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Yu H, Xu Y, Imani S, Zhao Z, Ullah S, Wang Q. Navigating ESKAPE Pathogens: Considerations and Caveats for Animal Infection Models Development. ACS Infect Dis 2024; 10:2336-2355. [PMID: 38866389 PMCID: PMC11249778 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.4c00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 05/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
The misuse of antibiotics has led to the global spread of drug-resistant bacteria, especially multi-drug-resistant (MDR) ESKAPE pathogens (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter species). These opportunistic bacteria pose a significant threat, in particular within hospitals, where they cause nosocomial infections, leading to substantial morbidity and mortality. To comprehensively explore ESKAPE pathogenesis, virulence, host immune response, diagnostics, and therapeutics, researchers increasingly rely on necessitate suitable animal infection models. However, no single model can fully replicate all aspects of infectious diseases. Notably when studying opportunistic pathogens in immunocompetent hosts, rapid clearance by the host immune system can limit the expression of characteristic disease symptoms. In this study, we examine the critical role of animal infection models in understanding ESKAPE pathogens, addressing limitations and research gaps. We discuss applications and highlight key considerations for effective models. Thoughtful decisions on disease replication, parameter monitoring, and data collection are crucial for model reliability. By meticulously replicating human diseases and addressing limitations, researchers maximize the potential of animal infection models. This aids in targeted therapeutic development, bridges knowledge gaps, and helps combat MDR ESKAPE pathogens, safeguarding public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haojie Yu
- Key
Laboratory of Artificial Organs and Computational Medicine in Zhejiang
Province, Key Laboratory of Pollution Exposure and Health Intervention
of Zhejiang Province, Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, Zhejiang China
- Stomatology
Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine,
Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key
Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Yongchang Xu
- Key
Laboratory of Aging and Cancer Biology of Zhejiang Province, School
of Basic Medical Sciences, Hangzhou Normal
University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Saber Imani
- Shulan
International Medical College, Zhejiang
Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, Zhejiang China
| | - Zhuo Zhao
- Department
of Computer Science and Engineering, University
of Notre Dame, Notre
Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Saif Ullah
- Department
of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
| | - Qingjing Wang
- Key
Laboratory of Artificial Organs and Computational Medicine in Zhejiang
Province, Key Laboratory of Pollution Exposure and Health Intervention
of Zhejiang Province, Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, Zhejiang China
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Ji Q, Ma J, Wang S, Liu Q. Systematic identification of a panel of strong promoter regions from Listeria monocytogenes for fine-tuning gene expression. Microb Cell Fact 2021; 20:132. [PMID: 34247599 PMCID: PMC8273982 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-021-01628-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Attenuated Listeria monocytogenes (Lm) has been widely used as a vaccine vector in the prevention and treatment of pathogen infection and tumor diseases. In addition, previous studies have proved that the attenuated Lm can protect zebrafish from Vibrio infections, indicating that the attenuated Lm has a good application prospect in the field of aquatic vaccines. However, the limitation mainly lies in the lack of a set of well-characterized natural promoters for the expression of target antigens in attenuated Lm. RESULTS In our study, candidate strong promoters were identified through RNA-seq analysis, and characterized in Lm through enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP). Nine native promoters that showed stronger activities than that of the known strong promoter P36 under two tested temperatures (28 and 37 °C) were selected from the set, and P29 with the highest activity was 24-fold greater than P36. Furthermore, we demonstrated that P29 could initiate EGFP expression in ZF4 cells and zebrafish embryos. CONCLUSIONS This well-characterized promoter library can be used to fine-tune the expression of different proteins in Lm. The availability of a well-characterized promoter toolbox of Lm is essential for the analysis of yield increase for biotechnology applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianyu Ji
- School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, People's Republic of China
| | - Junfei Ma
- School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuying Wang
- School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Liu
- School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, People's Republic of China.
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Pickering AC, Fitzgerald JR. The Role of Gram-Positive Surface Proteins in Bacterial Niche- and Host-Specialization. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:594737. [PMID: 33193271 PMCID: PMC7658395 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.594737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Gram-positive bacterial pathogens have an array of proteins on their cell surface that mediate interactions with the host environment. In particular, bacterial cell wall-associated (CWA) proteins play key roles in both colonization and pathogenesis. Furthermore, some CWA proteins promote specialization for host-species or mediate colonization of specific anatomical niches within a host. In this mini review, we provide examples of the many ways by which major pathogens, such as Staphylococci, Streptococci and Listeria monocytogenes, utilize CWA proteins for both host- and niche-specialization. We describe different biological mechanisms mediated by CWA proteins including: the acquisition of iron from hemoglobin in the bloodstream, adherence to and invasion of host cells, and innate immune evasion through binding to the plasma proteins fibrinogen, immunoglobulin G, and complement. We also discuss the limitations of using animal models for understanding the role of specific CWA proteins in host-specialization and how transformative technologies, such as CRISPR-Cas, offer tremendous potential for developing transgenic models that simulate the host environment of interest. Improved understanding of the role of CWA proteins in niche- or host-specificity will allow the design of new therapeutic approaches which target key host–pathogen interactions underpinning Gram-positive bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy C Pickering
- The Roslin Institute and Edinburgh Infectious Diseases, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - J Ross Fitzgerald
- The Roslin Institute and Edinburgh Infectious Diseases, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Koopmans MM, Engelen-Lee J, Brouwer MC, Jaspers V, Man WK, Vall Seron M, van de Beek D. Characterization of a Listeria monocytogenes meningitis mouse model. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:257. [PMID: 30193592 PMCID: PMC6128981 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1293-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Listeria monocytogenes is a common cause of bacterial meningitis. We developed an animal model of listerial meningitis. METHODS In survival studies, C57BL/6 mice received intracisternal injections with different L. monocytogenes sequence type 1 (ST1) colony forming units per milliliter (CFU; n = 48, 105, 106, 107, 108, and 109 CFU/ml). Second, mice were inoculated with 108 CFU/ml ST1 and sacrificed at 6 h and 24 h (n = 12/group). Outcome parameters were clinical score, CFUs, cyto- and chemokine levels, and brain histopathology. Third, 84 mice were inoculated (109 CFU/ml ST1) to determine optimal antibiotic treatment with different doses of amoxicillin and gentamicin. Fourth, mice were inoculated with 109 CFU/ml ST1, treated with amoxicillin, and sacrificed at 16 h and 24 h (n = 12/group) for outcome assessment. Finally, time point experiments were repeated with ST6 (n = 24/group). RESULTS Median survival time for inoculation with 108 and 109 CFU/ml ST1 was 46 h and 40 h; lower doses of bacteria led to minimal clinical signs of disease. Brain levels of IL-6, IL-17A, and IFN-γ were elevated at 24 h, and IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, IFN-γ, and TNF-α were elevated in blood at 6 h and 24 h. Histopathology showed increased meningeal infiltration, vascular inflammation of meningeal vessels, hemorrhages, and ventriculitis. In the treatment model, brain levels of IL-6 and IL-17A and blood levels of IL-6 and IFN-γ were elevated. Compared to ST6, infection with ST1 led initially to higher levels of IL-1β and TNF-α in blood and more profound neuropathological damage. At 16 h post inoculation, IL-1β, IL-10, and TNF-α in blood and IL-6, IL17A, TNF-α, and IFN-γ levels in brain were higher in ST1 compared to ST6 without differences in CFUs between STs. At 24 h, neuropathology score was higher in ST1 compared to ST6 (p = 0.002) infected mice. CONCLUSIONS We developed and validated a murine model of listerial meningitis. ST1-infected mice had a more severe inflammatory response and brain damage as compared to ST6-infected mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merel M. Koopmans
- From the Amsterdam UMC, Department of Neurology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - JooYeon Engelen-Lee
- From the Amsterdam UMC, Department of Neurology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Matthijs C. Brouwer
- From the Amsterdam UMC, Department of Neurology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Valery Jaspers
- From the Amsterdam UMC, Department of Neurology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wing Kit Man
- From the Amsterdam UMC, Department of Neurology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mercedes Vall Seron
- From the Amsterdam UMC, Department of Neurology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Diederik van de Beek
- From the Amsterdam UMC, Department of Neurology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Wadhwa Desai R, Smith MA. Pregnancy-related listeriosis. Birth Defects Res 2018; 109:324-335. [PMID: 28398675 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.1012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
About one in seven cases of listeriosis occurs in pregnant women, and, although listeriosis is rare, it is the third leading cause of death from food-borne infections. Pregnancy-related listeriosis increases the risk for fetal and neonatal mortality by approximately 21%. During pregnancy, infections are more likely to occur in the third trimester (66%) than the first trimester (3%). However, fetal and neonatal adverse effects are less common as gestational age increases or with older gestational age at birth. Pregnant women seem highly susceptible in some listeriosis outbreaks making up a large percentage of cases, whereas others contain very few. Whether this results from differences in strains of L. monocytogenes, exposures, or other factors remains to be determined. Food and Agriculture Organization of United Nations/World Health Organization (FAO/WHO) estimates the human lethal dose for 50% (LD50 ) for fetal/neonatal loss is 1.9 × 106 colony forming units (CFUs) L. monocytogenes. Animal models have been developed for pregnancy-related listeriosis showing similar susceptibility and clinical outcomes as in humans. Nonhuman primate and guinea pig animal models have similar (LD50 ) values to the estimated human LD50 . Additional animal studies are needed to understand the pathways leading to fetal and neonatal listeriosis in humans. More information is needed to understand dose response, to model risk for listeriosis at lower concentrations, and to determine why some pregnant women may be more susceptible than others. To better treat listeriosis during pregnancy, biomarkers for early diagnosis of listeriosis are also needed. Last, pregnant women need to be educated about avoiding high-risk foods, like Mexican-style cheese and ready-to-eat meats. Birth Defects Research 109:324-335, 2017.© 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahat Wadhwa Desai
- Interdisciplinary Toxicology Program, Center for Food Safety, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia.,Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Mary Alice Smith
- Interdisciplinary Toxicology Program, Center for Food Safety, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia.,Environmental Health Science Department, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia.,Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
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Pan X, Yang Y, Zhang JR. Molecular basis of host specificity in human pathogenic bacteria. Emerg Microbes Infect 2014; 3:e23. [PMID: 26038515 PMCID: PMC3974339 DOI: 10.1038/emi.2014.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2013] [Revised: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Pathogenic bacteria display various levels of host specificity or tropism. While many bacteria can infect a wide range of hosts, certain bacteria have strict host selectivity for humans as obligate human pathogens. Understanding the genetic and molecular basis of host specificity in pathogenic bacteria is important for understanding pathogenic mechanisms, developing better animal models and designing new strategies and therapeutics for the control of microbial diseases. The molecular mechanisms of bacterial host specificity are much less understood than those of viral pathogens, in part due to the complexity of the molecular composition and cellular structure of bacterial cells. However, important progress has been made in identifying and characterizing molecular determinants of bacterial host specificity in the last two decades. It is now clear that the host specificity of bacterial pathogens is determined by multiple molecular interactions between the pathogens and their hosts. Furthermore, certain basic principles regarding the host specificity of bacterial pathogens have emerged from the existing literature. This review focuses on selected human pathogenic bacteria and our current understanding of their host specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Pan
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University , Beijing 10084, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University , Beijing 10084, China
| | - Jing-Ren Zhang
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University , Beijing 10084, China
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Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes, a foodborne intracellular pathogen, is responsible for about 300 deaths every year in the USA. It has the ability to escape host defense mechanisms and causes listeriosis more frequently in immunocompromised individuals. Virulence mechanisms in L. monocytogenes are highly regulated and tightly controlled. A number of virulence factors that play important roles in pathogenesis of listeriosis have been identified and characterized. This review highlights the power of comparative genomics and functional genomics in identifying genes and proteins involved in the infection process. These genes and proteins are potentially useful as biomarkers for detecting virulent L. monocytogenes. This review also focuses on developments in the in vivo and in vitro models used in characterization of listerial virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swetha Reddy
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, 240 Wise Center Drive, Starkville, MS, 39762-6100, USA
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Tsai YH, Disson O, Bierne H, Lecuit M. Murinization of internalin extends its receptor repertoire, altering Listeria monocytogenes cell tropism and host responses. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003381. [PMID: 23737746 PMCID: PMC3667765 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes (Lm) is an invasive foodborne pathogen that leads to severe central nervous system and maternal-fetal infections. Lm ability to actively cross the intestinal barrier is one of its key pathogenic properties. Lm crosses the intestinal epithelium upon the interaction of its surface protein internalin (InlA) with its host receptor E-cadherin (Ecad). InlA-Ecad interaction is species-specific, does not occur in wild-type mice, but does in transgenic mice expressing human Ecad and knock-in mice expressing humanized mouse Ecad. To study listeriosis in wild-type mice, InlA has been “murinized” to interact with mouse Ecad. Here, we demonstrate that, unexpectedly, murinized InlA (InlAm) mediates not only Ecad-dependent internalization, but also N-cadherin-dependent internalization. Consequently, InlAm-expressing Lm targets not only goblet cells expressing luminally-accessible Ecad, as does Lm in humanized mice, but also targets villous M cells, which express luminally-accessible N-cadherin. This aberrant Lm portal of entry results in enhanced innate immune responses and intestinal barrier damage, both of which are not observed in wild-type Lm-infected humanized mice. Murinization of InlA therefore not only extends the host range of Lm, but also broadens its receptor repertoire, providing Lm with artifactual pathogenic properties. These results challenge the relevance of using InlAm-expressing Lm to study human listeriosis and in vivo host responses to this human pathogen. Co-evolution of microbes with their hosts can select stringently specific host-microbe interactions at the cell, tissue and species levels. Listeria monocytogenes (Lm) is a foodborne pathogen that causes a deadly systemic infection in humans. Lm crosses the intestinal epithelium upon the interaction of its surface protein InlA with E-cadherin (Ecad). InlA-Ecad interaction is species-specific, does not occur in wild-type mice, but does in transgenic mice expressing human Ecad and knock-in mice expressing humanized mouse Ecad. To study listeriosis in wild-type mice, InlA has been “murinized” to interact with mouse Ecad. Here, we demonstrate that in addition to interacting with mouse Ecad, InlAm also uses N-cadherin as a receptor, whereas InlA does not. This artifactual InlAm-N-cadherin interaction promotes bacterial translocation across villous M cells, a cell type which is not targeted by InlA-expressing bacteria. This leads to intestinal inflammation and intestinal barrier damage, both of which are not seen in humans and humanized mouse models permissive to InlA-Ecad interaction. These results challenge the relevance of using InlAm-expressing Lm as a model to study human listeriosis and host responses to this pathogen. They also illustrate that caution must be exercised before using “murinized” pathogens to study human infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Huan Tsai
- Institut Pasteur, Biology of Infection Unit, Paris, France
- Inserm U1117, Paris, France
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Disson
- Institut Pasteur, Biology of Infection Unit, Paris, France
- Inserm U1117, Paris, France
| | - Hélène Bierne
- Institut Pasteur, Unité des Interactions Bactéries Cellules, Paris, France
- Inserm, U604, Paris, France
- INRA, USC2020, Paris, France
| | - Marc Lecuit
- Institut Pasteur, Biology of Infection Unit, Paris, France
- Inserm U1117, Paris, France
- Institut Pasteur, French National Reference Center and World Health Organization Collaborating Center on Listeria, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Imagine, Paris, France
- Necker-Enfants Malades University Hospital, APHP, Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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Bencurova E, Mlynarcik P, Bhide M. An insight into the ligand-receptor interactions involved in the translocation of pathogens across blood-brain barrier. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 63:297-318. [PMID: 22092557 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2011.00867.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2011] [Revised: 08/09/2011] [Accepted: 09/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Traversal of pathogen across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is an essential step for central nervous system (CNS) invasion. Pathogen traversal can occur paracellularly, transcellularly, and/or in infected phagocytes (Trojan horse mechanism). To trigger the translocation processes, mainly through paracellular and transcellular ways, interactions between protein molecules of pathogen and BBB are inevitable. Simply, it takes two to tango: both host receptors and pathogen ligands. Underlying molecular basis of BBB translocation of various pathogens has been revealed in the last decade, and a plethora of experimental data on protein-protein interactions has been created. This review compiles these data and should give insights into the ligand-receptor interactions that occur during BBB translocation. Further, it sheds light on cell signaling events triggered in response to ligand-receptor interaction. Understanding of the molecular principles of pathogen-host interactions that are involved in traversal of the BBB should contribute to develop new vaccine and drug strategies to prevent CNS infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Bencurova
- Laboratory of Biomedical Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Kosice, Slovakia
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The Listeria monocytogenes InlC protein interferes with innate immune responses by targeting the I{kappa}B kinase subunit IKK{alpha}. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:17333-8. [PMID: 20855622 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1007765107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is an intracellular pathogen responsible for severe foodborne infections. It can replicate in both phagocytic and nonphagocytic mammalian cells. The infectious process at the cellular level has been studied extensively, but how the bacterium overcomes early host innate immune responses remains largely unknown. Here we show that InlC, a member of the internalin family, is secreted intracellularly and directly interacts with IKKα, a subunit of the IκB kinase complex critical for the phosphorylation of IκB and activation of NF-κB, the major regulator of innate immune responses. Infection experiments with WT Listeria or the inlC-deletion mutant and transfection of cells with InlC reveal that InlC expression impairs phosphorylation and consequently delays IκB degradation normally induced by TNF-α, a classical NF-κB stimulator. Moreover, infection of RAW 264.7 macrophages by the inlC mutant leads to increased production of proinflammatory cytokines compared with that obtained with the WT. Finally, in a peritonitis mouse model, we show that infection with the inlC mutant induces increased production of chemokines and increased recruitment of neutrophils in the peritoneal cavity compared with infection with WT. Together, these results demonstrate that InlC, by interacting with IKKα, dampens the host innate response induced by Listeria during the infection process.
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Williams D, Castleman J, Lee CC, Mote B, Smith MA. Risk of fetal mortality after exposure to Listeria monocytogenes based on dose-response data from pregnant guinea pigs and primates. RISK ANALYSIS : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE SOCIETY FOR RISK ANALYSIS 2009; 29:1495-1505. [PMID: 19886944 DOI: 10.1111/j.1539-6924.2009.01308.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
One-third of the annual cases of listeriosis in the United States occur during pregnancy and can lead to miscarriage or stillbirth, premature delivery, or infection of the newborn. Previous risk assessments completed by the Food and Drug Administration/the Food Safety Inspection Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture/the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (FDA/USDA/CDC) and Food and Agricultural Organization/the World Health Organization (FAO/WHO) were based on dose-response data from mice. Recent animal studies using nonhuman primates and guinea pigs have both estimated LD(50)s of approximately 10(7) Listeria monocytogenes colony forming units (cfu). The FAO/WHO estimated a human LD(50) of 1.9 x 10(6) cfu based on data from a pregnant woman consuming contaminated soft cheese. We reevaluated risk based on dose-response curves from pregnant rhesus monkeys and guinea pigs. Using standard risk assessment methodology including hazard identification, exposure assessment, hazard characterization, and risk characterization, risk was calculated based on the new dose-response information. To compare models, we looked at mortality rate per serving at predicted doses ranging from 10(-4) to 10(12) L. monocytogenes cfu. Based on a serving of 10(6) L. monocytogenes cfu, the primate model predicts a death rate of 5.9 x 10(-1) compared to the FDA/USDA/CDC (fig. IV-12) predicted rate of 1.3 x 10(-7). Based on the guinea pig and primate models, the mortality rate calculated by the FDA/USDA/CDC is underestimated for this susceptible population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denita Williams
- Center for Food Safety and Environmental Health Science Department, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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14
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Conjugated action of two species-specific invasion proteins for fetoplacental listeriosis. Nature 2008; 455:1114-8. [PMID: 18806773 DOI: 10.1038/nature07303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2008] [Accepted: 07/30/2008] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The ability to cross host barriers is an essential virulence determinant of invasive microbial pathogens. Listeria monocytogenes is a model microorganism that crosses human intestinal and placental barriers, and causes severe maternofetal infections by an unknown mechanism. Several studies have helped to characterize the bacterial invasion proteins InlA and InlB. However, their respective species specificity has complicated investigations on their in vivo role. Here we describe two novel and complementary animal models for human listeriosis: the gerbil, a natural host for L. monocytogenes, and a knock-in mouse line ubiquitously expressing humanized E-cadherin. Using these two models, we uncover the essential and interdependent roles of InlA and InlB in fetoplacental listeriosis, and thereby decipher the molecular mechanism underlying the ability of a microbe to target and cross the placental barrier.
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Stockinger S, Decker T. Novel functions of type I interferons revealed by infection studies with Listeria monocytogenes. Immunobiology 2008; 213:889-97. [PMID: 18926303 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2008.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2008] [Accepted: 07/23/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Infection of cells and mice with Listeria monocytogenes stimulates production of type I interferons (IFN). These in turn sensitise the Listeria host to lethal sequelae of infection with these bacteria. Here, we summarise recent findings on the production and biological effects of type I IFN in the course of L. monocytogenes infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Stockinger
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, University of Vienna, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 9/4, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
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Wang H, Liang FX, Kong XP. Characteristics of the phagocytic cup induced by uropathogenic Escherichia coli. J Histochem Cytochem 2008; 56:597-604. [PMID: 18347076 DOI: 10.1369/jhc.2008.950923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Uropathogenic Escherichia coli invade the urothelial umbrella cells by using the zipper mechanism. However, the details of the early events of this invasion, such as the formation of the phagocytic cup, are not yet well understood. We show here, using thin section electron microscopy and immunogold labeling, that the plasma membrane curves around the bacterial surface in the phagocytic cup. There exists a uniform gap between the bacterium and the urothelial membrane, and actin filaments are present in the phagocytic cup. We suggest that the action-reaction between the mechanical forces generated by pilus retraction of the bacterium and the actin polymerization in the urothelial cell plays a role in maintaining the phagocytic cup. This manuscript contains online supplemental material at http://www.jhc.org. Please visit this article online to view these materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaibin Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
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Dussurget O. Chapter 1 New Insights into Determinants of Listeria Monocytogenes Virulence. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2008; 270:1-38. [DOI: 10.1016/s1937-6448(08)01401-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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18
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Wollert T, Pasche B, Rochon M, Deppenmeier S, van den Heuvel J, Gruber AD, Heinz DW, Lengeling A, Schubert WD. Extending the Host Range of Listeria monocytogenes by Rational Protein Design. Cell 2007; 129:891-902. [PMID: 17540170 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2007.03.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2006] [Revised: 01/30/2007] [Accepted: 03/15/2007] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In causing disease, pathogens outmaneuver host defenses through a dedicated arsenal of virulence determinants that specifically bind or modify individual host molecules. This dedication limits the intruder to a defined range of hosts. Newly emerging diseases mostly involve existing pathogens whose arsenal has been altered to allow them to infect previously inaccessible hosts. We have emulated this chance occurrence by extending the host range accessible to the human pathogen Listeria monocytogenes by the intestinal route to include the mouse. Analyzing the recognition complex of the listerial invasion protein InlA and its human receptor E-cadherin, we postulated and verified amino acid substitutions in InlA to increase its affinity for E-cadherin. Two single substitutions increase binding affinity by four orders of magnitude and extend binding specificity to include formerly incompatible murine E-cadherin. By rationally adapting a single protein, we thus create a versatile murine model of human listeriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Wollert
- Molecular Host-Pathogen Interactions, Division of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstr. 7, D-38124 Braunschweig, Germany
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19
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Abstract
Human listeriosis is a potentially fatal foodborne infection caused by Listeria monocytogenes, an opportunistic psychrophile bacterium that is widespread in the environment. It has only recently emerged as a significant cause of human infection in industrialized countries, owing to appearance of a vulnerable population of immunocompromised individuals, and the concomitant development of large-scale agro-industrial plants and refrigerated food. Here we review the main clinical features of human listeriosis and highlight specificities and similarities with animal listeriosis in diverse species. Finally, we present some of the critical determinants for the choice of an appropriate animal model to study human listeriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Lecuit
- Avenir Group INSERM U604 Microbial Interactions with Host Barriers, Bacteria Cell Interactions Unit, Department of Cell Biology and Infection, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Dr. Roux, 75015 Paris, France.
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20
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Williams D, Irvin EA, Chmielewski RA, Frank JF, Smith MA. Dose-response of Listeria monocytogenes after oral exposure in pregnant guinea pigs. J Food Prot 2007; 70:1122-8. [PMID: 17536670 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-70.5.1122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Listeriosis, a severe disease that results from exposure to the foodborne pathogen Listeria monocytogenes, is responsible for approximately 2500 illnesses and 500 deaths in the United States each year. Pregnant women are 20 times more likely to develop listeriosis than the general population, with adverse pregnancy outcomes that include spontaneous abortions, stillbirths, and neonatal meningitis. The objective of this study was to determine an infective dose that resulted in stillbirths and infectivity of selected tissues in pregnant guinea pigs. Pregnant guinea pigs were exposed orally on gestation day 35 to 10(4) to 10(8) L. monocytogenes CFU in sterile whipping cream. L. monocytogenes was recovered at 64, 73, 90, and 100% from the livers of animals infected with 10(5), 10(6), 10(7), and 10(8) CFU, respectively. In dams exposed to > or =10(6) CFU, L. monocytogenes was cultured from 50% of the spleen samples and 33% of the gallbladder samples. Eleven of 34 dams infected with > or =10(6) CFU delivered stillborn pups. L. monocytogenes was cultured from the placenta, liver, and brain tissue of all stillbirths. Dams that delivered nonviable fetuses after treatment with > or =10(7) L. monocytogenes CFU had fecal samples positive for L. monocytogenes at every collection posttreatment. On the basis of a log-logistic model, the dose that adversely affected 50% of the pregnancies was approximately 10(7) L. monocytogenes CFU compared with that estimated from a human outbreak of 106 CFU. Listeriosis in pregnant guinea pigs can result in stillbirths, and the overall disease is similar to that described in nonhuman primates and in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denita Williams
- Department of Environmental Health Science, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
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21
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Kurz CL, Ewbank JJ. Infection in a dish: high-throughput analyses of bacterial pathogenesis. Curr Opin Microbiol 2006; 10:10-6. [PMID: 17178462 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2006.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2006] [Accepted: 12/11/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Diverse aspects of host-pathogen interactions have been studied using non-mammalian hosts such as Dictyostelium discoideum, Caenorhabditis elegans, Drosophila melanogaster and Danio rerio for more than 20 years. Over the past two years, the use of these model hosts to dissect bacterial virulence mechanisms has been expanded to include the important human pathogens Vibrio cholerae and Yersinia pestis. Innovative approaches using these alternative hosts have also been developed, enabling the isolation of new antimicrobials through screening large libraries of compounds in a C. elegans Enterococcus faecalis infection model. Host proteins required by Mycobacterium and Listeria during their invasion and intracellular growth have been uncovered using high-throughput dsRNA screens in a Drosophila cell culture system, and immune evasion mechanisms deployed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa during its infection of flies have been identified. Together, these reports further illustrate the potential and relevance of these non-mammalian hosts for modelling many facets of bacterial infection in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Léopold Kurz
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Université de la Méditerranée, Case 906, 13288 Marseille Cedex 9, France
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22
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Popov A, Abdullah Z, Wickenhauser C, Saric T, Driesen J, Hanisch FG, Domann E, Raven EL, Dehus O, Hermann C, Eggle D, Debey S, Chakraborty T, Krönke M, Utermöhlen O, Schultze JL. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-expressing dendritic cells form suppurative granulomas following Listeria monocytogenes infection. J Clin Invest 2006; 116:3160-70. [PMID: 17111046 PMCID: PMC1636691 DOI: 10.1172/jci28996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2006] [Accepted: 09/19/2006] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Control of pathogens by formation of abscesses and granulomas is a major strategy of the innate immune system, especially when effector mechanisms of adaptive immunity are insufficient. We show in human listeriosis that DCs expressing indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), together with macrophages, are major cellular components of suppurative granulomas in vivo. Induction of IDO by DCs is a cell-autonomous response to Listeria monocytogenes infection and was also observed in other granulomatous infections with intracellular bacteria, such as Bartonella henselae. Reporting on our use of the clinically applied anti-TNF-alpha antibody infliximab, we further demonstrate in vitro that IDO induction is TNF-alpha dependent. Repression of IDO therefore might result in exacerbation of granulomatous diseases observed during anti-TNF-alpha therapy. These findings place IDO(+) DCs not only at the intersection of innate and adaptive immunity but also at the forefront of bacterial containment in granulomatous infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey Popov
- Molecular Tumor Biology and Tumor Immunology at the Clinic I for Internal Medicine,
Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene,
Institute for Pathology,
Institute for Neurophysiology,
Institute for Biochemistry II, and
Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany.
Department of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom.
Department of Biochemical Pharmacology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Zeinab Abdullah
- Molecular Tumor Biology and Tumor Immunology at the Clinic I for Internal Medicine,
Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene,
Institute for Pathology,
Institute for Neurophysiology,
Institute for Biochemistry II, and
Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany.
Department of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom.
Department of Biochemical Pharmacology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Claudia Wickenhauser
- Molecular Tumor Biology and Tumor Immunology at the Clinic I for Internal Medicine,
Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene,
Institute for Pathology,
Institute for Neurophysiology,
Institute for Biochemistry II, and
Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany.
Department of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom.
Department of Biochemical Pharmacology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Tomo Saric
- Molecular Tumor Biology and Tumor Immunology at the Clinic I for Internal Medicine,
Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene,
Institute for Pathology,
Institute for Neurophysiology,
Institute for Biochemistry II, and
Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany.
Department of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom.
Department of Biochemical Pharmacology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Julia Driesen
- Molecular Tumor Biology and Tumor Immunology at the Clinic I for Internal Medicine,
Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene,
Institute for Pathology,
Institute for Neurophysiology,
Institute for Biochemistry II, and
Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany.
Department of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom.
Department of Biochemical Pharmacology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Franz-Georg Hanisch
- Molecular Tumor Biology and Tumor Immunology at the Clinic I for Internal Medicine,
Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene,
Institute for Pathology,
Institute for Neurophysiology,
Institute for Biochemistry II, and
Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany.
Department of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom.
Department of Biochemical Pharmacology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Eugen Domann
- Molecular Tumor Biology and Tumor Immunology at the Clinic I for Internal Medicine,
Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene,
Institute for Pathology,
Institute for Neurophysiology,
Institute for Biochemistry II, and
Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany.
Department of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom.
Department of Biochemical Pharmacology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Emma Lloyd Raven
- Molecular Tumor Biology and Tumor Immunology at the Clinic I for Internal Medicine,
Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene,
Institute for Pathology,
Institute for Neurophysiology,
Institute for Biochemistry II, and
Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany.
Department of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom.
Department of Biochemical Pharmacology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Oliver Dehus
- Molecular Tumor Biology and Tumor Immunology at the Clinic I for Internal Medicine,
Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene,
Institute for Pathology,
Institute for Neurophysiology,
Institute for Biochemistry II, and
Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany.
Department of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom.
Department of Biochemical Pharmacology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Corinna Hermann
- Molecular Tumor Biology and Tumor Immunology at the Clinic I for Internal Medicine,
Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene,
Institute for Pathology,
Institute for Neurophysiology,
Institute for Biochemistry II, and
Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany.
Department of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom.
Department of Biochemical Pharmacology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Daniela Eggle
- Molecular Tumor Biology and Tumor Immunology at the Clinic I for Internal Medicine,
Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene,
Institute for Pathology,
Institute for Neurophysiology,
Institute for Biochemistry II, and
Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany.
Department of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom.
Department of Biochemical Pharmacology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Svenja Debey
- Molecular Tumor Biology and Tumor Immunology at the Clinic I for Internal Medicine,
Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene,
Institute for Pathology,
Institute for Neurophysiology,
Institute for Biochemistry II, and
Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany.
Department of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom.
Department of Biochemical Pharmacology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Trinad Chakraborty
- Molecular Tumor Biology and Tumor Immunology at the Clinic I for Internal Medicine,
Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene,
Institute for Pathology,
Institute for Neurophysiology,
Institute for Biochemistry II, and
Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany.
Department of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom.
Department of Biochemical Pharmacology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Martin Krönke
- Molecular Tumor Biology and Tumor Immunology at the Clinic I for Internal Medicine,
Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene,
Institute for Pathology,
Institute for Neurophysiology,
Institute for Biochemistry II, and
Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany.
Department of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom.
Department of Biochemical Pharmacology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Olaf Utermöhlen
- Molecular Tumor Biology and Tumor Immunology at the Clinic I for Internal Medicine,
Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene,
Institute for Pathology,
Institute for Neurophysiology,
Institute for Biochemistry II, and
Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany.
Department of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom.
Department of Biochemical Pharmacology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Joachim L. Schultze
- Molecular Tumor Biology and Tumor Immunology at the Clinic I for Internal Medicine,
Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene,
Institute for Pathology,
Institute for Neurophysiology,
Institute for Biochemistry II, and
Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany.
Department of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom.
Department of Biochemical Pharmacology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
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23
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Khelef N, Lecuit M, Bierne H, Cossart P. Species specificity of the Listeria monocytogenes InlB protein. Cell Microbiol 2006; 8:457-70. [PMID: 16469057 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2005.00634.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
InlA and InlB mediate L. monocytogenes entry into eukaryotic cells. InlA is required for the crossing of the intestinal and placental barriers. InlA uses E-cadherin as receptor in a species-specific manner. The human E-cadherin but not the mouse E-cadherin is a receptor for InlA. In human cells, InlB uses Met and gC1qR as receptors. By studying the role of InlB in vivo, we found that activation of Met by InlB is species-specific. In mice, InlB is important for liver and spleen colonization, but not for the crossing of the intestinal epithelium. Strikingly, the virulence of a DeltainlB deletion mutant is not attenuated in guinea pigs and rabbits. Guinea pig and rabbit cell lines do not respond to InlB, although expressing Met and gC1qR, but support InlB-mediated responses upon human Met gene transfection, indicating that InlB does not recognize or stimulate guinea pig and rabbit Met. In guinea pig cells, the effect of human Met gene transfection on InlB-dependent entry is increased upon cotransfection with human gc1qr gene, showing the additive roles of gC1qR and Met. These results unravel a second L. monocytogenes species specificity critical for understanding human listeriosis and emphasize the need for developing new animal models for studying InlA and InlB functions in the same animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Khelef
- Institut Pasteur, Unité des Interactions Bactéries-Cellules, 25-28 rue du Docteur Roux, Paris, F-75015 France
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24
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Sansonetti P. Peut-on concrètement définir la notion de barrière d’espèce à la diffusion des pathogènes ? BULLETIN DE L'ACADÉMIE NATIONALE DE MÉDECINE 2006. [PMID: 17140099 PMCID: PMC7111048 DOI: 10.1016/s0001-4079(19)33294-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Les microorganismes pathogènes n’affectent en général qu’un nombre restreint d’espèces, voire une seule. Il existe certes bon nombre d’anthropozoonoses dont l’agent infectieux peut être transmis à l’homme directement (brucellose, rage), ou indirectement par des vecteurs (Maladie de Lyme, Virus West Nile). Cependant, en règle générale, les agents infectieux présents dans le monde animal ne sont pas capables de causer une infection transmissible à l’homme, et à fortiori de donner lieu à une transmission interhumaine. Cet obstacle, somme toute salutaire, se résume sous le nom de « barrière d’espèce », un concept simplificateur recouvrant en réalité une série complexe d’étapes dont le franchissement est nécessaire pour que s’effectue le passage : accès, multiplication, colonisation, invasion au niveau des surfaces, multiplication chez l’hôte, couplés à la résistance aux mécanismes de défenses immunitaires innés et spécifiques. Chacune de ces étapes implique des interactions ligands-récepteurs dont la modification est indispensable à l’adaptation requise pour permettre le franchissement de l’étape considérée. Le passage éventuel de la barrière d’espèce impliquerait donc un changement complet, une reprogrammation du « cahier des charges », nécessaire à la réalisation de l’ensemble des évènements. Ces changements peuvent survenir à l’occasion de mutations, voire chez certains virus d’échanges génétiques par recombinaison ou réassortiment. Sous la pression sélective de la survie dans ce nouvel hôte, ces événements sélectionnés vont finalement amener à l’adaptation au nouvel hôte, en l’occurrence humain. Ce passage effectué, reste pour l’agent infectieux à être efficacement transmis d’homme à homme, sans quoi cet épisode restera sans lendemain et avortera. Cette transmission peut être liée à un ou plusieurs éléments supplémentaires d’adaptation encore mal connus.
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25
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Garner MR, Njaa BL, Wiedmann M, Boor KJ. Sigma B contributes to Listeria monocytogenes gastrointestinal infection but not to systemic spread in the guinea pig infection model. Infect Immun 2006; 74:876-86. [PMID: 16428730 PMCID: PMC1360341 DOI: 10.1128/iai.74.2.876-886.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2005] [Revised: 09/29/2005] [Accepted: 11/08/2005] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Contributions of the alternative sigma factor sigmaB to Listeria monocytogenes infection were investigated using strains bearing null mutations in sigB, prfA, or inlA or in selected inlA or prfA promoter regions. The DeltaP4inlA strain, which has a deletion in the sigmaB-dependent P4inlA promoter, and the DeltasigB strain had significantly reduced invasion efficiencies relative to that of the wild-type strain in the Caco-2 human colorectal epithelial cell line, while the invasion efficiency of a strain bearing a deletion in the partially sigmaB dependent P2prfA promoter region did not differ from that of the wild type. The virulence of the DeltasigB and DeltaP4inlA strains was attenuated in intragastrically inoculated guinea pigs, with the DeltasigB strain showing greater attenuation, while the virulence capacity of the DeltaP2prfA strain was similar to that of the wild-type strain, suggesting that attenuation of virulence due to the DeltasigB mutation does not result from loss of sigmaB-dependent prfA transcription. Our results show that sigmaB-dependent activation of inlA is important for cell invasion and gastrointestinal infection and suggest that sigmaB-regulated genes in addition to inlA appear to contribute to gastrointestinal infection. Interestingly, the virulence of the DeltasigB strain was not attenuated in intravenously infected guinea pigs. We conclude that (i) L. monocytogenes sigmaB plays a critical role in invasion of human host cells, (ii) sigmaB-mediated contributions to invasion are, in part, due to direct effects on inlA transcription but not on prfA transcription, and (iii) sigmaB plays a critical role during the gastrointestinal stage of listeriosis in the guinea pig but is not important for systemic spread of the organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Garner
- Department of Food Science, 413 Stocking Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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26
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Kazmierczak MJ, Wiedmann M, Boor KJ. Alternative sigma factors and their roles in bacterial virulence. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2005; 69:527-43. [PMID: 16339734 PMCID: PMC1306804 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.69.4.527-543.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Sigma factors provide promoter recognition specificity to RNA polymerase holoenzyme, contribute to DNA strand separation, and then dissociate from the core enzyme following transcription initiation. As the regulon of a single sigma factor can be composed of hundreds of genes, sigma factors can provide effective mechanisms for simultaneously regulating expression of large numbers of prokaryotic genes. One newly emerging field is identification of the specific roles of alternative sigma factors in regulating expression of virulence genes and virulence-associated genes in bacterial pathogens. Virulence genes encode proteins whose functions are essential for the bacterium to effectively establish an infection in a host organism. In contrast, virulence-associated genes can contribute to bacterial survival in the environment and therefore may enhance the capacity of the bacterium to spread to new individuals or to survive passage through a host organism. As alternative sigma factors have been shown to regulate expression of both virulence and virulence-associated genes, these proteins can contribute both directly and indirectly to bacterial virulence. Sigma factors are classified into two structurally unrelated families, the sigma70 and the sigma54 families. The sigma70 family includes primary sigma factors (e.g., Bacillus subtilis sigma(A)) as well as related alternative sigma factors; sigma54 forms a distinct subfamily of sigma factors referred to as sigma(N) in almost all species for which these proteins have been characterized to date. We present several examples of alternative sigma factors that have been shown to contribute to virulence in at least one organism. For each sigma factor, when applicable, examples are drawn from multiple species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Kazmierczak
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, 414 Stocking Hall, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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27
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Sabet C, Lecuit M, Cabanes D, Cossart P, Bierne H. LPXTG protein InlJ, a newly identified internalin involved in Listeria monocytogenes virulence. Infect Immun 2005; 73:6912-22. [PMID: 16177371 PMCID: PMC1230919 DOI: 10.1128/iai.73.10.6912-6922.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2005] [Revised: 05/02/2005] [Accepted: 06/11/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes expresses surface proteins covalently anchored to the peptidoglycan by sortase enzymes. Inactivation of srtA attenuates Listeria virulence in mice (H. Bierne, S. K. Mazmanian, M. Trost, M. G. Pucciarelli, G. Liu, P. Dehoux, L. Jansch, F. Garcia-del Portillo, O. Schneewind, and P. Cossart, Mol. Microbiol. 43:869-881, 2002). We show here that an srtA mutant is more attenuated than an internalin mutant in orally infected guinea pigs and transgenic mice expressing human E-cadherin (hEcad mice), indicating the involvement of other SrtA substrates, LPXTG proteins, in food-borne listeriosis. Data recently generated with a listerial DNA macroarray identified two LPXTG protein-encoding genes present in the genomes of L. monocytogenes strains and absent from all other Listeria species, inlI (lmo0333) and inlJ (lmo2821). They also revealed two other LPXTG protein-encoding genes, ORF29 and ORF2568, present only in a subclass of L. monocytogenes serovars, including the epidemic serovar 4b. We report here that an inlJ deletion mutant, in contrast to inlI and ORF29 mutants, is significantly attenuated in virulence after intravenous infection of mice or oral inoculation of hEcad mice. Interestingly, a DeltaORF2568 strain showed a slight increase in virulence. inlJ encodes a leucine-rich repeat (LRR) protein that is structurally related to the listerial invasion factor internalin. However, the consensus sequence of the InlJ LRR defines a novel subfamily of cysteine-containing LRRs in bacteria. In conclusion, this postgenomic approach identified InlJ as a new virulence factor among the proteins belonging to the internalin family in L. monocytogenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Sabet
- Unité des Interactions Bactéries-Cellules, Institut Pasteur, INSERM U604, INRA USC2020, Paris, France
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28
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Bigot A, Pagniez H, Botton E, Fréhel C, Dubail I, Jacquet C, Charbit A, Raynaud C. Role of FliF and FliI of Listeria monocytogenes in flagellar assembly and pathogenicity. Infect Immun 2005; 73:5530-9. [PMID: 16113269 PMCID: PMC1231047 DOI: 10.1128/iai.73.9.5530-5539.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2005] [Revised: 03/31/2005] [Accepted: 05/11/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Flagellar structures have been shown to participate in virulence in a variety of intestinal pathogens. Here, we have identified two potential flagellar genes of Listeria monocytogenes: lmo0713, encoding a protein similar to the flagellar basal body component FliF, and lmo0716, encoding a protein similar to FliI, the cognate ATPase energizing the flagellar export apparatus. Expression of fliF and fliI appears to be downregulated at 37 degrees C, like that of flaA, encoding flagellin. By constructing two chromosomal deletion mutants, we show that inactivation of either fliF or fliI (i) abolishes bacterial motility and flagella production, (ii) impairs adhesion and entry into nonphagocytic epithelial cells, and (iii) also reduces uptake by bone marrow-derived macrophages. However, the DeltafliF and DeltafliI mutations have only a minor impact on bacterial virulence in the mouse model, indicating that the flagellar secretion apparatus itself is not essential for survival in this animal model. Finally, among 100 human clinical isolates of L. monocytogenes tested, we found 20 strains still motile at 37 degrees C. Notably, all these strains adhered less efficiently than strain EGD-e to Caco-2 cells at 37 degrees C but showed no defect of intracellular multiplication. These data suggest that expression of the flagella at 37 degrees C might hinder optimal adhesion to epithelial cells but has no impact on intracytosolic survival of L. monocytogenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armelle Bigot
- Faculté de Médecine Necker, 156 rue de Vaugirard, 75730 Paris Cedex 15, France
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Abstract
Human listeriosis is caused by the Gram-positive bacterium Listeria monocytogenes. In humans, this pathogen has the ability to cross the intestinal, placental and blood-brain barriers, leading to gastroenteritis, maternofetal infections and meningoencephalitis, respectively. The entry of L. monocytogenes into cultured human epithelial cells is mediated by the interaction of an L. monocytogenes surface protein, internalin, with its human receptor, E-cadherin. The internalin-E-cadherin interaction is species-specific, and relies on the nature of a single amino-acid in the E-cadherin molecule, which is proline in permissive species such as humans, and glutamic acid in non-permissive species such as the mouse. In a transgenic mouse model that expresses human E-cadherin in enterocytes, internalin allows L. monocytogenes to cross the intestinal barrier. Epidemiological evidence also supports a role for internalin in human listeriosis, not only for crossing the intestinal barrier, but also for targeting and crossing the placental and blood-brain barriers. Consistent with these epidemiological data, infection with L. monocytogenes of trophoblastic cell lines, primary trophoblast cultures and human placental villous explants demonstrates that bacterial invasion of the syncytiotrophoblast barrier is mediated by the internalin-E-cadherin interaction, leading to histopathological lesions that mimic those seen in the placentas of women with listeriosis. Thus, the internalin-E-cadherin interaction that plays a key role in the crossing of the intestinal barrier in humans is also exploited by L. monocytogenes to target and cross the placental barrier. Further investigations are currently focusing on the molecular mechanisms by which L. monocytogenes targets and crosses the blood-brain barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lecuit
- Inserm U.604, Département de Biologie Cellulaire et Infection, Institut Pasteur and Service des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Université René-Descartes Paris 5, Paris, France.
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Abstract
Innate immune receptors recognize microorganism-specific motifs. One such receptor-ligand complex is formed between the mammalian Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-MD2-CD14 complex and bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Recent research indicates that there is significant phylogenetic and individual diversity in TLR4-mediated responses. In addition, the diversity of LPS structures and the differential recognition of these structures by TLR4 have been associated with several bacterial diseases. This review will examine the hypothesis that the variability of bacterial ligands such as LPS and their innate immune receptors is an important factor in determining the outcome of infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel I Miller
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington Medical School, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA.
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31
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Lecuit M, Cossart P. [Molecular basis of Listeria monocytogenes fetoplacental tropism]. Med Sci (Paris) 2005; 21:17-9. [PMID: 15639011 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/200521117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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32
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Pizarro-Cerdá J, Sousa S, Cossart P. Exploitation of host cell cytoskeleton and signalling during Listeria monocytogenes entry into mammalian cells. C R Biol 2004; 327:523-31. [PMID: 15332304 DOI: 10.1016/j.crvi.2004.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Deciphering how Listeria monocytogenes exploits the host cell machinery to invade mammalian cells during infection isa key issue for the understanding how this food-borne pathogen causes a pleiotropic disease ranging from gastro-enteritis to meningitis and abortions. Using multidisciplinary approaches, essentially combining bacterial genetics and cell biology, we have identified two bacterial proteins critical for entry into target cells, InlA and InlB. Their cellular ligands have been also identified: InlA interacts with the adhesion molecule E-cadherin, while InlB interacts with the receptor for the globular head of the complement factor Clq (gClq-R), with the hepatocyte growth factor receptor (c-Met) and with glycosaminoglycans(including heparan sulphate). The dynamic interaction between these cellular receptors and the actin cytoskeleton is currently under investigation. Several intracellular molecules have been recognized as key effectors for Listeria entry into target cells,including catenins (implicated in the connection of E-cadherin to actin) and the actin depolymerising factor/cofilin (involved in the rearrangement of the cytoskeleton in the InlB-dependent internalisation pathway). At the organism level, species specificity has been discovered concerning the interaction between InlA and E-cadherin, leading to the generation of transgenic mice expressing the human E-cadherin, in which the critical role of InlA in the crossing of the intestinal barrier has been clearly determined. Listeria appears as an instrumental model for addressing critical questions concerning both the complex process of bacterial pathogenesis and also fundamental molecular processes, such as phagocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Pizarro-Cerdá
- Unité des interaction bactéries-cellules, Départment Biologie Cellulaire et Infection, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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33
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Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is the etiological agent of listeriosis, a severe human foodborne infection characterized by gastroenteritis, meningitis, encephalitis, abortions, and perinatal infections. This gram-positive bacterium is a facultative intracellular pathogen that induces its own uptake into nonphagocytic cells and spreads from cell to cell using an actin-based motility process. This review covers both well-established and recent advances in the characterization of L. monocytogenes virulence determinants and their role in the pathophysiology of listeriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Dussurget
- Unité des Interactions Bactéries-Cellules, Institut Pasteur, INSERM U604, 75015 Paris, France.
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34
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Vodovar N, Acosta C, Lemaitre B, Boccard F. Drosophila: a polyvalent model to decipher host-pathogen interactions. Trends Microbiol 2004; 12:235-42. [PMID: 15120143 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2004.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Vodovar
- Centre de Génétique Moléculaire (CNRS UPR2167), F-91198 Gif sur Yvette, France
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35
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Abstract
Cell adhesion molecules, such as integrins, cadherins, the immunoglobulin superfamily of cell adhesion molecules and selectins, play important structural roles and are involved in various signal transduction processes. As an initial step in the infectious process, many bacterial pathogens adhere to cell adhesion molecules as a means of exploiting the underlying signaling pathways, entering into host cells or establishing extracellular persistence. Often, bacteria are able to bind to cell adhesion molecules by mimicking or acting in place of host cell receptors or their ligands. Recent studies have contributed to our understanding of bacterial adherence mechanisms and the consequences of receptor engagement; they have also highlighted alternative functions of cell adhesion molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin C Boyle
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Biotechnology Laboratory, Wesbrook Building, Room 237, 6174 University Boulevard, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z3.
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36
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Abstract
Invasive bacteria actively induce their own uptake by phagocytosis in normally nonphagocytic cells and then either establish a protected niche within which they survive and replicate, or disseminate from cell to cell by means of an actin-based motility process. The mechanisms underlying bacterial entry, phagosome maturation, and dissemination reveal common strategies as well as unique tactics evolved by individual species to establish infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascale Cossart
- Unité des Interactions Bactéries-Cellules, INSERM Unité 604, Département de Biologie Cellulaire et Infection, Institut Pasteur, 28 Rue du Docteur Roux, Paris 75015, France.
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37
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Pizarro-Cerdá J, Sousa S, Cossart P. Exploitation of host cell cytoskeleton and signalling during Listeria monocytogenes entry into mammalian cells. C R Biol 2004; 327:115-23. [PMID: 15060982 DOI: 10.1016/j.crvi.2003.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Deciphering how Listeria monocytogenes exploits the host cell machinery to invade mammalian cells during infection is a key issue for the understanding how this food-borne pathogen causes a pleiotropic disease ranging from gastro-enteritis to meningitis and abortions. Using multidisciplinary approaches, essentially combining bacterial genetics and cell biology, we have identified two bacterial proteins critical for entry into target cells, InlA and InlB. Their cellular ligands have been also identified: InlA interacts with the adhesion molecule E-cadherin, while InlB interacts with the receptor for the globular head of the complement factor C1q (gC1q-R), with the hepatocyte growth factor receptor (c-Met) and with glycosaminoglycans (including heparan sulphate). The dynamic interaction between these cellular receptors and the actin cytoskeleton is currently under investigation. Several intracellular molecules have been recognized as key effectors for Listeria entry into target cells, including catenins (implicated in the connection of E-cadherin to actin) and the actin depolymerising factor/cofilin (involved in the rearrangement of the cytoskeleton in the InlB-dependent internalisation pathway). At the organism level, species specificity has been discovered concerning the interaction between InlA and E-cadherin, leading to the generation of transgenic mice expressing the human E-cadherin, in which the critical role of InlA in the crossing of the intestinal barrier has been clearly determined. Listeria appears as an instrumental model for addressing critical questions concerning both the complex process of bacterial pathogenesis and also fundamental molecular processes, such as phagocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Pizarro-Cerdá
- Unité des interactions bactéries-cellules, département Biologie cellulaire et Infection, Institut Pasteur, 28, rue du Docteur-Roux, 75724 Paris, France
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38
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Coleman ME, Marks HM, Golden NJ, Latimer HK. Discerning strain effects in microbial dose-response data. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2004; 67:667-685. [PMID: 15192861 DOI: 10.1080/15287390490428134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In order to estimate the risk or probability of adverse events in risk assessment, it is necessary to identify the important variables that contribute to the risk and provide descriptions of distributions of these variables for well-defined populations. One component of modeling dose response that can create uncertainty is the inherent genetic variability among pathogenic bacteria. For many microbial risk assessments, the "default" assumption used for dose response does not account for strain or serotype variability in pathogenicity and virulence, other than perhaps, recognizing the existence of avirulent strains. However, an examination of data sets from human clinical trials in which Salmonella spp. and Campylobacter jejuni strains were administered reveals significant strain differences. This article discusses the evidence for strain variability and concludes that more biologically based alternatives are necessary to replace the default assumptions commonly used in microbial risk assessment, specifically regarding strain variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret E Coleman
- USDA, Food Safety and Inspection Service, Office of Public Health and Science, Risk Assessment Division, Washington, DC, USA
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39
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Lecuit M, Nelson DM, Smith SD, Khun H, Huerre M, Vacher-Lavenu MC, Gordon JI, Cossart P. Targeting and crossing of the human maternofetal barrier by Listeria monocytogenes: role of internalin interaction with trophoblast E-cadherin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:6152-7. [PMID: 15073336 PMCID: PMC395938 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0401434101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2003] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes produces severe fetoplacental infections in humans. How it targets and crosses the maternofetal barrier is unknown. We used immunohistochemistry to examine the location of L. monocytogenes in placental and amniotic tissue samples obtained from women with fetoplacental listeriosis. The results raised the possibility that L. monocytogenes crosses the maternofetal barrier through the villous syncytiotrophoblast, with secondary infection occurring via the amniotic epithelium. Because epidemiological studies indicate that the bacterial surface protein, internalin (InlA), may play a role in human fetoplacental listeriosis, we investigated the cellular patterns of expression of its host receptor, E-cadherin, at the maternofetal interface. E-cadherin was found on the basal and apical plasma membranes of syncytiotrophoblasts and in villous cytotrophoblasts. Established trophoblastic cell lines, primary trophoblast cultures, and placental villous explants were each exposed to isogenic InlA+ or InlA- strains of L. monocytogenes, and to L. innocua expressing or not InlA. Quantitative assays of cellular invasion demonstrated that bacterial entry into syncytiotrophoblasts occurs via the apical membrane in an InlA-E-cadherin dependent manner. In human placental villous explants, bacterial invasion of the syncytiotrophoblast barrier and underlying villous tissue and subsequent replication produces histopathological lesions that mimic those seen in placentas of women with listeriosis. Thus, the InlA-E-cadherin interaction that plays a key role in the crossing of the intestinal barrier in humans is also exploited by L. monocytogenes to target and cross the placental barrier. Such a ligand-receptor interaction allowing a pathogen to specifically cross the placental villous trophoblast barrier has not been reported previously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Lecuit
- Unité des Interactions Bactéries-Cellules and Unité d'Histotechnologie et Pathologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75015, France.
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40
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Bierne H, Garandeau C, Pucciarelli MG, Sabet C, Newton S, Garcia-del Portillo F, Cossart P, Charbit A. Sortase B, a new class of sortase in Listeria monocytogenes. J Bacteriol 2004; 186:1972-82. [PMID: 15028680 PMCID: PMC374393 DOI: 10.1128/jb.186.7.1972-1982.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2003] [Accepted: 12/02/2003] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Sortases are transamidases that covalently link proteins to the peptidoglycan of gram-positive bacteria. The genome of the pathogenic bacterium Listeria monocytogenes encodes two sortases genes, srtA and srtB. The srtA gene product anchors internalin and some other LPXTG-containing proteins to the listerial surface. Here, we focus on the role of the second sortase, SrtB. Whereas SrtA acts on most of the proteins in the peptidoglycan fraction, SrtB appears to target minor amounts of surface polypeptides. We identified one of the SrtB-anchored proteins as the virulence factor SvpA, a surface-exposed protein which does not contain the LPXTG motif. Therefore, as in Staphylococcus aureus, the listerial SrtB represents a second class of sortase in L. monocytogenes, involved in the attachment of a subset of proteins to the cell wall, most likely by recognizing an NXZTN sorting motif. The DeltasrtB mutant strain does not have defects in bacterial entry, growth, or motility in tissue-cultured cells and does not show attenuated virulence in mice. SrtB-mediated anchoring could therefore be required to anchor surface proteins involved in the adaptation of this microorganism to different environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Bierne
- Unité des Interactions Bactéries-Cellules, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
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Cabanes D, Dussurget O, Dehoux P, Cossart P. Auto, a surface associated autolysin of Listeria monocytogenes required for entry into eukaryotic cells and virulence. Mol Microbiol 2004; 51:1601-14. [PMID: 15009888 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2003.03945.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is an opportunistic food-borne human and animal pathogen. Several surface proteins expressed by this intracellular pathogen are critical for the infectious process. By in silico analysis we compared the surface protein repertories of L. monocytogenes and of the non-pathogenic species Listeria innocua and identified a gene encoding a surface protein of L. monocytogenes absent in L. innocua. This gene that we named aut encodes a protein (Auto) of 572 amino acids containing a signal sequence, a N-terminal autolysin domain and a C-terminal cell wall-anchoring domain made up of four GW modules. We show here that the aut gene is expressed independently of the virulence gene regulator PrfA and encodes a surface protein with an autolytic activity. We provide evidence that Auto is required for entry of L. monocytogenes into cultured non-phagocytic eukaryotic cells. The low invasiveness of an aut deletion mutant correlates with its reduced virulence following intravenous inoculation of mice and oral infection of guinea pigs. During infection, the autolytic activity of Auto may also be critical. Auto appears thus as a novel type of L. monocytogenes virulence factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Didier Cabanes
- Unité des Interactions Bactéries Cellules, Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris cedex 15, France
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