mechanism is an expansion of the third mechanism, i.e., the function and structure interaction involves both cognitive resource occupation (neural activity) and AD pathology as the link between ARHL and AD. Exploring the specific mechanisms that provide the link between ARHL and AD has the potential to lead to innovative ideas for the diagnosis, prevention, and/or treatment of AD. This paper also provides insight into the current evidence for the use of hearing treatments as a possible treatment/prevention for AD, and if auditory assessments could provide an avenue for early detection of cognitive impairment associated with AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadeel Y. Tarawneh
- School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
- Ear Science Institute Australia, Subiaco, WA, Australia
| | - Dona M.P. Jayakody
- Ear Science Institute Australia, Subiaco, WA, Australia
- Centre of Ear Science, Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Hamid R. Sohrabi
- Centre for Healthy Ageing, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, WA, Australia
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, NSW, Australia
| | - Ralph N. Martins
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, NSW, Australia
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de Tommaso M, Betti V, Bocci T, Bolognini N, Di Russo F, Fattapposta F, Ferri R, Invitto S, Koch G, Miniussi C, Piccione F, Ragazzoni A, Sartucci F, Rossi S, Arcara G, Berchicci M, Bianco V, Delussi M, Gentile E, Giovannelli F, Mannarelli D, Marino M, Mussini E, Pauletti C, Pellicciari MC, Pisoni A, Raggi A, Valeriani M. Pearls and pitfalls in brain functional analysis by event-related potentials: a narrative review by the Italian Psychophysiology and Cognitive Neuroscience Society on methodological limits and clinical reliability-part I. Neurol Sci 2020; 41:2711-2735. [PMID: 32388645 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-020-04420-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Event-related potentials (ERPs) are obtained from the electroencephalogram (EEG) or the magnetoencephalogram (MEG, event-related fields (ERF)), extracting the activity that is time-locked to an event. Despite the potential utility of ERP/ERF in cognitive domain, the clinical standardization of their use is presently undefined for most of procedures. The aim of the present review is to establish limits and reliability of ERP medical application, summarize main methodological issues, and present evidence of clinical application and future improvement. The present section of the review focuses on well-standardized ERP methods, including P300, Contingent Negative Variation (CNV), Mismatch Negativity (MMN), and N400, with a chapter dedicated to laser-evoked potentials (LEPs). One section is dedicated to proactive preparatory brain activity as the Bereitschaftspotential and the prefrontal negativity (BP and pN). The P300 and the MMN potentials have a limited but recognized role in the diagnosis of cognitive impairment and consciousness disorders. LEPs have a well-documented usefulness in the diagnosis of neuropathic pain, with low application in clinical assessment of psychophysiological basis of pain. The other ERP components mentioned here, though largely applied in normal and pathological cases and well standardized, are still confined to the research field. CNV, BP, and pN deserve to be largely tested in movement disorders, just to explain possible functional changes in motor preparation circuits subtending different clinical pictures and responses to treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina de Tommaso
- Applied Neurophysiology and Pain Unit-AnpLab-University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Viviana Betti
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia (Santa Lucia Foundation), Rome, Italy
| | - Tommaso Bocci
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Nadia Bolognini
- Department of Psychology & NeuroMi, University of Milano Bicocca, Milan, Italy.,Laboratory of Neuropsychology, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Di Russo
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Sara Invitto
- INSPIRE - Laboratory of Cognitive and Psychophysiological Olfactory Processes, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - Giacomo Koch
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia (Santa Lucia Foundation), Rome, Italy.,Department of Neuroscience, Policlinico Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Miniussi
- Center for Mind/Brain Sciences - CIMeC, University of Trento, Rovereto, Italy.,Cognitive Neuroscience Section, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Francesco Piccione
- Brain Imaging and Neural Dynamics Research Group, IRCCS San Camillo Hospital, Venice, Italy
| | - Aldo Ragazzoni
- Unit of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Fondazione PAS, Scandicci, Florence, Italy
| | - Ferdinando Sartucci
- Section of Neurophysiopathology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,CNR Institute of Neuroscience, Pisa, Italy
| | - Simone Rossi
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience Siena Brain Investigation and Neuromodulation Lab (SI-BIN Lab), University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Giorgio Arcara
- Brain Imaging and Neural Dynamics Research Group, IRCCS San Camillo Hospital, Venice, Italy
| | - Marika Berchicci
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Bianco
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia (Santa Lucia Foundation), Rome, Italy.,Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy
| | - Marianna Delussi
- Applied Neurophysiology and Pain Unit-AnpLab-University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Eleonora Gentile
- Applied Neurophysiology and Pain Unit-AnpLab-University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Fabio Giovannelli
- Section of Psychology - Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research, Child Health, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Daniela Mannarelli
- Department of Human Neuroscience, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Marino
- Brain Imaging and Neural Dynamics Research Group, IRCCS San Camillo Hospital, Venice, Italy
| | - Elena Mussini
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy
| | - Caterina Pauletti
- Department of Human Neuroscience, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Alberto Pisoni
- Department of Psychology & NeuroMi, University of Milano Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Alberto Raggi
- Unit of Neurology, G.B. Morgagni - L. Pierantoni Hospital, Forlì, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Valeriani
- Neurology Ward Unit, Bambino Gesù Hospital, Rome, Italy. .,Center for Sensory-Motor Interaction, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark.
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Kamei M, Matsumoto S, Sakuma H. The Effect of a Pseudo Winning or Losing Streak on Mental Attitudes and the Evaluation of Results. Psychol Rep 2017; 121:488-510. [PMID: 29298557 DOI: 10.1177/0033294117732344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Although human motivation has been well studied, studies manipulating human motivation are scarce. The present study aimed to induce the hot-hand phenomenon using a pseudo success situation. Under the framework of the two-factor theory of emotion, we investigated the effect of a deviant situation, such as continuously winning or losing, on mental attitudes and the evaluation of the results using the contingent-negative variation (CNV) and feedback-locked P3 (FB-P3). The CNV is a neural activity that reflects emotional expectations and motoric preparation. The FB-P3 is a neural activity that is induced by external feedback. Fifteen participants performed an S1-S2 reaction time task with an opponent in the following three competitive conditions: actual feedback (feedback is contingent on performance), winning streak (WS; tendency to win regardless of performance), and losing streak (LS; tendency to lose regardless of performance). Each condition was characterized by the winning rate (49.26%, 80%, and 20%). Moreover, a principal component analysis was performed on the CNV data to determine the distinct temporal neural activity. The principal component analysis identified three components (auditory P2, early CNV, and late CNV) in the original CNV. The auditory P2 and the occurrence of pleasant emotions were higher in the WS condition than in the LS condition. However, the early CNV, late CNV, and FB-P3 were higher in the LS condition than in the WS condition. These findings confirmed that the losing streak situation induced an unpleasant emotion. However, the losing streak situation appeared to improve the mental attitude to prepare for faster responses and enhance the interest in the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mio Kamei
- Graduate School of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Japan
| | | | - Haruo Sakuma
- Department of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Japan
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Taylor BK, Gavin WJ, Davies PL. The Test-Retest Reliability of the Visually Evoked Contingent Negative Variation (CNV) in Children and Adults. Dev Neuropsychol 2016; 41:162-75. [PMID: 27145115 DOI: 10.1080/87565641.2016.1170835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Establishing the reliability of event-related potentials is critical for future applications to biomarker development and clinical research. Few studies have examined the reliability of the contingent negative variation (CNV), and only in adults. The current study explored test-retest reliability of the visually evoked CNV and its embedded components, the O-wave and the E-wave, in children (7-13 years) and young adults (19-28 years) during a visual Go/No-Go task over 1-2 weeks. Test-retest reliability of the components was moderate for children, and low-to-moderate for adults. These findings were in contrast to previous work with adults showing moderate-to-high reliability of the auditory-evoked CNV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany K Taylor
- a Department of Human Development and Family Studies , Colorado State University , Fort Collins , Colorado
| | - William J Gavin
- a Department of Human Development and Family Studies , Colorado State University , Fort Collins , Colorado
| | - Patricia L Davies
- b Department of Occupational Therapy , Colorado State University , Fort Collins , Colorado
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5
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Gulberti A, Hamel W, Buhmann C, Boelmans K, Zittel S, Gerloff C, Westphal M, Engel A, Schneider T, Moll C. Subthalamic deep brain stimulation improves auditory sensory gating deficit in Parkinson’s disease. Clin Neurophysiol 2015; 126:565-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2014.06.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Revised: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Uysal U, Idiman F, Idiman E, Ozakbas S, Karakas S, Bruce J. Contingent negative variation is associated with cognitive dysfunction and secondary progressive disease course in multiple sclerosis. J Clin Neurol 2014; 10:296-303. [PMID: 25324878 PMCID: PMC4198710 DOI: 10.3988/jcn.2014.10.4.296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Revised: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The relationship between contingent negative variation (CNV), which is an event-related potential, and cognition in multiple sclerosis (MS) has not been examined previously. The primary objective of the present study was thus to determine the association between CNV and cognition in a sample of MS patients. METHODS The subjects of this study comprised 66 MS patients [50 with relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) and 16 with secondary progressive MS (SPMS)] and 40 matched healthy volunteers. A neuropsychological battery was administered to all of the subjects; CNV recordings were made from the Cz, Fz, and Pz electrodes, and the amplitude and area under the curve (AUC) were measured at each electrode. RESULTS RRMS patients exhibited CNVs with lower amplitudes and smaller AUCs than the controls at Pz. SPMS patients exhibited CNVs with lower amplitudes and smaller AUCs than the controls, and CNVs with a smaller amplitude than the RRMS patients at both Cz and Pz. After correcting for multiple comparisons, a lower CNV amplitude at Pz was significantly associated with worse performance on measures of speed of information processing, verbal fluency, verbal learning, and verbal recall. CONCLUSIONS CNV may serve as a marker for disease progression and cognitive dysfunction in MS. Further studies with larger samples and wider electrode coverage are required to fully assess the value of CNV in these areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Utku Uysal
- Department of Neurology, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Fethi Idiman
- Department of Neurology, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Egemen Idiman
- Department of Neurology, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Serkan Ozakbas
- Department of Neurology, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Sirel Karakas
- Department of Psychology, Cyprus International University, Lefkosa, Republic of Cyprus, Turkey
| | - Jared Bruce
- Department of Psychology, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA
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7
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Mismatch negativity-like potential (MMN-like) in the subthalamic nuclei in Parkinson's disease patients. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2014; 121:1507-22. [PMID: 24809684 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-014-1221-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
An infrequent change to an otherwise repetitive sequence of stimuli leads to the generation of mismatch negativity (MMN), even in the absence of attention. This evoked negative response occurs in the scalp-recorded electroencephalogram (EEG) over the temporal and frontal cortices, 100-250 ms after onset of the deviant stimulus. The MMN is used to detect sensory information processing. The aim of our study was to investigate whether MMN can be recorded in the subthalamic nuclei (STN) as evidence of auditory information processing on an unconscious level within this structure. To our knowledge, MMN has never been recorded in the human STN. We recorded intracerebral EEG using a MMN paradigm in five patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) who were implanted with depth electrodes in the subthalamic nuclei (STN). We found far-field MMN when intracerebral contacts were connected to an extracranial reference electrode. In all five PD patients (and nine of ten intracerebral electrodes), we also found near-field MMN-like potentials when intracerebral contacts were referenced to one another, and in some electrodes, we observed phase reversals in these potentials. The mean time-to-peak latency of the intracerebral MMN-like potentials was 214 ± 38 ms (median 219 ms). We reveal MMN-like potentials in bilateral STN. This finding provides evidence that STN receives sensory (auditory) information from other structures. The question for further research is whether STN receives such signals through a previously described hyperdirect pathway between STN and frontal cortex (a known generator of the MMN potential) and if the STN contributes to sensorimotor integration.
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8
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Probing interval timing with scalp-recorded electroencephalography (EEG). ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 829:187-207. [PMID: 25358712 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1782-2_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Humans, and other animals, are able to easily learn the durations of events and the temporal relationships among them in spite of the absence of a dedicated sensory organ for time. This chapter summarizes the investigation of timing and time perception using scalp-recorded electroencephalography (EEG), a non-invasive technique that measures brain electrical potentials on a millisecond time scale. Over the past several decades, much has been learned about interval timing through the examination of the characteristic features of averaged EEG signals (i.e., event-related potentials, ERPs) elicited in timing paradigms. For example, the mismatch negativity (MMN) and omission potential (OP) have been used to study implicit and explicit timing, respectively, the P300 has been used to investigate temporal memory updating, and the contingent negative variation (CNV) has been used as an index of temporal decision making. In sum, EEG measures provide biomarkers of temporal processing that allow researchers to probe the cognitive and neural substrates underlying time perception.
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9
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Pišljar M, Repovš G, Pirtošek Z. Cognition in late onset depression. Psychiatry Res 2013; 210:89-94. [PMID: 23477900 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2013.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2012] [Revised: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of study was to assess cognition in patients with late onset depression in a symptom-free remission period measuring event-related potentials and reaction times (RT) in a modified computer version of the Stroop test. Thirty four patients with late-onset depression were included after they had reached remission. They were compared to age-, gender- and education-matched healthy controls. Each participant completed a single item computer version of the Stroop Color-word task using verbal response mode. EEG and RT were simultaneously recorded. RTs were significantly prolonged in patients in all conditions of the Stroop paradigm, and the interference effect was significantly greater in patients compared to controls. Results also revealed abnormal late positive Stroop related potentials in the period of about 500-600 ms period corresponding to the so-called P300b wave. Our study supports the view that patients with late onset depression are also cognitively impaired and that this impairment persists in the period of early remission. Using more sensitive ERP measurement of the Stroop task we demonstrated impaired information processing at an earlier, pre-response related stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Pišljar
- Psychiatric Hospital Idrija, Pot sv. Antona 49, 5280 Idrija, Slovenia.
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10
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In vivo human hippocampal cingulate connectivity: A corticocortical evoked potentials (CCEPs) study. Clin Neurophysiol 2013; 124:1547-56. [PMID: 23535454 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2013.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Revised: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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11
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Linssen A, Sambeth A, Riedel W, Vuurman E. Higher, faster, stronger: The effect of dynamic stimuli on response preparation and CNV amplitude. Behav Brain Res 2013; 237:308-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2012.09.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2012] [Revised: 09/25/2012] [Accepted: 09/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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12
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Differential effects of differing intensities of acute exercise on speed and accuracy of cognition: A meta-analytical investigation. Brain Cogn 2012; 80:338-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2012.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 278] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2012] [Revised: 07/19/2012] [Accepted: 09/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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13
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Damborská A, Brázdil M, Rektor I, Janoušová E, Chládek J, Kukleta M. Late divergence of target and nontarget ERPs in a visual oddball task. Physiol Res 2012; 61:307-18. [PMID: 22480426 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.932237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Different mental operations were expected in the late phase of intracerebral ERPs obtained in the visual oddball task with mental counting. Therefore we searched for late divergences of target and nontarget ERPs followed by components exceeding the temporal window of the P300 wave. Electrical activity from 152 brain regions of 14 epileptic patients was recorded by means of depth electrodes. Average target and nontarget records from 1800 ms long EEG periods free of epileptic activity were compared. Late divergence preceded by almost identical course of the target and nontarget ERPs was found in 16 brain regions of 6 patients. The mean latency of the divergence point was 570+/-93 ms after the stimulus onset. The target post-divergence section of the ERP differed from the nontarget one by opposite polarity, different latency of the components, or even different number of the components. Generators of post-divergence ERP components were found in the parahippocampal gyrus, superior, middle and inferior temporal gyri, amygdala, and fronto-orbital cortex. Finding of late divergence indicates that functional differences exist even not sooner than during the final phase of the task.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Damborská
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.
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Mock JR, Foundas AL, Golob EJ. Modulation of sensory and motor cortex activity during speech preparation. Eur J Neurosci 2011; 33:1001-11. [PMID: 21261757 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2010.07585.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that speaking affects auditory and motor cortex responsiveness, which may reflect the influence of motor efference copy. If motor efference copy is involved, it would also likely influence auditory and motor cortical activity when preparing to speak. We tested this hypothesis by using auditory event-related potentials and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) of the motor cortex. In the speech condition subjects were visually cued to prepare a vocal response to a subsequent target, which was compared to a control condition without speech preparation. Auditory and motor cortex responsiveness at variable times between the cue and target were probed with an acoustic stimulus (Experiment 1, tone or consonant-vowels) or motor cortical TMS (Experiment 2). Acoustic probes delivered shortly before targets elicited a fronto-central negative potential in the speech condition. Current density analysis showed that auditory cortical activity was attenuated at the beginning of the slow potential in the speech condition. Sensory potentials in response to probes had shorter latencies (N100) and larger amplitudes (P200) when consonant-vowels matched the sound of cue words. Motor cortex excitability was greater in the speech than in the control condition at all time points before picture onset. The results suggest that speech preparation induces top-down regulation of sensory and motor cortex responsiveness, with different time courses for auditory and motor systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey R Mock
- Department of Psychology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
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15
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Linssen AMW, Vuurman EFPM, Sambeth A, Nave S, Spooren W, Vargas G, Santarelli L, Riedel WJ. Contingent negative variation as a dopaminergic biomarker: evidence from dose-related effects of methylphenidate. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2011; 218:533-42. [PMID: 21597989 PMCID: PMC3210368 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-011-2345-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2011] [Accepted: 05/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The basal ganglia play an important role in motor control, which is dependent on dopaminergic input. Preparation of a motor response has been associated with dopamine release in the basal ganglia, and response readiness may therefore serve as a pharmacodynamic marker of dopamine activity. METHODS We measured response readiness using the amplitude of the contingent negative variation (CNV), a slow negative shift in the electroencephalogram. The CNV is evoked in a paradigm in which a warning stimulus (S1) signals the occurrence of the imperative stimulus (S2) 4 s later, to which the participant has to respond. CNV was assessed in healthy volunteers after administration of placebo or 10, 20 or 40 mg of methylphenidate, a catecholamine re-uptake blocker which primarily enhances the synaptic concentration of dopamine and to a lesser extent also noradrenaline. In addition, participants filled out two visual analogue scales measuring subjective ratings of mood and alertness: Profile of Mood States and Bond and Lader. RESULTS Methylphenidate dose dependently increased CNV amplitude and decreased reaction times. Furthermore, participants reported improved mood, feeling more alert, vigorous and content and less angry and tired after methylphenidate. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that dopamine availability increases response readiness as measured by the CNV paradigm. The CNV appears to be a good candidate biomarker for assessing changes in dopaminergic function by treatments that either directly or indirectly target the dopaminergic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke M. W. Linssen
- Department of Neuropsychology & Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Eric F. P. M. Vuurman
- Department of Neuropsychology & Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Anke Sambeth
- Department of Neuropsychology & Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | - Wim J. Riedel
- Department of Neuropsychology & Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, the Netherlands ,F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
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16
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The effect of cortical repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on cognitive event-related potentials recorded in the subthalamic nucleus. Exp Brain Res 2010; 203:317-27. [DOI: 10.1007/s00221-010-2232-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2009] [Accepted: 03/16/2010] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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17
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Characteristics of the athletes' brain: Evidence from neurophysiology and neuroimaging. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 62:197-211. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2009.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2009] [Revised: 09/20/2009] [Accepted: 11/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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18
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Rektor I, Baláž M, Bočková M. Cognitive activities in the subthalamic nucleus. Invasive studies. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2009; 15 Suppl 3:S83-6. [DOI: 10.1016/s1353-8020(09)70788-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Sakamoto K, Nakata H, Honda Y, Kakigi R. The effect of mastication on human motor preparation processing: a study with CNV and MRCP. Neurosci Res 2009; 64:259-66. [PMID: 19447294 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2009.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2009] [Revised: 03/11/2009] [Accepted: 03/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
To clarify the effect of mastication on motor preparation processing using electroencephalography (EEG), we investigated the effect of mastication on contingent negative variation (CNV) and reaction time (RT) in Experiment 1, and movement-related cortical potentials (MRCPs) in Experiment 2. The twelve subjects performed four CNV or MRCP sessions, and in the Mastication condition chewed a gum base during the resting period between sessions, Pre (before chewing) and Post 1, 2, and 3 (after chewing). In the Control condition, the subjects performed the same sessions without chewing gum during the intervals between sessions on another day. In Experiment 1, the mean amplitudes of the early- and late-CNV were significantly larger in Mastication than Control at Post 2 and Post 3. RT also differed significantly between Mastication and Control at Post 3. By contrast, in Experiment 2, there were no significant differences between Mastication and Control for the mean amplitudes of MRCPs including Bereitschaftspotential (BP) and negative slope (NS') in any session. These results suggest that mastication influences cognitive processing reflected by CNV with stimulus-triggered movement, rather than motor-related processing reflected by MRCPs relating to self-initiated movement, and provide evidence concerning the mechanisms for the effect of mastication on the human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiwako Sakamoto
- Department of Integrative Physiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan.
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Anticipatory activity in the human thalamus is predictive of reaction times. Neuroscience 2008; 155:1275-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2008] [Revised: 06/23/2008] [Accepted: 07/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Meck WH, Penney TB, Pouthas V. Cortico-striatal representation of time in animals and humans. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2008; 18:145-52. [PMID: 18708142 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2008.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2008] [Revised: 07/30/2008] [Accepted: 08/05/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Hellwig S, Weisbrod M, Jochum V, Rentrop M, Unger J, Walther S, Haefner K, Roth A, Fiedler P, Bender S. Slow cortical potentials in human aversive trace conditioning. Int J Psychophysiol 2008; 69:41-51. [PMID: 18485506 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2008.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2006] [Revised: 02/07/2008] [Accepted: 02/27/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to better understand the cortical structures and neuronal processes involved in aversive differential trace conditioning in healthy subjects. According to previous findings in literature, we tested whether the stimulus preceding negativity (SPN) in an emotional trace-conditioning paradigm shows a frontocentral maximum reflecting affective anticipation, e.g. in the anterior cingulate, or a centroparietal maximum reflecting time estimation and sensory anticipation. Two distinct SPN intervals were analyzed, one during the presentation of the CS (comparable to delay conditioning) and another one after CS offset (trace conditioning). In the CS+ condition, where subjects anticipated the onset of an aversive electrical stimulus after CS+ offset, a significantly larger negativity than in the unpaired (CS-) condition was present. SPN revealed a sustained midcentral and posterior parietal negativity during both SPN intervals. Differences between the two analyzed SPN intervals pointed towards occipital activity being found in the first interval (delay), but not in the second (trace). Aversive conditioning paradigms with longer trace intervals seem to rely upon a similar activation pattern as cognitive stimulus anticipation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Hellwig
- Section for Experimental Psychopathology, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Heidelberg, Vossstrasse 2, D-69115 Heidelberg, Germany.
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Babiloni C, Vecchio F, Bares M, Brazdil M, Nestrasil I, Eusebi F, Maria Rossini P, Rektor I. Functional coupling between anterior prefrontal cortex (BA10) and hand muscle contraction during intentional and imitative motor acts. Neuroimage 2008; 39:1314-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.09.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2007] [Revised: 09/13/2007] [Accepted: 09/25/2007] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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Bares M, Kanovský P, Rektor I. Disturbed intracortical excitability in early Parkinson's disease is l-DOPA dose related: A prospective 12-month paired TMS study. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2007; 13:489-94. [PMID: 17449315 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2007.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2006] [Revised: 02/17/2007] [Accepted: 02/23/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We were interested to know if chronic l-DOPA treatment in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients could restore impairment of the intracortical excitability, when this difference could occur, and if it was related to the total daily dose of l-DOPA. Twelve patients with early PD were studied using paired transcranial magnetic stimulation before the administration of l-DOPA, and then after 3, 6, and 12 months of l-DOPA treatment. The level of disturbed intracortical excitability strongly correlated with the total daily dose of l-DOPA. The level of cortical excitability in PD patients seems to be indirectly related to the nigro-striatal functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Bares
- First Department of Neurology and the Movement Disorders Centre, Medical Faculty Masaryk University, St. Anne's Hospital, Pekarska 53, 656 91 Brno, Czech Republic.
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Rektor I, Brázdil M, Nestrasil I, Bares M, Daniel P. Modifications of cognitive and motor tasks affect the occurrence of event-related potentials in the human cortex. Eur J Neurosci 2007; 26:1371-80. [PMID: 17767513 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2007.05713.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study concerns the question of how task modification affects the frequency occurrence of event-related potentials (ERP) inside the active cortical areas. In 13 candidates for epilepsy surgery, 156 sites in the temporal (74), frontal (73), and parietal (9) cortices were recorded by means of depth and subdural electrodes. Four modifications of the somatosensory evoked P3-like potentials were performed; (i) an oddball paradigm with silent counting of target stimuli (P3c); (ii) an oddball paradigm with a hand movement in response to target stimuli (P3m); (iii) an S1-S2 paradigm, ERP in the P300 time window after the S2 stimulus, with silent counting of target stimuli (S2c), and (iv) an S1-S2 paradigm with a hand movement in response to target stimuli (S2m). In comparing the oddball paradigms with the S1-S2 (contingent negative variation, CNV) paradigms, four regions emerge that are significantly linked with the oddball P3; the prefrontal cortex, the cingulate, the amygdalo-hippocampal complex, and the lateral temporal cortex. A prominent role of the cingulate and the fronto-orbital cortex in the cognitive processing of movement was supported when tasks with identical cognitive loads but different required responses were compared. Even relatively simple cognitive tasks activate many cortical regions. The investigated areas were activated in all tests; however, small regions in each field were active or inactive in relation to the nature of the task. The study indicates a variable and task-dependent internal organization of a highly complex and widely distributed system of active cortical areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Rektor
- First Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty of Masaryk University, St. Anne's Teaching Hospital, Pekarska 53, 656 91 Brno, Czech Republic.
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McMorris T, Harris RC, Howard AN, Langridge G, Hall B, Corbett J, Dicks M, Hodgson C. Creatine supplementation, sleep deprivation, cortisol, melatonin and behavior. Physiol Behav 2007; 90:21-8. [PMID: 17046034 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2006.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2006] [Revised: 08/10/2006] [Accepted: 08/23/2006] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The effect of creatine supplementation and sleep deprivation, with intermittent moderate-intensity exercise, on cognitive and psychomotor performance, mood state, effort and salivary concentrations of cortisol and melatonin were examined. Subjects were divided into a creatine supplementation group and a placebo group. They took 5 g of creatine monohydrate or a placebo, dependent on their group, four times a day for 7 days immediately prior to the experiment. They undertook tests examining central executive functioning, short-term memory, choice reaction time, balance, mood state and effort at baseline and following 18-, 24- and 36-h sleep deprivation, with moderate intermittent exercise. Saliva samples were taken prior to each set of tests. A group x time analysis of covariance, with baseline performance the covariate, showed that the creatine group performed significantly (p < 0.05) better than the placebo group on the central executive task but only at 36 h. The creatine group demonstrated a significant (p < 0.01) linear improvement in performance of the central executive task throughout the experiment, while the placebo group showed no significant effects. There were no significant differences between the groups for any of the other variables. A significant (p < 0.001) main effect of time was found for the balance test with a linear improvement being registered. Cortisol concentrations on Day 1 were significantly (p < 0.01) higher than on Day 2. Mood significantly (p < 0.001) deteriorated up to 24 h with no change from 24 to 36 h. Effort at baseline was significantly (p < 0.01) lower than in the other conditions. It was concluded that, during sleep deprivation with moderate-intensity exercise, creatine supplementation only affects performance of complex central executive tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- T McMorris
- Centre for Sports Science and Medicine, University of Chichester, College Lane, Chichester, West Sussex PO19 6PE, UK. t,
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Fawcett AP, Cunic D, Hamani C, Hodaie M, Lozano AM, Chen R, Hutchison WD. Saccade-related potentials recorded from human subthalamic nucleus. Clin Neurophysiol 2007; 118:155-63. [PMID: 17097341 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2006.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2006] [Revised: 09/14/2006] [Accepted: 09/19/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate an ocular motor role for the STN in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients. METHODS Potentials were recorded from deep brain stimulation (DBS) electrodes implanted in the vicinity of STN in five PD patients, while patients simultaneously performed visually cued saccades, self-paced saccades and in two patients self-paced wrist extensions. RESULTS Premovement potentials related to visually cued saccades were found in 4/5 patients and 56% (5/9) of potentials showed phase reversal indicating a local generator. Onsets of these potentials began closer to saccade initiation from STN contacts (0.88+/-0.30s) than thalamic ones (1.39+/-0.28 s). Self-paced saccade-related potentials were found in 4/4 patients. Self-paced saccade potential onsets (1.82+/-0.88 s) were not different from self-paced wrist extension onsets (1.27+/-0.98 s), suggesting a non-specific mechanism could be responsible for both potentials. 50% (3/6) of potentials to self-paced saccades and 66% (2/3) of potentials to self-paced wrist extensions showed phase reversal. Potentials could be found either ipsilaterally or contralaterally with respect to saccade direction. CONCLUSIONS These subcortical premovement potentials to saccades are similar to Bereitschaftspotentials and contingent negative variations to limb movements recorded in cortical and subcortical regions. SIGNIFICANCE These studies further support a role of STN in ocular motor control and suggest a common mechanism of motor preparation for both eye and limb movements in the basal ganglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian P Fawcett
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont., Canada
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Bares M, Nestrasil I, Rektor I. The effect of response type (motor output versus mental counting) on the intracerebral distribution of the slow cortical potentials in an externally cued (CNV) paradigm. Brain Res Bull 2007; 71:428-35. [PMID: 17208661 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2006.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2006] [Revised: 10/23/2006] [Accepted: 10/23/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Previous surface CNV studies including a hand motor output have suggested that the late phase of the CNV reflects the preparation of the sensorimotor cortices involved in the motor output given the same similarity in scalp potential distribution with readiness potential. However, the poor spatial resolution of the scalp recorded CNV data prevented a definitive conclusion. This intracerebral study allowed us to test this hypothesis using a CNV paradigm in which a non-motor task is used as a reference. This study concerned the intracerebrally located generators of the Contingent Negative Variation in two different paradigm settings: (i) motor output required, (ii) silent counting required (non-motor control condition). METHODS Stereoelectroencephalography (SEEG) recordings of the contingent negative variation (CNV) in a somato-somatosensory stimulation paradigm with a motor or counting task were taken from nine patients with drug-resistant epilepsy. The intracerebral recordings were taken from 25 cortical areas in both hemispheres (supplementary motor area-SMA; the cingulate gyrus; the orbitofrontal, premotor and dorsolateral prefrontal cortices; lateral temporal cortex, amygdalohippocampal complex; and the parietooccipital cortex). RESULTS The slow waves were generated in the SMA, the premotor, dorsolateral, and orbitofrontal cortices, the cingulate gyrus, and parts of the lateral temporal, mesial temporal structures and parietal cortex. We found a significant difference between the two tasks in the CNV potential generation. The task with the motor output produced significantly higher numbers of CNV potential generators when compared to the task with silent counting. CONCLUSIONS The CNV potential generators varied between motor and non-motor tasks. The intracerebral distribution of the potentials linked with expectation is task dependent. Our main conclusion is that the executive network is more active during the motor task than during counting task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Bares
- First Department of Neurology, Masaryk University, St. Anne's Hospital, Pekarska 53, 65691 Brno, Czech Republic.
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McMorris T, Swain J, Smith M, Corbett J, Delves S, Sale C, Harris RC, Potter J. Heat stress, plasma concentrations of adrenaline, noradrenaline, 5-hydroxytryptamine and cortisol, mood state and cognitive performance. Int J Psychophysiol 2006; 61:204-15. [PMID: 16309771 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2005.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2005] [Revised: 10/13/2005] [Accepted: 10/13/2005] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The primary aims of this paper were to examine the effect of heat stress on working memory, choice reaction time and mood state, and to investigate the relationship between heat induced changes in plasma concentrations of selected neurotransmitters and hormones, and cognition. Heat stress resulted in a deterioration of performance on a central executive task (random movement generation) but not on verbal and spatial recall, and choice reaction time tasks. Perceptions of vigour decreased and fatigue increased following exposure to heat stress. Plasma concentrations of cortisol and 5-hydroxytryptamine significantly increased following exposure to heat. Regression analyses showed that percent body mass loss and change from baseline (Delta) concentrations of cortisol, post-exposure to heat, were significant predictors of Delta random movement generation and Delta fatigue. A secondary purpose was to examine the effect of recovery on cognition and mood. Following recovery, the performance of the central executive task was poorer than pre-treatment. Mood states, catecholamines and 5-hydroxytryptamine concentrations returned to pre-treatment values, but cortisol fell to a level significantly lower. Regression correlations showed that Delta adrenaline and Delta scores, post-recovery, on the central executive task were significantly correlated. Delta noradrenaline correlated significantly with Delta fatigue. It was concluded that heat stress results in deterioration in the performance of central executive tasks and perceptions of mood state, and that this can be predicted by changes in body mass loss and plasma concentrations of the hormones cortisol and adrenaline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry McMorris
- Centre for Sports Science and Medicine, University College Chichester, College Lane, Chichester, West Sussex PO19 6PE, UK.
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McMorris T, Harris RC, Swain J, Corbett J, Collard K, Dyson RJ, Dye L, Hodgson C, Draper N. Effect of creatine supplementation and sleep deprivation, with mild exercise, on cognitive and psychomotor performance, mood state, and plasma concentrations of catecholamines and cortisol. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2006; 185:93-103. [PMID: 16416332 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-005-0269-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2005] [Accepted: 11/09/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Sleep deprivation has a negative effect on cognitive and psychomotor performance and mood state, partially due to decreases in creatine levels in the brain. Therefore, creatine supplementation should lessen the negative effects of sleep deprivation. OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to examine the effect of creatine supplementation and sleep deprivation, with mild exercise, on cognitive and psychomotor performance, mood state, and plasma concentrations of catecholamines and cortisol. METHOD Subjects were divided into a creatine group (n=10) and a placebo group (n=9). They took 5 g of creatine monohydrate or a placebo, dependent on their group, four times a time a day for 7 days, immediately prior to the experiment. The study was double blind. Subjects undertook tests of random movement generation (RMG), verbal and spatial recall, choice reaction time, static balance and mood state pre-test (0 h), after 6, 12 and 24 h of sleep deprivation, with intermittent exercise. They were tested for plasma concentrations of catecholamines and cortisol at 0 and 24 h. RESULTS At 24 h, the creatine group demonstrated significantly less change in performance from 0 h (delta) in RMG, choice reaction time, balance and mood state. There were no significant differences between groups in plasma concentrations of catecholamines and cortisol. Norepinephrine and dopamine concentrations were significantly higher at 24 h than 0 h, but cortisol were lower. CONCLUSIONS Following 24-h sleep deprivation, creatine supplementation had a positive effect on mood state and tasks that place a heavy stress on the prefrontal cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- T McMorris
- Centre for Sports Science and Medicine, University College Chichester, College Lane, Chichester, West Sussex PO19 6PE, UK.
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Rektor I, Bares M, Brázdil M, Kanovský P, Rektorová I, Sochurková D, Kubová D, Kuba R, Daniel P. Cognitive- and movement-related potentials recorded in the human basal ganglia. Mov Disord 2005; 20:562-8. [PMID: 15666424 DOI: 10.1002/mds.20368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Sources of potentials evoked by cognitive processing of sensory and motor activities were studied in 9 epilepsy surgery candidates with electrodes implanted in the basal ganglia (BG), mostly in the putamen. Several contacts were also located in the pallidum and the caudate. The recorded potentials were related to a variety of cognitive and motor activities (attentional, decisional, time estimation, sensory processing, motor preparation, and so on). In five different tests, we recorded P3-like potentials evoked by auditory and visual stimuli and sustained potential shifts in the Bereitschaftspotential and Contingent Negative Variation protocols. All of the studied potentials were generated in the BG. They were recorded from all over the putamen. Various potentials on the same lead or nearby contacts were recorded. A functional topography in the BG was not displayed. We presume that the cognitive processes we studied were produced in clusters of neurons that are organized in the basal ganglia differently than the known functional organization, e.g., of motor functions. The basal ganglia, specifically the striatum, may play an integrative role in cognitive information processing, in motor as well as in nonmotor tasks. This role seems to be nonspecific in terms of stimulus modality and in terms of the cognitive context of the task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Rektor
- First Department of Neurology, Masaryk University, St. Anne's Teaching Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic.
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