1
|
Li L, Shen X, Zhao C, Liu Q, Liu X, Wu Y. Biodegradation of dibenzothiophene by efficient Pseudomonas sp. LKY-5 with the production of a biosurfactant. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 176:50-57. [PMID: 30921696 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.03.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 03/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A potent bacterial strain capable of degrading dibenzothiophene (DBT) was isolated and evaluated for its characteristics. The strain, designated as LKY-5, is rod-shaped, gram-negative, and occurs mainly in clusters. It was identified as belonging to the Pseudomonas genus based on the 16S rDNA sequence and phylogenic analysis. Determination of its DBT depletion efficiency by gas chromatography revealed that the isolate was able to completely degrade up to 100 mg L-1 DBT within 144 h. The pH values, DBT concentrations, and biomasses in the medium varied significantly in the initial 24 h. A biosurfactant produced by LKY-5 was extracted and identified as a di-rhamnolipid with the formula Rha-Rha-C8-C8:1 by HPLC-ESI-MS/MS. There were 26 metabolites in the DBT degradation process. Pseudomonas sp. LKY-5 exhibited unusually high DBT degradation efficiency via multiple metabolic pathways. Compared with the reported 4S and Kodama pathways, two more expanded metabolic pathways for the degradation of DBT are proposed. The polycyclic aromatic sulfur heterocycles (PASHs) in diesel, such as C1-DBT, C2-DBT, C3-DBT, 4,6-DMDBT, and 2,4,6-TMDBT, can also be degraded with 28.2-42.3% efficiency. The results showed that LKY-5 is an excellent bacterial candidate for the bioremediation of PASH-contaminated sites and sediments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Pollution Control, Beijing, 102206, PR China; College of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong, 266590, China.
| | - Xianwei Shen
- Qingdao Dongjiakou Economic Zone Management Committee, Qingdao, Shandong, 266409, China
| | - Chaocheng Zhao
- College of Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), No. 66, Changjiang West Road, Huangdao District, Qingdao, PR China.
| | - Qiyou Liu
- College of Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), No. 66, Changjiang West Road, Huangdao District, Qingdao, PR China
| | - Xuwei Liu
- College of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong, 266590, China
| | - Yanan Wu
- College of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong, 266590, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Enzymatic Desulfurization of Crude Oil and Its Fractions: A Mini Review on the Recent Progresses and Challenges. ARABIAN JOURNAL FOR SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s13369-019-03800-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
|
3
|
Khedkar S, Shanker R. Degradation of dibenzothiophene and its metabolite 3-hydroxy-2-formylbenzothiophene by an environmental isolate. Biodegradation 2014; 25:643-54. [DOI: 10.1007/s10532-014-9688-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
4
|
Bahuguna A, Lily MK, Munjal A, Singh RN, Dangwal K. Desulfurization of dibenzothiophene (DBT) by a novel strain Lysinibacillus sphaericus DMT-7 isolated from diesel contaminated soil. J Environ Sci (China) 2011; 23:975-982. [PMID: 22066220 DOI: 10.1016/s1001-0742(10)60504-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A new bacterial strain DMT-7 capable of selectively desulfurizing dibenzothiophene (DBT) was isolated from diesel contaminated soil. The DMT-7 was characterized and identified as Lysinibacillus sphaericus DMT-7 (NCBI GenBank Accession No. GQ496620) using 16S rDNA gene sequence analysis. The desulfurized product of DBT, 2-hydroxybiphenyl (2HBP), was identified and confirmed by high performance liquid chromatography analysis and gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy analysis respectively. The desulfurization kinetics revealed that DMT-7 started desulfurization of DBT into 2HBP after the lag phase of 24 hr, exponentially increasing the accumulation of 2HBP up to 15 days leading to approximately 60% desulfurization of the DBT. However, further growth resulted into DBT degradation. The induced culture of DMT-7 showed shorter lag phase of 6 hr and early onset of stationary phase within 10 days for desulfurization as compared to that of non-induced culture clearly indicating the inducibility of the desulfurization pathway of DMT-7. In addition, Lysinibacillus sphaericus DMT-7 also possess the ability to utilize broad range of substrates as sole source of sulfur such as benzothiophene, 3,4-benzo DBT, 4,6-dimethyl DBT, and 4,6-dibutyl DBT. Therefore, Lysinibacillus sphaericus DMT-7 could serve as model system for efficient biodesulfurization of diesel and petrol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashutosh Bahuguna
- Department of Biotechnology, Modern Institute of Technology (MIT), Dhalwala, Rishikesh 249201, Uttarakhand, India.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Alves L, Marques S, Matos J, Tenreiro R, Gírio FM. Dibenzothiophene desulfurization by Gordonia alkanivorans strain 1B using recycled paper sludge hydrolyzate. CHEMOSPHERE 2008; 70:967-73. [PMID: 17897697 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2007] [Revised: 08/08/2007] [Accepted: 08/09/2007] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Enzymatic hydrolyzates of recycled paper sludge were tested as suitable feedstock for biological desulfurization by Gordonia alkanivorans strain 1B. Only the hydrolyzate obtained after enzymatic mixture dialysis (dialyzed hydrolyzate) allowed dibenzothiophene (DBT) desulfurization, in spite of faster bacterial growth did occur on non-dialyzed hydrolyzate. For dialyzed hydrolyzate, 250microM DBT was consumed after 96h displaying a maximum specific productivity of 2-hydroxybiphenyl of 1.1micromol g(-1)(dry cell weight) h(-1). A comparison of the kinetics of biodesulfurization was assessed according to the type of hydrolyzate supplementation. Complete consumption of DBT was observed upon the addition of only phosphates and ammonia although further addition of zinc did increase the 2-hydroxybiphenyl production by 14%. Strain 1B was able to desulfurize a model oil containing DBT, 4-methylDBT and 4,6-dimethylDBT, reducing by 63% the total sulfur content in 168h.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luís Alves
- INETI, Departamento de Biotecnologia, Estrada do Paço do Lumiar, 22, 1649-038 Lisboa, Portugal
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Alves L, Matos J, Tenreiro R, Gírio FM. Evidence for the role of zinc on the performance of dibenzothiophene desulfurization by Gordonia alkanivorans strain 1B. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2007; 35:69-73. [DOI: 10.1007/s10295-007-0278-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2007] [Accepted: 11/07/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
7
|
Gai Z, Yu B, Li L, Wang Y, Ma C, Feng J, Deng Z, Xu P. Cometabolic degradation of dibenzofuran and dibenzothiophene by a newly isolated carbazole-degrading Sphingomonas sp. strain. Appl Environ Microbiol 2007; 73:2832-8. [PMID: 17337542 PMCID: PMC1892858 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02704-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2006] [Accepted: 02/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A carbazole-utilizing bacterium was isolated by enrichment from petroleum-contaminated soil. The isolate, designated Sphingomonas sp. strain XLDN2-5, could utilize carbazole (CA) as the sole source of carbon, nitrogen, and energy. Washed cells of strain XLDN2-5 were shown to be capable of degrading dibenzofuran (DBF) and dibenzothiophene (DBT). Examination of metabolites suggested that XLDN2-5 degraded DBF to 2-hydroxy-6-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-6-oxo-2,4-hexadienic acid and subsequently to salicylic acid through the angular dioxygenation pathway. In contrast to DBF, strain XLDN2-5 could transform DBT through the ring cleavage and sulfoxidation pathways. Sphingomonas sp. strain XLDN2-5 could cometabolically degrade DBF and DBT in the growing system using CA as a substrate. After 40 h of incubation, 90% of DBT was transformed, and CA and DBF were completely removed. These results suggested that strain XLDN2-5 might be useful in the bioremediation of environments contaminated by these compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhonghui Gai
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kobayashi T, Lu J, Li Z, Hung VS, Kurata A, Hatada Y, Takai K, Ito S, Horikoshi K. Extremely high alkaline protease from a deep-subsurface bacterium, Alkaliphilus transvaalensis. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2007; 75:71-80. [PMID: 17216443 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-006-0800-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2006] [Revised: 12/06/2006] [Accepted: 12/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A new high-alkaline protease (ALTP) was purified to homogeneity from a culture of the strictly anaerobic and extremely alkaliphilic Alkaliphilus transvaalensis. The molecular mass was 30 kDa on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The enzyme showed the maximal caseinolytic activity higher than pH 12.6 in KCl-NaOH buffer at 40 degrees C. Hydrolysis of the oxidized insulin B-chain followed by mass spectrometric analysis of the cleaved products revealed that as many as 24 of the total 29 peptide bonds are hydrolyzed in a block-cutting manner, suggesting that ALTP has a widespread proteolytic functions. Calcium ion had no effect on the activity and stability of ALTP, unlike known subtilisins. The deduced amino acid sequence of the enzyme comprised 279 amino acids plus 97 prepropeptide amino acids. The amino acid sequence of mature ALTP was confirmed by capillary liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry, which was the 93% coverage of the deduced amino acid sequence. The mature enzyme showed moderate homology to subtilisin LD1 from the alkaliphilic Bacillus sp. strain KSM-LD1 with 64% identity, and both enzymes formed a new subcluster at an intermediate position among true subtilisins and high-alkaline proteases in a phylogenetic tree of subtilase family A. ALTP is the first high-alkaline protease reported from a strict anaerobe in this family.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tohru Kobayashi
- Extremobiosphere Research Center of Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), 2-15, Natsushima, Yokosuka, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Gunam IBW, Yaku Y, Hirano M, Yamamura K, Tomita F, Sone T, Asano K. Biodesulfurization of alkylated forms of dibenzothiophene and benzothiophene by Sphingomonas subarctica T7b. J Biosci Bioeng 2006; 101:322-7. [PMID: 16716940 DOI: 10.1263/jbb.101.322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2005] [Accepted: 01/12/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Sphingomonas subarctica T7b was isolated from soil in Toyotomi, Hokkaido, Japan as an organism capable of desulfurizing aromatic hydrocarbons in light gas oil (LGO) through enrichment culture. S. subarctica T7b could grow on mineral salt sulfur-free (MSSF) medium with the n-tetradecane oil phase containing dibenzothiophene (DBT), alkyl dibenzothiophenes (alkyl DBTs) or alkyl benzothiophenes (alkyl BTs) as the sole sulfur source and desulfurize these compounds, but could not utilize the tetradecane as a carbon source. This is the first report of a gram-negative bacterium which can desulfurize 4,6-dibutyl DBT and 4,6-dipentyl DBT. The desulfurized product of DBT produced by this strain was 2-hydroxybiphenyl, as in the case of other DBT-desulfurizing bacteria. S. subarctica T7b could desulfurize LGO and the sulfur content was decreased to 41% within 36 h.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ida Bagus Wayan Gunam
- Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita-9 Nishi-9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Oda S, Ohta H. Biodesulfurization of dibenzothiophene with Rhodococcus erythropolis ATCC 53968 and its mutant in an interface bioreactor. J Biosci Bioeng 2005; 94:474-7. [PMID: 16233336 DOI: 10.1016/s1389-1723(02)80227-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2001] [Accepted: 08/05/2002] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
An interface bioreactor was used in the biodesulfurization (BDS) of dibenzothiophene (DBT) with Rhodococcus erythropolis ATCC 53968. Although this strain could efficiently degrade DBT to 2-hydroxybiphenyl (2-HBP), the microbial film peeled off from the surface of the carrier (agar plate) to an organic phase (dodecane or tetradecane). To overcome this problem, a UV mutant, which strongly adhered to the carrier surface, was obtained by a new screening method. The best UV mutant (UM-021) could efficiently catalyze the BDS and the microbial film did not peel off from the surface of the carrier to tetradecane layer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shinobu Oda
- Analytical Center, Kansai Paint Co., Ltd., 4-17-1 Higashi-Yawata, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa 254-8562, Japan.
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Bressler DC, Fedorak PM. Identification of disulfides from the biodegradation of dibenzothiophene. Appl Environ Microbiol 2001; 67:5084-93. [PMID: 11679330 PMCID: PMC93275 DOI: 10.1128/aem.67.11.5084-5093.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2001] [Accepted: 08/22/2001] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Several investigations have identified benzothiophene-2,3-dione in the organic solvent extracts of acidified cultures degrading dibenzothiophene via the Kodama pathway. In solution at neutral pH, the 2,3-dione exists as 2-mercaptophenylglyoxylate, which cyclizes upon acidification and is extracted as the 2,3-dione. The fate of these compounds in microbial cultures has never been determined. This study investigated the abiotic reactions of 2-mercaptophenylglyoxylate incubated aerobically in mineral salts medium at neutral pH. Oxidation led to the formation of 2-oxo-2-(2-thiophenyl)ethanoic acid disulfide, formed from two molecules of 2-mercaptophenylglyoxylate. Two sequential abiotic, net losses of both a carbon and an oxygen atom produced two additional disulfides, 2-oxo-2-(2-thiophenyl)ethanoic acid 2-benzoic acid disulfide and 2,2'-dithiosalicylic acid. The methods developed to extract and detect these three disulfides were then used for the analysis of a culture of Pseudomonas sp. strain BT1d grown on dibenzothiophene as its sole carbon and energy source. All three of the disulfides were detected, indicating that 2-mercaptophenylglyoxylate is an important, short-lived intermediate in the breakdown of dibenzothiophene via the Kodama pathway. The disulfides eluded previous investigations because of (i) their high polarity, being dicarboxylic acids; (ii) the need to lower the pH of the aqueous medium to <1 to extract them into an organic solvent such as dichloromethane; (iii) their poor solubility in organic solvents, (iv) their removal from organic extracts of cultures during filtration through the commonly used drying agent anhydrous sodium sulfate; and (v) their high molecular masses (362, 334, and 306 Da) compared to that of dibenzothiophene (184 Da).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D C Bressler
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E9
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Bressler DC, Fedorak PM. Purification, stability, and mineralization of 3-hydroxy-2- formylbenzothiophene, a metabolite of dibenzothiophene. Appl Environ Microbiol 2001; 67:821-6. [PMID: 11157249 PMCID: PMC92653 DOI: 10.1128/aem.67.2.821-826.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
3-Hydroxy-2-formylbenzothiophene (HFBT) is a metabolite found in many bacterial cultures that degrade dibenzothiophene (DBT) via the Kodama pathway. The fate of HFBT in cultures and in the environment is unknown. In this study, HFBT was produced by a DBT-degrading bacterium and purified by sublimation. When stored in organic solvent or as a crystal, the HFBT slowly decomposed, yielding colored products. Two of these were identified as thioindigo and cis-thioindigo. The supernatant of the DBT-degrading culture contained thioindigo, which has not been reported previously as a product of DBT biodegradation. In mineral salts medium, HFBT was sufficiently stable to allow biodegradation studies with a mixed microbial culture over a 3- to 4-week period. High-performance liquid chromatography analyses showed that HFBT was removed from the medium. 2-Mercaptophenylglyoxalate, detected as benzothiophene-2,3-dione, was found in an HFBT-degrading mixed culture, and the former appears to be a metabolite of HFBT. This mixed culture also mineralized HFBT to CO2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D C Bressler
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E9
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Lu J, Nomura N, Nakajima-Kambe T, Nakahara T. Cloning and expression of genes encoding meta-cleavage enzymes from 4,6-dimethyldibenzothiophene-degrading Sphingomonas strain TZS-7. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2000; 1492:493-8. [PMID: 10899588 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4781(00)00115-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Sphingomonas strain TZS-7 was reported as the first strain to have the ability to degrade 4,6-dimethyldibenzothiophene (4,6-dmDBT) by the ring-destructive pathway. Two genes for meta-cleavage dioxygenases were cloned from strain TZS-7. Expression of each gene showed that one enzyme was specific for 2,3-dihydroxybiphenyl while another was more specific for catechol. The genes for the two enzymes were named dmdC and catA. The analysis of deduced amino acid sequences indicates that CatA falls into the class of meta-cleavage dioxygenases acting on dihydroxylated monocyclic compounds and DmdC falls into the class of meta-cleavage dioxygenases acting on dihydroxylated polycyclic compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Lu
- Institute of Applied Biochemistry, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|