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Ruscello B, Pantanella L, Iemme P, Filetti C, Porta M, D'Ottavio S, Marcelli L, Apollaro G, Morganti G, Grossi A, Esposito M, Padua E. Temporal patterns of fatigue in repeated sprint ability testing in soccer players and acute effects of different IHRs: a comparison between genders. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2023; 63:213-222. [PMID: 35816140 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.22.13822-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Repeated sprint ability (RSA) in soccer is deemed fundamental to ensure high level of performance. The aim of this study was to investigate the acute effects of two different Initial Heart Rates (IHR) on fatigue when testing RSA in males and females' soccer players and to compare the respective patterns of fatigue. METHODS Nineteen female soccer players (age: 22.5±3.3 years, height 163.9±7.3 cm, body weight 54.3±6.4 kg, BMI 20.6±1.5 kg·m-2) and 15 male soccer players (age: 17.9±1.5 years, height 175.9±5.8 cm, body weight 68.5±9.6 kg, BMI 22.3±1.5 kg·m-2) participated in this study. HRs reached at the end of two different warm-up protocols (~90 vs. ~ 60% HR<inf>max</inf>), have been selected and the respective RSA performances were compared, within and between the groups of participants. Two sets of ten shuttle-sprints (15+15 m) with a 1:3 exercise to rest ratio with different IHR% were administered, in different days, in randomized order. To compare the different sprint performances, we employed the calculated Fatigue Index (FI%). Blood lactate concentration (BLa-) was also measured before and after testing, to compare metabolic energy. RESULTS Significant differences among trials within each set (P<0.01) were found in both genders. Differences between sets were found in male players, (Factorial ANOVA 2x5; P<0.001), not in female. BLa- after warm-up was higher in 90% vs. 60% HR<inf>max</inf> (P<0.05), in both genders but at the completion of RSA tests (after 3 minutes) the differences were not significant (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS difference between genders were found, suggesting specific approach in testing and training RSA in soccer players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Ruscello
- Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, San Raffaele University, Rome, Italy - .,School of Sports and Exercise Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy - .,Department of Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy - .,LUISS SportLab, LUISS University, Rome, Italy -
| | - Laura Pantanella
- School of Sports and Exercise Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
| | - Pietro Iemme
- School of Sports and Exercise Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
| | - Cristoforo Filetti
- Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, San Raffaele University, Rome, Italy.,School of Sports and Exercise Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy.,Paris Saint Germain Football Club, Paris, France
| | - Marco Porta
- Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, San Raffaele University, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano D'Ottavio
- School of Sports and Exercise Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Marcelli
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy.,School of Sports and Exercise Sciences, UNICUSANO, Rome, Italy
| | - Gennaro Apollaro
- School of Sports and Exercise Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriele Morganti
- School of Sports and Exercise Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
| | - Alberto Grossi
- School of Sports and Exercise Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
| | - Mario Esposito
- School of Sports and Exercise Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy.,LUISS SportLab, LUISS University, Rome, Italy.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Elvira Padua
- Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, San Raffaele University, Rome, Italy.,School of Sports and Exercise Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
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Figueira B, Gonçalves B, Abade E, Paulauskas R, Masiulis N, Sampaio J. Effects of a 4-week combined sloped training program in young basketball players’ physical performance. Sci Sports 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2019.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Vachon A, Berryman N, Mujika I, Paquet JB, Arvisais D, Bosquet L. Effects of tapering on neuromuscular and metabolic fitness in team sports: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Sport Sci 2020; 21:300-311. [PMID: 32172680 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2020.1736183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: To assess the effects of a taper strategy on neuromuscular and metabolic fitness in team sport athletes, through a systematic review and meta-analysis. Method: To be included in this meta-analysis, studies had to involve competitive team sport athletes and a tapering intervention providing details about the procedures used to decrease the training load, as well as competition or field-based criterion performance and all necessary data to calculate effect sizes. Four databases were searched according to these criteria, which led to the identification of 895 potential studies and the subsequent inclusion of 14 articles. Independent variables were training intensity, volume and frequency, as well as the pattern of taper and its duration. The dependent variable was performance obtained in various neuromuscular and metabolic tests. Results: There was limited evidence of a moderate taper-induced improvement in repeated sprint ability (Standardized Mean Difference (SMD) (95%IC;I2) = 0.41 (0.26-0.55;0%)) and moderate evidence of a moderate increase in maximal power (SMD (95%IC;I2) = 0.44 (0.32-0.56;15%)), change of direction speed (SMD (95%IC;I2) = 0.38 (0.15-0.60;28%)) and maximal oxygen uptake (SMD (95%IC;I2) = 0.76 (0.43-1.09;37%)). Conclusion: Tapering is an effective training strategy to improve maximal power, maximal oxygen uptake, repeated sprint ability and change of direction speed in team sports. However, the literature lacks studies using various tapering strategies to compare their effectiveness and make evidence-based recommendations. Future original studies should focus on this major issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrien Vachon
- Lab MOVE (EA6314), Faculty of sport sciences, University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France.,Stade Rochelais Rugby, La Rochelle, France
| | - Nicolas Berryman
- Lab MOVE (EA6314), Faculty of sport sciences, University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France.,Department of Sports Studies, Bishop's University, Sherbrooke QC, Canada.,Institut national du sport du Québec, Montréal QC, Canada.,Département des Science de l'activité physique, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal QC, Canada
| | - Iñigo Mujika
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country, Leioa, Basque Country.,Exercise Science Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Finis Terrae, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Denis Arvisais
- Direction of Libraries, University of Montreal, Montreal QC, Canada
| | - Laurent Bosquet
- Lab MOVE (EA6314), Faculty of sport sciences, University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France.,Department of kinesiology, University of Montreal, Montreal QC, Canada
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Hermassi S, Ghaith A, Schwesig R, Shephard RJ, Souhaiel Chelly M. Effects of short-term resistance training and tapering on maximal strength, peak power, throwing ball velocity, and sprint performance in handball players. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0214827. [PMID: 31276499 PMCID: PMC6611564 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0214827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of short-term resistance training and two weeks of tapering on physical performances in handball players. Following a ten-week progressive resistance training program, subjects were divided between an experimental (n = 10) and a control group (n = 10). The experimental group completed a resistance training program, followed by a two-week period when the training intensity was tapered by 60%, while the control group maintained their typical pattern of training. Muscle power (force-velocity test and squat and counter-movement jump tests), sprinting ability (10m and 30m), ability to change direction (T-half test) and throwing velocity (a 3-step throw with a run, and a jump throw) were evaluated before training, at the end of training and after tapering. The experimental group showed significantly larger interaction effects for the 10-week training period (12/15, 80%), than for the following 2 weeks of tapering (10/15, 67%), with the largest gains being in 15 m sprint times (d = 3.78) and maximal muscular strength in the snatch (d = 3.48). Although the performance of the experimental group generally continued to increase over tapering, the mean effect size for the training period was markedly higher (d = 1.92, range: 0.95-3.78) than that seen during tapering (d = 1.02, range: -0.17-2.09). Nevertheless the ten weeks of progressive resistance training followed by two weeks of tapering was an effective overall tactic to increase muscle power, sprint performance and ball throwing velocity in handball players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souhail Hermassi
- Sport Science Program, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
- * E-mail:
| | - Aloui Ghaith
- Research Unit (UR17JS01) Sport Performance, Health & Society, Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education, Ksar-Saîd, University of "La Manouba”, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - René Schwesig
- Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Roy J. Shephard
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Mohamed Souhaiel Chelly
- Research Unit (UR17JS01) Sport Performance, Health & Society, Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education, Ksar-Saîd, University of "La Manouba”, Tunis, Tunisia
- Department of Biological Sciences Applied for Physical Activities and Sport, Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar Said, University of “La Manouba”, Tunis, Tunisia
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Less Is More: The Physiological Basis for Tapering in Endurance, Strength, and Power Athletes. Sports (Basel) 2015. [DOI: 10.3390/sports3030209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
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Bishop D, Girard O, Mendez-Villanueva A. Repeated-sprint ability - part II: recommendations for training. Sports Med 2011; 41:741-56. [PMID: 21846163 DOI: 10.2165/11590560-000000000-00000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 315] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Short-duration sprints, interspersed with brief recoveries, are common during most team sports. The ability to produce the best possible average sprint performance over a series of sprints (≤10 seconds), separated by short (≤60 seconds) recovery periods has been termed repeated-sprint ability (RSA). RSA is therefore an important fitness requirement of team-sport athletes, and it is important to better understand training strategies that can improve this fitness component. Surprisingly, however, there has been little research about the best training methods to improve RSA. In the absence of strong scientific evidence, two principal training theories have emerged. One is based on the concept of training specificity and maintains that the best way to train RSA is to perform repeated sprints. The second proposes that training interventions that target the main factors limiting RSA may be a more effective approach. The aim of this review (Part II) is to critically analyse training strategies to improve both RSA and the underlying factors responsible for fatigue during repeated sprints (see Part I of the preceding companion article). This review has highlighted that there is not one type of training that can be recommended to best improve RSA and all of the factors believed to be responsible for performance decrements during repeated-sprint tasks. This is not surprising, as RSA is a complex fitness component that depends on both metabolic (e.g. oxidative capacity, phosphocreatine recovery and H+ buffering) and neural factors (e.g. muscle activation and recruitment strategies) among others. While different training strategies can be used in order to improve each of these potential limiting factors, and in turn RSA, two key recommendations emerge from this review; it is important to include (i) some training to improve single-sprint performance (e.g. 'traditional' sprint training and strength/power training); and (ii) some high-intensity (80-90% maximal oxygen consumption) interval training to best improve the ability to recover between sprints. Further research is required to establish whether it is best to develop these qualities separately, or whether they can be developed concurrently (without interference effects). While research has identified a correlation between RSA and total sprint distance during soccer, future studies need to address whether training-induced changes in RSA also produce changes in match physical performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Bishop
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), School of Sport and Exercise Science, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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Morin JB, Dupuy J, Samozino P. Performance and fatigue during repeated sprints: what is the appropriate sprint dose? J Strength Cond Res 2011; 25:1918-24. [PMID: 21701281 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e3181e075a3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
When testing the ability of sportsmen to repeat maximal intensity efforts, or when designing specific training exercises to improve it, fatigue during repeated sprints is usually investigated through a number of sprints identical for all subjects, which induces a high intersubject variability in performance decrement in a typical heterogeneous group of athletes (e.g., team sport group, students, and research protocol volunteers). Our aim was to quantify the amplitude of the reduction in this variability when individualizing the sprint dose, that is, when requiring subjects to perform the number of sprints necessary to reach a target level of performance decrement. Fifteen healthy men performed 6-second sprints on a cycle ergometer with 24 seconds of rest until exhaustion or until 20 repetitions in case no failure occurred. Peak power output (PPO) was measured and a fatigue index (FI) computed. The variability in PPO decrement was compared between the 10th sprint and the sprint at which subject reached the target FI of 10%. Individual FI values after the 10th sprint were 14.6 ± 6.9 vs. 11.1 ± 1.2%, when individualizing the sprint dose, which corresponded to coefficients of interindividual variability of ∼47.3 and ∼10.8%, respectively. Individualizing the sprint dose substantially reduced intersubject variability in performance decrement, enabling a more standardized state of fatigue in repeated-sprints protocols designed to induce fatigue and test or train this specific repeated-sprint ability in a heterogeneous group of athletes. A direct feedback on the values of performance parameters is necessary between each sprint for the experimenter to set this individualized sprint dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Benoît Morin
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, University of Saint-Etienne, PRES Lyon, France.
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Mujika I. Intense training: the key to optimal performance before and during the taper. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2011; 20 Suppl 2:24-31. [PMID: 20840559 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2010.01189.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The training load is markedly reduced during the taper so that athletes recover from intense training and feel energized before major events. Load reduction can be achieved by reducing the intensity, volume and/or frequency of training, but with reduced training load there may be a risk of detraining. Training at high intensities before the taper plays a key role in inducing maximal physiological and performance adaptations in both moderately trained subjects and highly trained athletes. High-intensity training can also maintain or further enhance training-induced adaptations while athletes reduce their training before a major competition. On the other hand, training volume can be markedly reduced without a negative impact on athletes' performance. Therefore, the training load should not be reduced at the expense of intensity during the taper. Intense exercise is often a performance-determining factor during match play in team sports, and high-intensity training can also elicit major fitness gains in team sport athletes. A tapering and peaking program before the start of a league format championship or a major tournament should be characterized by high-intensity activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Mujika
- USP Araba Sport Clinic, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Basque Country, Spain.
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Performance and physiological responses to repeated-sprint exercise: a novel multiple-set approach. Eur J Appl Physiol 2010; 111:669-78. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-010-1687-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/04/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Coutts AJ, Reaburn P, Piva TJ, Rowsell GJ. Monitoring for overreaching in rugby league players. Eur J Appl Physiol 2007; 99:313-24. [PMID: 17219174 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-006-0345-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/07/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to identify indicators of non-functional overreaching (NFOR) in team sport athletes undertaking intensive training loads. Eighteen semi-professional rugby league players were randomly assigned into two pair matched groups. One group completed 6 weeks of normal training (NT) whilst the other group was deliberately overreached through intensified training (IT). Both groups then completed the same 7-day stepwise training load reduction taper. Multistage fitness test (MSFT) performance, VO2 (max), peak aerobic running velocity (V (max)), maximal heart rate, vertical jump, 10-s cycle sprint performance and body mass were measured pre- and post-training period and following the taper. Hormonal, haematological and immunological parameters were also measured pre-training and following weeks 2, 4 and 6 of training and post-taper. MANOVA for repeated measures with contrast analysis indicated that MSFT performance and VO2 (max) were significantly reduced in the IT group over time and condition, indicating that a state of overreaching was attained. However, the only biochemical measure that was significantly different between the IT and NT group was the glutamine to glutamate (Gln/Glu) ratio even though testosterone, testosterone to cortisol (T/C) ratio, plasma glutamate, and CK activity were significantly changed after training in both groups. Positive endurance and power performance changes were observed post-taper in the IT group confirming NFOR. These changes were associated with increases in the T/C ratio and the Gln/Glu ratio and decreases in plasma glutamate and CK activity. These results indicate that although there was no single reliable biochemical marker of NFOR in these athletes, the Gln/Glu ratio and MSFT test may be useful measures for monitoring responses to IT in team sport athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron J Coutts
- School of Leisure, Sport and Tourism, University of Technology, Sydney, Kuring-gai Campus, Lindfield, NSW, Australia.
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