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Gai J, Liu L, Zhang X, Guan J, Mao S. Impact of the diseased lung microenvironment on the in vivo fate of inhaled particles. Drug Discov Today 2024; 29:104019. [PMID: 38729235 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2024.104019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Inhalation drug delivery is superior for local lung disease therapy. However, there are several unique absorption barriers for inhaled drugs to overcome, including limited drug deposition at the target site, mucociliary clearance, pulmonary macrophage phagocytosis, and systemic exposure. Moreover, the respiratory disease state can affect or even destroy the physiology of the lung, thus influencing the in vivo fate of inhaled particles compared with that in healthy lungs. Nevertheless, limited information is available on this effect. Thus, in this review, we present pathological changes of the lung microenvironment under varied respiratory diseases and their influence on the in vivo fate of inhaled particles; such insights could provide a basis for rational inhalation particle design based on specific disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Gai
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Key Laboratory of Intelligent Mucosal Drug Delivery Systems, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Liu Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Key Laboratory of Intelligent Mucosal Drug Delivery Systems, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Key Laboratory of Intelligent Mucosal Drug Delivery Systems, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Intelligent Drug Delivery Systems, Ministry of Education, China
| | - Jian Guan
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Key Laboratory of Intelligent Mucosal Drug Delivery Systems, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Intelligent Drug Delivery Systems, Ministry of Education, China
| | - Shirui Mao
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Key Laboratory of Intelligent Mucosal Drug Delivery Systems, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Intelligent Drug Delivery Systems, Ministry of Education, China.
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2
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Sankar P, Mishra BB. Early innate cell interactions with Mycobacterium tuberculosis in protection and pathology of tuberculosis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1260859. [PMID: 37965344 PMCID: PMC10641450 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1260859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a significant global health challenge, claiming the lives of up to 1.5 million individuals annually. TB is caused by the human pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), which primarily infects innate immune cells in the lungs. These immune cells play a critical role in the host defense against Mtb infection, influencing the inflammatory environment in the lungs, and facilitating the development of adaptive immunity. However, Mtb exploits and manipulates innate immune cells, using them as favorable niche for replication. Unfortunately, our understanding of the early interactions between Mtb and innate effector cells remains limited. This review underscores the interactions between Mtb and various innate immune cells, such as macrophages, dendritic cells, granulocytes, NK cells, innate lymphocytes-iNKT and ILCs. In addition, the contribution of alveolar epithelial cell and endothelial cells that constitutes the mucosal barrier in TB immunity will be discussed. Gaining insights into the early cellular basis of immune reactions to Mtb infection is crucial for our understanding of Mtb resistance and disease tolerance mechanisms. We argue that a better understanding of the early host-pathogen interactions could inform on future vaccination approaches and devise intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bibhuti Bhusan Mishra
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, United States
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3
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Chen Y, Li F, Hua M, Liang M, Song C. Role of GM-CSF in lung balance and disease. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1158859. [PMID: 37081870 PMCID: PMC10111008 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1158859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is a hematopoietic growth factor originally identified as a stimulus that induces the differentiation of bone marrow progenitor cells into granulocytes and macrophages. GM-CSF is now considered to be a multi-origin and pleiotropic cytokine. GM-CSF receptor signals activate JAK2 and induce nuclear signals through the JAK-STAT, MAPK, PI3K, and other pathways. In addition to promoting the metabolism of pulmonary surfactant and the maturation and differentiation of alveolar macrophages, GM-CSF plays a key role in interstitial lung disease, allergic lung disease, alcoholic lung disease, and pulmonary bacterial, fungal, and viral infections. This article reviews the latest knowledge on the relationship between GM-CSF and lung balance and lung disease, and indicates that there is much more to GM-CSF than its name suggests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingzi Chen
- Department of Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine, Bengbu Medical College, Anhui, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Immunology in Chronic Diseases, Bengbu Medical College, Anhui, China
| | - Fan Li
- Department of Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine, Bengbu Medical College, Anhui, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Immunology in Chronic Diseases, Bengbu Medical College, Anhui, China
| | - Mengqing Hua
- Department of Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine, Bengbu Medical College, Anhui, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Immunology in Chronic Diseases, Bengbu Medical College, Anhui, China
| | - Meng Liang
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Science, Bengbu Medical College, Anhui, China
- *Correspondence: Chuanwang Song, ; Meng Liang,
| | - Chuanwang Song
- Department of Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine, Bengbu Medical College, Anhui, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Immunology in Chronic Diseases, Bengbu Medical College, Anhui, China
- *Correspondence: Chuanwang Song, ; Meng Liang,
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4
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Mouse Models for Mycobacterium tuberculosis Pathogenesis: Show and Do Not Tell. Pathogens 2022; 12:pathogens12010049. [PMID: 36678397 PMCID: PMC9865329 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12010049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Science has been taking profit from animal models since the first translational experiments back in ancient Greece. From there, and across all history, several remarkable findings have been obtained using animal models. One of the most popular models, especially for research in infectious diseases, is the mouse. Regarding research in tuberculosis, the mouse has provided useful information about host and bacterial traits related to susceptibility to the infection. The effect of aging, sexual dimorphisms, the route of infection, genetic differences between mice lineages and unbalanced immunity scenarios upon Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and tuberculosis development has helped, helps and will help biomedical researchers in the design of new tools for diagnosis, treatment and prevention of tuberculosis, despite various discrepancies and the lack of deep study in some areas of these traits.
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5
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Van Dis E, Fox DM, Morrison HM, Fines DM, Babirye JP, McCann LH, Rawal S, Cox JS, Stanley SA. IFN-γ-independent control of M. tuberculosis requires CD4 T cell-derived GM-CSF and activation of HIF-1α. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010721. [PMID: 35877763 PMCID: PMC9352196 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevailing model of protective immunity to tuberculosis is that CD4 T cells produce the cytokine IFN-γ to activate bactericidal mechanisms in infected macrophages. Although IFN-γ-independent CD4 T cell based control of M. tuberculosis infection has been demonstrated in vivo it is unclear whether CD4 T cells are capable of directly activating macrophages to control infection in the absence of IFN-γ. We developed a co-culture model using CD4 T cells isolated from the lungs of infected mice and M. tuberculosis-infected murine bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) to investigate mechanisms of CD4 dependent control of infection. We found that even in the absence of IFN-γ signaling, CD4 T cells drive macrophage activation, M1 polarization, and control of infection. This IFN-γ-independent control of infection requires activation of the transcription factor HIF-1α and a shift to aerobic glycolysis in infected macrophages. While HIF-1α activation following IFN-γ stimulation requires nitric oxide, HIF-1α-mediated control in the absence of IFN-γ is nitric oxide-independent, indicating that distinct pathways can activate HIF-1α during infection. We show that CD4 T cell-derived GM-CSF is required for IFN-γ-independent control in BMDMs, but that recombinant GM-CSF is insufficient to control infection in BMDMs or alveolar macrophages and does not rescue the absence of control by GM-CSF-deficient T cells. In contrast, recombinant GM-CSF controls infection in peritoneal macrophages, induces lipid droplet biogenesis, and also requires HIF-1α for control. These results advance our understanding of CD4 T cell-mediated immunity to M. tuberculosis, reveal important differences in immune activation of distinct macrophage types, and outline a novel mechanism for the activation of HIF-1α. We establish a previously unknown functional link between GM-CSF and HIF-1α and provide evidence that CD4 T cell-derived GM-CSF is a potent bactericidal effector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Van Dis
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Douglas M. Fox
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Huntly M. Morrison
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Daniel M. Fines
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Janet Peace Babirye
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Lily H. McCann
- School of Public Health, Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Sagar Rawal
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Jeffery S. Cox
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Sarah A. Stanley
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- School of Public Health, Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
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6
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Ravesloot-Chávez MM, Van Dis E, Stanley SA. The Innate Immune Response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection. Annu Rev Immunol 2021; 39:611-637. [PMID: 33637017 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-093019-010426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis causes >1.5 million deaths worldwide annually. Innate immune cells are the first to encounter M. tuberculosis, and their response dictates the course of infection. Dendritic cells (DCs) activate the adaptive response and determine its characteristics. Macrophages are responsible both for exerting cell-intrinsic antimicrobial control and for initiating and maintaining inflammation. The inflammatory response to M. tuberculosis infection is a double-edged sword. While cytokines such as TNF-α and IL-1 are important for protection, either excessive or insufficient cytokine production results in progressive disease. Furthermore, neutrophils-cells normally associated with control of bacterial infection-are emerging as key drivers of a hyperinflammatory response that results in host mortality. The roles of other innate cells, including natural killer cells and innate-like T cells, remain enigmatic. Understanding the nuances of both cell-intrinsic control of infection and regulation of inflammation will be crucial for the successful development of host-targeted therapeutics and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Erik Van Dis
- Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA; ,
| | - Sarah A Stanley
- Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA; , .,Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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7
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Vazquez Reyes S, Ray S, Aguilera J, Sun J. Development of an In Vitro Membrane Model to Study the Function of EsxAB Heterodimer and Establish the Role of EsxB in Membrane Permeabilizing Activity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9121015. [PMID: 33276541 PMCID: PMC7761419 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9121015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
EsxA and EsxB are secreted as a heterodimer and have been shown to play critical roles in phagosome rupture and translocation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis into the cytosol. Recent in vitro studies have suggested that the EsxAB heterodimer is dissociated upon acidification, which might allow EsxA insertion into lipid membranes. While the membrane permeabilizing activity (MPA) of EsxA has been well characterized in liposomes composed of di-oleoyl-phosphatidylcholine (DOPC), the MPA of EsxAB heterodimer has not been detected through in vitro assays due to its negligible activity with DOPC liposomes. In this study, we established a new in vitro membrane assay to test the MPA activity of N-terminal acetylated EsxA (N-EsxA). We established that a dose-dependent increase in anionic charged lipids enhances the MPA of N-EsxA. The MPA of both N-EsxA and EsxAB were significantly increased with this new liposome system and made it possible to characterize the MPA of EsxAB in more physiologically-relevant conditions. We tested, for the first time, the effect of temperature on the MPA of N-EsxA and EsxAB in this new system. Interestingly, the MPA of N-EsxA was lower at 37 °C than at RT, and on the contrary, the MPA of EsxAB was higher at 37 °C than at RT. Surprisingly, after incubation at 37 °C, the MPA of N-EsxA continuously decreased over time, while MPA of EsxAB remained stable, suggesting EsxB plays a key role in stabilizing N-EsxA to preserve its MPA at 37 °C. In summary, this study established a new in vitro model system that characterizes the MPA of EsxAB and the role of EsxB at physiological-relevant conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvador Vazquez Reyes
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Avenue, El Paso, TX 79968, USA; (S.V.R.); (J.A.)
- Border Biomedical Research Center at University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Avenue, El Paso, TX 79968, USA
| | - Supriyo Ray
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Avenue, El Paso, TX 79968, USA
- Department of Natural Sciences, Bowie State University, 14000 Jericho Park Rd, Bowie, MD 20715, USA
- Correspondence: (S.R.); (J.S.)
| | - Javier Aguilera
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Avenue, El Paso, TX 79968, USA; (S.V.R.); (J.A.)
- Border Biomedical Research Center at University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Avenue, El Paso, TX 79968, USA
| | - Jianjun Sun
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Avenue, El Paso, TX 79968, USA; (S.V.R.); (J.A.)
- Border Biomedical Research Center at University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Avenue, El Paso, TX 79968, USA
- Correspondence: (S.R.); (J.S.)
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8
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Vinod V, Vijayrajratnam S, Vasudevan AK, Biswas R. The cell surface adhesins of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Microbiol Res 2019; 232:126392. [PMID: 31841935 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2019.126392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial cell surface adhesins play a major role in facilitating host colonization and subsequent establishment of infection. The surface of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, owing to the complex architecture of its cell envelope, expresses numerous adhesins with varied chemical nature, including proteins, lipids, lipoproteins, glycoproteins and glycopolymers. Studies on mycobacterial adhesins show that they bind with multifarious host receptors and extracellular matrix (ECM) components. In this review we have highlighted the adhesins that are abundantly present on the mycobacterial surface and their interactions with host receptors. M. tuberculosis interacts with various host cell surface receptors such as toll like receptors, C-type lectin receptors, scavenger receptors, and Fc and complement receptors. Apart from these, ECM components like fibronectin, collagen, elastin, laminin, fibrillin and vitronectin also provide binding sites for surface adhesins of the tubercle bacilli. M. tuberculosis adhesins include proteins with and without signal peptide sequence and transmembrane proteins. Other surface adhesin macromolecules of M. tuberculosis comprises of lipids, glycolipids and glycopolymers. The interaction between the mycobacterial adhesins and their host receptors result in adhesion of the microbe to the host cells, induction of immune response and aid in the pathogenesis of the disease. A thorough understanding of the different M. tuberculosis surface adhesins and host receptors will provide a better picture of interaction between them at molecular level. The information gained on adhesins and host receptors will prove beneficial in developing novel therapeutic strategies such as the use of anti-adhesin molecules to hinder the adhesion of bacteria to the host cells, thereby preventing establishment of infection. The surface molecules discussed in this review will also benefit in identification of new drug targets, diagnostic markers or vaccine candidates against the deadly pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Vinod
- Center for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita School of Medical Sciences and Research Center (AIMS), Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, 682041, Kerala, India
| | - Sukhithasri Vijayrajratnam
- Center for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita School of Medical Sciences and Research Center (AIMS), Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, 682041, Kerala, India
| | - Anil Kumar Vasudevan
- Department of Microbiology, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Center, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, 682041, Kerala, India
| | - Raja Biswas
- Center for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita School of Medical Sciences and Research Center (AIMS), Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, 682041, Kerala, India.
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9
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Ray S, Vazquez Reyes S, Xiao C, Sun J. Effects of membrane lipid composition on Mycobacterium tuberculosis EsxA membrane insertion: A dual play of fluidity and charge. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2019; 118:101854. [PMID: 31430698 PMCID: PMC6817408 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2019.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
As a key virulence factor of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, EsxA or 6-kDa early secreted antigenic target (ESAT-6) has been implicated in phagosome rupture and mycobacterial translocation from the phagosome to the cytosol within macrophages. Our previous studies have shown that EsxA permeabilizes liposomal membrane at acidic pH and a membrane-permeabilization defective mutant Q5K attenuates mycobacterial cytosolic translocation and virulence in macrophages. To further probe the mechanism of EsxA membrane permeabilization, here we characterized the effects of various lipid compositions, including biologically relevant phagosome-mimicking lipids and lipid rafts, on the structural stability and membrane insertion of EsxA WT and Q5K. We have found a complex dual play of membrane fluidity and charge in regulating EsxA membrane insertion. Moreover, Q5K affects the membrane insertion through a structure- and lipid composition-independent mechanism. The results of this study provide a novel insights into the mechanism of EsxA membrane interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supriyo Ray
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Avenue, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA.
| | - Salvador Vazquez Reyes
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Avenue, TX, 79968, USA; Border Biomedical Research Center at University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Avenue, TX, 79968, USA
| | - Chuan Xiao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Avenue, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA; Border Biomedical Research Center at University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Avenue, TX, 79968, USA
| | - Jianjun Sun
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Avenue, TX, 79968, USA; Border Biomedical Research Center at University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Avenue, TX, 79968, USA.
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10
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Arcos J, Sasindran SJ, Moliva JI, Scordo JM, Sidiki S, Guo H, Venigalla P, Kelley HV, Lin G, Diangelo L, Silwani SN, Zhang J, Turner J, Torrelles JB. Mycobacterium tuberculosis cell wall released fragments by the action of the human lung mucosa modulate macrophages to control infection in an IL-10-dependent manner. Mucosal Immunol 2017; 10:1248-1258. [PMID: 28000679 PMCID: PMC5479761 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2016.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb), the causative agent of tuberculosis, is a major public health challenge facing the world. During infection, M.tb is deposited in the lung alveolar space where it comes in contact with the lung mucosa, known as alveolar lining fluid (ALF), an environment that M.tb encounters at different stages of the infection and disease. ALF is abundant in homeostatic and antimicrobial hydrolytic enzymes, also known as hydrolases. Here we demonstrate that ALF hydrolases, at their physiological concentrations and upon contact with M.tb, release M.tb cell envelope fragments into the milieu. These released fragments are bioactive, but non-cytotoxic, regulate the function of macrophages, and thus are capable of modulating the immune response contributing to the control of M.tb infection by human macrophages. Specifically, macrophages exposed to fragments derived from the exposure of M.tb to ALF were able to control the infection primarily by increasing phagosome-lysosome fusion and acidification events. This enhanced control was found to be dependent on fragment-induced interleukin-10 (IL-10) production but also involves the STAT3 signaling pathway in an IL-10-independent manner. Collectively our data indicate that M.tb fragments released upon contact with lung mucosa hydrolases participate in the host immune response to M.tb infection through innate immune modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesus Arcos
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, US
| | - Smitha J. Sasindran
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, US
| | - Juan I. Moliva
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, US
| | - Julia M. Scordo
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, US
| | - Sabeen Sidiki
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, US
| | - Hui Guo
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, US
| | - Poornima Venigalla
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, US
| | - Holden V. Kelley
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, US
| | - Guoxin Lin
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, US
| | - Lauren Diangelo
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, US
| | - Sayeed N. Silwani
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, US
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, US
- Center for Microbial Interface Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, US
| | - Joanne Turner
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, US
- Center for Microbial Interface Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, US
| | - Jordi B. Torrelles
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, US
- Center for Microbial Interface Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, US
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11
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Yang X, Yan J, Feng J. Surfactant protein A is expressed in the central nervous system of rats with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, and suppresses inflammation in human astrocytes and microglia. Mol Med Rep 2017; 15:3555-3565. [PMID: 28393255 PMCID: PMC5436200 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The collectin surfactant protein-A (SP-A), a potent host defense molecule, is well recognized for its role in the maintenance of pulmonary homeostasis and the modulation of inflammatory responses. While previous studies have detected SP-A in numerous extrapulmonary tissues, there is still a lack of information regarding its expression in central nervous system (CNS) and potential effects in neuroinflammatory diseases, such as multiple sclerosis (MS). The present study used experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), the most commonly used animal model of MS, to investigate the expression of SP-A in the CNS at different stages of disease progression. In addition, in vitro experiments with lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated human astrocytes and microglia were performed to investigate the potential role of SP-A in the modulation of CNS inflammatory responses. The results of the present study demonstrated widespread distribution of SP-A in the rat CNS, and also identified specific expression patterns of SP-A at different stages of EAE. In vitro, the current study revealed that treatment of human astrocytes and microglia with LPS promoted SP-A expression in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, exogenous SP-A protein significantly decreased Toll-like receptor 4 and nuclear factor-κB expression, and reduced interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α levels. The results of the current study indicate a potential role for SP-A in the modulation of CNS inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Yang
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University. Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
| | - Jun Yan
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University. Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
| | - Juan Feng
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University. Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
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12
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Francisco-Cruz A, Mata-Espinosa D, Ramos-Espinosa O, Marquina-Castillo B, Estrada-Parra S, Xing Z, Hernández-Pando R. Efficacy of gene-therapy based on adenovirus encoding granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in drug-sensitive and drug-resistant experimental pulmonary tuberculosis. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2016; 100:5-14. [PMID: 27553405 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2016.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Revised: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), although a curable disease, remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. It is necessary to develop a short-term therapy with reduced drug toxicity in order to improve adherence rate and control disease burden. Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) may be a key cytokine in the treatment of pulmonary TB since it primes the activation and differentiation of myeloid and non-myeloid precursor cells, inducing the release of protective Th1 cytokines. In this work, we administrated by intratracheal route recombinant adenoviruses encoding GM-CSF (AdGM-CSF). This treatment produced significant bacterial elimination when administered in a single dose at 60 days of infection with drug sensitive or drug resistant Mtb strains in a murine model of progressive disease. Moreover, AdGM-CSF combined with primary antibiotics produced more rapid elimination of pulmonary bacterial burdens than conventional chemotherapy suggesting that this form of treatment could shorten the conventional treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Francisco-Cruz
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition 'Salvador Zubirán', Mexico City, Mexico; Department of Immunology, National School of Biological Sciences, National Polytechnic Institute, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Dulce Mata-Espinosa
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition 'Salvador Zubirán', Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Octavio Ramos-Espinosa
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition 'Salvador Zubirán', Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Brenda Marquina-Castillo
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition 'Salvador Zubirán', Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Sergio Estrada-Parra
- Department of Immunology, National School of Biological Sciences, National Polytechnic Institute, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Zhou Xing
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre & Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Rogelio Hernández-Pando
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition 'Salvador Zubirán', Mexico City, Mexico.
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Hunter RL. Tuberculosis as a three-act play: A new paradigm for the pathogenesis of pulmonary tuberculosis. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2016; 97:8-17. [PMID: 26980490 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2015.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2015] [Revised: 11/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Lack of access to human tissues with untreated tuberculosis (TB) has forced generations of researchers to use animal models and to adopt a paradigm that granulomas are the characteristic lesion of both primary and post primary TB. An extended search of studies of human lung tissues failed to find any reports that support this paradigm. We found scores of publications from gross pathology in 1804 through high resolution CT scans in 2015 that identify obstructive lobular pneumonia, not granulomas, as the characteristic lesion of developing post-primary TB. This paper reviews this literature together with other relevant observations to formulate a new paradigm of TB with three distinct stages: a three-act play. First, primary TB, a war of attrition, begins with infection that spreads via lymphatics and blood stream before inducing systemic immunity that contains and controls the organisms within granulomas. Second, post-primary TB, a sneak attack, develops during latent TB as an asymptomatic obstructive lobular pneumonia in persons with effective systemic immunity. It is a paucibacillary process with no granulomas that spreads via bronchi and accumulates mycobacterial antigens and host lipids for 1-2 years before suddenly undergoing caseous necrosis. Third, the fallout, is responsible for nearly all clinical post primary disease. It begins with caseous necrotic pneumonia that is either retained to become the focus of fibrocaseous disease or is coughed out to leave a cavity. This three-stage paradigm suggests testable hypotheses and plausible answers to long standing questions of immunity to TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L Hunter
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas Health Sciences Center at Houston, MSB 2.136, 6431 Fannin, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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14
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Carrier interactions with the biological barriers of the lung: advanced in vitro models and challenges for pulmonary drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2014; 75:129-40. [PMID: 24880145 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2014.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Revised: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In recent years significant progress has been made to improve particle deposition in the lung. However, the development of strategies to overcome the air-blood lung barrier is still needed. The combination of complex in vitro models and sophisticated particulate carriers is promising as a strategy by which that goal could be achieved. In this review we discuss currently available in vitro lung models, including some recent tissue-engineering approaches, as well as the challenges associated to implement such complex in vitro systems. Furthermore, we discuss available carrier technologies, often based on nanotechnology, to target specific regions of the lungs and to overcome the respective biological barriers, ideally resulting in safe and effective delivery to the desired pulmonary destination.
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Yang HY, Li H, Wang YG, Xu CY, Zhao YL, Ma XG, Li XW, Chen H. Correlation analysis between single nucleotide polymorphisms of pulmonary surfactant protein A gene and pulmonary tuberculosis in the Han population in China. Int J Infect Dis 2014; 26:31-6. [PMID: 24984162 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2014.03.1395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Revised: 03/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the correlation of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in SFTPA1 and SFTPA2 genes encoding pulmonary surfactant protein A (SP-A) with the susceptibility to pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) in the Han population in China. METHODS This study included 248 patients with active PTB (case group) and 124 normal individuals (control group). SNPs at loci aa19, aa50, aa62, aa133, and aa219 of SFTPA1, and at loci aa9, aa91, aa140, and aa223 of SFTPA2 were analyzed with PCR. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to identify the correlation of age, sex, and SNPs with PTB. RESULTS The frequencies of the G allele at aa91 and T allele at aa140 in SFTPA2 were significantly higher in the case group than in the control group (p=0.0002 and p=0.045). The distribution of haplotype CGAAC in SFTPA1 was significantly lower in the case group than in the control group (p=0.025). In SFTPA2, the distributions of haplotypes 1A(6), 1A(10), 1A(9), and 1A(2) were higher (all p<0.05), but the distributions of haplotypes 1A(13), 1A(5), and 1A(12) were lower in the case group than in the control group (all p<0.05). When SFTPA1 and SFTPA2 were combined and analyzed, haplotype 6A(11)-1A(8) was only found in the case group (4.1%, p=0.001 compared with the control group), but the distribution of haplotype CGAAC-1A(0) or 6A(4)-1A(12) was significantly lower in the case group than in the control group (all p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS SNP in SP-A is associated with PTB in the Han population in China. The G allele at aa91, T allele at aa140, and haplotype 6A11-1A8 are risk factors for PTB, but haplotype CGAAC-1A(0) and 6A(4)-1A(12) are protective factors for PTB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-yi Yang
- Reproductive Medical Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Constructive East Road, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Hui Li
- Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory, Henan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yi-ge Wang
- Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Chao-yang Xu
- Reproductive Medical Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Constructive East Road, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Yu-ling Zhao
- Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory, Henan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiao-guang Ma
- Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory, Henan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiao-wen Li
- Department of Cell Biology and Medical Genetics, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 100, Science Road, High-tech District, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Hui Chen
- Department of Cell Biology and Medical Genetics, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 100, Science Road, High-tech District, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
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16
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Granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor: not just another haematopoietic growth factor. Med Oncol 2013; 31:774. [DOI: 10.1007/s12032-013-0774-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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17
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Schob S, Schicht M, Sel S, Stiller D, Kekulé A, Paulsen F, Maronde E, Bräuer L. The detection of surfactant proteins A, B, C and D in the human brain and their regulation in cerebral infarction, autoimmune conditions and infections of the CNS. PLoS One 2013; 8:e74412. [PMID: 24098648 PMCID: PMC3787032 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Surfactant proteins (SP) have been studied intensively in the respiratory system. Surfactant protein A and surfactant protein D are proteins belonging to the family of collectins each playing a major role in the innate immune system. The ability of surfactant protein A and surfactant protein D to bind various pathogens and facilitate their elimination has been described in a vast number of studies. Surfactant proteins are very important in modulating the host's inflammatory response and participate in the clearance of apoptotic cells. Surfactant protein B and surfactant protein C are proteins responsible for lowering the surface tension in the lungs. The aim of this study was an investigation of expression of surfactant proteins in the central nervous system to assess their specific distribution patterns. The second aim was to quantify surfactant proteins in cerebrospinal fluid of healthy subjects compared to patients suffering from different neuropathologies. The expression of mRNA for the surfactant proteins was analyzed with RT-PCR done with samples from different parts of the human brain. The production of the surfactant proteins in the brain was verified using immunohistochemistry and Western blot. The concentrations of the surfactant proteins in cerebrospinal fluid from healthy subjects and patients suffering from neuropathologic conditions were quantified using ELISA. Our results revealed that surfactant proteins are present in the central nervous system and that the concentrations of one or more surfactant proteins in healthy subjects differed significantly from those of patients affected by central autoimmune processes, CNS infections or cerebral infarction. Based on the localization of the surfactant proteins in the brain, their different levels in normal versus pathologic samples of cerebrospinal fluid and their well-known functions in the lungs, it appears that the surfactant proteins may play roles in host defense of the brain, facilitation of cerebrospinal fluid secretion and maintenance of the latter's rheological properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Schob
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Martin Schicht
- Institute of Anatomy, Department II, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Saadettin Sel
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dankwart Stiller
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Alexander Kekulé
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Friedrich Paulsen
- Institute of Anatomy, Department II, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Erik Maronde
- Institute of Anatomy, Department III, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Lars Bräuer
- Institute of Anatomy, Department II, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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18
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Boggaram V, Gottipati KR, Wang X, Samten B. Early secreted antigenic target of 6 kDa (ESAT-6) protein of Mycobacterium tuberculosis induces interleukin-8 (IL-8) expression in lung epithelial cells via protein kinase signaling and reactive oxygen species. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:25500-25511. [PMID: 23867456 PMCID: PMC3757211 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.448217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Revised: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Early secreted antigenic target of 6 kDa (ESAT-6) of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is critical for the virulence and pathogenicity of M. tuberculosis. IL-8, a major chemotactic cytokine for neutrophils and T lymphocytes, plays important roles in the development of lung injury. To further understand the role of ESAT-6 in lung pathology associated with tuberculosis development, we studied the effects of ESAT-6 on the regulation of IL-8 expression in lung epithelial cells. ESAT-6 induced IL-8 expression by increasing IL-8 gene transcription and mRNA stability. ESAT-6 induction of IL-8 promoter activity was dependent on nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and activator protein-1 (AP-1) binding and sensitive to pharmacological inhibition of PKC and ERK and p38 MAPK pathways. ESAT-6 activated ERK and p38 MAPK phosphorylation and rapidly induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Dimethylthiourea but not mannitol inhibited IL-8 induction by ESAT-6, further supporting the involvement of ROS in the induction of IL-8 expression. Exposure of mice to ESAT-6 induced localized inflammatory cell aggregate formation with characteristics of early granuloma concomitant with increased keratinocyte chemoattractant CXCL1 staining in bronchiolar and alveolar type II epithelial cells and alveolar macrophages. Our studies have identified a signal transduction pathway involving ROS, PKC, ERK, and p38 MAPKs and NF-κB and AP-1 in the ESAT-6 induction of IL-8 expression in lung epithelial cells. This has important implications for the understanding of lung innate immune responses to tuberculosis and the pathogenesis of lung injury in tuberculosis.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Bacterial/metabolism
- Antigens, Bacterial/pharmacology
- Bacterial Proteins/metabolism
- Bacterial Proteins/pharmacology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Epithelial Cells/metabolism
- Epithelial Cells/pathology
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Humans
- Interleukin-8/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-8/genetics
- Lung/metabolism
- Lung/pathology
- MAP Kinase Signaling System
- Macrophages, Alveolar/metabolism
- Macrophages, Alveolar/pathology
- Mice
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis/metabolism
- NF-kappa B/genetics
- NF-kappa B/metabolism
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics
- Protein Kinases/genetics
- Protein Kinases/metabolism
- Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism
- Respiratory Mucosa/metabolism
- Respiratory Mucosa/pathology
- Transcription Factor AP-1/genetics
- Transcription Factor AP-1/metabolism
- Transcription, Genetic/genetics
- Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/genetics
- Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/metabolism
- Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Boggaram
- From the Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and the Center for Pulmonary Infectious Disease Control, University of Texas Health Science Center, Tyler, Texas 75708-3154.
| | - Koteswara R Gottipati
- From the Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and the Center for Pulmonary Infectious Disease Control, University of Texas Health Science Center, Tyler, Texas 75708-3154
| | - Xisheng Wang
- From the Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and the Center for Pulmonary Infectious Disease Control, University of Texas Health Science Center, Tyler, Texas 75708-3154
| | - Buka Samten
- From the Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and the Center for Pulmonary Infectious Disease Control, University of Texas Health Science Center, Tyler, Texas 75708-3154
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19
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Interplay of mycolic acids, antimycobacterial compounds and pulmonary surfactant membrane: A biophysical approach to disease. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2013; 1828:896-905. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2012.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2012] [Revised: 09/14/2012] [Accepted: 09/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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20
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Lepekha LN, Alexandrova EA, Erokhina MV. In vitro effects of pulmonary surfactant on macrophage morphology and function. Bull Exp Biol Med 2012; 152:489-93. [PMID: 22803118 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-012-1560-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The effects of pulmonary surfactant on the morphology and functioning of young macrophages were studied on the model of monocyte/macrophage differentiation in vitro and on macrophages of the bronchial alveolar lavage fluid. Surfactant is not a differentiation inductor, but it stimulated the maturation and phagocytic activity of young macrophages. The stimulatory effect of surfactant on phagocytic activity of macrophages persisted even after its removal from the culture medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- L N Lepekha
- Institute of Tuberculosis, the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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21
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The role of airway epithelial cells in response to mycobacteria infection. Clin Dev Immunol 2012; 2012:791392. [PMID: 22570668 PMCID: PMC3337601 DOI: 10.1155/2012/791392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2011] [Accepted: 02/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Airway epithelial cells (AECs) are part of the frontline defense against infection of pathogens by providing both a physical barrier and immunological function. The role of AECs in the innate and adaptive immune responses, through the production of antimicrobial molecules and proinflammatory factors against a variety of pathogens, has been well established. Tuberculosis (TB), a contagious disease primarily affecting the lungs, is caused by the infection of various strains of mycobacteria. In response to mycobacteria infection, epithelial expression of Toll-like receptors and surfactant proteins plays the most prominent roles in the recognition and binding of the pathogen, as well as the initiation of the immune response. Moreover, the antimicrobial substances, proinflammatory factors secreted by AECs, composed a major part of the innate immune response and mediation of adaptive immunity against the pathogen. Thus, a better understanding of the role and mechanism of AECs in response to mycobacteria will provide insight into the relationship of epithelial cells and lung immunocytes against TB, which may facilitate our understanding of the pathogenesis and immunological mechanism of pulmonary tuberculosis disease.
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22
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Jargin SV. Surfactant preparations for tuberculosis and other diseases beyond infancy: a letter from Russia. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2012; 92:280-2. [PMID: 22410300 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2012.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2012] [Accepted: 02/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sergei V Jargin
- Peoples' Friendship University of Russia Clementovski per 6-82, 115184 Moscow, Russia
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23
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Sever-Chroneos Z, Tvinnereim A, Hunter RL, Chroneos ZC. Prolonged survival of scavenger receptor class A-deficient mice from pulmonary Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2011; 91 Suppl 1:S69-74. [PMID: 22088322 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2011.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The present study tested the hypothesis that the scavenger receptor SR-A modulates granuloma formation in response to pulmonary infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB). To test this hypothesis, we monitored survival and histopathology in WT and SR-A-deficient mice following aerosol infection with MTB Rv. SR-A-deficient (SR-A-/-) mice infected with MTB survived significantly longer than WT mice; the mean survival of SR-A-/- mice exceeded 430 days compared to 230 days for WT mice. Early granuloma formation was not impaired in SR-A-/- mice. The extended survival of SR-A-/- mice was associated with 13- and 3-fold higher number of CD4+ lymphocytes and antigen presenting cells in SR-A-/- lungs compared to WT mice 280 after infection. The histopathology of chronically infected SR-A-/- lungs, however, was marked by abundant cholesterol clefts in parenchymal lesions containing infection in multinucleated giant cells. The present study indicates SR-A as a candidate gene of the innate immune system influencing the chronic phase of M. tuberculosis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zvjezdana Sever-Chroneos
- University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, The Center for Biomedical Research, 11937 US Highway 271, Tyler, TX 75708-3154, United States.
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24
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Sever-Chroneos Z, Murthy A, Davis J, Florence JM, Kurdowska A, Krupa A, Tichelaar JW, White MR, Hartshorn KL, Kobzik L, Whitsett JA, Chroneos ZC. GM-CSF modulates pulmonary resistance to influenza A infection. Antiviral Res 2011; 92:319-28. [PMID: 21925209 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2011.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2011] [Revised: 07/29/2011] [Accepted: 08/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Alveolar type II epithelial or other pulmonary cells secrete GM-CSF that regulates surfactant catabolism and mucosal host defense through its capacity to modulate the maturation and activation of alveolar macrophages. GM-CSF enhances expression of scavenger receptors MARCO and SR-A. The alveolar macrophage SP-R210 receptor binds the surfactant collectin SP-A mediating clearance of respiratory pathogens. The current study determined the effects of epithelial-derived GM-CSF in host resistance to influenza A pneumonia. The results demonstrate that GM-CSF enhanced resistance to infection with 1.9×10(4) ffc of the mouse-adapted influenza A/Puerto Rico/8/34 (PR8) H1N1 strain, as indicated by significant differences in mortality and mean survival of GM-CSF-deficient (GM(-/-)) mice compared to GM(-/-) mice in which GM-CSF is expressed at increased levels. Protective effects of GM-CSF were observed both in mice with constitutive and inducible GM-CSF expression under the control of the pulmonary-specific SFTPC or SCGB1A1 promoters, respectively. Mice that continuously secrete high levels of GM-CSF developed desquamative interstitial pneumonia that impaired long-term recovery from influenza. Conditional expression of optimal GM-CSF levels at the time of infection, however, resulted in alveolar macrophage proliferation and focal lymphocytic inflammation of distal airways. GM-CSF enhanced alveolar macrophage activity as indicated by increased expression of SP-R210 and CD11c. Infection of mice lacking the GM-CSF-regulated SR-A and MARCO receptors revealed that MARCO decreases resistance to influenza in association with increased levels of SP-R210 in MARCO(-/-) alveolar macrophages. In conclusion, GM-CSF enhances early host resistance to influenza. Targeting of MARCO may reinforce GM-CSF-mediated host defense against pathogenic influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zvjezdana Sever-Chroneos
- University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Center of Biomedical Research, 11937 US HWY 271, Tyler, TX 75708-3154, United States
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25
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Arcos J, Sasindran SJ, Fujiwara N, Turner J, Schlesinger LS, Torrelles JB. Human lung hydrolases delineate Mycobacterium tuberculosis-macrophage interactions and the capacity to control infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:372-81. [PMID: 21602490 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1100823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary surfactant contains homeostatic and antimicrobial hydrolases. When Mycobacterium tuberculosis is initially deposited in the terminal bronchioles and alveoli, as well as following release from lysed macrophages, bacilli are in intimate contact with these lung surfactant hydrolases. We identified and measured several hydrolases in human alveolar lining fluid and lung tissue that, at their physiological concentrations, dramatically modified the M. tuberculosis cell envelope. Independent of their action time (15 min to 12 h), the effects of the hydrolases on the M. tuberculosis cell envelope resulted in a significant decrease (60-80%) in M. tuberculosis association with, and intracellular growth of the bacteria within, human macrophages. The cell envelope-modifying effects of the hydrolases also led to altered M. tuberculosis intracellular trafficking and induced a protective proinflammatory response to infection. These findings add a new concept to our understanding of M. tuberculosis-macrophage interactions (i.e., the impact of lung surfactant hydrolases on M. tuberculosis infection).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Arcos
- Center for Microbial Interface Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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26
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Lazniewski M, Steczkiewicz K, Knizewski L, Wawer I, Ginalski K. Novel transmembrane lipases of alpha/beta hydrolase fold. FEBS Lett 2011; 585:870-4. [PMID: 21333648 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2011.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2010] [Revised: 02/04/2011] [Accepted: 02/14/2011] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Processing of exogenous glycerol esters is an initial step in energy derivation for many bacterial cells. Lipid-rich environments settled by a variety of organisms exert strong evolutionary pressure for establishing enzymatic pathways involved in lipid metabolism. However, a certain number of enzymes involved in this process remain unknown since they do not share detectable sequence similarity with any known protein domains. Using distant homology detection and fold recognition we predict that bacterial transmembrane proteins belonging to the uncharacterized domain of unknown function 2319 (DUF2319) family possess the alpha/beta hydrolase fold domain together with the catalytic triad critical for hydrolysis. A detailed analysis of sequence/structure features and genomic context indicates that DUF2319 proteins may be involved in lipid metabolism. Therefore, these enzymes are likely to serve as extracellular lipases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Lazniewski
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Interdisciplinary Centre for Mathematical and Computational Modelling, University of Warsaw, Pawinskiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
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27
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Actor JK. A summary of the Texas Tuberculosis Research Symposium 2009: Emerging directions in TB research and clinical affairs. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2009; 89 Suppl 1:S1-2. [DOI: 10.1016/s1472-9792(09)00119-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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