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Banerjee S, Baidya SK, Adhikari N, Jha T. An updated patent review of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitors (2021-present). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2023; 33:631-649. [PMID: 37982191 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2023.2284935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are strongly interlinked with the progression and mechanisms of several life-threatening diseases including cancer. Thus, novel MMP inhibitors (MMPIs) as promising drug candidates can be effective in combating these diseases. However, no MMPIs are marketed to date due to poor pharmacokinetics and lower selectivity. Therefore, this review was performed to study the newer MMPIs patented after the COVID-19 period for an updated perspective on MMPIs. AREAS COVERED This review highlights patents related to MMPIs, and their therapeutic implications published between January 2021 and August 2023 available in the Google Patents, Patentscope, and Espacenet databases. EXPERT OPINION Despite various MMP-related patents disclosed up to 2020, newer patent applications in the post-COVID-19 period decreased a lot. Besides major MMPs, other isoforms (i.e. MMP-3 and MMP-7) have gained attention recently for drug development. This may open up newer dimensions targeting these MMPs for therapeutic advancements. The isoform selectivity and bioavailability are major concerns for effective MMPI development. Thus, adopting theoretical approaches and experimental methodologies can unveil the development of novel MMPIs with improved pharmacokinetic profiles. Nevertheless, the involvement of MMPs in cancer, and the mechanisms of such MMPs in other diseases should be extensively studied for novel MMPI development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Tarun Jha
- Natural Science Laboratory, Division of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India
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Prajapati A, Mehan S, Khan Z. The role of Smo-Shh/Gli signaling activation in the prevention of neurological and ageing disorders. Biogerontology 2023:10.1007/s10522-023-10034-1. [PMID: 37097427 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-023-10034-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling is an essential central nervous system (CNS) pathway involved during embryonic development and later life stages. Further, it regulates cell division, cellular differentiation, and neuronal integrity. During CNS development, Smo-Shh signaling is significant in the proliferation of neuronal cells such as oligodendrocytes and glial cells. The initiation of the downstream signalling cascade through the 7-transmembrane protein Smoothened (Smo) promotes neuroprotection and restoration during neurological disorders. The dysregulation of Smo-Shh is linked to the proteolytic cleavage of GLI (glioma-associated homolog) into GLI3 (repressor), which suppresses target gene expression, leading to the disruption of cell growth processes. Smo-Shh aberrant signalling is responsible for several neurological complications contributing to physiological alterations like increased oxidative stress, neuronal excitotoxicity, neuroinflammation, and apoptosis. Moreover, activating Shh receptors in the brain promotes axonal elongation and increases neurotransmitters released from presynaptic terminals, thereby exerting neurogenesis, anti-oxidation, anti-inflammatory, and autophagy responses. Smo-Shh activators have been shown in preclinical and clinical studies to help prevent various neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders. Redox signalling has been found to play a critical role in regulating the activity of the Smo-Shh pathway and influencing downstream signalling events. In the current study ROS, a signalling molecule, was also essential in modulating the SMO-SHH gli signaling pathway in neurodegeneration. As a result of this investigation, dysregulation of the pathway contributes to the pathogenesis of various neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and Huntington's disease (HD).Thus, Smo-Shh signalling activators could be a potential therapeutic intervention to treat neurocomplications of brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aradhana Prajapati
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, 142001, India
| | - Sidharth Mehan
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, 142001, India.
| | - Zuber Khan
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, 142001, India
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Baidya SK, Banerjee S, Adhikari N, Jha T. Selective Inhibitors of Medium-Size S1' Pocket Matrix Metalloproteinases: A Stepping Stone of Future Drug Discovery. J Med Chem 2022; 65:10709-10754. [PMID: 35969157 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Among various matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), MMPs having medium-size S1' pockets are established as promising biomolecular targets for executing crucial roles in cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and neurodegenerative diseases. However, no such MMP inhibitors (MMPIs) are available to date as drug candidates despite a lot of continuous research work for more than three decades. Due to a high degree of structural resemblance among these MMPs, designing selective MMPIs is quite challenging. However, the variability and uniqueness of the S1' pockets of these MMPs make them promising targets for designing selective MMPIs. In this perspective, the overall structural aspects of medium-size S1' pocket MMPs including the unique binding patterns of enzyme-inhibitor interactions have been discussed in detail to acquire knowledge regarding selective inhibitor designing. This overall knowledge will surely be a curtain raiser for the designing of selective MMPIs as drug candidates in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandip Kumar Baidya
- Natural Science Laboratory, Division of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Suvankar Banerjee
- Natural Science Laboratory, Division of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Nilanjan Adhikari
- Natural Science Laboratory, Division of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Tarun Jha
- Natural Science Laboratory, Division of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, India
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Krajčíková K, Semančíková E, Zakutanská K, Kondrakhova D, Mašlanková J, Stupák M, Talian I, Tomašovičová N, Kimáková T, Komanický V, Dubayová K, Breznoščáková D, Pálová E, Semančík J, Tomečková V. Tear fluid biomarkers in major depressive disorder: Potential of spectral methods in biomarker discovery. J Psychiatr Res 2021; 138:75-82. [PMID: 33836432 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Spectroscopic methods represent a group of analytical methods that demonstrate high potential in providing clinically relevant diagnostic information, such as biochemical, functional or structural changes of macromolecular complexes that might occur due to pathological processes or therapeutic intervention. Although application of these methods in the field of psychiatric research is still relatively recent, the preliminary results show that they have the capacity to detect subtle neurobiological abnormalities in major depressive disorder (MDD). Methods of mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS), zymography, synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy (SFS), circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy (AFM) were used to analyze the human tear fluid of subjects with MDD. Using MALDI-TOF MS, two diagnostically significant peaks (3747 and 16 411 m/z) were identified with an AUC value of 0.89 and 0.92 in tear fluid of subjects with MDD vs controls, respectively. We also identified various forms of matrix metalloproteinase 9 in subjects with MDD using zymography and synchronous fluorescence spectra (SFS) showed a significant increase in fluorescence intensity at 280 nm. CD spectra were redshifted in tear fluid of subjects with MDD vs healthy controls. FTIR spectroscopy showed changes in the positions of peaks for amide A, I, II in tear fluid of subjects with MDD vs controls. Moreover, atomic force microscopy (AFM) showed different pattern in the crystal structures of tear fluid components in subjects with MDD. SFS, CD, FTIR spectroscopy, AFM and MALDI-TOF MS confirmed, that the human tear fluid proteome could be helpful in discriminating between the group of subjects with MDD and healthy controls. These preliminary findings suggest that spectral methods could represent a useful tool in clinical psychiatry, especially in establishing differential diagnosis, monitoring illness progression and the effect of psychiatric treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristína Krajčíková
- Department of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Trieda SNP 1, Košice, 040 11, Slovakia
| | - Erika Semančíková
- 2(nd) Department of Psychiatry, L. Pasteur University Hospital, Rastislavova 43, Košice, 040 11, Slovakia; EPAMED s.r.o., Private Psychiatric Practice, Hlavná 68, Košice, 040 01, Slovakia.
| | - Katarína Zakutanská
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Department of Magnetism, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Watsonova 47, Košice, 040 01, Slovakia
| | - Daria Kondrakhova
- Institute of Physics, Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Park Angelinum 9, Košice, 041 54, Slovakia
| | - Jana Mašlanková
- Department of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Trieda SNP 1, Košice, 040 11, Slovakia
| | - Marek Stupák
- Department of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Trieda SNP 1, Košice, 040 11, Slovakia
| | - Ivan Talian
- Department of Medical and Clinical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Trieda SNP 1, Košice, 040 11, Slovakia
| | - Natália Tomašovičová
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Department of Magnetism, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Watsonova 47, Košice, 040 01, Slovakia
| | - Tatiana Kimáková
- Department of Public Health and Hygiene, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Šrobárová 2, 041 80, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Vladimír Komanický
- Institute of Physics, Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Park Angelinum 9, Košice, 041 54, Slovakia
| | - Katarína Dubayová
- Department of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Trieda SNP 1, Košice, 040 11, Slovakia
| | - Dagmar Breznoščáková
- 1(st) Department of Psychiatry, L. Pasteur University Hospital, Trieda SNP 1, Košice, 040 11, Slovakia
| | - Eva Pálová
- EPAMED s.r.o., Private Psychiatric Practice, Hlavná 68, Košice, 040 01, Slovakia; 1(st) Department of Psychiatry, L. Pasteur University Hospital, Trieda SNP 1, Košice, 040 11, Slovakia
| | - Juraj Semančík
- 4(th) Clinic of Internal Medicine, L. Pasteur University Hospital, Trieda SNP 1, Košice, 040 11, Slovakia
| | - Vladimíra Tomečková
- Department of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Trieda SNP 1, Košice, 040 11, Slovakia
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5
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Zaghmi A, Drouin-Ouellet J, Brambilla D, Gauthier MA. Treating brain diseases using systemic parenterally-administered protein therapeutics: Dysfunction of the brain barriers and potential strategies. Biomaterials 2020; 269:120461. [PMID: 33218788 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.120461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The parenteral administration of protein therapeutics is increasingly gaining importance for the treatment of human diseases. However, the presence of practically impermeable blood-brain barriers greatly restricts access of such pharmaceutics to the brain. Treating brain disorders with proteins thus remains a great challenge, and the slow clinical translation of these therapeutics may be largely ascribed to the lack of appropriate brain delivery system. Exploring new approaches to deliver proteins to the brain by circumventing physiological barriers is thus of great interest. Moreover, parallel advances in the molecular neurosciences are important for better characterizing blood-brain interfaces, particularly under different pathological conditions (e.g., stroke, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease). This review presents the current state of knowledge of the structure and the function of the main physiological barriers of the brain, the mechanisms of transport across these interfaces, as well as alterations to these concomitant with brain disorders. Further, the different strategies to promote protein delivery into the brain are presented, including the use of molecular Trojan horses, the formulation of nanosystems conjugated/loaded with proteins, protein-engineering technologies, the conjugation of proteins to polymers, and the modulation of intercellular junctions. Additionally, therapeutic approaches for brain diseases that do not involve targeting to the brain are presented (i.e., sink and scavenging mechanisms).
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Affiliation(s)
- A Zaghmi
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), EMT Research Center, Varennes, QC, J3X 1S2, Canada
| | - J Drouin-Ouellet
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, CP 6128, succ. Centre-ville, Montréal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - D Brambilla
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, CP 6128, succ. Centre-ville, Montréal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - M A Gauthier
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), EMT Research Center, Varennes, QC, J3X 1S2, Canada.
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Iacobaeus E, Arrambide G, Amato MP, Derfuss T, Vukusic S, Hemmer B, Tintore M, Brundin L. Aggressive multiple sclerosis (1): Towards a definition of the phenotype. Mult Scler 2020; 26:1352458520925369. [PMID: 32530385 PMCID: PMC7412876 DOI: 10.1177/1352458520925369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
While the major phenotypes of multiple sclerosis (MS) and relapsing-remitting, primary and secondary progressive MS have been well characterized, a subgroup of patients with an active, aggressive disease course and rapid disability accumulation remains difficult to define and there is no consensus about their management and treatment. The current lack of an accepted definition and treatment guidelines for aggressive MS triggered a 2018 focused workshop of the European Committee for Treatment and Research in Multiple Sclerosis (ECTRIMS) on aggressive MS. The aim of the workshop was to discuss approaches on how to describe and define the disease phenotype and its treatments. Unfortunately, it was not possible to come to consensus on a definition because of unavailable data correlating severe disease with imaging and molecular biomarkers. However, the workshop highlighted the need for future research needed to define this disease subtype while also focusing on its treatment and management. Here, we review previous attempts to define aggressive MS and present characteristics that might, with additional research, eventually help characterize it. A companion paper summarizes data regarding treatment and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Iacobaeus
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Division of Neurology, Karolinska Institute and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Georgina Arrambide
- Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia. Centre d’Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (Cemcat), Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Pia Amato
- Department NeuroFarBa, University of Florence, Florence, Italy/IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Florence, Italy
| | - Tobias Derfuss
- Departments of Neurology and Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sandra Vukusic
- Service de neurologie, Sclérose en plaques, Pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation, and Centre de Référence des Maladies Inflammatoires Rares du Cerveau et de la Moelle, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon/Bron, France; Centre des Neurosciences de Lyon, Observatoire Français de la Sclérose en Plaques, INSERM 1028 et CNRS UMR5292, Lyon, France; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Faculté de médecine Lyon Est, Lyon, France
| | - Bernhard Hemmer
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Mar Tintore
- Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia. Centre d’Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (Cemcat), Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lou Brundin
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Division of Neurology, Karolinska Institute and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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7
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Chopra S, Overall CM, Dufour A. Matrix metalloproteinases in the CNS: interferons get nervous. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:3083-3095. [PMID: 31165203 PMCID: PMC11105576 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03171-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) have been investigated in context of chronic inflammatory diseases and demonstrated to degrade multiple components of the extracellular matrix (ECM). However, following several disappointing MMP clinical trials, recent studies have demonstrated unexpected novel functions of MMPs in viral infections and autoimmune inflammatory diseases in unanticipated locations. Thus, MMPs play additional functions in inflammation than just ECM degradation. They can regulate the activity of chemokines and cytokines of the immune response by precise proteolytic processing resulting in activation or inactivation of signaling pathways. MMPs have been demonstrated to cleave multiple substrates of the central nervous systems (CNS) and contribute to promoting and dampening diseases of the CNS. Initially, believed to be solely promoting pathologies, more than 10 MMPs to date have been shown to have protective functions. Here, we present some of the beneficial and destructive roles of MMPs in CNS pathologies and discuss strategies for the use of MMP inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameeksha Chopra
- Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Christopher M Overall
- Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
- Centre for Blood Research, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Antoine Dufour
- Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada.
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada.
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Larocca M, Di Marsico M, Riccio P, Rossano R. The in vitro antioxidant properties of Muscari comosumbulbs and their inhibitory activity on enzymes involved in inflammation, post-prandial hyperglycemia, and cognitive/neuromuscular functions. J Food Biochem 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.12580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Paolo Riccio
- Department of Sciences; University of Basilicata; Potenza Italy
| | - Rocco Rossano
- Department of Sciences; University of Basilicata; Potenza Italy
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Ugarte-Berzal E, Berghmans N, Boon L, Martens E, Vandooren J, Cauwe B, Thijs G, Proost P, Van Damme J, Opdenakker G. Gelatinase B/matrix metalloproteinase-9 is a phase-specific effector molecule, independent from Fas, in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0197944. [PMID: 30273366 PMCID: PMC6166937 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Gelatinase B/matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) triggers multiple sclerosis (MS) and the animal model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) by the breakdown of the blood-brain barrier. Interestingly, MMP-9 is beneficial in systemic autoimmunity caused by Fas-deficiency. Fas-deficient (faslpr) and Fas-ligand-deficient mice are protected against EAE. We here investigated the interaction between Fas and MMP-9 in the setting of induction of EAE and compared short- and long-term effects. We provoked EAE with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) peptide and compared EAE development in four genotypes (wild-type (WT), single knockout mmp-9-/-, faslpr, and mmp-9-/-/faslpr) and monitored leukocytes, cytokines and chemokines as immunological parameters. As expected, faslpr mice were resistant against EAE induction, whereas MMP-9 single knockout mice were not. In the double mmp-9-/-/ faslpr mice the effects on disease scores pointed to independent rather than interrelated disease mechanisms. On a short term, after EAE induction leukocytes infiltrated into the brain and cytokine and chemokine levels were significantly higher in all the four genotypes studied, even in the faslpr and mmp-9-/-/faslpr, which did not develop clinical disease. The levels of MMP-9 but not of MMP-2 were increased in the brain and in the peripheral organs after EAE induction. After 40 days all the animals recovered and did not show signs of EAE. However, the absence of MMP-9 in the remission phase suggested a protective role of MMP-9 in the late phase of the disease, because single mmp-9-/- mice presented a delayed remission in comparison with WT animals suggesting a phase-dependent role of MMP-9 in the disease. Nevertheless, the levels of some cytokines and chemokines remained higher than in control animals even 100 days after EAE induction, attesting to a prolonged state of immune activation. We thus yielded new insights and useful markers to monitor this activated immune status. Furthermore, MMP-9 but not MMP-2 levels remained increased in the brains and, to a higher extend, in the spleens of the WT mice even during the remission phase, which is in line with the role of MMP-9 as a useful marker and a protective factor for EAE in the remission phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estefania Ugarte-Berzal
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Laboratory of Immunobiology, University of Leuven, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nele Berghmans
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, University of Leuven, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lise Boon
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Laboratory of Immunobiology, University of Leuven, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Erik Martens
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Laboratory of Immunobiology, University of Leuven, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jennifer Vandooren
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Laboratory of Immunobiology, University of Leuven, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bénédicte Cauwe
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Laboratory of Immunobiology, University of Leuven, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Greet Thijs
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Laboratory of Immunobiology, University of Leuven, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Paul Proost
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, University of Leuven, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jo Van Damme
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, University of Leuven, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ghislain Opdenakker
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Laboratory of Immunobiology, University of Leuven, KU Leuven, Belgium
- * E-mail:
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Kuriakose M, Rama Rao KV, Younger D, Chandra N. Temporal and Spatial Effects of Blast Overpressure on Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability in Traumatic Brain Injury. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8681. [PMID: 29875451 PMCID: PMC5989233 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26813-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Blast-induced traumatic brain injury (bTBI) is a “signature wound” in soldiers during training and in combat and has also become a major cause of morbidity in civilians due to increased insurgency. This work examines the role of blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption as a result of both primary biomechanical and secondary biochemical injury mechanisms in bTBI. Extravasation of sodium fluorescein (NaF) and Evans blue (EB) tracers were used to demonstrate that compromise of the BBB occurs immediately following shock loading, increases in intensity up to 4 hours and returns back to normal in 24 hours. This BBB compromise occurs in multiple regions of the brain in the anterior-posterior direction of the shock wave, with maximum extravasation seen in the frontal cortex. Compromise of the BBB is confirmed by (a) extravasation of tracers into the brain, (b) quantification of tight-junction proteins (TJPs) in the brain and the blood, and (c) tracking specific blood-borne molecules into the brain and brain-specific proteins into the blood. Taken together, this work demonstrates that the BBB compromise occurs as a part of initial biomechanical loading and is a function of increasing blast overpressures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Kuriakose
- Center for Injury Biomechanics, Materials and Medicine (CIBM3), Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, 07102-1982, USA
| | - Kakulavarapu V Rama Rao
- Center for Injury Biomechanics, Materials and Medicine (CIBM3), Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, 07102-1982, USA.
| | - Daniel Younger
- Center for Injury Biomechanics, Materials and Medicine (CIBM3), Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, 07102-1982, USA
| | - Namas Chandra
- Center for Injury Biomechanics, Materials and Medicine (CIBM3), Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, 07102-1982, USA.
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11
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Zhang Y, Dong H, Seeburg DP, Wojtkiewicz GR, Waterman P, Pulli B, Forghani R, Ali M, Iwamoto Y, Swirski FK, Chen JW. Multimodal Molecular Imaging Demonstrates Myeloperoxidase Regulation of Matrix Metalloproteinase Activity in Neuroinflammation. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 56:954-962. [PMID: 29808380 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1137-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Myeloperoxidase (MPO) has paradoxically been found to be able to both activate matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) as well as inhibit MMPs. However, these regulatory effects have not yet been observed in vivo, and it is unclear which pathway is relevant in vivo. We aim to track MPO regulation of MMP activity in living animals in neuroinflammation. Mice induced with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a mouse model of neuroinflammation and multiple sclerosis, were treated with either the MPO-specific inhibitor 4-aminobenzoic acid hydrazide or saline as control. Mice underwent concurrent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with the MPO-specific molecular imaging agent MPO-Gd and fluorescence molecular tomography (FMT) with the MMP-targeting agent MMPsense on day 12 after induction. Biochemical and histopathological correlations were performed. Utilizing concurrent MRI and FMT imaging, we found reduced MMP activity in the brain with MPO inhibition, demonstrating MPO activity positively regulates MMP activity in vivo. In vivo MMPSense activation and MMP-9 activity correlated with MPO-Gd+ lesion volume and disease severity. This was corroborated by in vitro assays and histopathological analyses that showed MMP activity and MMP-9+ cells correlated with MPO activity and MPO+ cells. In conclusion, multimodal molecular imaging demonstrates for the first time MPO regulation of MMP activity in living animals. This approach could serve as a model to study the interactions of other biologically interesting molecules in living organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinian Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Neurology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, 82 Cuiying Men Road, Lanzhou, 730030, China.,Center for Systems Biology and Institute for Innovation in Imaging, Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, 5.210 Richard B. Simches Research Building, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Huateng Dong
- Center for Systems Biology and Institute for Innovation in Imaging, Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, 5.210 Richard B. Simches Research Building, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.,Department of Pediatric Neurology, Gansu Provincial Maternity and Child-Care Hospital, Lanzhou, 730050, China
| | - Daniel P Seeburg
- Center for Systems Biology and Institute for Innovation in Imaging, Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, 5.210 Richard B. Simches Research Building, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.,Neuroradiology Section, Charlotte Radiology, 1701 East Blvd, Charlotte, NC, 28203, USA
| | - Gregory R Wojtkiewicz
- Center for Systems Biology and Institute for Innovation in Imaging, Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, 5.210 Richard B. Simches Research Building, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Peter Waterman
- Center for Systems Biology and Institute for Innovation in Imaging, Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, 5.210 Richard B. Simches Research Building, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Benjamin Pulli
- Center for Systems Biology and Institute for Innovation in Imaging, Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, 5.210 Richard B. Simches Research Building, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Reza Forghani
- Center for Systems Biology and Institute for Innovation in Imaging, Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, 5.210 Richard B. Simches Research Building, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.,Department of Radiology, Jewish General Hospital and McGill University, 3755 Cote Ste-Catherine Road, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Muhammad Ali
- Center for Systems Biology and Institute for Innovation in Imaging, Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, 5.210 Richard B. Simches Research Building, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Yoshiko Iwamoto
- Center for Systems Biology and Institute for Innovation in Imaging, Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, 5.210 Richard B. Simches Research Building, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Filip K Swirski
- Center for Systems Biology and Institute for Innovation in Imaging, Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, 5.210 Richard B. Simches Research Building, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - John W Chen
- Center for Systems Biology and Institute for Innovation in Imaging, Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, 5.210 Richard B. Simches Research Building, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
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12
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Matute-Blanch C, Montalban X, Comabella M. Multiple sclerosis, and other demyelinating and autoimmune inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2018; 146:67-84. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-804279-3.00005-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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13
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Nurden A. Platelets, inflammation and tissue regeneration. Thromb Haemost 2017; 105 Suppl 1:S13-33. [DOI: 10.1160/ths10-11-0720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 469] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2010] [Accepted: 02/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
SummaryBlood platelets have long been recognised to bring about primary haemostasis with deficiencies in platelet production and function manifesting in bleeding while upregulated function favourises arterial thrombosis. Yet increasing evidence indicates that platelets fulfil a much wider role in health and disease. First, they store and release a wide range of biologically active substances including the panoply of growth factors, chemokines and cytokines released from α-granules. Membrane budding gives rise to microparticles (MPs), another active participant within the blood stream. Platelets are essential for the innate immune response and combat infection (viruses, bacteria, micro-organisms). They help maintain and modulate inflammation and are a major source of pro-inflammatory molecules (e.g. P-selectin, tissue factor, CD40L, metalloproteinases). As well as promoting coagulation, they are active in fibrinolysis; wound healing, angiogenesis and bone formation as well as in maternal tissue and foetal vascular remodelling. Activated platelets and MPs intervene in the propagation of major diseases. They are major players in atherosclerosis and related diseases, pathologies of the central nervous system (Alzheimers disease, multiple sclerosis), cancer and tumour growth. They participate in other tissue-related acquired pathologies such as skin diseases and allergy, rheumatoid arthritis, liver disease; while, paradoxically, autologous platelet-rich plasma and platelet releasate are being used as an aid to promote tissue repair and cellular growth. The above mentioned roles of platelets are now discussed.
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14
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Nyati KK, Prasad KN, Agrawal V, Husain N. Matrix metalloproteinases-2 and -9 in Campylobacter jejuni-induced paralytic neuropathy resembling Guillain-Barré syndrome in chickens. Microb Pathog 2017; 111:395-401. [PMID: 28916318 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2017.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2017] [Revised: 09/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation in Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is manifested by changes in matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) and pro-inflammatory cytokine expression. We investigated the expression of MMP-2, -9 and TNF-α and correlated it with pathological changes in sciatic nerve tissue from Campylobacter jejuni-induced chicken model for GBS. Campylobacter jejuni and placebo were fed to chickens and assessed for disease symptoms. Sciatic nerves were examined by histopathology and immunohistochemistry. Expressions of MMPs and TNF-α, were determined by real-time PCR, and activities of MMPs by zymography. Diarrhea developed in 73.3% chickens after infection and 60.0% of them developed GBS like neuropathy. Pathology in sciatic nerves showed perinodal and/or patchy demyelination, perivascular focal lymphocytic infiltration and myelin swelling on 10th- 20th post infection day (PID). MMP-2, -9 and TNF-α were up-regulated in progressive phase of the disease. Enhanced MMP-2, -9 and TNF-α production in progressive phase correlated with sciatic nerve pathology in C. jejuni-induced GBS chicken model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kishan Kumar Nyati
- Department of Microbiology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow 226 014, India.
| | - Kashi Nath Prasad
- Department of Microbiology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow 226 014, India.
| | - Vinita Agrawal
- Department of Pathology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow 226 014, India
| | - Nuzhat Husain
- Department of Pathology, Dr. RML Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow 226 010, India
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15
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Liu G, Zhang F, Hu Y, Jiang Y, Gong Z, Liu S, Chen X, Jiang Q, Hao J. Multiple sclerosis risk pathways differ in Caucasian and Chinese populations. J Neuroimmunol 2017; 307:63-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2017.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Revised: 03/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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16
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Larocca M, Perna AM, Simonetti A, Gambacorta E, Iannuzzi A, Perucatti A, Rossano R. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of cauliflower leaf powder-enriched diet against LPS induced toxicity in rabbits. Food Funct 2017; 8:3288-3296. [DOI: 10.1039/c7fo00253j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Brassicaphytochemicals exert a broad spectrum of health-promoting activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilena Larocca
- Department of Sciences
- University of Basilicata
- 85100 Potenza
- Italy
| | - Anna Maria Perna
- School of Agricultural
- Forestry
- Food and Environmental Sciences
- University of Basilicata
- 85100 Potenza
| | - Amalia Simonetti
- School of Agricultural
- Forestry
- Food and Environmental Sciences
- University of Basilicata
- 85100 Potenza
| | - Emilio Gambacorta
- School of Agricultural
- Forestry
- Food and Environmental Sciences
- University of Basilicata
- 85100 Potenza
| | - Alessandra Iannuzzi
- Institute for Animal Production System in Mediterranean Environment (ISPAAM)
- National Research Council (CNR)
- 80147 Napoli
- Italy
| | - Angela Perucatti
- Institute for Animal Production System in Mediterranean Environment (ISPAAM)
- National Research Council (CNR)
- 80147 Napoli
- Italy
| | - Rocco Rossano
- Department of Sciences
- University of Basilicata
- 85100 Potenza
- Italy
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17
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Gerwien H, Hermann S, Zhang X, Korpos E, Song J, Kopka K, Faust A, Wenning C, Gross CC, Honold L, Melzer N, Opdenakker G, Wiendl H, Schafers M, Sorokin L. Imaging matrix metalloproteinase activity in multiple sclerosis as a specific marker of leukocyte penetration of the blood-brain barrier. Sci Transl Med 2016; 8:364ra152. [DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaf8020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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18
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Uchida T, Mori M, Uzawa A, Masuda H, Muto M, Ohtani R, Kuwabara S. Increased cerebrospinal fluid metalloproteinase-2 and interleukin-6 are associated with albumin quotient in neuromyelitis optica: Their possible role on blood–brain barrier disruption. Mult Scler 2016; 23:1072-1084. [DOI: 10.1177/1352458516672015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background: Inflammation in neuromyelitis optica (NMO) is triggered by a serum antibody against the aquaporin-4 (AQP4). This process requires antibody penetration of the blood–brain barrier (BBB), but the mechanisms for BBB disruption in NMO remain unknown. Objective: We examined whether changes in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs), and cytokines are associated with BBB disruption in NMO. Methods: The concentrations 9 MMPs, 4 TIMPs, and 14 cytokines were measured by multiplex assay in CSF and serum samples from 29 NMO patients, 29 relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (MS) patients, and 27 patients with other neurological disorders. We also performed immunohistochemistry for MMP-2 and TIMP-1 expression in post-mortem brain tissues from NMO patients. Results: NMO patients exhibited significantly elevated MMP-2, TIMP-1, interleukin-6, and MMP-2/TIMP-2 ratio in CSF (but not sera) than the other groups. The CSF/serum albumin ratio, an index of BBB permeability, was most strongly correlated with CSF MMP-2 concentration, which in turn correlated with CSF interleukin-6 levels. Immunohistochemistry revealed MMP-2- and TIMP-1-positive cells surrounding vessels in NMO lesions. Conclusion: In NMO, increased CSF MMP-2, likely induced by interleukin-6 signaling, may disrupt the BBB and enable serum anti-AQP-4 antibodies migration into the central nervous system (CNS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiko Uchida
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masahiro Mori
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Akiyuki Uzawa
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hiroki Masuda
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Mayumi Muto
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Ryohei Ohtani
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kuwabara
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
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19
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Qiu Z, Zhang F, Gong C, Xu H, Hu J. Fusion Peptides CPU1 and CPU2 Inhibit Matrix Metalloproteinases and Protect Mice from Endotoxin Shock Within a Strict Time Window. Inflammation 2016; 38:2092-104. [PMID: 26111477 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-015-0192-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Endotoxin shock induction in mice is a commonly used animal model to evaluate the protective effect of biologically active reagents. After an lipopolysaccharides (LPS) stimulus, matrix metalloproteinase-8 (MMP-8) and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) are rapidly degranulated and released by neutrophils, aside other enzymes and effector molecules. MMPs cleave extracellular matrix components and cytokines, and such processes contribute to shock syndrome development. CPU1 and CPU2 are two peptide MMP inhibitors with different in vitro IC50 values to several key enzymes, including MMP-8 and MMP-9. In vivo work confirmed that CPU1 and CPU2 protected mice from endotoxin shock after intravenous and intraperitoneal injections. Furthermore, their minimal effective dose after an intravenous injection and the maximum time interval between intraperitoneal peptide injection (150 mg/kg) and intravenous LPS injection were determined. With the use of an indirect competitive ELISA, plasma CPU1 and CPU2 concentrations in different experimental settings were measured. In addition, the acuteness of MMP-9 release in the mouse circulation after an intravenous LPS injection was confirmed with the zymography technique. Our findings reinforce previous work with other inhibitors about a strict time window within which effective MMP inhibition is needed to obtain significant survival rate improvements and also show that, with strict pharmacokinetic monitoring, potent protease inhibitors may in the future become life-savers in shock conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Ministry of Education, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, Peoples Republic of China.
| | - Fengguo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Ministry of Education, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, Peoples Republic of China.
| | - Chengxin Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Ministry of Education, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, Peoples Republic of China. .,The Engineering Research Center of Peptide Drug Discovery and Development, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, Peoples Republic of China.
| | - Hanmei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Ministry of Education, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, Peoples Republic of China. .,The Engineering Research Center of Peptide Drug Discovery and Development, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, Peoples Republic of China.
| | - Jialiang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Ministry of Education, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, Peoples Republic of China. .,The Engineering Research Center of Peptide Drug Discovery and Development, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, Peoples Republic of China.
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20
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The multifaceted role of metalloproteinases in physiological and pathological conditions in embryonic and adult brains. Prog Neurobiol 2016; 155:36-56. [PMID: 27530222 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2016.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 07/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a large family of ubiquitous extracellular endopeptidases, which play important roles in a variety of physiological and pathological conditions, from the embryonic stages throughout adult life. Their extraordinary physiological "success" is due to concomitant broad substrate specificities and strict regulation of their expression, activation and inhibition levels. In recent years, MMPs have gained increasing attention as significant effectors in various aspects of central nervous system (CNS) physiology. Most importantly, they have been recognized as main players in a variety of brain disorders having different etiologies and evolution. A common aspect of these pathologies is the development of acute or chronic neuroinflammation. MMPs play an integral part in determining the result of neuroinflammation, in some cases turning its beneficial outcome into a harmful one. This review summarizes the most relevant studies concerning the physiology of MMPs, highlighting their involvement in both the developing and mature CNS, in long-lasting and acute brain diseases and, finally, in nervous system repair. Recently, a concerted effort has been made in identifying therapeutic strategies for major brain diseases by targeting MMP activities. However, from this revision of the literature appears clear that MMPs have multifaceted functional characteristics, which modulate physiological processes in multiple ways and with multiple consequences. Therefore, when choosing MMPs as possible targets, great care must be taken to evaluate the delicate balance between their activation and inhibition and to determine at which stage of the disease and at what level they become active in order maximize chances of success.
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21
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Differential Diagnosis of Autoimmune Pancreatitis From Pancreatic Cancer by Analysis of Serum Gelatinase Levels. Pancreas 2016; 45:1048-55. [PMID: 26692441 DOI: 10.1097/mpa.0000000000000576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to analyze serum gelatinases as part of the clinical strategy for the preoperative differentiation between autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). The finding of differential markers will prevent unnecessary surgical resection and allow optimal treatment of these diseases. METHODS Quantitative gelatin zymography was applied to analyze all individual gelatinase forms in serum and to define proteinase alterations associated with AIP and PDAC. For this purpose, sera of 130 patients, being 29 with AIP, 33 with chronic pancreatitis, 32 with PDAC, and 36 healthy controls, were first assayed for gelatinase levels by quantitative zymography before further validation by the analysis with commercial sandwich enzyme linked immunosorbent assays. RESULTS Serum profiling data obtained by zymography analysis revealed that gelatinase B/matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9), the neutrophil gelatinase B-associated lipocalin/MMP-9 complex, and gelatinase A/MMP-2 levels were significantly increased in patients with AIP. These proteins are promising markers to discriminate between AIP and PDAC. The best composite parameter, being the ratio of total MMP-9 over MMP-2 levels, can predict 93% of the AIP and 75% of the PDAC correctly. With enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, we confirmed the zymography results. CONCLUSIONS Differential gelatinase serum profiles as AIP markers, together with other clinical tests, help to assure the diagnosis of PDAC or AIP.
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22
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Li N, Li X, Li L, Zhang P, Qiao M, Zhao Q, Song L, Yu Z. Original Research: The expression of MMP2 and MMP9 in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex of newborn mice under maternal lead exposure. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2016; 241:1811-8. [PMID: 27190262 DOI: 10.1177/1535370216647808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study focused on the MMP2 and MMP9 expression in cerebral cortex and hippocampus of newborn mice under maternal lead exposure. Lead exposure was initiated from gestation to weaning. Lead acetate was dissolved in deionized water with concentration of 0.1, 0.2, and 0.5% and was absorbed through daily drinking. On day 21 after birth, lead in blood and tissue levels was examined by Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrum (GFAAS). The protein expressions of MMP2 and MMP9 in hippocampus and cerebral cortex tissues were tested by western blotting and immunohistochemistry. Compared to the control group, blood, cerebral cortex, and hippocampus lead levels of newborn mice in 0.1, 0.2, and 0.5% lead exposure groups were markedly high (P < 0.05), and mice within the 0.2 and 0.5% lead exposure groups performed much worse than that of the control group in Water Maze test (P < 0.05). Compared with the control group, MMP2 and MMP9 expressions in hippocampus were up-regulated in the lead exposure groups (P < 0.05), and the MMP2 and MMP9 expressions in cerebral cortex were also higher (P < 0.05). The increased expression of MMP2 and MMP9 in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex may lead to the neurotoxicity in the context of maternal lead exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Li
- Food Science and Technology College, Henan Agriculture University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Xing Li
- Public Health College of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Li Li
- Food Science and Technology College, Henan Agriculture University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Pingan Zhang
- Food Science and Technology College, Henan Agriculture University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Mingwu Qiao
- Food Science and Technology College, Henan Agriculture University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Qiuyan Zhao
- Food Science and Technology College, Henan Agriculture University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Lianjun Song
- Food Science and Technology College, Henan Agriculture University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Zengli Yu
- Public Health College of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
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23
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Sawyer EB, Edgeworth JA, Thomas C, Collinge J, Jackson GS. Preclinical detection of infectivity and disease-specific PrP in blood throughout the incubation period of prion disease. Sci Rep 2015; 5:17742. [PMID: 26631638 PMCID: PMC4668555 DOI: 10.1038/srep17742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD) is a fatal neurodegenerative disorder characterised by accumulation of pathological isoforms of the prion protein, PrP. Although cases of clinical vCJD are rare, there is evidence there may be tens of thousands of infectious carriers in the United Kingdom alone. This raises concern about the potential for perpetuation of infection via medical procedures, in particular transfusion of contaminated blood products. Accurate biochemical detection of prion infection is crucial to mitigate risk and we have previously reported a blood assay for vCJD. This assay is sensitive for abnormal PrP conformers at the earliest stages of preclinical prion disease in mice and precedes the maximum infectious titre in blood. Not only does this support the possibility of screening asymptomatic individuals, it will also facilitate the elucidation of the complex relationship that exists between the ensemble of abnormal PrP conformers present in blood and the relationship to infectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth B Sawyer
- MRC Prion Unit, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Julie Ann Edgeworth
- MRC Prion Unit, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Claire Thomas
- MRC Prion Unit, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - John Collinge
- MRC Prion Unit, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Graham S Jackson
- MRC Prion Unit, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
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24
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Chen S, Meng F, Chen Z, Tomlinson BN, Wesley JM, Sun GY, Whaley-Connell AT, Sowers JR, Cui J, Gu Z. Two-dimensional zymography differentiates gelatinase isoforms in stimulated microglial cells and in brain tissues of acute brain injuries. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123852. [PMID: 25859655 PMCID: PMC4393235 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive activation of gelatinases (MMP-2/-9) is a key cause of detrimental outcomes in neurodegenerative diseases. A single-dimension zymography has been widely used to determine gelatinase expression and activity, but this method is inadequate in resolving complex enzyme isoforms, because gelatinase expression and activity could be modified at transcriptional and posttranslational levels. In this study, we investigated gelatinase isoforms under in vitro and in vivo conditions using two-dimensional (2D) gelatin zymography electrophoresis, a protocol allowing separation of proteins based on isoelectric points (pI) and molecular weights. We observed organomercuric chemical 4-aminophenylmercuric acetate-induced activation of MMP-2 isoforms with variant pI values in the conditioned medium of human fibrosarcoma HT1080 cells. Studies with murine BV-2 microglial cells indicated a series of proform MMP-9 spots separated by variant pI values due to stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The MMP-9 pI values were shifted after treatment with alkaline phosphatase, suggesting presence of phosphorylated isoforms due to the proinflammatory stimulation. Similar MMP-9 isoforms with variant pI values in the same molecular weight were also found in mouse brains after ischemic and traumatic brain injuries. In contrast, there was no detectable pI differentiation of MMP-9 in the brains of chronic Zucker obese rats. These results demonstrated effective use of 2D zymography to separate modified MMP isoforms with variant pI values and to detect posttranslational modifications under different pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanyan Chen
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Interdisciplinary Neuroscience Program, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Fanjun Meng
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Zhenzhou Chen
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Brittany N. Tomlinson
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- MS in Pathology program, University of Missouri Graduate School, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Jennifer M. Wesley
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Grace Y. Sun
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Adam T. Whaley-Connell
- Department of Internal Medicine Diabetes and Cardiovascular Center, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans’ Hospital, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - James R. Sowers
- Department of Internal Medicine Diabetes and Cardiovascular Center, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans’ Hospital, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Jiankun Cui
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans’ Hospital, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Zezong Gu
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans’ Hospital, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Li NG, Tang YP, Duan JA, Shi ZH. Matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors: a patent review (2011 – 2013). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2014; 24:1039-52. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2014.937424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Rossano R, Larocca M, Riviello L, Coniglio MG, Vandooren J, Liuzzi GM, Opdenakker G, Riccio P. Heterogeneity of serum gelatinases MMP-2 and MMP-9 isoforms and charge variants. J Cell Mol Med 2014; 18:242-52. [PMID: 24616914 PMCID: PMC3930411 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) gelatinase A (MMP-2) and gelatinase B (MMP-9) are mediators of brain injury in multiple sclerosis (MS) and valuable biomarkers of disease activity. We applied bidimensional zymography (2-DZ) as an extension of classic monodimensional zymography (1-DZ) to analyse the complete pattern of isoforms and post-translational modifications of both MMP-9 and MMP-2 present in the sera of MS patients. The enzymes were separated on the basis of their isoelectric points (pI) and apparent molecular weights (Mw) and identified both by comparison with standard enzyme preparations and by Western blot analysis. Two MMP-2 isoforms, and at least three different isoforms and two different states of organization of MMP-9 (the multimeric MMP-9 and the N-GAL-MMP-9 complex) were observed. In addition, 2-DZ revealed for the first time that all MMP-9 and MMP-2 isoforms actually exist in the form of charge variants: four or five variants in the NGAL complex, more charge variants in the case of MMP-9; and five to seven charge variants for MMP-2. Charge variants were also observed in recombinant enzymes and, after concentration, also in sera from healthy individuals. Sialylation (MMP-9) and phosphorylation (MMP-2) contributed to molecular heterogeneity. The detection of charge variants of MMP-9 and MMP-2 in MS serum samples illustrates the power of 2-DZ and demonstrates that in previous studies MMP mixtures, rather than single molecules, were analysed. These observations open perspectives for better diagnosis and prognosis of many diseases and need to be critically interpreted when applying other methods for MS and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocco Rossano
- Department of Sciences, University of BasilicataPotenza, Italy
| | | | - Lea Riviello
- Department of Sciences, University of BasilicataPotenza, Italy
| | | | - Jennifer Vandooren
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of LeuvenLeuven, Belgium
| | - Grazia Maria Liuzzi
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology, and Biopharmaceutics, University of BariBari, Italy
| | - Ghislain Opdenakker
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of LeuvenLeuven, Belgium
| | - Paolo Riccio
- Department of Sciences, University of BasilicataPotenza, Italy
- *Correspondence to: Prof. Paolo RICCIO,, Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata,, Via Ateneo Lucano 10, Potenza 85100, Italy., Tel.: +39-0971-20-5507, Fax:+39-0971-20-5503, E-mail:
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Interactions of Oxidative Stress and Neurovascular Inflammation in the Pathogenesis of Traumatic Brain Injury. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 51:966-79. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-8752-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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ApoE-Deficient Promotes Blood–Brain Barrier Disruption in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis via Alteration of MMP-9. J Mol Neurosci 2014; 54:282-90. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-014-0291-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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29
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Mirshafiey A, Asghari B, Ghalamfarsa G, Jadidi-Niaragh F, Azizi G. The significance of matrix metalloproteinases in the immunopathogenesis and treatment of multiple sclerosis. Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J 2014; 14:e13-25. [PMID: 24516744 DOI: 10.12816/0003332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2013] [Revised: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS). The major pathological outcomes of the disease are the loss of blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity and the development of reactive astrogliosis and MS plaque. For the disease to occur, the non-resident cells must enter into the immune-privileged CNS through a breach in the relatively impermeable BBB. It has been demonstrated that matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) play an important role in the immunopathogenesis of MS, in part through the disruption of the BBB and the recruitment of inflammatory cells into the CNS. Moreover, MMPs can also enhance the cleavage of myelin basic protein (MBP) and the demyelination process. Regarding the growing data on the roles of MMPs and their tissue inhibitors (TIMPs) in the pathogenesis of MS, this review discusses the role of different types of MMPs, including MMP-2, -3, -7, -9, -12 and -25, in the immunopathogenesis and treatment of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Mirshafiey
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Babak Asghari
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ghasem Ghalamfarsa
- Cellular & Molecular Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Farhad Jadidi-Niaragh
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Azizi
- Imam Hassan Mojtaba Hospital, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
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Vandooren J, Van Damme J, Opdenakker G. On the structure and functions of gelatinase B/matrix metalloproteinase-9 in neuroinflammation. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2014; 214:193-206. [PMID: 25410359 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63486-3.00009-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a specific structure that is composed of two basement membranes (BMs) and that contributes to the control of neuroinflammation. As long as the BBB is intact, extravasated leukocytes may accumulate between two BMs, generating vascular cuffs. Specific matrix metalloproteinases, MMP-2 and MMP-9, have been shown to cleave BBB beta-dystroglycan and to disintegrate thereby the parenchymal BM, resulting in encephalomyelitis. This knowledge has been added to the molecular basis of the REGA model to understand the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis, and it gives further ground for the use of MMP inhibitors for the treatment of acute neuroinflammation. MMP-9 is associated with central nervous system inflammation and occurs in various forms: monomers and multimers. None of the various neurological and neuropathologic functions of MMP-9 have been associated with either molecular structure or molecular form, and therefore, in-depth structure-function studies are needed before medical intervention with MMP-9-specific inhibitors is initiated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Vandooren
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jo Van Damme
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ghislain Opdenakker
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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Inhibitory effect of matrine on blood-brain barrier disruption for the treatment of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Mediators Inflamm 2013; 2013:736085. [PMID: 24194630 PMCID: PMC3781841 DOI: 10.1155/2013/736085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysfunction of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a primary characteristic of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an experimental model of multiple sclerosis (MS). Matrine (MAT), a quinolizidine alkaloid derived from the herb Radix Sophorae Flave, has been recently found to suppress clinical EAE and CNS inflammation. However, whether this effect of MAT is through protecting the integrity and function of the BBB is not known. In the present study, we show that MAT treatment had a therapeutic effect comparable to dexamethasone (DEX) in EAE rats, with reduced Evans Blue extravasation, increased expression of collagen IV, the major component of the basement membrane, and the structure of tight junction (TJ) adaptor protein Zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1). Furthermore, MAT treatment attenuated expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 and -2 (MMP-9/-2), while it increased the expression of tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase-1 and -2 (TIMP-1/-2). Our findings demonstrate that MAT reduces BBB leakage by strengthening basement membrane, inhibiting activities of MMP-2 and -9, and upregulating their inhibitors. Taken together, our results identify a novel mechanism underlying the effect of MAT, a natural compound that could be a novel therapy for MS.
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Song W, Peng Z, Gooyit M, Suckow MA, Schroeder VA, Wolter WR, Lee M, Ikejiri M, Cui J, Gu Z, Chang M. Water-soluble mmp-9 inhibitor prodrug generates active metabolites that cross the blood-brain barrier. ACS Chem Neurosci 2013; 4:1168-73. [PMID: 23687970 DOI: 10.1021/cn400077d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
MMP-9 plays a detrimental role in the pathology of several neurological diseases and, thus, represents an important target for intervention. The water-soluble prodrug ND-478 is hydrolyzed to the active MMP-9 inhibitor ND-322, which in turn is N-acetylated to the even more potent metabolite ND-364. We used a sensitive bioanalytical method based on ultraperformance liquid chromatography with multiple-reaction monitoring detection to measure levels of ND-478, ND-322, and ND-364 in plasma and brain after administration of ND-478 and the metabolites. ND-478 did not cross the blood-brain barrier, as was expected; however the active metabolites ND-322 and ND-364 distributed to the brain. The active compound after administration of either ND-478 or ND-322 is likely ND-364. ND-322 is N-acetylated in both brain and liver, but it is so metabolized preferentially in liver. Since N-acetyltransferases involved in the metabolism of ND-322 to ND-364 are polymorphic, direct administration of the N-acetylated ND-364 would achieve the requisite therapeutic levels in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Song
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Zhihong Peng
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Major Gooyit
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Mark A. Suckow
- Freimann Life Sciences Center and Department of Biological
Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre
Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Valerie A. Schroeder
- Freimann Life Sciences Center and Department of Biological
Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre
Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - William R. Wolter
- Freimann Life Sciences Center and Department of Biological
Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre
Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Mijoon Lee
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Masajiro Ikejiri
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Jiankun Cui
- Department of Pathology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri 65212, United States
| | - Zezong Gu
- Department of Pathology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri 65212, United States
| | - Mayland Chang
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
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Latronico T, Branà MT, Gramegna P, Fasano A, Di Bari G, Liuzzi GM. Inhibition of myelin-cleaving poteolytic activities by interferon-beta in rat astrocyte cultures. Comparative analysis between gelatinases and calpain-II. PLoS One 2013; 8:e49656. [PMID: 23390485 PMCID: PMC3563665 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2012] [Accepted: 10/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Proteolytic enzymes have been implicated in the pathogenesis of Multiple Sclerosis (MS) for both their ability to degrade myelin proteins and for their presence in MS plaques.In this study we investigated whether interferon-beta (IFN-β) could differently modulate the activity and the expression of proteolytic activities against myelin basic protein (MBP) present in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated astrocytes. Methodology/Principal Findings Rat astrocyte cultures were activated with LPS and simultaneously treated with different doses of IFN-β. To assess the presence of MBP-cleaving proteolytic activity, culture supernatants and cellular extracts collected from astrocytes were incubated with exogenous MBP. A MBP-degrading activity was found in both lysates and supernatants from LPS-activated astrocytes and was dose-dependently inhibited by IFN-β. The use of protease inhibitors as well as the zymographic analysis indicated the presence of calpain II (CANP-2) in cell lysates and gelatinases A (MMP-2) and B (MMP-9) in cell supernatants. RT-PCR revealed that the expression of CANP-2 as well as of MMP-2 and MMP-9 was increased in LPS-activated astrocytes and was dose-dependently inhibited by IFN-β treatment. The expression of calpastatin, the natural inhibitor of CANPs, was not affected by IFN-β treatment. By contrast, decreased expression of TIMP-1 and TIMP-2, the natural inhibitors of MMP-9 and MMP-2, respectively, was observed in IFN-β-treated astrocytes compared to LPS-treated cells. The ratio enzyme/inhibitor indicated that the effect of IFN-β treatment is more relevant to CANP-2 than on MMPs. Conclusions/ Significance These results suggest that the neuroinflammatory damage during MS involves altered balance between multiple proteases and their inhibitors and indicate that IFN-β is effective in regulating different enzymatic systems involved in MS pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Latronico
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Branà
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Pasqua Gramegna
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Anna Fasano
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Gaetano Di Bari
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Grazia Maria Liuzzi
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
- * E-mail:
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Berghmans N, Heremans H, Li S, Martens E, Matthys P, Sorokin L, Van Damme J, Opdenakker G. Rescue from acute neuroinflammation by pharmacological chemokine-mediated deviation of leukocytes. J Neuroinflammation 2012; 9:243. [PMID: 23095573 PMCID: PMC3526473 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-9-243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 10/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neutrophil influx is an important sign of hyperacute neuroinflammation, whereas the entry of activated lymphocytes into the brain parenchyma is a hallmark of chronic inflammatory processes, as observed in multiple sclerosis (MS) and its animal models of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Clinically approved or experimental therapies for neuroinflammation act by blocking leukocyte penetration of the blood brain barrier. However, in view of unsatisfactory results and severe side effects, complementary therapies are needed. We have examined the effect of chlorite-oxidized oxyamylose (COAM), a potent antiviral polycarboxylic acid on EAE. Methods EAE was induced in SJL/J mice by immunization with spinal cord homogenate (SCH) or in IFN-γ-deficient BALB/c (KO) mice with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein peptide (MOG35-55). Mice were treated intraperitoneally (i.p.) with COAM or saline at different time points after immunization. Clinical disease and histopathology were compared between both groups. IFN expression was analyzed in COAM-treated MEF cell cultures and in sera and peritoneal fluids of COAM-treated animals by quantitative PCR, ELISA and a bioassay on L929 cells. Populations of immune cell subsets in the periphery and the central nervous system (CNS) were quantified at different stages of disease development by flow cytometry and differential cell count analysis. Expression levels of selected chemokine genes in the CNS were determined by quantitative PCR. Results We discovered that COAM (2 mg i.p. per mouse on days 0 and 7) protects significantly against hyperacute SCH-induced EAE in SJL/J mice and MOG35-55-induced EAE in IFN-γ KO mice. COAM deviated leukocyte trafficking from the CNS into the periphery. In the CNS, COAM reduced four-fold the expression levels of the neutrophil CXC chemokines KC/CXCL1 and MIP-2/CXCL2. Whereas the effects of COAM on circulating blood and splenic leukocytes were limited, significant alterations were observed at the COAM injection site. Conclusions These results demonstrate novel actions of COAM as an anti-inflammatory agent with beneficial effects on EAE through cell deviation. Sequestration of leukocytes in the non-CNS periphery or draining of leukocytes out of the CNS with the use of the chemokine system may thus complement existing treatment options for acute and chronic neuroinflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nele Berghmans
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Lu J, Kurejova M, Wirotanseng LN, Linker RA, Kuner R, Tappe-Theodor A. Pain in experimental autoimmune encephalitis: a comparative study between different mouse models. J Neuroinflammation 2012; 9:233. [PMID: 23039175 PMCID: PMC3582444 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-9-233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2012] [Accepted: 09/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pain can be one of the most severe symptoms associated with multiple sclerosis (MS) and develops with varying levels and time courses. MS-related pain is difficult to treat, since very little is known about the mechanisms underlying its development. Animal models of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mimic many aspects of MS and are well-suited to study underlying pathophysiological mechanisms. Yet, to date very little is known about the sensory abnormalities in different EAE models. We therefore aimed to thoroughly characterize pain behavior of the hindpaw in SJL and C57BL/6 mice immunized with PLP139-151 peptide or MOG35-55 peptide respectively. Moreover, we studied the activity of pain-related molecules and plasticity-related genes in the spinal cord and investigated functional changes in the peripheral nerves using electrophysiology. METHODS We analyzed thermal and mechanical sensitivity of the hindpaw in both EAE models during the whole disease course. Qualitative and quantitative immunohistochemical analysis of pain-related molecules and plasticity-related genes was performed on spinal cord sections at different timepoints during the disease course. Moreover, we investigated functional changes in the peripheral nerves using electrophysiology. RESULTS Mice in both EAE models developed thermal hyperalgesia during the chronic phase of the disease. However, whereas SJL mice developed marked mechanical allodynia over the chronic phase of the disease, C57BL/6 mice developed only minor mechanical allodynia over the onset and peak phase of the disease. Interestingly, the magnitude of glial changes in the spinal cord was stronger in SJL mice than in C57BL/6 mice and their time course matched the temporal profile of mechanical hypersensitivity. CONCLUSIONS Diverse EAE models bearing genetic, clinical and histopathological heterogeneity, show different profiles of sensory and pathological changes and thereby enable studying the mechanistic basis and the diversity of changes in pain perception that are associated with distinct types of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianning Lu
- Pharmacology Institut, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 366, Heidelberg, D-69120, Germany
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Matrix metalloproteinases in neuropathic pain and migraine: friends, enemies, and therapeutic targets. PAIN RESEARCH AND TREATMENT 2012; 2012:952906. [PMID: 22970361 PMCID: PMC3434407 DOI: 10.1155/2012/952906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2012] [Revised: 07/13/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) constitute a family of zinc-dependent endopeptidases that mediate extracellular matrix turnover and associated processes, such as cell survival, growth, and differentiation. This paper discusses important functions of MMP in the normal and injured nervous system, focusing on the role played by these proteases in neurological pain syndromes, most prominently in neuropathic pain and migraine headaches. In the past decade, metalloproteinases emerged as key modulators of neuropathic pain, with MMP-9 acting as an initiator of the neuropathic cascade. Increased MMP activity was detected in migraine patients, independent of aura, in tight association with metabolic derangements. The therapeutic implications of MMP inhibition are considered in the context of neurogenic pain regulation.
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Fasciglione GF, Gioia M, Tsukada H, Liang J, Iundusi R, Tarantino U, Coletta M, Pourmotabbed T, Marini S. The collagenolytic action of MMP-1 is regulated by the interaction between the catalytic domain and the hinge region. J Biol Inorg Chem 2012; 17:663-72. [DOI: 10.1007/s00775-012-0886-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2011] [Accepted: 02/26/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Personality traits and the R668Q polymorphism located in the MMP-9 gene. Behav Brain Res 2012; 228:232-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2011.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2011] [Revised: 11/20/2011] [Accepted: 11/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Human matrix metalloproteinases: an ubiquitarian class of enzymes involved in several pathological processes. Mol Aspects Med 2011; 33:119-208. [PMID: 22100792 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2011.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2011] [Accepted: 10/29/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Human matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) belong to the M10 family of the MA clan of endopeptidases. They are ubiquitarian enzymes, structurally characterized by an active site where a Zn(2+) atom, coordinated by three histidines, plays the catalytic role, assisted by a glutamic acid as a general base. Various MMPs display different domain composition, which is very important for macromolecular substrates recognition. Substrate specificity is very different among MMPs, being often associated to their cellular compartmentalization and/or cellular type where they are expressed. An extensive review of the different MMPs structural and functional features is integrated with their pathological role in several types of diseases, spanning from cancer to cardiovascular diseases and to neurodegeneration. It emerges a very complex and crucial role played by these enzymes in many physiological and pathological processes.
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Herz J, Paterka M, Niesner RA, Brandt AU, Siffrin V, Leuenberger T, Birkenstock J, Mossakowski A, Glumm R, Zipp F, Radbruch H. In vivo imaging of lymphocytes in the CNS reveals different behaviour of naïve T cells in health and autoimmunity. J Neuroinflammation 2011; 8:131. [PMID: 21978405 PMCID: PMC3206448 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-8-131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2011] [Accepted: 10/06/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Two-photon laser scanning microscopy (TPLSM) has become a powerful tool in the visualization of immune cell dynamics and cellular communication within the complex biological networks of the inflamed central nervous system (CNS). Whereas many previous studies mainly focused on the role of effector or effector memory T cells, the role of naïve T cells as possible key players in immune regulation directly in the CNS is still highly debated. Methods We applied ex vivo and intravital TPLSM to investigate migratory pathways of naïve T cells in the inflamed and non-inflamed CNS. MACS-sorted naïve CD4+ T cells were either applied on healthy CNS slices or intravenously injected into RAG1 -/- mice, which were affected by experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). We further checked for the generation of second harmonic generation (SHG) signals produced by extracellular matrix (ECM) structures. Results By applying TPLSM on living brain slices we could show that the migratory capacity of activated CD4+ T cells is not strongly influenced by antigen specificity and is independent of regulatory or effector T cell phenotype. Naïve T cells, however, cannot find sufficient migratory signals in healthy, non-inflamed CNS parenchyma since they only showed stationary behaviour in this context. This is in contrast to the high motility of naïve CD4+ T cells in lymphoid organs. We observed a highly motile migration pattern for naïve T cells as compared to effector CD4+ T cells in inflamed brain tissue of living EAE-affected mice. Interestingly, in the inflamed CNS we could detect reticular structures by their SHG signal which partially co-localises with naïve CD4+ T cell tracks. Conclusions The activation status rather than antigen specificity or regulatory phenotype is the central requirement for CD4+ T cell migration within healthy CNS tissue. However, under inflammatory conditions naïve CD4+ T cells can get access to CNS parenchyma and partially migrate along inflammation-induced extracellular SHG structures, which are similar to those seen in lymphoid organs. These SHG structures apparently provide essential migratory signals for naïve CD4+ T cells within the diseased CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephine Herz
- Klinik für Neurologie, Universitätsklinik Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45122 Essen, Germany
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Opdenakker G, Van Damme J. Probing cytokines, chemokines and matrix metalloproteinases towards better immunotherapies of multiple sclerosis. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2011; 22:359-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2011.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system. The inflammation is driven significantly by autoreactive lymphocytes, which recruit cells of the innate immune system such as macrophages that contribute to subsequent tissue damage, ultimately resulting in demyelination and axonal damage that are characteristic in MS lesions. Cladribine (2-chlorodeoxyadenosine [2-CdA]) is a synthetic chlorinated deoxyadenosine analog that is biologically active in selected cell types and provides targeted and sustained reduction of circulating T and B lymphocytes implicated in the pathogenesis of MS. The biologic activity of cladribine depends on the preferential accumulation of cladribine phosphates in cell types with a high intracellular ratio of deoxycytidine kinase to 5'-nucleotidases. Cladribine-phosphates interfere with DNA synthesis and repair through incorporation into DNA and through inhibition of enzymes involved in DNA metabolism, including DNA polymerase and ribonucleotide reductase. This in turn leads to DNA strand breaks and ultimately cell death. This review explores the mechanism of action of cladribine further, in the context of recent clinical data, after completion of the phase III, 96-week, placebo-controlled CLARITY study. In this study, cladribine tablets demonstrated significant efficacy on clinical and neuroimaging outcomes in relapsing-remitting MS.
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Savarin C, Stohlman SA, Rietsch AM, Butchi N, Ransohoff RM, Bergmann CC. MMP9 deficiency does not decrease blood-brain barrier disruption, but increases astrocyte MMP3 expression during viral encephalomyelitis. Glia 2011; 59:1770-81. [PMID: 21800363 PMCID: PMC3174277 DOI: 10.1002/glia.21222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2011] [Accepted: 06/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), especially MMP9 correlates with blood–brain barrier (BBB) disruption during many neuroinflammatory diseases. During neurotropic coronavirus virus (JHMV) induced encephalomyelitis, MMP9 activity is restricted to neutrophils. Furthermore, myeloid cell depletion implicated MMP9 in facilitating leukocyte central nervous system (CNS) infiltration via loss of BBB integrity. The requirement of MMP9 in BBB disruption was thus assessed in JHMV infected MMP9 deficient (MMP9−/−) mice. Depletion of neutrophils reduced CNS accumulation of monocytes and T cells, albeit without affecting overall pathogenesis. By contrast, infected MMP9−/− mice revealed no differences in CNS leukocyte infiltration, composition or localization, consistent with BBB disruption similar to wild‐type (WT) mice. Unimpaired T cell mediated virus control supported an unexpectedly redundant role of MMP9 in promoting leukocyte access to the brain parenchyma. Although MMP9 deficiency did not expand the overall limited pattern of MMP expression during JHMV infection, it coincided with MMP3 upregulation. MMP3 expression remained largely confined to astrocytes, similar to WT mice. These data demonstrate that neutrophil‐derived MMP9 is not the sole mediator facilitating parenchymal leukocyte entry via BBB disruption during viral encephalomyelitis. Moreover, significantly enhanced MMP3 expression by astrocytes in infected MMP9−/− mice suggests an active role of resident cells in participating and potentially collaborating with infiltrating cells in regulating BBB permeability. Overall, these results highlight the complexity of targeting individual MMPs as a strategy to regulate inflammation. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carine Savarin
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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Merhi F, Auger J, Rendu F, Bauvois B. Allium compounds, dipropyl and dimethyl thiosulfinates as antiproliferative and differentiating agents of human acute myeloid leukemia cell lines. Biologics 2011; 2:885-95. [PMID: 19707466 PMCID: PMC2727902 DOI: 10.2147/btt.s3212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiologic studies support the premise that Allium vegetables may lower the risk of cancers. The beneficial effects appear related to the organosulfur products generated upon processing of Allium. Leukemia cells from patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) display high proliferative capacity and have a reduced capacity of undergoing apoptosis and maturation. Whether the sulfur-containing molecules thiosulfinates (TS), diallyl TS (All(2)TS), dipropyl TS (Pr(2)TS) and dimethyl TS (Me(2)TS), are able to exert chemopreventative activity against AML is presently unknown. The present study was an evaluation of proliferation, cytotoxicity, differentiation and secretion of AML cell lines (U937, NB4, HL-60, MonoMac-6) in response to treatment with these TS and their related sulfides (diallylsulfide, diallyl disulfide, dipropyl disulfide, dimethyl disulfide). As assessed by flow cytometry, ELISA, gelatin zymogaphy and RT-PCR, we showed that Pr(2)TS and Me(2)TS, but not All(2)TS and sulfides, 1) inhibited cell proliferation in dose- and time-dependent manner and this process was neither due to cytotoxicity nor apoptosis, 2) induced macrophage maturation, and 3) inhibited the levels of secreted MMP-9 (protein and activity) and TNF-alpha protein, without altering mRNA levels. By establishing for the first time that Pr(2)TS and Me(2)TS affect proliferation, differentiation and secretion of leukemic cell lines, this study provides the opportunity to explore the potential efficiency of these molecules in AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faten Merhi
- UMR 7131 UPMC Paris Universitas/ CNRS, Groupe Hospitalier Broussais-HEGP, Paris, France
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Green JA, Dholakia S, Janczar K, Ong CW, Moores R, Fry J, Elkington PT, Roncaroli F, Friedland JS. Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected human monocytes down-regulate microglial MMP-2 secretion in CNS tuberculosis via TNFα, NFκB, p38 and caspase 8 dependent pathways. J Neuroinflammation 2011; 8:46. [PMID: 21569377 PMCID: PMC3113956 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-8-46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2010] [Accepted: 05/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) of the central nervous system (CNS) is a deadly disease characterized by extensive tissue destruction, driven by molecules such as Matrix Metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) which targets CNS-specific substrates. In a simplified cellular model of CNS TB, we demonstrated that conditioned medium from Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected primary human monocytes (CoMTb), but not direct infection, unexpectedly down-regulates constitutive microglial MMP-2 gene expression and secretion by 72.8% at 24 hours, sustained up to 96 hours (P < 0.01), dependent upon TNF-α. In human CNS TB brain biopsies but not controls the p38 pathway was activated in microglia/macrophages. Inhibition of the p38 MAP kinase pathway resulted in a 228% increase in MMP-2 secretion (P < 0.01). In contrast ERK MAP kinase inhibition further decreased MMP-2 secretion by 76.6% (P < 0.05). Inhibition of the NFκB pathway resulted in 301% higher MMP-2 secretion than CoMTb alone (P < 0.01). Caspase 8 restored MMP-2 secretion to basal levels. However, this caspase-dependent regulation of MMP-2 was independent of p38 and NFκB pathways; p38 phosphorylation was increased and p50/p65 NFκB nuclear trafficking unaffected by caspase 8 inhibition. In summary, suppression of microglial MMP-2 secretion by M.tb-infected monocyte-dependent networks paradoxically involves the pro-inflammatory mediators TNF-α, p38 MAP kinase and NFκB in addition to a novel caspase 8-dependent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin A Green
- Section of Infectious Diseases and Immunity and the Imperial College Wellcome Trust Centre for Clinical Tropical Medicine, Hammersmith Campus, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK.
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Uyttenhove C, Marillier RG, Tacchini-Cottier F, Charmoy M, Caspi RR, Damsker JM, Goriely S, Su D, Van Damme J, Struyf S, Opdenakker G, Van Snick J. Amine-reactive OVA multimers for auto-vaccination against cytokines and other mediators: perspectives illustrated for GCP-2 in L. major infection. J Leukoc Biol 2011; 89:1001-7. [PMID: 21385949 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1210699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Anticytokine auto-vaccination is a powerful tool for the study of cytokine functions in vivo but has remained rather esoteric as a result of numerous technical difficulties. We here describe a two-step procedure based on the use of OVA multimers purified by size exclusion chromatography after incubation with glutaraldehyde at pH 6. When such polymers are incubated with a target protein at pH 8.5 to deprotonate reactive amines, complexes are formed that confer immunogenicity to self-antigens. The chemokine GCP-2/CXCL6, the cytokines GM-CSF, IL-17F, IL-17E/IL-25, IL-27, and TGF-β1, and the MMP-9/gelatinase B are discussed as examples. mAb, derived from such immunized mice, have obvious advantages for in vivo studies of the target proteins. Using a mAb against GCP-2, obtained by the method described here, we provide the first demonstration of the major role played by this chemokine in rapid neutrophil mobilization after Leishmania major infection. Pre-activated OVA multimers reactive with amine residues thus provide an efficient carrier for auto-vaccination against 9-90 kDa autologous proteins.
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Cauwe B, Martens E, Sagaert X, Dillen C, Geurts N, Li S, Mertens J, Thijs G, Van den Steen PE, Heremans H, De Vos R, Blockmans D, Arnold B, Opdenakker G. Deficiency of gelatinase B/MMP-9 aggravates lpr-induced lymphoproliferation and lupus-like systemic autoimmune disease. J Autoimmun 2011; 36:239-52. [PMID: 21376533 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2011.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2010] [Revised: 01/20/2011] [Accepted: 02/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Gelatinase B/matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) is a key enzyme involved in inflammatory, hematological, vascular and neoplastic diseases. In previous studies, we explored the intracellular substrate set or 'degradome' of MMP-9 and found many systemic autoantigens as novel intracellular gelatinase B substrates. Little is known, however, about the functional role of MMP-9 in the development of systemic autoimmunity in vivo. B6(lpr/lpr) mice with defective Fas-mediated apoptosis were used to investigate the functions of MMP-9 in lymphocyte proliferation and in the development of systemic autoimmunity. Combined Fas and gelatinase B deficiency resulted in extreme lymphoproliferative disease with enhanced lymphadenopathy and splenomegaly, and significantly reduced survival compared with single Fas deficiency. At the cellular level, this was corroborated by increased lymph node accumulation of 'double negative' T cells, B cells and myeloid cells. In addition, higher autoantibody titers and more pronounced autoimmune tissue injury were found in the absence of MMP-9, culminating in chronically enhanced systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)-like autoimmunity. After cleavage by MMP-9 the SLE autoantigens U1snRNP A and ribosomal protein P0 were hardly recognized by plasma samples of both B6(lpr/lpr).MMP-9⁻/⁻ and B6(lpr/lpr).MMP-9+/+ mice, pointing to a destruction of B cell epitopes by MMP-9-mediated proteolysis. In addition, the same loss of immunodominant epitopes was observed with plasma samples from SLE patients, suggesting that MMP-9 suppresses systemic antibody-mediated autoimmunity by clearance of autoepitopes in immunogenic substrates. Thus, new protective functions for MMP-9 were revealed in the suppression of lymphoproliferation and dampening of systemic autoimmunity, cautioning against the long-term use of MMP inhibitors in autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome (ALPS) and SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bénédicte Cauwe
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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EMMPRIN: a novel regulator of leukocyte transmigration into the CNS in multiple sclerosis and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Neurosci 2011; 31:669-77. [PMID: 21228176 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3659-10.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer (EMMPRIN, CD147) is a member of the Ig superfamily, with various physiological roles including the induction of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), leukocyte activation, and tumor progression. In this study, we illustrate a novel involvement of EMMPRIN in multiple sclerosis (MS) and its animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). We found EMMPRIN levels to be upregulated on peripheral leukocytes before onset of EAE clinical signs and on infiltrating leukocytes and resident cells within the CNS in symptomatic mice. In EAE brain sections, EMMPRIN expression was localized with MMP-9 protein and activity. The increased EMMPRIN level was also characteristic of brain samples from MS subjects, particularly in plaque-containing areas. To evaluate the implications of elevated EMMPRIN levels, we treated EAE mice with an EMMPRIN function-blocking antibody and found reduced EAE clinical severity accompanied by decreased CNS parenchymal infiltration of leukocytes. Amelioration of EAE clinical signs by the anti-EMMPRIN antibody was critically dependent on its administration around the period of onset of clinical signs, which is typically associated with significant influx of leukocytes into the CNS. Moreover, the reduction in disease severity in anti-EMMPRIN-treated mice was associated with diminished MMP proteolytic activity at the glia limitans, the final barrier before parenchymal infiltration of leukocytes. Together, our results are the first to emphasize a role for EMMPRIN in MS and EAE, whereby EMMPRIN regulates leukocyte trafficking through increasing MMP activity. These results identify EMMPRIN as a novel therapeutic target in MS.
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Cauwe B, Opdenakker G. Intracellular substrate cleavage: a novel dimension in the biochemistry, biology and pathology of matrix metalloproteinases. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2010; 45:351-423. [DOI: 10.3109/10409238.2010.501783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Gioia M, Fasciglione GF, Monaco S, Iundusi R, Sbardella D, Marini S, Tarantino U, Coletta M. pH dependence of the enzymatic processing of collagen I by MMP-1 (fibroblast collagenase), MMP-2 (gelatinase A), and MMP-14 ectodomain. J Biol Inorg Chem 2010; 15:1219-32. [PMID: 20549272 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-010-0680-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2010] [Accepted: 06/02/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The proteolytic processing of collagen I by three matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), a collagenase (MMP-1), a gelatinase (MMP-2), and the ectodomain of a membrane-type metalloproteinase (MMP-14), has been investigated at 37 °C between pH 6.0 and 9.2, a pH range reflecting conditions found in different body compartments under various physiopathological processes. In the proteolytic degradation the native collagen triple helix must be partially unwound to allow the binding of α chains to the protease's active-site cleft. We have found that MMP-1 interacts with the two types of collagen I α chains in a similar fashion, whereas both MMP-2 and MMP-14 bind the two α chains in a different way. The overall enzymatic activity is higher on the α-2 chain for both MMP-1 and MMP-2, whereas the MMP-14 ectodomain preferentially cleaves the α-1 chain. In MMP-2 a marked difference for substrate affinity (higher for the α-1 chain) is overwhelmed by an even more marked propensity to cleave the α-2 chain. As a whole, the three classes of MMPs investigated appear to process collagen I in a significantly different fashion, so various MMPs play different roles in the collagen homeostasis in various compartments (such as bloodstream, synovial fluid, normal and tumoral tissues), where different pH values are observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magda Gioia
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Roma Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
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