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Zhong YL, Yasuda N, Li H, McLaughlin M, Tschaen D. Process Chemistry in Antiviral Research. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2016; 374:77. [PMID: 27807768 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-016-0076-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
This article reviews antiviral therapies that have been approved for human use during the last decade, with a focus on the process chemistry that enabled access to these important drugs. In particular, process chemistry highlights from the practical syntheses of the HCV drugs sofosbuvir (Gilead), grazoprevir (Merck), and elbasvir (Merck), the HIV therapy darunavir (Tibotec) and the influenza treatment peramivir (BioCryst) are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Li Zhong
- Department of Process Chemistry, Merck and Co., Inc., PO Box 2000, Rahway, NJ, 07065, USA.
| | - Nobuyoshi Yasuda
- Department of Process Chemistry, Merck and Co., Inc., PO Box 2000, Rahway, NJ, 07065, USA
| | - Hongming Li
- Department of Process Chemistry, Merck and Co., Inc., PO Box 2000, Rahway, NJ, 07065, USA
| | - Mark McLaughlin
- Department of Process Chemistry, Merck and Co., Inc., PO Box 2000, Rahway, NJ, 07065, USA
| | - David Tschaen
- Department of Process Chemistry, Merck and Co., Inc., PO Box 2000, Rahway, NJ, 07065, USA
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2
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Vieyres G, Pietschmann T. Entry and replication of recombinant hepatitis C viruses in cell culture. Methods 2012; 59:233-48. [PMID: 23009812 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2012.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2012] [Revised: 08/05/2012] [Accepted: 09/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a positive-strand enveloped RNA virus and belongs to the Flaviviridae family. The heavy health burden associated with the virus infection in humans and the intriguing peculiarities of the interaction between the HCV replication cycle and the hepatocyte host cell have stimulated a flourishing research field. The present review aims at recapitulating the different viral and cellular systems modelling HCV entry and replication, and in particular at gathering the tools available to dissect the HCV entry pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle Vieyres
- Institute of Experimental Virology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research; A Joint Venture Between The Medical School Hannover and The Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Feodor-Lynen-Straße 7-9, 30625 Hannover, Germany
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Gupta SP, Samanta S, Masand N, Patil VM. k nearest neighbor-molecular field analysis on human HCV NS5B polymerase inhibitors: 2,5-disubstituted imidazo[4,5-c]pyridines. Med Chem Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-012-0033-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Sjöwall C, Cardell K, Boström EA, Bokarewa MI, Enocsson H, Ekstedt M, Lindvall L, Frydén A, Almer S. High prevalence of autoantibodies to C-reactive protein in patients with chronic hepatitis C infection: association with liver fibrosis and portal inflammation. Hum Immunol 2012; 73:382-8. [PMID: 22333691 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2012.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2011] [Revised: 01/12/2012] [Accepted: 01/24/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The presence of autoantibodies against C-reactive protein (anti-CRP) has been reported in association with autoimmunity and histopathology in chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Resistin could play a role in the pathogenesis of hepatitis, although results on HCV infection are ambiguous. Here we retrospectively analyzed anti-CRP and resistin levels in the sera of 38 untreated and well-characterized HCV patients at the time of their first liver biopsy. HCV activity and general health were assessed by a physician at least yearly until follow-up ended. Anti-CRP and resistin were also measured in patients with autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Anti-CRP antibodies were registered in all HCV patients, whereas only a few AIH (11%) and NAFLD (12%) sera were positive. Anti-CRP levels were related to histopathological severity and were highest in patients with cirrhosis at baseline. Resistin levels were similar in HCV, AIH, and NAFLD patients, but high levels of resistin were associated with early mortality in HCV patients. Neither anti-CRP nor resistin predicted a response to interferon-based therapy or cirrhosis development or was associated with liver-related mortality. We conclude that anti-CRP antibodies are frequently observed in chronic HCV infection and could be a useful marker of advanced fibrosis and portal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Sjöwall
- Rheumatology/AIR, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
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Aizawa Y, Yohizawa K, Aida Y, Ishiguro H, Abe H, Tsubota A. Genotype rs8099917 near the IL28B gene and amino acid substitution at position 70 in the core region of the hepatitis C virus are determinants of serum apolipoprotein B-100 concentration in chronic hepatitis C. Mol Cell Biochem 2012; 360:9-14. [PMID: 21879313 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-011-1037-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2011] [Accepted: 08/13/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The life cycle of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) is closely related to host lipoprotein metabolism. Serum levels of lipid are associated with the response to pegylated interferon plus ribavirin (PEG-IFN/RBV) therapy, while single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) around the human interleukin 28B (IL28B) gene locus and amino acid substitutions in the core region of the HCV have been reported to affect the efficacy of PEG-IFN/RBV therapy in chronic hepatitis with HCV genotype 1b infection. The aim of this study was to elucidate the relationship between serum lipid and factors that are able to predict the efficacy of PEG-IFN/RB therapy, with specific focus on apolipoprotein B-100 (apoB-100) in 148 subjects with chronic HCV G1b infection. Our results demonstrated that both the aa 70 substitution in the core region of the HCV and the rs8099917 SNP located proximal to the IL28B were independent factors in determining serum apoB-100 and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels. A significant association was noted between higher levels of apoB-100 (P = 1.1 × 10(-3)) and LDL cholesterol (P = 0.02) and the subjects having Arg70. A significant association was also observed between subjects carrying the rs8099917 TT responder genotype and higher levels of apoB-100 (P = 6.4 × 10(-3)) and LDL cholesterol (P = 4.2 × 10(-3)). Our results suggest that apoB-100 and LDL cholesterol are markers of impaired cellular lipoprotein pathways and/or host endogenous interferon response to HCV in chronic HCV infection. In particular, serum apoB-100 concentration might be an informative marker for judging changes in HCV-associated intracellular lipoprotein metabolism in patients carrying the rs8099917 responder genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshio Aizawa
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Jikei University Aoto Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.
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Sheridan DA, Price DA, Schmid ML, Toms GL, Donaldson P, Neely D, Bassendine MF. Apolipoprotein B-associated cholesterol is a determinant of treatment outcome in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection receiving anti-viral agents interferon-alpha and ribavirin. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2009; 29:1282-90. [PMID: 19392865 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2009.04012.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis C virus (HCV) co-opts very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) pathways for replication, secretion and entry into hepatocytes and associates with apolipoprotein B (apoB) in plasma. Each VLDL contains apoB-100 and variable amounts of apolipoproteins E and C, cholesterol and triglycerides. AIM To determine whether baseline lipid levels predicted treatment outcome. METHODS Retrospective analysis was performed of 250 chronic hepatitis C (CHC) patients who had received anti-viral agents interferon-alpha and ribavirin; 165 had a sustained virological response (SVR). Pre- and post-treatment nonfasting lipid profiles were measured and non-high-density lipoprotein (non-HDL) cholesterol (i.e. apoB-associated) was calculated. Binary logistic regression analysis assessed factors independently associated with treatment outcome. RESULTS There was an independent association between higher apoB-associated cholesterol (non-HDL-C) and increased odds of SVR (odds ratio 2.09, P = 0.042). In multivariate analysis, non-HDL-C was significantly lower in HCV genotype 3 (g3) than genotype 1 (P = 0.007); this was reversible upon eradication of HCVg3 (pre-treatment non-HDL-C = 2.8 mmol/L, SVR = 3.6 mmol/L, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Higher apoB-associated cholesterol is positively associated with treatment outcome in CHC patients receiving anti-viral therapy, possibly due to competition between apoB-containing lipoproteins and infectious low-density HCV lipo-viral particles for hepatocyte entry via shared lipoprotein receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Sheridan
- Liver Research Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastleupon Tyne, UK
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1,5-Benzodiazepine inhibitors of HCV NS5B polymerase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:2492-6. [PMID: 19342234 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2009] [Revised: 03/11/2009] [Accepted: 03/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Tetracyclic indole inhibitors of hepatitis C virus NS5B-polymerase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:627-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.12.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2008] [Revised: 12/12/2008] [Accepted: 12/14/2008] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Conte I, Giuliano C, Ercolani C, Narjes F, Koch U, Rowley M, Altamura S, De Francesco R, Neddermann P, Migliaccio G, Stansfield I. Synthesis and SAR of piperazinyl-N-phenylbenzamides as inhibitors of hepatitis C virus RNA replication in cell culture. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:1779-83. [PMID: 19216075 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.01.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2008] [Revised: 01/20/2009] [Accepted: 01/22/2009] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The RNA replication machinery of HCV is a multi-subunit membrane-associated complex. NS5A has emerged as an active component of HCV replicase, possibly involved in regulation of viral replication and resistance to the antiviral effect of interferon. We report here substituted piperazinyl-N-(aryl)benzamides as potent inhibitors of HCV replication exerted via modulation of the dimerization of NS5A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Immacolata Conte
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Istituto di Ricerche di Biologia Molecolare "P. Angeletti" S.p.A., Merck Research Laboratories Rome, 00040 Pomezia, Rome, Italy
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Vendeville S, Nilsson M, Kock HD, Lin TI, Antonov D, Classon B, Ayesa S, Ivanov V, Johansson PO, Kahnberg P, Eneroth A, Wikstrom K, Vrang L, Edlund M, Lindström S, Vreken WVD, McGowan D, Tahri A, Hu L, Lenz O, Delouvroy F, Dooren MV, Kindermans N, Surleraux D, Wigerinck P, Rosenquist Å, Samuelsson B, Simmen K, Raboisson P. Discovery of novel, potent and bioavailable proline-urea based macrocyclic HCV NS3/4A protease inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:6189-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2008] [Revised: 09/29/2008] [Accepted: 10/01/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Raboisson P, Lin TI, Kock HD, Vendeville S, Vreken WVD, McGowan D, Tahri A, Hu L, Lenz O, Delouvroy F, Surleraux D, Wigerinck P, Nilsson M, Rosenquist Å, Samuelsson B, Simmen K. Discovery of novel potent and selective dipeptide hepatitis C virus NS3/4A serine protease inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:5095-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.07.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2008] [Revised: 07/28/2008] [Accepted: 07/30/2008] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Stansfield I, Pompei M, Conte I, Ercolani C, Migliaccio G, Jairaj M, Giuliano C, Rowley M, Narjes F. Development of carboxylic acid replacements in indole-N-acetamide inhibitors of hepatitis C virus NS5B polymerase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:5143-9. [PMID: 17681757 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.06.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2007] [Revised: 06/28/2007] [Accepted: 06/29/2007] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Allosteric inhibition of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) NS5B RNA-dependent RNA polymerase enzyme has recently emerged as a viable strategy toward blocking replication of viral RNA in cell-based systems. We report here 2 series of indole-N-acetamides, bearing physicochemically diverse carboxylic acid replacements, which show potent affinity for the NS5B enzyme with reduced potential for formation of glucuronide conjugates. Preliminary optimization of these series furnished compounds that are potent in the blockade of subgenomic HCV RNA replication in HUH-7 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Stansfield
- IRBM (Merck Research Laboratories Rome), Via Pontina Km 30,600, 00040 Pomezia, Rome, Italy.
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Raboisson P, Lenz O, Lin TI, Surleraux D, Chakravarty S, Scholliers A, Vermeiren K, Delouvroy F, Verbinnen T, Simmen K. Evaluation of the anti-hepatitis C virus effect of novel potent, selective, and orally bioavailable JNK and VEGFR kinase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:1843-9. [PMID: 17289388 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.01.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2006] [Revised: 01/12/2007] [Accepted: 01/13/2007] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Screening of a focused library of TGF beta kinase inhibitors in the cellular HCV replicon model with luciferase read out yielded a number of low micromolar HCV inhibitors. Medicinal chemistry driven optimization resulted in the discovery of 4-[2-(5-bromo-2-fluoro-phenyl)pteridin-4-ylamino]-N-[3-(2- oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)propyl]nicotinamide 36 with a replicon EC(50) of 64nM, associated with a selective kinase inhibitory profile for human JNK kinases 2 and 3 as well as VEGFR-1, 2, and 3 kinases. Moreover, 36 showed an advantageous PK profile in mice. Experiments performed using different replicon constructs suggest that this series of kinase inhibitors might mediate their effect through the HCV non-structural protein 5A (NS5A).
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Raboisson
- Tibotec BVBA, Gen. De Wittelaan L11 B3, B-2800 Mechelen, Belgium.
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