1
|
Ossio A, Flores-Rodríguez F, Heredia N, García S, Merino-Mascorro JA. Foodborne Viruses and Somatic Coliphages Occurrence in Fresh Produce at Retail from Northern Mexico. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2024; 16:109-119. [PMID: 38198031 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-023-09578-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Foodborne disease outbreaks linked to consumption of vegetables have been often attributed to human enteric viruses, such as Norovirus (NoV), Hepatitis A virus (HAV), and Rotavirus (RoV). Information about the occurrence of these viruses is scarce in many fresh-producing countries. Viral contamination detection of indicators, such as somatic coliphages, could indirectly reflect the presence of viral pathogens, being a valuable tool for better viral risk assessment in food industry. This study aimed to establish the occurrence and correlation of foodborne viruses and somatic coliphages in leafy greens in northern Mexico. A total of 320 vegetable samples were collected, resulting in 80 composite rinses, 40 of lettuce and 40 of parsley. Somatic coliphages were determined using the EPA 1602 method, while foodborne viruses (HAV, RoV, NoV GI, and GII) were determined by qPCR. The occurrence of RoV was 22.5% (9/40, mean 2.11 log gc/g) in lettuce and 20% (8/40, mean 1.91 log gc/g) in parsley. NoV and HAV were not detected in any samples. Somatic coliphages were present in all lettuce and parsley samples, with mean levels of 1.85 log PFU/100 ml and 2.28 log PFU/100 ml, respectively. Spearman analysis established the correlation of somatic coliphages and genomic copies of RoV, resulting in an r2 value of - 0.026 in lettuce and 0.349 in parsley. Although NoV or HAV were undetected in the samples, the presence of RoV is a matter of concern as leafy greens are usually eaten raw, which poses a potential risk of infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Axel Ossio
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Genética de Microorganismos, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, 66455, San Nicolas de los Garza, N.L., Mexico
| | - Fernanda Flores-Rodríguez
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Genética de Microorganismos, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, 66455, San Nicolas de los Garza, N.L., Mexico
| | - Norma Heredia
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Genética de Microorganismos, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, 66455, San Nicolas de los Garza, N.L., Mexico
| | - Santos García
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Genética de Microorganismos, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, 66455, San Nicolas de los Garza, N.L., Mexico
| | - Jose Angel Merino-Mascorro
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Genética de Microorganismos, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, 66455, San Nicolas de los Garza, N.L., Mexico.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kroneman A, de Sousa R, Verhoef L, Koopmans MPG, Vennema H, On Behalf Of The HAVNet Network. Usability of the international HAVNet hepatitis A virus database for geographical annotation, backtracing and outbreak detection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 23. [PMID: 30229723 PMCID: PMC6144472 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2018.23.37.1700802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
HAVNet is an international laboratory network sharing sequences and corresponding metadata on hepatitis A virus in an online database. Aim: We give an overview of the epidemiological and genetic data and assess the usability of the present dataset for geographical annotation, backtracing and outbreak detection. Methods: A descriptive analysis was performed on the timeliness, completeness, epidemiological data and geographic coverage of the dataset. Length and genomic region of the sequences were reviewed as well as the numerical and geographical distribution of the genotypes. The geographical signal in the sequences was assessed based on a short common nt stretch using a 100% identity analysis. Results: The 9,211 reports were heterogeneous for completeness and timeliness, and for length and genomic region of the sequences. Some parts of the world were not represented by the sequences. Geographical differences in prevalence of HAV genotypes described previously could be confirmed with this dataset and for a third (1,075/3,124) of the included sequences, 100% identity of the short common sequence coincided with an identical country of origin. Conclusion: Analysis of a subset of short, shared sequences indicates that a geographical annotation on the level of individual countries is possible with the HAVNet data. If the current incompleteness and heterogeneity of the data can be improved on, HAVNet could become very useful as a worldwide reference set for geographical annotation and for backtracing and outbreak detection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annelies Kroneman
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Rita de Sousa
- National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Linda Verhoef
- Office for Risk Assessment and Research, Netherlands Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority (NVWA), Utrecht, the Netherlands (current affiliation).,National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | | | - Harry Vennema
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hong SS, Choi UY, Ma SH, Lee SY, Han SB, Kim KH, Kang JH, Kim JH. Comparison of the immunogenicity and safety of 3 inactivated hepatitis A vaccines in Korean children aged 12 to 18 months: An open-label, randomized, prospective, multicenter study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2019; 98:e14364. [PMID: 30732169 PMCID: PMC6380807 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000014364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 12/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Several approved inactivated hepatitis A (HA) vaccines are available in Korea. These have been shown to be immunogenic and safe in European children; however, their immunogenicity and safety have not been investigated among Korean children. We aimed to compare the immunogenicity and safety of the most commonly used HA vaccines in ethnic Korean children aged 12 to 18 months.In this open-label, randomized, prospective, multicenter study, 108 children were enrolled and randomized to receive a pediatric form of Avaxim, Epaxal, or Havrix. The 2nd dose was administered after an interval of 6 months. Anti-HA virus (HAV) immunoglobulin (Ig) G was measured to assess geometric mean concentrations (GMCs) and seropositvity rates (≥20 mIU/mL anti-HAV IgG). To assess safety, local solicited adverse events (AEs), systemic solicited AEs, unsolicited AEs, and serious AEs (SAEs) were graded.Among the 108 participants enrolled, 37, 34, and 37 received Avaxim, Epaxal, and Havrix, respectively. After administration of 2 doses, the seropositivity rates in the Avaxim, Epaxal, and Havrix groups were all 100% (95% confidence intervals [CIs]: 99.0-100, 98.9-100, and 99.0-100, respectively; P < .001). The anti-HAV GMCs in the Avaxim, Epaxal, and Havrix groups were 5868.4 (95% CI: 4237.2-8126.6), 1962.1 (95% CI: 1298.0-2965.9), and 2232.9 mIU/mL (95% CI: 1428.4-3490.4), respectively, after administration of 2 doses (P < .001). There were no significant differences in the proportions of participants reporting local solicited AEs, systemic solicited AEs, unsolicited AEs, and SAEs among the 3 vaccine groups after the 1st and 2nd doses. All local solicited and unsolicited AEs were grade 1 or 2. Grade 3 systemic solicited AE occurred in 5.4% and 2.9% of the participants in the Havrix group after the 1st and 2nd doses, respectively. SAEs after the 1st and 2nd doses were reported in 2 participants and 1 participant, respectively, but none was assessed as being related to vaccination.The results indicate that these vaccines were safe and immunogenic in ethnic Korean children. The results have contributed to the establishing of an HA vaccination policy in Korea and will be informative to countries that plan to initiate vaccination programs against HAV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seung Soo Hong
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Science
| | - Ui Yoon Choi
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul
| | - Sang Hyuk Ma
- Department of Pediatrics, Changwon Fatima Hospital, Changwon
| | - Soo Young Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul
| | - Seung Beom Han
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul
| | - Kyung-Hyo Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Han Kang
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul
| | - Jong-Hyun Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Møller FT, Mølbak K, Ethelberg S. Analysis of consumer food purchase data used for outbreak investigations, a review. Euro Surveill 2018; 23:1700503. [PMID: 29921346 PMCID: PMC6152197 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2018.23.24.1700503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundInvestigations of food-borne outbreaks are frequently unsuccessful and new investigation methods should be welcomed. Aim: Describe the use of consumer purchase datasets in outbreak investigations and consider methodological and practical difficulties. Methods: We reviewed published papers describing the use of consumer purchase datasets, where electronic data on the foods that case-patients had purchased before onset of symptoms were obtained and analysed as part of outbreak investigations. Results: For the period 2006-17, scientific articles were found describing 20 outbreak investigations. Most outbreaks involved salmonella or Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli and were performed in eight different countries. The consumer purchase datasets were most frequently used to generate hypotheses about the outbreak vehicle where case-interviews had not been fruitful. Secondly, they were used to aid trace-back investigation, where a vehicle was already suspected. A number of methodological as well as (in some countries) legal and practical impediments exist. Conclusions: Several of the outbreaks were unlikely to have been solved without the use of consumer purchase datasets. The method is potentially powerful and with future improved access to big data purchase information, may become a widely applicable tool for outbreak investigations, enabling investigators to quickly find hypotheses and at the same time estimate odds ratios or relative risks hereof. We suggest using the term 'consumer purchase data' to refer to the approach in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frederik T Møller
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Prevention, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kåre Mølbak
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Prevention, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Institute of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Steen Ethelberg
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Prevention, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Shin E, Kim JS, Oh KH, Oh SS, Kwon M, Kim S, Park J, Kwak HS, Chung GT, Kim CJ, Kim J. A waterborne outbreak involving hepatitis A virus genotype IA at a residential facility in the Republic of Korea in 2015. J Clin Virol 2017; 94:63-66. [PMID: 28759774 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2017.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis A virus (HAV), a major cause of acute hepatitis, has had the highest occurrence among group 1 nationally notifiable infectious diseases in Korea since 2010.Recently,the annual increase in the HAV infection rate among young adults has become a public health concern. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to describe an outbreak of acute hepatitis in a residential facility in April 2015 and to identify potential sources of this outbreak. STUDY DESIGN Sera from all exposed residents were tested for anti-HAV IgM or IgG antibodies by ELISA. Clinical (sera and stool) and environmental samples were screened for the presence of HAV RNA using one-step RT-PCR and nested PCR. The VP3-VP1 regions of HAV were analyzed using the BLAST database and MEGA7 software. RESULTS Of the 82 persons in the facility, 12 (14.6%, including 10 residents and 2 health care workers) were diagnosed with hepatitis A. Clinical symptoms were evident in 9 individuals, one of whom died, and the remaining four patients were asymptomatic. Traceback investigation revealed that HAV-RNA (genotype IA) was detected in the patients' stools and the groundwater used in the facility. CONCLUSIONS We described an HAV outbreak in a facility for the disabled due to using a water supply that was mixed with contaminated groundwater. Therefore, HAV vaccination and periodic water inspections in group facilities should be emphasized to prevent HAV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eunkyung Shin
- Division of Enteric Diseases, Center for Infectious Diseases, Korea National Institute of Health, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea; College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon Metropolitan City, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Seok Kim
- Division of Enteric Diseases, Center for Infectious Diseases, Korea National Institute of Health, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Hwan Oh
- Division of Enteric Diseases, Center for Infectious Diseases, Korea National Institute of Health, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Suck Oh
- Incheon Research Institute of Public Health and Environment, Incheon Metropolitan City, Republic of Korea
| | - MunJu Kwon
- Incheon Research Institute of Public Health and Environment, Incheon Metropolitan City, Republic of Korea
| | - Soojin Kim
- Division of Enteric Diseases, Center for Infectious Diseases, Korea National Institute of Health, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungsun Park
- Division of Enteric Diseases, Center for Infectious Diseases, Korea National Institute of Health, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Sun Kwak
- Division of Enteric Diseases, Center for Infectious Diseases, Korea National Institute of Health, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyung Tae Chung
- Division of Enteric Diseases, Center for Infectious Diseases, Korea National Institute of Health, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul-Joong Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon Metropolitan City, Republic of Korea
| | - Junyoung Kim
- Division of Enteric Diseases, Center for Infectious Diseases, Korea National Institute of Health, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Gao L, Zhang Y, Ding G, Liu Q, Wang C, Jiang B. Projections of hepatitis A virus infection associated with flood events by 2020 and 2030 in Anhui Province, China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2016; 60:1873-1884. [PMID: 27174415 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-016-1174-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2015] [Revised: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/17/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Assessing and responding to health risk of climate change is important because of its impact on the natural and societal ecosystems. More frequent and severe flood events will occur in China due to climate change. Given that population is projected to increase, more people will be vulnerable to flood events, which may lead to an increased incidence of HAV infection in the future. This population-based study is going to project the future health burden of HAV infection associated with flood events in Huai River Basin of China. The study area covered four cities of Anhui province in China, where flood events were frequent. Time-series adjusted Poisson regression model was developed to quantify the risks of flood events on HAV infection based on the number of daily cases during summer seasons from 2005 to 2010, controlling for other meteorological variables. Projections of HAV infection in 2020 and 2030 were estimated based on the scenarios of flood events and demographic data. Poisson regression model suggested that compared with the periods without flood events, the risks of severe flood events for HAV infection were significant (OR = 1.28, 95 % CI 1.05-1.55), while risks were not significant from moderate flood events (OR = 1.16, 95 % CI 0.72-1.87) and mild flood events (OR = 1.14, 95 % CI 0.87-1.48). Using the 2010 baseline data and the flood event scenarios (one severe flood event), increased incidence of HAV infection were estimated to be between 0.126/105 and 0.127/105 for 2020. Similarly, the increased HAV infection incidence for 2030 was projected to be between 0.382/105 and 0.399/105. Our study has, for the first time, quantified the increased incidence of HAV infection that will result from flood events in Anhui, China, in 2020 and 2030. The results have implications for public health preparation for developing public health responses to reduce HAV infection during future flood events.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lu Gao
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan City, Shandong Province, 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan City, Shandong Province, 250012, People's Republic of China
- School of Public Health, China Studies Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Center for Climate Change and Health, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan City, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoyong Ding
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Taishan Medical College, Taian City, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiyong Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Changke Wang
- National Climate Center, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Baofa Jiang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan City, Shandong Province, 250012, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Abstract
Among the wide variety of viral agents liable to be found as food contaminants, noroviruses and hepatitis A virus are responsible for most well characterized foodborne virus outbreaks. Additionally, hepatitis E virus has emerged as a potential zoonotic threat. Molecular methods, including an ISO standard, are available for norovirus and hepatitis A virus detection in foodstuffs, although the significance of genome copy detection with regard to the associated health risk is yet to be determined through viability assays. More precise and rapid methods for early foodborne outbreak investigation are being developed and they will need to be validated versus the ISO standard. In addition, protocols for next-generation sequencing characterization of outbreak-related samples must be developed, harmonized and validated as well.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Albert Bosch
- Enteric Virus Group, Department of Microbiology, University of Barcelona, Avda Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA-UB), University of Barcelona, Avda Prat de la Riba 171, 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramanet, Spain
| | - Rosa M Pintó
- Enteric Virus Group, Department of Microbiology, University of Barcelona, Avda Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA-UB), University of Barcelona, Avda Prat de la Riba 171, 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramanet, Spain
| | - Susana Guix
- Enteric Virus Group, Department of Microbiology, University of Barcelona, Avda Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA-UB), University of Barcelona, Avda Prat de la Riba 171, 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramanet, Spain
| |
Collapse
|