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Daradoumis J, Müller MD, Neckermann P, Asbach B, Schrödel S, Thirion C, Wagner R, thor Straten P, Holst PJ, Boilesen D. Preferential Expansion of HPV16 E1-Specific T Cells from Healthy Donors' PBMCs after Ex Vivo Immunization with an E1E2E6E7 Fusion Antigen. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:5863. [PMID: 38136407 PMCID: PMC10741473 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15245863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Persistent human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is responsible for practically all cervical and a high proportion of anogenital and oropharyngeal cancers. Therapeutic HPV vaccines in clinical development show great promise in improving outcomes for patients who mount an anti-HPV T-cell response; however, far from all patients elicit a sufficient immunological response. This demonstrates a translational gap between animal models and human patients. Here, we investigated the potential of a new assay consisting of co-culturing vaccine-transduced dendritic cells (DCs) with syngeneic, healthy, human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) to mimic a human in vivo immunization. This new promising human ex vivo PBMC assay was evaluated using an innovative therapeutic adenovirus (Adv)-based HPV vaccine encoding the E1, E2, E6, and E7 HPV16 genes. This new method allowed us to show that vaccine-transduced DCs yielded functional effector T cells and unveiled information on immunohierarchy, showing E1-specific T-cell immunodominance over time. We suggest that this assay can be a valuable translational tool to complement the known animal models, not only for HPV therapeutic vaccines, and supports the use of E1 as an immunotherapeutic target. Nevertheless, the findings reported here need to be validated in a larger number of donors and preferably in patient samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Daradoumis
- InProTher ApS, Bioinnovation Institute, Ole Maaløes Vej 3, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (M.D.M.); (P.J.H.)
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mikkel Dons Müller
- InProTher ApS, Bioinnovation Institute, Ole Maaløes Vej 3, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (M.D.M.); (P.J.H.)
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Patrick Neckermann
- Institute of Medical Microbiology & Hygiene, Molecular Microbiology (Virology), University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Benedikt Asbach
- Institute of Medical Microbiology & Hygiene, Molecular Microbiology (Virology), University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Ralf Wagner
- Institute of Medical Microbiology & Hygiene, Molecular Microbiology (Virology), University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Per thor Straten
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Cancer Immune Therapy, Department of Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2730 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Johannes Holst
- InProTher ApS, Bioinnovation Institute, Ole Maaløes Vej 3, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (M.D.M.); (P.J.H.)
| | - Ditte Boilesen
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Loma Therapeutics ApS, Bioinnovation Institute, Ole Maaløes Vej 3, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
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2
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Tagliamonte M, Cavalluzzo B, Mauriello A, Ragone C, Buonaguro FM, Tornesello ML, Buonaguro L. Molecular mimicry and cancer vaccine development. Mol Cancer 2023; 22:75. [PMID: 37101139 PMCID: PMC10131527 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-023-01776-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The development of cancer immunotherapeutic strategies relies on the identification and validation of optimal target tumor antigens, which should be tumor-specific as well as able to elicit a swift and potent anti-tumor immune response. The vast majority of such strategies are based on tumor associated antigens (TAAs) which are shared wild type cellular self-epitopes highly expressed on tumor cells. Indeed, TAAs can be used to develop off-the-shelf cancer vaccines appropriate to all patients affected by the same malignancy. However, given that they may be also presented by HLAs on the surface of non-malignant cells, they may be possibly affected by immunological tolerance or elicit autoimmune responses. MAIN BODY In order to overcome such limitations, analogue peptides with improved antigenicity and immunogenicity able to elicit a cross-reactive T cell response are needed. To this aim, non-self-antigens derived from microorganisms (MoAs) may be of great benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Tagliamonte
- Lab of Innovative Immunological Models, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, IRCCS - "Fond. G. Pascale", Naples, Italy
| | - Beatrice Cavalluzzo
- Lab of Innovative Immunological Models, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, IRCCS - "Fond. G. Pascale", Naples, Italy
| | - Angela Mauriello
- Lab of Innovative Immunological Models, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, IRCCS - "Fond. G. Pascale", Naples, Italy
| | - Concetta Ragone
- Lab of Innovative Immunological Models, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, IRCCS - "Fond. G. Pascale", Naples, Italy
| | - Franco M Buonaguro
- Molecular Biology and Viral Oncogenesis Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, IRCCS - "Fond G. Pascale", Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Lina Tornesello
- Molecular Biology and Viral Oncogenesis Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, IRCCS - "Fond G. Pascale", Naples, Italy
| | - Luigi Buonaguro
- Lab of Innovative Immunological Models, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, IRCCS - "Fond. G. Pascale", Naples, Italy.
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3
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Manolio C, Ragone C, Cavalluzzo B, Mauriello A, Tornesello ML, Buonaguro FM, Salomone Megna A, D'Alessio G, Penta R, Tagliamonte M, Buonaguro L. Antigenic molecular mimicry in viral-mediated protection from cancer: the HIV case. Lab Invest 2022; 20:472. [PMID: 36243758 PMCID: PMC9569184 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-022-03681-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background People living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) show a reduced incidence for three cancer types, namely breast, prostate and colon cancers. In the present study, we assessed whether a molecular mimicry between HIV epitopes and tumor associated antigens and, consequently, a T cell cross-reactivity could provide an explanation for such an epidemiological evidence. Methods Homology between published TAAs and non-self HIV-derived epitopes have been assessed by BLAST homology. Structural analyses have been performed by bioinformatics tools. Immunological validation of CD8+ T cell cross-reactivity has been evaluated ex vivo by tetramer staining. Findings Sequence homologies between multiple TAAs and HIV epitopes have been found. High structural similarities between the paired TAAs and HIV epitopes as well as comparable patterns of contact with HLA and TCR α and β chains have been observed. Furthermore, cross-reacting CD8+ T cells have been identified. Interpretation This is the first study showing a molecular mimicry between HIV antigens an TAAs identified in breast, prostate and colon cancers. Therefore, it is highly reasonable that memory CD8+ T cells elicited during the HIV infection may play a key role in controlling development and progression of such cancers in the PLWHA lifetime. This represents the first demonstration ever that a viral infection may induce a natural “preventive” anti-cancer memory T cells, with highly relevant implications beyond the HIV infection. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12967-022-03681-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Manolio
- Innovative Immunological Models Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori - IRCCS - "Fond G. Pascale", Via Mariano Semmola, 52, Naples, Italy
| | - Concetta Ragone
- Innovative Immunological Models Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori - IRCCS - "Fond G. Pascale", Via Mariano Semmola, 52, Naples, Italy
| | - Beatrice Cavalluzzo
- Innovative Immunological Models Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori - IRCCS - "Fond G. Pascale", Via Mariano Semmola, 52, Naples, Italy
| | - Angela Mauriello
- Innovative Immunological Models Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori - IRCCS - "Fond G. Pascale", Via Mariano Semmola, 52, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Lina Tornesello
- Molecular Biology and Viral Oncogenesis Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori - IRCCS - "Fond G. Pascale", Naples, Italy
| | - Franco M Buonaguro
- Molecular Biology and Viral Oncogenesis Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori - IRCCS - "Fond G. Pascale", Naples, Italy
| | | | - Giovanna D'Alessio
- Division of Infectious Diseases, AORN San Pio Hospital, Benevento, Italy
| | - Roberta Penta
- Cellular Manipulation and Immunogenetics, Oncology Dep, Ba.S.C.O. Unit, AORN Santobono-Pausilipon, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Tagliamonte
- Innovative Immunological Models Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori - IRCCS - "Fond G. Pascale", Via Mariano Semmola, 52, Naples, Italy
| | - Luigi Buonaguro
- Innovative Immunological Models Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori - IRCCS - "Fond G. Pascale", Via Mariano Semmola, 52, Naples, Italy.
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4
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Hargrave A, Mustafa AS, Hanif A, Tunio JH, Hanif SNM. Current Status of HIV-1 Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:1026. [PMID: 34579263 PMCID: PMC8471857 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9091026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 infection and its progression to AIDS remains a significant global health challenge, particularly for low-income countries. Developing a vaccine to prevent HIV-1 infections has proven to be immensely challenging with complex biological acquisition and infection, unforeseen clinical trial disappointments, and funding issues. This paper discusses important landmarks of progress in HIV-1 vaccine development, various vaccine strategies, and clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Hargrave
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Kentucky College of Osteopathic Medicine, University of Pikeville, Pikeville, KY 41501, USA;
| | - Abu Salim Mustafa
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Kuwait University, Kuwait City 12037, Kuwait;
| | - Asma Hanif
- Department of Restorative Sciences, College of Dentistry, Kuwait University, Kuwait City 12037, Kuwait;
| | - Javed H. Tunio
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA;
| | - Shumaila Nida M. Hanif
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Kentucky College of Osteopathic Medicine, University of Pikeville, Pikeville, KY 41501, USA;
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5
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Bezbaruah R, Borah P, Kakoti BB, Al-Shar’I NA, Chandrasekaran B, Jaradat DMM, Al-Zeer MA, Abu-Romman S. Developmental Landscape of Potential Vaccine Candidates Based on Viral Vector for Prophylaxis of COVID-19. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:635337. [PMID: 33937326 PMCID: PMC8082173 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.635337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, SARS-CoV-2, arose at the end of 2019 as a zoonotic virus, which is the causative agent of the novel coronavirus outbreak COVID-19. Without any clear indications of abatement, the disease has become a major healthcare threat across the globe, owing to prolonged incubation period, high prevalence, and absence of existing drugs or vaccines. Development of COVID-19 vaccine is being considered as the most efficient strategy to curtail the ongoing pandemic. Following publication of genetic sequence of SARS-CoV-2, globally extensive research and development work has been in progress to develop a vaccine against the disease. The use of genetic engineering, recombinant technologies, and other computational tools has led to the expansion of several promising vaccine candidates. The range of technology platforms being evaluated, including virus-like particles, peptides, nucleic acid (DNA and RNA), recombinant proteins, inactivated virus, live attenuated viruses, and viral vectors (replicating and non-replicating) approaches, are striking features of the vaccine development strategies. Viral vectors, the next-generation vaccine platforms, provide a convenient method for delivering vaccine antigens into the host cell to induce antigenic proteins which can be tailored to arouse an assortment of immune responses, as evident from the success of smallpox vaccine and Ervebo vaccine against Ebola virus. As per the World Health Organization, till January 22, 2021, 14 viral vector vaccine candidates are under clinical development including 10 nonreplicating and four replicating types. Moreover, another 39 candidates based on viral vector platform are under preclinical evaluation. This review will outline the current developmental landscape and discuss issues that remain critical to the success or failure of viral vector vaccine candidates against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajashri Bezbaruah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, India
| | - Pobitra Borah
- School of Pharmacy, Graphic Era Hill University, Dehradun, India
| | - Bibhuti Bhushan Kakoti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, India
| | - Nizar A. Al-Shar’I
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | | | - Da’san M. M. Jaradat
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Al-Balqa Applied University, Al-Salt, Jordan
| | - Munir A. Al-Zeer
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, Institute of Biotechnology, Technical University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Saeid Abu-Romman
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Al-Balqa Applied University, Al-Salt, Jordan
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6
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Wang H, Chen X, Wang D, Yao C, Wang Q, Xie J, Shi X, Xiang Y, Liu W, Zhang L. Epitope-focused immunogens against the CD4-binding site of HIV-1 envelope protein induce neutralizing antibodies against auto- and heterologous viruses. J Biol Chem 2017; 293:830-846. [PMID: 29187598 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.816447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent discoveries of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) in HIV-1-infected individuals have led to the identification of several major "vulnerable sites" on the HIV-1 envelope (Env) glycoprotein. These sites have provided precise targets for HIV-1 vaccine development, but identifying and utilizing many of these targets remain technically challenging. Using a yeast surface display-based approach, we sought to identify epitope-focused antigenic domains (EADs) containing one of the "vulnerable sites," the CD4-binding site (CD4bs), through screening and selection of a combinatorial antigen library of the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein with the CD4bs bnAb VRC01. We isolated multiple EADs and found that their trimeric forms have biochemical and structural features that preferentially bind and activate B cells that express VRC01 in vitro More importantly, these EADs could induce detectable levels of neutralizing antibodies against genetically related autologous and heterologous subtype B viruses in guinea pigs. Our results demonstrate that an epitope-focused approach involving a screen of a combinatorial antigen library is feasible. The EADs identified here represent a promising collection of possible targets in the rational design of HIV-1 vaccines and lay the foundation for harnessing the specific antigenicity of CD4bs for protective immunogenicity in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Wang
- From the Comprehensive AIDS Research Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, and School of Medicine
| | - Xiangjun Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Institute for Immunology, and
| | - Dianhong Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Chen Yao
- From the Comprehensive AIDS Research Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, and School of Medicine
| | - Qian Wang
- From the Comprehensive AIDS Research Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, and School of Medicine
| | - Jiayu Xie
- From the Comprehensive AIDS Research Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, and School of Medicine
| | - Xuanling Shi
- From the Comprehensive AIDS Research Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, and School of Medicine
| | - Ye Xiang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Wanli Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Institute for Immunology, and
| | - Linqi Zhang
- From the Comprehensive AIDS Research Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, and School of Medicine,
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7
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Kpanake L, Gbandey S, Sorum PC, Mullet E. Acceptability of vaccination against HIV: A mapping of Togolese people's positions. J Health Psychol 2016; 23:800-806. [PMID: 27611628 DOI: 10.1177/1359105316639440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In anticipation of a future HIV vaccine, we mapped the different personal positions regarding HIV vaccination of people in Togo. In early 2014, 363 adults indicated their willingness to receive a future HIV vaccine under different conditions varying as a function of five factors: perceived susceptibility to HIV, vaccine effectiveness, perceived severity of AIDS, vaccine cost, and family's influence. We found five qualitatively different positions: unconditional acceptance (49%), depends on cost/effectiveness ratio (20%), depends on cost (18%), total indecision (10%), and complete reluctance (3%). Accordingly, HIV vaccination strategies in Togo and elsewhere in Africa need to be multifaceted and tailored.
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8
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Zhao C, Ao Z, Yao X. Current Advances in Virus-Like Particles as a Vaccination Approach against HIV Infection. Vaccines (Basel) 2016; 4:vaccines4010002. [PMID: 26805898 PMCID: PMC4810054 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines4010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 12/31/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 virus-like particles (VLPs) are promising vaccine candidates against HIV-1 infection. They are capable of preserving the native conformation of HIV-1 antigens and priming CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses efficiently via cross presentation by both major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and II molecules. Progress has been achieved in the preclinical research of HIV-1 VLPs as prophylactic vaccines that induce broadly neutralizing antibodies and potent T cell responses. Moreover, the progress in HIV-1 dendritic cells (DC)-based immunotherapy provides us with a new vision for HIV-1 vaccine development. In this review, we describe updates from the past 5 years on the development of HIV-1 VLPs as a vaccine candidate and on the combined use of HIV particles with HIV-1 DC-based immunotherapy as efficient prophylactic and therapeutic vaccination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongbo Zhao
- Laboratory of Molecular Human Retrovirology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada.
| | - Zhujun Ao
- Laboratory of Molecular Human Retrovirology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada.
| | - Xiaojian Yao
- Laboratory of Molecular Human Retrovirology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada.
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078, Hunan, China.
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9
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Receptor binding domain based HIV vaccines. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:594109. [PMID: 25667925 PMCID: PMC4312573 DOI: 10.1155/2015/594109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This paper analyzes the main trend of the development of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) vaccines in recent years. Designing an HIV-1 vaccine that provides robust protection from HIV-1 infection remains a challenge despite many years of effort. Therefore, we describe the receptor binding domain of gp120 as a target for developing AIDS vaccines. And we recommend some measures that could induce efficiently and produce cross-reactive neutralizing antibodies with high binding affinity. Those measures may offer a new way of the research and development of the potent and broad AIDS vaccines.
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10
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Hassapis KA, Stylianou DC, Kostrikis LG. Architectural insight into inovirus-associated vectors (IAVs) and development of IAV-based vaccines inducing humoral and cellular responses: implications in HIV-1 vaccines. Viruses 2014; 6:5047-76. [PMID: 25525909 PMCID: PMC4276942 DOI: 10.3390/v6125047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Revised: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Inovirus-associated vectors (IAVs) are engineered, non-lytic, filamentous bacteriophages that are assembled primarily from thousands of copies of the major coat protein gp8 and just five copies of each of the four minor coat proteins gp3, gp6, gp7 and gp9. Inovirus display studies have shown that the architecture of inoviruses makes all coat proteins of the inoviral particle accessible to the outside. This particular feature of IAVs allows foreign antigenic peptides to be displayed on the outer surface of the virion fused to its coat proteins and for more than two decades has been exploited in many applications including antibody or peptide display libraries, drug design, and vaccine development against infectious and non-infectious diseases. As vaccine carriers, IAVs have been shown to elicit both a cellular and humoral response against various pathogens through the display of antibody epitopes on their coat proteins. Despite their high immunogenicity, the goal of developing an effective vaccine against HIV-1 has not yet materialized. One possible limitation of previous efforts was the use of broadly neutralizing antibodies, which exhibited autoreactivity properties. In the past five years, however, new, more potent broadly neutralizing antibodies that do not exhibit autoreactivity properties have been isolated from HIV-1 infected individuals, suggesting that vaccination strategies aimed at producing such broadly neutralizing antibodies may confer protection against infection. The utilization of these new, broadly neutralizing antibodies in combination with the architectural traits of IAVs have driven the current developments in the design of an inovirus-based vaccine against HIV-1. This article reviews the applications of IAVs in vaccine development, with particular emphasis on the design of inoviral-based vaccines against HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyriakos A Hassapis
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, 75 Kallipoleos Avenue, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus.
| | - Dora C Stylianou
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, 75 Kallipoleos Avenue, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus.
| | - Leondios G Kostrikis
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, 75 Kallipoleos Avenue, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus.
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11
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Bruun TH, Mühlbauer K, Benen T, Kliche A, Wagner R. A mammalian cell based FACS-panning platform for the selection of HIV-1 envelopes for vaccine development. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109196. [PMID: 25279768 PMCID: PMC4184847 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
An increasing number of broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (bnMAb) against the HIV-1 envelope (Env) protein has been discovered recently. Despite this progress, vaccination efforts with the aim to re-elicit bnMAbs that provide protective immunity have failed so far. Herein, we describe the development of a mammalian cell based FACS-panning method in which bnMAbs are used as tools to select surface-exposed envelope variants according to their binding affinity. For that purpose, an HIV-1 derived lentiviral vector was developed to infect HEK293T cells at low multiplicity of infection (MOI) in order to link Env phenotype and genotype. For proof of principle, a gp145 Env model-library was established in which the complete V3 domain was substituted by five strain specific V3 loop sequences with known binding affinities to nMAb 447-52D, respectively. Env genes were recovered from selected cells by PCR, subcloned into a lentiviral vector (i) to determine and quantify the enrichment nMAb binders and (ii) to generate a new batch of transduction competent particles. After 2 selection cycles the Env variant with highest affinity was enriched 20-fold and represented 80% of the remaining Env population. Exploiting the recently described bnMAbs, this procedure might prove useful in selecting Env proteins from large Env libraries with the potential to elicit bnMAbs when used as vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim-Henrik Bruun
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Regensburg, Regensburg, Bavaria, Germany
| | - Katharina Mühlbauer
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Regensburg, Regensburg, Bavaria, Germany
| | - Thomas Benen
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Regensburg, Regensburg, Bavaria, Germany
| | - Alexander Kliche
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Regensburg, Regensburg, Bavaria, Germany
| | - Ralf Wagner
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Regensburg, Regensburg, Bavaria, Germany
- * E-mail:
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12
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Qin Y, Banasik M, Kim S, Penn-Nicholson A, Habte HH, LaBranche C, Montefiori DC, Wang C, Cho MW. Eliciting neutralizing antibodies with gp120 outer domain constructs based on M-group consensus sequence. Virology 2014; 462-463:363-76. [PMID: 25046154 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2014.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Revised: 05/25/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
One strategy being evaluated for HIV-1 vaccine development is focusing immune responses towards neutralizing epitopes on the gp120 outer domain (OD) by removing the immunodominant, but non-neutralizing, inner domain. Previous OD constructs have not elicited strong neutralizing antibodies (nAbs). We constructed two immunogens, a monomeric gp120-OD and a trimeric gp120-OD×3, based on an M group consensus sequence (MCON6). Their biochemical and immunological properties were compared with intact gp120. Results indicated better preservation of critical neutralizing epitopes on gp120-OD×3. In contrast to previous studies, our immunogens induced potent, cross-reactive nAbs in rabbits. Although nAbs primarily targeted Tier 1 viruses, they exhibited significant breadth. Epitope mapping analyses indicated that nAbs primarily targeted conserved V3 loop elements. Although the potency and breadth of nAbs were similar for all three immunogens, nAb induction kinetics indicated that gp120-OD×3 was superior to gp120-OD, suggesting that gp120-OD×3 is a promising prototype for further gp120 OD-based immunogen development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Qin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, United States; Center for Advanced Host Defenses, Immunobiotics and Translational Comparative Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, United States
| | - Marisa Banasik
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, United States; Center for Advanced Host Defenses, Immunobiotics and Translational Comparative Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, United States
| | - SoonJeung Kim
- Case Western Reserve University, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Adam Penn-Nicholson
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease & Molecular Medicine and School of Child and Adolescent Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Habtom H Habte
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, United States; Center for Advanced Host Defenses, Immunobiotics and Translational Comparative Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, United States
| | - Celia LaBranche
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, United States
| | | | - Chong Wang
- Department of Statistics, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, United States; Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, United States
| | - Michael W Cho
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, United States; Center for Advanced Host Defenses, Immunobiotics and Translational Comparative Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, United States.
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13
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Abstract
Despite the great advances made in controlling human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection with antiretroviral drug treatment, a safe and efficacious HIV vaccine has yet to be developed. Here, we discuss why clinical trials and vaccine development for HIV have so far been disappointing, with an emphasis on the lack of protective antibodies. We review approaches for developing appropriate HIV immunogens and the stimulation of long-lasting B-cell responses with antibody maturation. We conclude that candidate reagents in the pipeline for HIV vaccine development are unlikely to be particularly effective. Although the major funders of HIV vaccine research and development are placing increasing emphasis on clinical product development, a genuine breakthrough in preventing HIV infection through vaccines is more likely to come from novel immunogen research.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Chiodi
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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14
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Zhou J, Gan N, Li T, Hu F, Li X, Wang L, Zheng L. A cost-effective sandwich electrochemiluminescence immunosensor for ultrasensitive detection of HIV-1 antibody using magnetic molecularly imprinted polymers as capture probes. Biosens Bioelectron 2014; 54:199-206. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2013.10.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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15
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Scotti N, Rybicki EP. Virus-like particles produced in plants as potential vaccines. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 12:211-24. [DOI: 10.1586/erv.12.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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16
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Abstract
Host-pathogen interactions provide a fascinating example of two or more active genomes directly exerting mutual influence upon each other. These encounters can lead to multiple outcomes from symbiotic homeostasis to mutual annihilation, undergo multiple cycles of latency and lysogeny, and lead to coevolution of the interacting genomes. Such systems pose numerous challenges but also some advantages to modeling, especially in terms of functional, mathematical genome representations. The main challenges for the modeling process start with the conceptual definition of a genome for instance in the case of host-integrated viral genomes. Furthermore, hardly understood influences of the activity of either genome on the other(s) via direct and indirect mechanisms amplify the needs for a coherent description of genome activity. Finally, genetic and local environmental heterogeneities in both the host's cellular and the pathogen populations need to be considered in multiscale modeling efforts. We will review here two prominent examples of host-pathogen interactions at the genome level, discuss the current modeling efforts and their shortcomings, and explore novel ideas of representing active genomes which promise being particularly adapted to dealing with the modeling challenges posed by host-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arndt G Benecke
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut des Hautes Études Scientifiques, 35 route de Chartres, 91440, Bures sur Yvette, France.
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17
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Buonaguro L, Tagliamonte M, Visciano ML, Tornesello ML, Buonaguro FM. Developments in virus-like particle-based vaccines for HIV. Expert Rev Vaccines 2013; 12:119-127. [PMID: 23414404 DOI: 10.1586/erv.12.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Virus-like particles (VLPs) hold great promise for the development of effective and affordable vaccines. VLPs, indeed, are suitable for presentation and efficient delivery to antigen-presenting cells of linear as well as conformational antigens. This will ultimately result in a crosspresentation with both MHC class I and II molecules to prime CD4(+) T-helper and CD8(+) cytotoxic T cells. This review describes an update on the development and use of VLPs as vaccine approaches for HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Buonaguro
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Molecular Biology and Viral Oncology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori 'Fond Pascale', Via Mariano Semmola 142, 80131 Napoli, Italy
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18
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HIV infection and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Clin Immunol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-7234-3691-1.00053-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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19
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20
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Álvarez-Fernández C, Crespo Guardo A, García-Pérez J, García F, Blanco J, Escribà-García L, Gatell JM, Alcamí J, Plana M, Sánchez-Palomino S. Generation and characterization of a defective HIV-1 Virus as an immunogen for a therapeutic vaccine. PLoS One 2012; 7:e48848. [PMID: 23144996 PMCID: PMC3492255 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The generation of new immunogens able to elicit strong specific immune responses remains a major challenge in the attempts to obtain a prophylactic or therapeutic vaccine against HIV/AIDS. We designed and constructed a defective recombinant virus based on the HIV-1 genome generating infective but non-replicative virions able to elicit broad and strong cellular immune responses in HIV-1 seropositive individuals. RESULTS Viral particles were generated through transient transfection in producer cells (293-T) of a full length HIV-1 DNA carrying a deletion of 892 base pairs (bp) in the pol gene encompassing the sequence that codes for the reverse transcriptase (NL4-3/ΔRT clone). The viral particles generated were able to enter target cells, but due to the absence of reverse transcriptase no replication was detected. The immunogenic capacity of these particles was assessed by ELISPOT to determine γ-interferon production in a cohort of 69 chronic asymptomatic HIV-1 seropositive individuals. Surprisingly, defective particles produced from NL4-3/ΔRT triggered stronger cellular responses than wild-type HIV-1 viruses inactivated with Aldrithiol-2 (AT-2) and in a larger proportion of individuals (55% versus 23% seropositive individuals tested). Electron microscopy showed that NL4-3/ΔRT virions display immature morphology. Interestingly, wild-type viruses treated with Amprenavir (APV) to induce defective core maturation also induced stronger responses than the same viral particles generated in the absence of protease inhibitors. CONCLUSIONS We propose that immature HIV-1 virions generated from NL4-3/ΔRT viral clones may represent new prototypes of immunogens with a safer profile and stronger capacity to induce cellular immune responses than wild-type inactivated viral particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Álvarez-Fernández
- Institut dInvestigations Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS)-AIDS Research Group, Hospital Clinic, Catalonian Center for HIV Vaccines (HIVACAT) and University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alberto Crespo Guardo
- Institut dInvestigations Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS)-AIDS Research Group, Hospital Clinic, Catalonian Center for HIV Vaccines (HIVACAT) and University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Javier García-Pérez
- AIDS Immunopathology Unit. National Center of Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Felipe García
- Institut dInvestigations Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS)-AIDS Research Group, Hospital Clinic, Catalonian Center for HIV Vaccines (HIVACAT) and University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Julia Blanco
- Institut de Recerca de la Sindrome de Inmunodeficencia Adquirida, IrsiCaixa, Badalona, Spain-HIVACAT
| | - Laura Escribà-García
- Institut dInvestigations Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS)-AIDS Research Group, Hospital Clinic, Catalonian Center for HIV Vaccines (HIVACAT) and University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jose Maria Gatell
- Institut dInvestigations Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS)-AIDS Research Group, Hospital Clinic, Catalonian Center for HIV Vaccines (HIVACAT) and University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jose Alcamí
- AIDS Immunopathology Unit. National Center of Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Montserrat Plana
- Institut dInvestigations Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS)-AIDS Research Group, Hospital Clinic, Catalonian Center for HIV Vaccines (HIVACAT) and University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sonsoles Sánchez-Palomino
- Institut dInvestigations Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS)-AIDS Research Group, Hospital Clinic, Catalonian Center for HIV Vaccines (HIVACAT) and University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Louz D, Bergmans HE, Loos BP, Hoeben RC. Animal models in virus research: their utility and limitations. Crit Rev Microbiol 2012; 39:325-61. [PMID: 22978742 DOI: 10.3109/1040841x.2012.711740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Viral diseases are important threats to public health worldwide. With the number of emerging viral diseases increasing the last decades, there is a growing need for appropriate animal models for virus studies. The relevance of animal models can be limited in terms of mimicking human pathophysiology. In this review, we discuss the utility of animal models for studies of influenza A viruses, HIV and SARS-CoV in light of viral emergence, assessment of infection and transmission risks, and regulatory decision making. We address their relevance and limitations. The susceptibility, immune responses, pathogenesis, and pharmacokinetics may differ between the various animal models. These complexities may thwart translating results from animal experiments to the humans. Within these constraints, animal models are very informative for studying virus immunopathology and transmission modes and for translation of virus research into clinical benefit. Insight in the limitations of the various models may facilitate further improvements of the models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derrick Louz
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), GMO Office , Bilthoven , The Netherlands
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22
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HIV p24 as scaffold for presenting conformational HIV Env antigens. PLoS One 2012; 7:e43318. [PMID: 22912852 PMCID: PMC3422313 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2012] [Accepted: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterologous protein scaffolds engrafted with structurally defined HIV Env epitopes recognized by broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) represent a promising strategy to elicit broad neutralizing antibodies. In such regards, a protein scaffold based on the HIV p24 CA protein is a highly attractive approach, providing also Gag epitopes for eliciting HIV non-neutralizing protective antibodies and specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses. In the present study, computational techniques were employed to verify the presence of acceptor sites for conformational HIV Env epitopes and, as proof of concept, the analysis of HIV p24 CA-based scaffolds using a complete V3 loop in a MAb-bound conformation is presented. The V3-p24 epitope-scaffold proteins show the formation of capsomers made of hexamers similarly to the p24 wild type protein. Moreover, the conformational V3 loop presented on p24 scaffold is recognized by a panel of anti-V3 MAbs. The results suggest that HIV p24 CA protein has suitable acceptor sites for engrafting foreign epitopes, without disrupting the formation of capsomer hexamer structures, and that the V3 epitope does retain its antibody-bound conformation. This strongly support the feasibility of developing a scaffolding strategy based on p24 CA proteins displaying conformational minimal structural, antigenic HIV Env epitopes.
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23
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Vardas E, Stanescu I, Leinonen M, Ellefsen K, Pantaleo G, Valtavaara M, Ustav M, Reijonen K. Indicators of therapeutic effect in FIT-06, a Phase II trial of a DNA vaccine, GTU(®)-Multi-HIVB, in untreated HIV-1 infected subjects. Vaccine 2012; 30:4046-54. [PMID: 22549090 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2011] [Revised: 04/02/2012] [Accepted: 04/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Combination highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has significantly decreased HIV-1 related morbidity and mortality globally transforming HIV into a controllable condition. HAART has a number of limitations though, including limited access in resource constrained countries, which have driven the search for simpler, affordable HIV-1 treatment modalities. Therapeutic HIV-1 vaccines aim to provide immunological support to slow disease progression and decrease transmission. We evaluated the safety, immunogenicity and clinical effect of a novel recombinant plasmid DNA therapeutic HIV-1 vaccine, GTU(®)-multi-HIVB, containing 6 different genes derived from an HIV-1 subtype B isolate. METHODS 63 untreated, healthy, HIV-1 infected, adults between 18 and 40 years were enrolled in a single-blinded, placebo-controlled Phase II trial in South Africa. Subjects were HIV-1 subtype C infected, had never received antiretrovirals, with CD4 ≥ 350 cells/mm(3) and pHIV-RNA ≥ 50 copies/mL at screening. Subjects were allocated to vaccine or placebo groups in a 2:1 ratio either administered intradermally (ID) (0.5mg/dose) or intramuscularly (IM) (1mg/dose) at 0, 4 and 12 weeks boosted at 76 and 80 weeks with 1mg/dose (ID) and 2mg/dose (IM), respectively. Safety was assessed by adverse event monitoring and immunogenicity by HIV-1-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells using intracellular cytokine staining (ICS), pHIV-RNA and CD4 counts. RESULTS Vaccine was safe and well tolerated with no vaccine related serious adverse events. Significant declines in log pHIV-RNA (p=0.012) and increases in CD4+ T cell counts (p=0.066) were observed in the vaccine group compared to placebo, more pronounced after IM administration and in some HLA haplotypes (B*5703) maintained for 17 months after the final immunisation. CONCLUSIONS The GTU(®)-multi-HIVB plasmid recombinant DNA therapeutic HIV-1 vaccine is safe, well tolerated and favourably affects pHIV-RNA and CD4 counts in untreated HIV-1 infected individuals after IM administration in subjects with HLA B*57, B*8101 and B*5801 haplotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eftyhia Vardas
- Lancet Laboratories, Richmond, Johannesburg, South Africa.
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Andersen-Nissen E, Heit A, McElrath MJ. Profiling immunity to HIV vaccines with systems biology. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2012; 7:32-7. [PMID: 22134340 DOI: 10.1097/coh.0b013e32834ddcd9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The recent modest success of the RV144 HIV vaccine trial in Thailand has shown that development of an HIV vaccine is possible. Designing a vaccine that achieves better protection, however, will require a more complete understanding of vaccine mechanisms of action and correlates of protection. Systems biology approaches enable integration of large datasets from a variety of assays and offer new approaches to understanding how vaccine-induced immune responses are coordinately regulated. In this review, we discuss the recent advances in clinical trial design, specimen collection, and assay standardization that will generate datasets for systems analyses of immune responses to HIV vaccines. RECENT FINDINGS Several recently published HIV vaccine trials have shown that different HIV vaccine prime/boost combinations can greatly affect the immune response generated, but mechanistic insights into their modes of action are lacking. Novel systems biology studies of efficacious, licensed vaccines provide a new template for analysis of HIV vaccines. To generate datasets appropriate for systems analysis, current HIV vaccine clinical trials are undergoing design modifications and increased standardization of specimen collection and immune response assays. SUMMARY Systems biology approaches to HIV vaccine evaluation are driving new methods of HIV vaccine immune response profiling in clinical trials and will hopefully lead to new improved HIV vaccines in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Andersen-Nissen
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
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25
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Benecke A, Gale M, Katze MG. Dynamics of innate immunity are key to chronic immune activation in AIDS. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2012; 7:79-85. [PMID: 22156845 DOI: 10.1097/coh.0b013e32834dde31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW We propose here that the dynamics rather than the structure of cellular and viral networks play a determining role in chronic immune activation of HIV-infected individuals. A number of novel avenues of experimental analysis and modeling strategies are discussed to conclusively address these network dynamics in the future. RECENT FINDINGS Recent insights into the molecular dynamics of immune activation and its control following simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection in natural host primates has provided possible alternate interpretations of SIV and HIV pathogenesis. Concomitant with insights gained in other host-pathogen systems, as well as an increased understanding of innate immune activation mechanisms, these observations lead to a new model for the timing of innate HIV immune responses and a possible primordial role of this timing in programming chronic immune activation. SUMMARY Chronic immune activation is today considered the leading cause of AIDS in HIV-infected individuals. Systems biology has recently lent arguments for considering chronic immune activation a result of untimely innate immune responses by the host to the infection. Future strategies for the analysis, comprehension, and incorporation of the dynamic component of immune activation into HIV vaccination strategies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arndt Benecke
- Institut des Hautes Etudes Scientifiques, Bures sur Yvette, VaccineResearch Institute, INSERM U955, Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, Créteil, France
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26
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Buonaguro L, Tagliamonte M, Tornesello ML, Buonaguro FM. Developments in virus-like particle-based vaccines for infectious diseases and cancer. Expert Rev Vaccines 2012; 10:1569-83. [PMID: 22043956 DOI: 10.1586/erv.11.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Virus-like particles hold great promise for the development of effective and affordable vaccines. Indeed, virus-like particles are suitable for presentation and efficient delivery of linear as well as conformational antigens to antigen-presenting cells. This will ultimately result in optimal B-cell activation and cross-presentation with both MHC class I and II molecules to prime CD4(+) T-helper as well as CD8(+) cytotoxic T cells. This article provides an update on the development and use of virus-like particles as vaccine approaches for infectious diseases and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Buonaguro
- Molecular Biology and Viral Oncology, Department of Experimental Oncology, Istituto Nazionale Tumori Fond Pascale, Via Mariano Semmola 142, 80131 Napoli, Italy.
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27
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Visciano ML, Tagliamonte M, Tornesello ML, Buonaguro FM, Buonaguro L. Effects of adjuvants on IgG subclasses elicited by virus-like particles. J Transl Med 2012; 10:4. [PMID: 22221900 PMCID: PMC3311067 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-10-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2011] [Accepted: 01/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Virus-Like Particles (VLPs) represent an efficient strategy to present and deliver conformational antigens to the immune system, inducing both arms of the adaptive immune response. Moreover, their particulate structure surrounded by cell membrane provides an adjuvanted effect to VLP-based immunizations. In the present study, the elicitation of different patterns of IgG subclasses by VLPs, administered in CpG ODN1826 or poly(I:C) adjuvants, has been evaluated in an animal model. RESULTS Adjuvanted VLPs elicited a higher titer of total specific IgG compared to VLPs alone. Furthermore, while VLPs alone induced a balanced TH2 pattern, VLPs formulated with either adjuvant elicited a TH1-biased IgG subclasses (IgG2a and IgG3), with poly(I:C) more potent than CpG ODN1826. CONCLUSIONS The results confirmed that adjuvants efficiently improve antigen immunogenicity and represent a suitable strategy to skew the adaptive immune response toward the differentiation of the desired T helper subset, also using VLPs as antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Luisa Visciano
- Lab, of Molecular Biology and Viral Oncogenesis, Istituto Nazionale Tumori Fond, G, Pascale, Naples-Italy
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28
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Bakari M, Aboud S, Nilsson C, Francis J, Buma D, Moshiro C, Aris EA, Lyamuya EF, Janabi M, Godoy-Ramirez K, Joachim A, Polonis VR, Bråve A, Earl P, Robb M, Marovich M, Wahren B, Pallangyo K, Biberfeld G, Mhalu F, Sandström E. Broad and potent immune responses to a low dose intradermal HIV-1 DNA boosted with HIV-1 recombinant MVA among healthy adults in Tanzania. Vaccine 2011; 29:8417-28. [PMID: 21864626 PMCID: PMC4795940 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2011] [Revised: 07/13/2011] [Accepted: 08/01/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We conducted a phase I/II randomized placebo-controlled trial with the aim of exploring whether priming with a low intradermal dose of a multiclade, multigene HIV-1 DNA vaccine could improve the immunogenicity of the same vaccine given intramuscularly prior to boosting with a heterologous HIV-1 MVA among healthy adults in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. METHODS Sixty HIV-uninfected volunteers were randomized to receive DNA plasmid vaccine 1mg intradermally (id), n=20, or 3.8mg intramuscularly (im), n=20, or placebo, n=20, using a needle-free injection device. DNA plasmids encoding HIV-1 genes gp160 subtype A, B, C; rev B; p17/p24 gag A, B and Rtmut B were given at weeks 0, 4 and 12. Recombinant MVA (10(8)pfu) expressing HIV-1 Env, Gag, Pol of CRF01_AE or placebo was administered im at month 9 and 21. RESULTS The vaccines were well tolerated. Two weeks after the third HIV-DNA injection, 22/38 (58%) vaccinees had IFN-γ ELISpot responses to Gag. Two weeks after the first HIV-MVA boost all 35 (100%) vaccinees responded to Gag and 31 (89%) to Env. Two to four weeks after the second HIV-MVA boost, 28/29 (97%) vaccinees had IFN-γ ELISpot responses, 27 (93%) to Gag and 23 (79%) to Env. The id-primed recipients had significantly higher responses to Env than im recipients. Intracellular cytokine staining for Gag-specific IFN-γ/IL-2 production showed both CD8(+) and CD4(+) T cell responses. All vaccinees had HIV-specific lymphoproliferative responses. All vaccinees reacted in diagnostic HIV serological tests and 26/29 (90%) had antibodies against gp160 after the second HIV-MVA boost. Furthermore, while all of 29 vaccinee sera were negative for neutralizing antibodies against clade B, C and CRF01_AE pseudoviruses in the TZM-bl neutralization assay, in a PBMC assay, the response rate ranged from 31% to 83% positives, depending upon the clade B or CRF01_AE virus tested. CONCLUSIONS This vaccine approach is safe and highly immunogenic. Low dose, id HIV-DNA priming elicited higher and broader cell-mediated immune responses to Env after HIV-MVA boost compared to a higher HIV-DNA priming dose given im. Three HIV-DNA priming immunizations followed by two HIV-MVA boosts efficiently induced Env-antibody responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Bakari
- Department of Internal Medicine, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
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Can HIV p24 be a suitable scaffold for presenting Env antigens? CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2011; 18:2003-4. [PMID: 21900531 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.05326-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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The HIV/AIDS vaccine candidate MVA-B administered as a single immunogen in humans triggers robust, polyfunctional, and selective effector memory T cell responses to HIV-1 antigens. J Virol 2011; 85:11468-78. [PMID: 21865377 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.05165-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Attenuated poxvirus vectors expressing human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) antigens are considered promising HIV/AIDS vaccine candidates. Here, we describe the nature of T cell immune responses induced in healthy volunteers participating in a phase I clinical trial in Spain after intramuscular administration of three doses of the recombinant MVA-B-expressing monomeric gp120 and the fused Gag-Pol-Nef (GPN) polyprotein of clade B. The majority (92.3%) of the volunteers immunized had a positive specific T cell response at any time postvaccination as detected by gamma interferon (IFN-γ) intracellular cytokine staining (ICS) assay. The CD4(+) T cell responses were predominantly Env directed, whereas the CD8(+) T cell responses were similarly distributed against Env, Gag, and GPN. The proportion of responders after two doses of MVA-B was similar to that obtained after the third dose of MVA-B vaccination, and the responses were sustained (84.6% at week 48). Vaccine-induced CD8(+) T cells to HIV-1 antigens after 1 year were polyfunctional and distributed mainly within the effector memory (TEM) and terminally differentiated effector memory (TEMRA) T cell populations. Antivector T cell responses were mostly induced by CD8(+) T cells, highly polyfunctional, and of TEMRA phenotype. These findings demonstrate that the poxvirus MVA-B vaccine candidate given alone is highly immunogenic, inducing broad, polyfunctional, and long-lasting CD4 and CD8 T cell responses to HIV-1 antigens, with preference for TEM. Thus, on the basis of the immune profile of MVA-B in humans, this immunogen can be considered a promising HIV/AIDS vaccine candidate.
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31
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Girard MP, Osmanov S, Assossou OM, Kieny MP. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) immunopathogenesis and vaccine development: a review. Vaccine 2011; 29:6191-218. [PMID: 21718747 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.06.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2011] [Revised: 06/20/2011] [Accepted: 06/22/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The development of a safe, effective and globally affordable HIV vaccine offers the best hope for the future control of the HIV-1 pandemic. Since 1987, scores of candidate HIV-1 vaccines have been developed which elicited varying degrees of protective responses in nonhuman primate models, including DNA vaccines, subunit vaccines, live vectored recombinant vaccines and various prime-boost combinations. Four of these candidate vaccines have been tested for efficacy in human volunteers, but, to the exception of the recent RV144 Phase III trial in Thailand, which elicited a modest but statistically significant level of protection against infection, none has shown efficacy in preventing HIV-1 infection or in controlling virus replication and delaying progression of disease in humans. Protection against infection was observed in the RV144 trial, but intensive research is needed to try to understand the protective immune mechanisms at stake. Building-up on the results of the RV144 trial and deciphering what possibly are the immune correlates of protection are the top research priorities of the moment, which will certainly accelerate the development of an highly effective vaccine that could be used in conjunction with other HIV prevention and treatment strategies. This article reviews the state of the art of HIV vaccine development and discusses the formidable scientific challenges met in this endeavor, in the context of a better understanding of the immunopathogenesis of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc P Girard
- University Paris 7, French National Academy of Medicine, 39 rue Seignemartin, FR 69008 Lyon, France.
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Buonaguro FM, Tornesello ML, Buonaguro L. New adjuvants in evolving vaccine strategies. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2011; 11:827-32. [PMID: 21609186 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2011.587802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Adjuvants are becoming the key players of vaccine formulations to enhance the immunogenicity of subunit (peptides, proteins, virus-like particles (VLPs)) and DNA vaccines, as well as to reach the current new goals of preventing and/or treating chronic infectious diseases and cancers. Induction of humoral response, in particular neutralizing antibodies able to inhibit the binding of pathogens to their cellular receptors, remains a major goal of vaccines targeted to prevent acute lytic infections; induction/modulation of cellular immunity is, however, critical to fight latently/chronically infected cells as well as cancer cells. The new adjuvants, included in vaccine preparations, are currently able to modify the presentation of epitopes to the immune system with a specific T(H)1 versus T(H)2 polarization efficacy. A paradigm of the relevance of these new adjuvants is the immunological result obtained with the inclusion of monophosphoryl lipid A in the formulation of L1-based human papillomavirus (HPV)-naked VLPs. In the May issue of this journal, Garcon and colleagues describe the highly enhanced humoral and memory B cellular immunity of the AS04-adjuvanted HPV vaccine, which results in a long-lasting and broad spectrum immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franco M Buonaguro
- Molecular Biology and Viral Oncology, Dpt of Experimental Oncology, Istituto Nazionale Tumori Fond Pascale, Napoli, Italy.
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Schellinger JG, Danan-Leon LM, Hoch JA, Kassa A, Srivastava I, Davis D, Gervay-Hague J. Synthesis of a trimeric gp120 epitope mimic conjugated to a T-helper peptide to improve antigenicity. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:3230-3. [PMID: 21341746 DOI: 10.1021/ja1083915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A fully synthetic trivalent mimotope of gp120 conjugated to pan allelic HLA DR binding epitope was prepared using solid-phase peptide synthesis and optimized copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition. The methodology efficiently provides chemically uniform heteromultimeric peptide constructs with enhanced binding, avidity, and specificity toward an established HIV-neutralizing human antibody, MAb b12. The versatile synthetic strategy serves as a powerful platform for the development of synthetic peptides as potential HIV-1 vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan G Schellinger
- Chemistry Department, Campus Mass Spectrometry Facility, University of California at Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
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Scotti N, Buonaguro L, Tornesello ML, Cardi T, Buonaguro FM. Plant-based anti-HIV-1 strategies: vaccine molecules and antiviral approaches. Expert Rev Vaccines 2010; 9:925-36. [PMID: 20673014 DOI: 10.1586/erv.10.79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy has drastically changed HIV infection from an acute, very deadly, to a chronic, long-lasting, mild disease. However, this requires continuous care management, which is difficult to implement worldwide, especially in developing countries. Sky-rocketing costs of HIV-positive subjects and the limited success of preventive recommendations mean that a vaccine is urgently needed, which could be the only effective strategy for the real control of the AIDS pandemic. To be effective, vaccination will need to be accessible, affordable and directed against multiple antigens. Plant-based vaccines, which are easy to produce and administer, and require no cold chain for their heat stability are, in principle, suited to such a strategy. More recently, it has been shown that even highly immunogenic, enveloped plant-based vaccines can be produced at a competitive and more efficient rate than conventional strategies. The high variability of HIV epitopes and the need to stimulate both humoral neutralizing antibodies and cellular immunity suggest the importance of using the plant system: it offers a wide range of possible strategies, from single-epitope to multicomponent vaccines, modulators of the immune response (adjuvants) and preventive molecules (microbicides), either alone or in association with plant-derived monoclonal antibodies, besides the potential use of the latter as therapeutic agents. Furthermore, plant-based anti-HIV strategies can be administered not only parenterally but also by the more convenient and safer oral route, which is a more suitable approach for possible mass vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nunzia Scotti
- CNR-IGV, Institute of Plant Genetics, Portici, Naples, Italy.
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McElrath MJ, Haynes BF. Induction of immunity to human immunodeficiency virus type-1 by vaccination. Immunity 2010; 33:542-54. [PMID: 21029964 PMCID: PMC3031162 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2010.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2010] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Recent findings have brought optimism that development of a successful human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) vaccine lies within reach. Studies of early events in HIV-1 infection have revealed when and where HIV-1 is potentially vulnerable to vaccine-targeted immune responses. With technical advances in human antibody production, clues about how antibodies recognize HIV-1 envelope proteins have uncovered new targets for immunogen design. A recent vaccine regimen has shown modest efficacy against HIV-1 acquisition. However, inducing long-term T and B cell memory and coping with HIV-1 diversity remain high priorities. Mediators of innate immunity may play pivotal roles in blocking infection and shaping immunity; vaccine strategies to capture these activities are under investigation. Challenges remain in integrating basic, preclinical and clinical research to improve predictions of types of immunity associated with vaccine efficacy, to apply these insights to immunogen design, and to accelerate evaluation of vaccine efficacy in persons at-risk for infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Juliana McElrath
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave. N., D3-100, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
| | - Barton F. Haynes
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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Paul S, Piontkivska H. Frequent associations between CTL and T-Helper epitopes in HIV-1 genomes and implications for multi-epitope vaccine designs. BMC Microbiol 2010; 10:212. [PMID: 20696039 PMCID: PMC2924856 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-10-212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2010] [Accepted: 08/09/2010] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epitope vaccines have been suggested as a strategy to counteract viral escape and development of drug resistance. Multiple studies have shown that Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte (CTL) and T-Helper (Th) epitopes can generate strong immune responses in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV-1). However, not much is known about the relationship among different types of HIV epitopes, particularly those epitopes that can be considered potential candidates for inclusion in the multi-epitope vaccines. RESULTS In this study we used association rule mining to examine relationship between different types of epitopes (CTL, Th and antibody epitopes) from nine protein-coding HIV-1 genes to identify strong associations as potent multi-epitope vaccine candidates. Our results revealed 137 association rules that were consistently present in the majority of reference and non-reference HIV-1 genomes and included epitopes of two different types (CTL and Th) from three different genes (Gag, Pol and Nef). These rules involved 14 non-overlapping epitope regions that frequently co-occurred despite high mutation and recombination rates, including in genomes of circulating recombinant forms. These epitope regions were also highly conserved at both the amino acid and nucleotide levels indicating strong purifying selection driven by functional and/or structural constraints and hence, the diminished likelihood of successful escape mutations. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide a comprehensive systematic survey of CTL, Th and Ab epitopes that are both highly conserved and co-occur together among all subtypes of HIV-1, including circulating recombinant forms. Several co-occurring epitope combinations were identified as potent candidates for inclusion in multi-epitope vaccines, including epitopes that are immuno-responsive to different arms of the host immune machinery and can enable stronger and more efficient immune responses, similar to responses achieved with adjuvant therapies. Signature of strong purifying selection acting at the nucleotide level of the associated epitopes indicates that these regions are functionally critical, although the exact reasons behind such sequence conservation remain to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinu Paul
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242, USA
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