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Shephard A, Kolaczkowski L, Barker N, Nahal D, Oreja-Guevara C, Reyes S, Gray H, Salloukh H, Giovannoni G. Making Information About Cladribine Tablets Accessible to People with Multiple Sclerosis: A Patient-Survey-Led Narrative Review for Healthcare Professionals. Neurol Ther 2024; 13:1015-1038. [PMID: 38760637 DOI: 10.1007/s40120-024-00608-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Cladribine tablets have been granted marketing authorization in Europe and approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the USA to treat relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis (MS). However, people with MS (PwMS) may be more familiar, and therefore more confident, with treatments requiring long-term and frequent dosing. Differences in such treatment strategies can lead to questions relating to how short-course non-continuous treatments, such as cladribine tablets, can work and how well they are tolerated. In response to this, we aimed to create an evidence-based report on patient-focused aspects of treatment with cladribine. To inform development, MS experts, including healthcare professionals (HCPs) and PwMS, proposed topics that PwMS and their families and caregivers would most like to discuss with HCPs during consultations to help them better understand cladribine treatment. The statements regarding each topic were then ranked by PwMS and used to inform the topics covered in this report. We explain here the use of cladribine tablets, which includes explanations of how cladribine tablets work, how to take cladribine tablets, and considerations required prior to and while taking cladribine tablets. We also describe how cladribine tablets affect relapse rate and quality of life and detail side effects, when they are likely to happen, and for how long. We also discuss how cladribine tablets affect family planning, fertility, and the use of vaccines. Alongside each section is a brief, plain language description of what is covered and an accompanying visual to aid conversations between HCPs and PwMS. Improved understanding by PwMS of treatments, such as cladribine, can empower them to play a bigger role in shared decision-making regarding their treatment. Additionally, the open dialogue we aim to promote with this type of report could lead to treatment choices being better tailored for individuals with chronic diseases on the basis of personal experiences, preferences, and circumstances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ardra Shephard
- Patient Author: MS blogger and podcaster [trippingonair.com], patient speaker and advocate, creator, based in Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Laura Kolaczkowski
- Patient Author: MS blogger [MultipleSclerosis.net], lead patient representative [iConquerMS], patient expert, speaker and advocate, based in Beavercreek, OH, USA
| | - Noreen Barker
- The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
| | - Donna Nahal
- Patient Author: MS patient advocate and speaker, based in Birmingham, UK
| | - Celia Oreja-Guevara
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Saúl Reyes
- Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá, Bogotá, Colombia
- School of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Helen Gray
- Merck Healthcare KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | | | - Gavin Giovannoni
- Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
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Mallucci G, Ferraro OE, Trojano M, Amato MP, Scalfari A, Zaffaroni M, Colombo E, Rigoni E, Iaffaldano P, Portaccio E, Saraceno L, Paolicelli D, Razzolini L, Montomoli C, Bergamaschi R. Early prediction of unfavorable evolution after a first clinical episode suggestive of multiple sclerosis: the EUMUS score. J Neurol 2024; 271:3496-3505. [PMID: 38532143 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-024-12304-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Predicting disease progression in patients with the first clinical episode suggestive of multiple sclerosis (MS) is crucial for personalized therapeutic approaches. This study aimed to develop the EUMUS score for accurately estimating the risk of early evidence of disease activity and progression (EDA). METHODS Retrospective analysis was conducted on data from 221 patients with a first clinical MS episode collected from four Italian MS centers. Various variables including socio-demographics, clinical features, cerebrospinal fluid analysis, evoked potentials, and brain MRI were considered. A prognostic multivariate regression model was identified to develop the EUMUS score. The optimal cutoff for predicting the transition from no evidence of disease activity (NEDA3) to EDA was determined. The accuracy of the prognostic model and score were tested in a separate UK MS cohort. RESULTS After 12 months, 61.54% of patients experienced relapses and/or new MRI lesions. Younger age (OR 0.96, CI 0.93-0.99; p = 0.005), MRI infratentorial lesion(s) at baseline (OR 2.21, CI 1.27-3.87; p = 0.005), positive oligoclonal bands (OR 2.89, CI 1.47-5.69; p = 0.002), and abnormal lower limb somatosensory-evoked potentials (OR 2.77, CI 1.41-5.42; p = 0.003) were significantly associated with increased risk of EDA. The EUMUS score demonstrated good specificity (72%) and correctly classified 80% of patients with EDA in the independent UK cohort. CONCLUSIONS The EUMUS score is a simple and useful tool for predicting MS evolution within 12 months of the first clinical episode. It has the potential to guide personalized therapeutic approaches and aid in clinical decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Mallucci
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland, EOC, Lugano, Switzerland.
| | - Ottavia Eleonora Ferraro
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, Unit of Biostatistics and Clinical Epidemiology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Maria Trojano
- Department of Translational Biomedicines and Neurosciences University of Bari, A. Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Pia Amato
- Department NEUROFARBA, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Florence, Italy
| | - Antonio Scalfari
- Centre of Neuroscience, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Charing Cross Hospital, London, UK
| | - Mauro Zaffaroni
- Neuroimmunology Unit and Multiple Sclerosis Center, ASST della Valle Olona, Hospital of Gallarate, Gallarate, VA, Italy
| | | | | | - Pietro Iaffaldano
- Department of Translational Biomedicines and Neurosciences University of Bari, A. Moro, Bari, Italy
| | | | - Lorenzo Saraceno
- Department of Neurosciences, Neurology and Stroke Unit, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy
| | - Damiano Paolicelli
- Department of Translational Biomedicines and Neurosciences University of Bari, A. Moro, Bari, Italy
| | | | - Cristina Montomoli
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, Unit of Biostatistics and Clinical Epidemiology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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Ren F, Yang C, Feng K, Shang Q, Liu J, Kang X, Wang X, Wang X. An exploration of causal relationships between nine neurological diseases and the risk of breast cancer: a Mendelian randomization study. Aging (Albany NY) 2024; 16:7101-7118. [PMID: 38663930 PMCID: PMC11087125 DOI: 10.18632/aging.205745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Some preceding researches have observed that certain neurological disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease and multiple sclerosis, may affect breast cancer risk. However, whether there are causal relationships between these neurological conditions and breast cancer is inconclusive. This study was designed to explore whether neurological disorders affected the risks of breast cancer overall and of the two subtypes (ER+ and ER-). METHODS In the course of this study, genome-wide association study (GWAS) data for nine neurological diseases (Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, myasthenia gravis, generalized epilepsy, intracerebral haemorrhage, cerebral atherosclerosis, brain glioblastoma, and benign meningeal tumour) were collected from the Complex Trait Genetics lab and the MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, and single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) extensively associated with these neurological ailments had been recognized as instrumental variables (IVs). GWAS data on breast cancer were collected from the Breast Cancer Association Consortium (BCAC). Two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses as well as multivariable MR analyses were performed to determine whether these SNPs contributed to breast cancer risk. Additionally, the accuracy of the results was evaluated using the false discovery rate (FDR) multiple correction method. Both heterogeneity and pleiotropy were evaluated by analyzing sensitivities. RESULTS According to the results of two-sample MR analyses, Alzheimer's disease significantly reduced the risks of overall (OR 0.925, 95% CI [0.871-0.982], P = 0.011) and ER+ (OR 0.912, 95% CI [0.853-0.975], P = 0.007) breast cancer, but there was a negative result in ER- breast cancer. However, after multiple FDR corrections, the effect of Alzheimer's disease on overall breast cancer was not statistically significant. In contrast, multiple sclerosis significantly increased ER+ breast cancer risk (OR 1.007, 95% CI [1.003-1.011], P = 0.001). In addition, the multivariable MR analyses showed that Alzheimer's disease significantly reduced the risk of ER+ breast cancer (IVW: OR 0.929, 95% CI [0.864-0.999], P=0.047; MR-Egger: OR 0.916, 95% CI [0.846-0.992], P=0.031); however, multiple sclerosis significantly increased the risk of ER+ breast cancer (IVW: OR 1.008, 95% CI [1.003-1.012], P=4.35×10-4; MR-Egger: OR 1.008, 95% CI [1.003-1.012], P=5.96×10-4). There were no significant associations between the remainder of the neurological diseases and breast cancer. CONCLUSIONS This study found the trends towards a decreased risk of ER+ breast cancer in patients with Alzheimer's disease and an increased risk in patients with multiple sclerosis. However, due to the limitations of Mendelian randomization, we cannot determine whether there are definite causal relationships between neurological diseases and breast cancer risk. For conclusive evidences, more prospective randomized controlled trials will be needed in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Ren
- Department of Breast Surgical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Chenxuan Yang
- Department of Breast Surgical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Kexin Feng
- Department of Breast Surgical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Qingyao Shang
- Department of Breast Surgical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Jiaxiang Liu
- Department of Breast Surgical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Xiyu Kang
- Department of Breast Surgical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Breast Surgical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Xiang Wang
- Department of Breast Surgical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
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Sguigna PV, Hussain RZ, Okai A, Blackburn KM, Tardo L, Madinawala M, Korich J, Lebson LA, Kaplan J, Salter A, Manouchehri N, Stuve O. Cladribine tablets after treatment with natalizumab (CLADRINA) - rationale and design. Ther Adv Neurol Disord 2024; 17:17562864241233858. [PMID: 38585373 PMCID: PMC10996356 DOI: 10.1177/17562864241233858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Individual disease modifying therapies approved for multiple sclerosis (MS) have limited effectiveness and potentially serious side effects, especially when administered over long periods. Sequential combination therapy is a plausible alternative approach. Natalizumab is a monoclonal therapeutic antibody that reduces leukocyte access to the central nervous system that is associated with an increased risk of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy and disease reactivation after its discontinuation. Cladribine tablets act as a synthetic adenosine analog, disrupting DNA synthesis and repair, thereby reducing the number of lymphocytes. The generation of prospective, rigorous safety, and efficacy data in transitioning from natalizumab to cladribine is an unmet clinical need. Objectives To test the feasibility of transitioning patients with relapsing forms of MS natalizumab to cladribine tablets. Design Cladribine tablets after treatment with natalizumab (CLADRINA) is an open-label, single-arm, multicenter, collaborative phase IV, research study that will generate hypothesis regarding the safety, efficacy, and immunological impact of transition from natalizumab to cladribine tablets in patients with relapsing forms of MS. Methods and analysis Participants will be recruited from three different sites. The primary endpoint is the absolute and percent change from baseline of lymphocytes and myeloid cell subsets, as well as blood neurofilament light levels. The secondary endpoint is the annualized relapse rate over the 12- and 24-month trial periods. Exploratory endpoints include the expanded disability status scale, and magnetic resonance imaging outcomes. Discussion The CLADRINA trial will generate data regarding the safety, efficacy, and immunological impact of the transition from natalizumab to cladribine. As the pace of immunological knowledge of MS continues, insight into disease modifying therapy transition strategies is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter V. Sguigna
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Rehana Z. Hussain
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Annette Okai
- North Texas Institute of Neurology & Headache, Plano, TX, USA
| | - Kyle M. Blackburn
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Lauren Tardo
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Mariam Madinawala
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Julie Korich
- EMD Serono, Inc., Rockland, MA, USA, an affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Lori A. Lebson
- EMD Serono, Inc., Rockland, MA, USA, an affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Jeffrey Kaplan
- Kansas City Multiple Sclerosis and Headache Center, Overland Park, KS, USA
| | - Amber Salter
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Navid Manouchehri
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Olaf Stuve
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX 75390-8813, USA
- Neurology Section, VA North Texas Health Care System, Dallas, TX, USA
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Filippi M, Ferrè L, Zanetta C, Rizzi C, Pessina G, Assogna F, Rocca MA. Prospective observational study to evaluate treatment satisfaction and effectiveness in patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis starting cladribine tablets (CLADREAL) in Italy. Front Neurol 2024; 15:1379712. [PMID: 38638312 PMCID: PMC11024245 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2024.1379712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) for multiple sclerosis (MS) reduce relapse frequency, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) activity, and slow disability progression. Numerous DMTs are approved for relapsing forms of MS although real-world data on patient-reported outcomes (PROs) and quality of life (QoL) are needed to inform treatment choice. Immune reconstitution therapy with cladribine tablets is a highly effective treatment for relapsing MS (RMS). We present the protocol for an observational study to prospectively assess the effectiveness of cladribine tablets on clinical and MRI parameters as well as on PROs, including treatment satisfaction, QoL, sleep quality, self-perceived health, fatigue, and physical function. Enrolled patients at study sites in Italy will be adults with RMS (including relapsing-remitting and active secondary progressive MS) who are either treatment naïve or have received at least one first-line disease modifying DMT or no more than one second-line DMT. The primary objective will be change in global treatment satisfaction measured with the Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire for Medication Version 1.4 approximately 24 months after initiating cladribine tablets in patients switching from previous DMTs. Secondary objectives will include global treatment satisfaction at earlier timepoints, will comprise treatment naïve patients, and will quantify treatment effectiveness and tolerability. We will also assess relapses, disability progression, MRI activity, and other PROs at approximately 12 and 24 months. The findings will provide insight from daily clinical practice into the patient's experience to complement data from controlled trials and inform treatment choice. EU PAS Registration Number EUPAS49334 filed 17/10/2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Filippi
- Neurology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Neurorehabilitation Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Neurophysiology Service, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Ferrè
- Neurorehabilitation Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Zanetta
- Neurology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Neurorehabilitation Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Caterina Rizzi
- Merck Serono S.p.A., An Affiliate of Merck KGaA, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Maria A. Rocca
- Neurology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
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Cortese R, Testa G, Assogna F, De Stefano N. Magnetic Resonance Imaging Evidence Supporting the Efficacy of Cladribine Tablets in the Treatment of Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis. CNS Drugs 2024; 38:267-279. [PMID: 38489020 PMCID: PMC10980660 DOI: 10.1007/s40263-024-01074-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Numerous therapies are currently available to modify the disease course of multiple sclerosis (MS). Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) plays a pivotal role in assessing treatment response by providing insights into disease activity and clinical progression. Integrating MRI findings with clinical and laboratory data enables a comprehensive assessment of the disease course. Among available MS treatments, cladribine is emerging as a promising option due to its role as a selective immune reconstitution therapy, with a notable impact on B cells and a lesser effect on T cells. This work emphasizes the assessment of MRI's contribution to MS treatment, particularly focusing on the influence of cladribine tablets on imaging outcomes, encompassing data from pivotal and real-world studies. The evidence highlights that cladribine, compared with placebo, not only exhibits a reduction in inflammatory imaging markers, such as T1-Gd+, T2 and combined unique active (CUA) lesions, but also mitigates the effect on brain volume loss, particularly within grey matter. Importantly, cladribine reveals early action by reducing CUA lesions within the first months of treatment, regardless of a patient's initial conditions. The selective mechanism of action, and sustained efficacy beyond year 2, combined with its early onset of action, collectively position cladribine tablets as a pivotal component in the therapeutic paradigm for MS. Overall, MRI, along with clinical measures, has played a substantial role in showcasing the effectiveness of cladribine in addressing both the inflammatory and neurodegenerative aspects of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Cortese
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Viale Bracci 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Giovanna Testa
- Merck Serono S.p.A. Italy, An Affiliate of Merck KGaA, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Nicola De Stefano
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Viale Bracci 2, 53100, Siena, Italy.
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Brochet B, Solari A, Lechner-Scott J, Piehl F, Langdon D, Hupperts R, Selmaj K, Patti F, Brieva L, Maida EM, Alexandri N, Smyk A, Nolting A, Keller B, Montalban X, Kubala Havrdova E. Improvements in quality of life over 2 years with cladribine tablets in people with relapsing multiple sclerosis: The CLARIFY-MS study. Mult Scler 2023; 29:1808-1818. [PMID: 37978852 PMCID: PMC10687821 DOI: 10.1177/13524585231205962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple sclerosis (MS) negatively affects health-related quality of life (HRQoL). OBJECTIVE To evaluate HRQoL in people with highly active relapsing MS treated with cladribine tablets (CladT; 3.5 mg/kg cumulative dose over 2 years) in CLARIFY-MS. METHODS Changes in the MS quality of life (MSQoL)-54 scores were analysed using a repeated mixed-effects linear model. Subgroup analyses were performed for participants who were pretreatment-naïve and those pretreated with disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) before initiating CladT. Safety and tolerability of CladT were also assessed. RESULTS MSQoL-54 physical (mean change = 4.86; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 3.18, 6.53) and mental health (4.80; 95% CI = 3.13, 6.46) composite scores (primary endpoints) showed significant improvement at Month 24 versus Baseline (p < 0.0001). Changes in the MSQoL-54 scores were consistent across the pretreatment-naïve and DMT-pretreated subgroups. No new severe or opportunistic infections occurred. Most post-baseline lymphopenia events were Grade 1-2 in severity. Transient Grade-3 lymphopenia was observed in 19.7% (95/482) of participants. Grade-4 lymphopenia was not observed. CONCLUSIONS CladT treatment significantly improved the mean MSQoL-54 physical and mental health composite scores over 2 years. CladT efficacy in HRQoL, relapse rates and Expanded Disability Status Scale scores demonstrates its multidimensional effects in MS treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Brochet
- INSERM U 1215, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Alessandra Solari
- Unit of Neuroepidemiology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Jeannette Lechner-Scott
- University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia/Division of Neurology, John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Fredrik Piehl
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Dawn Langdon
- Department of Psychology, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, UK
| | - Raymond Hupperts
- Zuyderland Medisch Centrum Sittard, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Francesco Patti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies, GF Ingrassia, University of Catania, and Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Policlinico “G. Rodolico” – San Marco, University of Catania, Italy
| | - Luis Brieva
- IRBlLeida, Hospital Arnau de Vilanova, Lérida, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Xavier Montalban
- Department of Neurology-Neuroimmunology Centre of Multiple Sclerosis of Catalonia (Cemcat), University Hospital Vall d’Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eva Kubala Havrdova
- Department of Neurology and Center for Clinical Neuroscience, First Medical Faculty, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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Tramacere I, Virgili G, Perduca V, Lucenteforte E, Benedetti MD, Capobussi M, Castellini G, Frau S, Gonzalez-Lorenzo M, Featherstone R, Filippini G. Adverse effects of immunotherapies for multiple sclerosis: a network meta-analysis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2023; 11:CD012186. [PMID: 38032059 PMCID: PMC10687854 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd012186.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic disease of the central nervous system that affects mainly young adults (two to three times more frequently in women than in men) and causes significant disability after onset. Although it is accepted that immunotherapies for people with MS decrease disease activity, uncertainty regarding their relative safety remains. OBJECTIVES To compare adverse effects of immunotherapies for people with MS or clinically isolated syndrome (CIS), and to rank these treatments according to their relative risks of adverse effects through network meta-analyses (NMAs). SEARCH METHODS We searched CENTRAL, PubMed, Embase, two other databases and trials registers up to March 2022, together with reference checking and citation searching to identify additional studies. SELECTION CRITERIA We included participants 18 years of age or older with a diagnosis of MS or CIS, according to any accepted diagnostic criteria, who were included in randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that examined one or more of the agents used in MS or CIS, and compared them versus placebo or another active agent. We excluded RCTs in which a drug regimen was compared with a different regimen of the same drug without another active agent or placebo as a control arm. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS We used standard Cochrane methods for data extraction and pairwise meta-analyses. For NMAs, we used the netmeta suite of commands in R to fit random-effects NMAs assuming a common between-study variance. We used the CINeMA platform to GRADE the certainty of the body of evidence in NMAs. We considered a relative risk (RR) of 1.5 as a non-inferiority safety threshold compared to placebo. We assessed the certainty of evidence for primary outcomes within the NMA according to GRADE, as very low, low, moderate or high. MAIN RESULTS This NMA included 123 trials with 57,682 participants. Serious adverse events (SAEs) Reporting of SAEs was available from 84 studies including 5696 (11%) events in 51,833 (89.9%) participants out of 57,682 participants in all studies. Based on the absolute frequency of SAEs, our non-inferiority threshold (up to a 50% increased risk) meant that no more than 1 in 18 additional people would have a SAE compared to placebo. Low-certainty evidence suggested that three drugs may decrease SAEs compared to placebo (relative risk [RR], 95% confidence interval [CI]): interferon beta-1a (Avonex) (0.78, 0.66 to 0.94); dimethyl fumarate (0.79, 0.67 to 0.93), and glatiramer acetate (0.84, 0.72 to 0.98). Several drugs met our non-inferiority criterion versus placebo: moderate-certainty evidence for teriflunomide (1.08, 0.88 to 1.31); low-certainty evidence for ocrelizumab (0.85, 0.67 to 1.07), ozanimod (0.88, 0.59 to 1.33), interferon beta-1b (0.94, 0.78 to 1.12), interferon beta-1a (Rebif) (0.96, 0.80 to 1.15), natalizumab (0.97, 0.79 to 1.19), fingolimod (1.05, 0.92 to 1.20) and laquinimod (1.06, 0.83 to 1.34); very low-certainty evidence for daclizumab (0.83, 0.68 to 1.02). Non-inferiority with placebo was not met due to imprecision for the other drugs: low-certainty evidence for cladribine (1.10, 0.79 to 1.52), siponimod (1.20, 0.95 to 1.51), ofatumumab (1.26, 0.88 to 1.79) and rituximab (1.01, 0.67 to 1.52); very low-certainty evidence for immunoglobulins (1.05, 0.33 to 3.32), diroximel fumarate (1.05, 0.23 to 4.69), peg-interferon beta-1a (1.07, 0.66 to 1.74), alemtuzumab (1.16, 0.85 to 1.60), interferons (1.62, 0.21 to 12.72) and azathioprine (3.62, 0.76 to 17.19). Withdrawals due to adverse events Reporting of withdrawals due to AEs was available from 105 studies (85.4%) including 3537 (6.39%) events in 55,320 (95.9%) patients out of 57,682 patients in all studies. Based on the absolute frequency of withdrawals, our non-inferiority threshold (up to a 50% increased risk) meant that no more than 1 in 31 additional people would withdraw compared to placebo. No drug reduced withdrawals due to adverse events when compared with placebo. There was very low-certainty evidence (meaning that estimates are not reliable) that two drugs met our non-inferiority criterion versus placebo, assuming an upper 95% CI RR limit of 1.5: diroximel fumarate (0.38, 0.11 to 1.27) and alemtuzumab (0.63, 0.33 to 1.19). Non-inferiority with placebo was not met due to imprecision for the following drugs: low-certainty evidence for ofatumumab (1.50, 0.87 to 2.59); very low-certainty evidence for methotrexate (0.94, 0.02 to 46.70), corticosteroids (1.05, 0.16 to 7.14), ozanimod (1.06, 0.58 to 1.93), natalizumab (1.20, 0.77 to 1.85), ocrelizumab (1.32, 0.81 to 2.14), dimethyl fumarate (1.34, 0.96 to 1.86), siponimod (1.63, 0.96 to 2.79), rituximab (1.63, 0.53 to 5.00), cladribine (1.80, 0.89 to 3.62), mitoxantrone (2.11, 0.50 to 8.87), interferons (3.47, 0.95 to 12.72), and cyclophosphamide (3.86, 0.45 to 33.50). Eleven drugs may have increased withdrawals due to adverse events compared with placebo: low-certainty evidence for teriflunomide (1.37, 1.01 to 1.85), glatiramer acetate (1.76, 1.36 to 2.26), fingolimod (1.79, 1.40 to 2.28), interferon beta-1a (Rebif) (2.15, 1.58 to 2.93), daclizumab (2.19, 1.31 to 3.65) and interferon beta-1b (2.59, 1.87 to 3.77); very low-certainty evidence for laquinimod (1.42, 1.01 to 2.00), interferon beta-1a (Avonex) (1.54, 1.13 to 2.10), immunoglobulins (1.87, 1.01 to 3.45), peg-interferon beta-1a (3.46, 1.44 to 8.33) and azathioprine (6.95, 2.57 to 18.78); however, very low-certainty evidence is unreliable. Sensitivity analyses including only studies with low attrition bias, drug dose above the group median, or only patients with relapsing remitting MS or CIS, and subgroup analyses by prior disease-modifying treatments did not change these figures. Rankings No drug yielded consistent P scores in the upper quartile of the probability of being better than others for primary and secondary outcomes. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS We found mostly low and very low-certainty evidence that drugs used to treat MS may not increase SAEs, but may increase withdrawals compared with placebo. The results suggest that there is no important difference in the occurrence of SAEs between first- and second-line drugs and between oral, injectable, or infused drugs, compared with placebo. Our review, along with other work in the literature, confirms poor-quality reporting of adverse events from RCTs of interventions. At the least, future studies should follow the CONSORT recommendations about reporting harm-related issues. To address adverse effects, future systematic reviews should also include non-randomized studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Tramacere
- Department of Research and Clinical Development, Scientific Directorate, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Gianni Virgili
- Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Ophthalmology, IRCCS - Fondazione Bietti, Rome, Italy
| | - Vittorio Perduca
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, MAP5, F-75006 Paris, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Inserm, Gustave Roussy, CESP, 94805, Villejuif, France
| | - Ersilia Lucenteforte
- Department of Statistics, Computer Science and Applications "G. Parenti", University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Maria Donata Benedetti
- UOC Neurologia B - Policlinico Borgo Roma, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata, Verona, Italy
| | - Matteo Capobussi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Greta Castellini
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Unit of Clinical Epidemiology, IRCCS Galeazzi Orthopaedic Institute, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Marien Gonzalez-Lorenzo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Department of Oncology, Laboratory of Clinical Research Methodology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Graziella Filippini
- Scientific Director's Office, Carlo Besta Foundation and Neurological Institute, Milan, Italy
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Butzkueven H, Hillert J, Soilu-Hänninen M, Ziemssen T, Kuhle J, Wergeland S, Magyari M, Berger JR, Moore N, Aydemir A, Bezemer I, Sabidó M. The CLARION study: first report on safety findings in patients newly initiating treatment with cladribine tablets or fingolimod for multiple sclerosis. Curr Med Res Opin 2023; 39:1367-1374. [PMID: 37675878 DOI: 10.1080/03007995.2023.2256220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES As part of the CLARION study: (1) characterize the incidence of severe infections, herpes zoster, and malignancies in patients newly initiating cladribine or fingolimod for relapsing multiple sclerosis (MS); (2) estimate the incidence of severe lymphopenia among cladribine users; and (3) describe prior/subsequent disease-modifying therapy (DMT) in both cohorts. METHODS Patients were identified from seven participating MS registries/data sources. The incidence rate (IR) of each outcome per 1000 patient-years and its 95% confidence interval (95%CI) were estimated for cohorts using Poisson regression. RESULTS By cut-off date (01-April-2020), 742 cladribine and 867 fingolimod users were included. Mean follow-up was ∼1 year. The IR for severe infections from all contributing sources (except Denmark) was: cladribine, 7.37 (2.76,19.6); fingolimod, 6.55 (2.46,17.4). The corresponding IR for herpes zoster was 5.51 (1.78,17.1) and 3.27 (0.82,13.1), respectively, while values for opportunistic infections were 0 (0,6.76) and 1.63 (0.23,11.6), respectively. There were no events of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in either cohort. The IR of severe lymphopenia was 63.9 (40.7,100.1) in 349 cladribine users from contributing sources. The IR of malignancies (cut-off date 01-April-2022) was 3.55 (1.59,7.90) for the cladribine cohort (n = 1035) and 3.55 (1.48,8.52) for the fingolimod cohort (n = 843) from three MS registries/data sources. In the combined data sources, 36.8% of cladribine and 27.4% of fingolimod users were DMT-naïve; after initiation of study treatment, 2.5% and 20.2% switched to another DMT, respectively. CONCLUSION No new safety signal was observed in patients treated with cladribine tablets, although results are limited by a relatively short duration of follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helmut Butzkueven
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jan Hillert
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Merja Soilu-Hänninen
- Turku University Hospital Neurocenter and Division of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Tjalf Ziemssen
- Center of Clinical Neuroscience, Department of Neurology, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jens Kuhle
- Multiple Sclerosis Center and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience (RC2NB), Departments of Biomedicine and Clinical Research, University Hospital and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stig Wergeland
- Norwegian MS Registry and Biobank, Department of Neurology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Melinda Magyari
- Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center and the Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry, Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Joseph R Berger
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Nicholas Moore
- Bordeaux PharmacoEpi (BPE), Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Aida Aydemir
- EMD Serono Research & Development Institute, Inc, Billerica, MA, USA, an affiliate of Merck KGaA
| | - Irene Bezemer
- Global Epidemiology, IQVIA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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10
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Cobo-Calvo A, Tur C, Otero-Romero S, Carbonell-Mirabent P, Ruiz M, Pappolla A, Villacieros Alvarez J, Vidal-Jordana A, Arrambide G, Castilló J, Galan I, Rodríguez Barranco M, Midaglia LS, Nos C, Rodriguez Acevedo B, Zabalza de Torres A, Mongay N, Rio J, Comabella M, Auger C, Sastre-Garriga J, Rovira A, Tintore M, Montalban X. Association of Very Early Treatment Initiation With the Risk of Long-term Disability in Patients With a First Demyelinating Event. Neurology 2023; 101:e1280-e1292. [PMID: 37468284 PMCID: PMC10558169 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000207664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Early treatment is associated with better long-term outcomes in patients with a first demyelinating event and early multiple sclerosis (MS). However, magnetic resonance (MR) findings are not usually integrated to construct propensity scores (PSs) when evaluating outcomes. We assessed the association of receiving very early treatment with the risk of long-term disability including an MR score (MRS) in patients with a first demyelinating event. METHODS We included 580 patients with a first demyelinating event prospectively collected between 1994 and 2021, who received at least 1 disease-modifying drug (DMD). Patients were classified into tertiles according to the cohort's distribution of the time from the first demyelinating event to the first DMD: first tertile (FT) or very early treatment (6 months; n = 194), second tertile (6.1-16 months, n = 192), and third tertile (TT) (16.1 months, n = 194). A 5-point MRS was built according to the sum of the following indicators: ≥9 brain lesions (1 point); ≥1 infratentorial lesion (1 point); ≥1 spinal cord (SC) lesion (1 point); ≥1 contrast-enhancing (CE) brain lesion (1 point); and ≥1 CE SC lesion (1 point). PS based on covariates and the MRS was computed for each of the outcomes. Inverse PS-weighted Cox and linear regression models assessed the risk of different outcomes between tertile groups. Finally, to confirm the role of MR in treatment decision, we studied the time elapsed from the first demyelinating event to treatment initiation according to the MRS in all patients with radiologic available information, renamed as raw-MRS. RESULTS Very early treatment decreased the risk of reaching Expanded Disability Status Scale 3.0 (hazard ratio [HR] 0.55, 95% CI 0.32-0.97), secondary progressive MS (HR 0.40, 95% CI 0.19-0.85), and sustained disease progression at 12 months after treatment initiation (HR 0.50, 95% CI 0.29-0.84), when compared with patients from the TT group. Patients from the FT group had a lower disability progression rate (β estimate -0.009, 95% CI -0.016 to -0.002) and a lower severe disability measured by the Patient-Determined Disease Step (β estimate -0.52, 95% CI -0.91 to -0.13) than the TT group. Finally, there was a 62.4% reduction in the median time between the first demyelinating event and the first-ever treatment initiation from patients displaying a raw-MRS 1 to patients with a raw-MRS 5. DISCUSSION Using PS models with and without MRS, we showed that treatment initiation at very early stages is associated with a reduction in the risk of long-term disability accrual in patients with a first demyelinating event. CLASSIFICATION OF EVIDENCE This study provides Class III evidence that earlier treatment of patients with MS presenting with a first demyelinating event is associated with improved clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro Cobo-Calvo
- From the Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat) (A.C.-C., C.T., S.O.-R., P.C.-M., A.P., J.V.A., A.V.-J., G.A., J.C., I.G., M.R.B., L.S.M., C.N., B.R.A., A.Z.d.T., N.M., J.R., M.C., J.S.-G., M.T., X.M.), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Hospital Universitario Doce de Octubre, Madrid; and Section of Neuroradiology (C.A., A.R.), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Carmen Tur
- From the Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat) (A.C.-C., C.T., S.O.-R., P.C.-M., A.P., J.V.A., A.V.-J., G.A., J.C., I.G., M.R.B., L.S.M., C.N., B.R.A., A.Z.d.T., N.M., J.R., M.C., J.S.-G., M.T., X.M.), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Hospital Universitario Doce de Octubre, Madrid; and Section of Neuroradiology (C.A., A.R.), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Susana Otero-Romero
- From the Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat) (A.C.-C., C.T., S.O.-R., P.C.-M., A.P., J.V.A., A.V.-J., G.A., J.C., I.G., M.R.B., L.S.M., C.N., B.R.A., A.Z.d.T., N.M., J.R., M.C., J.S.-G., M.T., X.M.), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Hospital Universitario Doce de Octubre, Madrid; and Section of Neuroradiology (C.A., A.R.), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pere Carbonell-Mirabent
- From the Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat) (A.C.-C., C.T., S.O.-R., P.C.-M., A.P., J.V.A., A.V.-J., G.A., J.C., I.G., M.R.B., L.S.M., C.N., B.R.A., A.Z.d.T., N.M., J.R., M.C., J.S.-G., M.T., X.M.), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Hospital Universitario Doce de Octubre, Madrid; and Section of Neuroradiology (C.A., A.R.), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mariano Ruiz
- From the Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat) (A.C.-C., C.T., S.O.-R., P.C.-M., A.P., J.V.A., A.V.-J., G.A., J.C., I.G., M.R.B., L.S.M., C.N., B.R.A., A.Z.d.T., N.M., J.R., M.C., J.S.-G., M.T., X.M.), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Hospital Universitario Doce de Octubre, Madrid; and Section of Neuroradiology (C.A., A.R.), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Agustin Pappolla
- From the Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat) (A.C.-C., C.T., S.O.-R., P.C.-M., A.P., J.V.A., A.V.-J., G.A., J.C., I.G., M.R.B., L.S.M., C.N., B.R.A., A.Z.d.T., N.M., J.R., M.C., J.S.-G., M.T., X.M.), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Hospital Universitario Doce de Octubre, Madrid; and Section of Neuroradiology (C.A., A.R.), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Javier Villacieros Alvarez
- From the Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat) (A.C.-C., C.T., S.O.-R., P.C.-M., A.P., J.V.A., A.V.-J., G.A., J.C., I.G., M.R.B., L.S.M., C.N., B.R.A., A.Z.d.T., N.M., J.R., M.C., J.S.-G., M.T., X.M.), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Hospital Universitario Doce de Octubre, Madrid; and Section of Neuroradiology (C.A., A.R.), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Angela Vidal-Jordana
- From the Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat) (A.C.-C., C.T., S.O.-R., P.C.-M., A.P., J.V.A., A.V.-J., G.A., J.C., I.G., M.R.B., L.S.M., C.N., B.R.A., A.Z.d.T., N.M., J.R., M.C., J.S.-G., M.T., X.M.), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Hospital Universitario Doce de Octubre, Madrid; and Section of Neuroradiology (C.A., A.R.), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Georgina Arrambide
- From the Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat) (A.C.-C., C.T., S.O.-R., P.C.-M., A.P., J.V.A., A.V.-J., G.A., J.C., I.G., M.R.B., L.S.M., C.N., B.R.A., A.Z.d.T., N.M., J.R., M.C., J.S.-G., M.T., X.M.), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Hospital Universitario Doce de Octubre, Madrid; and Section of Neuroradiology (C.A., A.R.), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joaquín Castilló
- From the Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat) (A.C.-C., C.T., S.O.-R., P.C.-M., A.P., J.V.A., A.V.-J., G.A., J.C., I.G., M.R.B., L.S.M., C.N., B.R.A., A.Z.d.T., N.M., J.R., M.C., J.S.-G., M.T., X.M.), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Hospital Universitario Doce de Octubre, Madrid; and Section of Neuroradiology (C.A., A.R.), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ingrid Galan
- From the Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat) (A.C.-C., C.T., S.O.-R., P.C.-M., A.P., J.V.A., A.V.-J., G.A., J.C., I.G., M.R.B., L.S.M., C.N., B.R.A., A.Z.d.T., N.M., J.R., M.C., J.S.-G., M.T., X.M.), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Hospital Universitario Doce de Octubre, Madrid; and Section of Neuroradiology (C.A., A.R.), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Rodríguez Barranco
- From the Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat) (A.C.-C., C.T., S.O.-R., P.C.-M., A.P., J.V.A., A.V.-J., G.A., J.C., I.G., M.R.B., L.S.M., C.N., B.R.A., A.Z.d.T., N.M., J.R., M.C., J.S.-G., M.T., X.M.), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Hospital Universitario Doce de Octubre, Madrid; and Section of Neuroradiology (C.A., A.R.), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luciana Soledad Midaglia
- From the Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat) (A.C.-C., C.T., S.O.-R., P.C.-M., A.P., J.V.A., A.V.-J., G.A., J.C., I.G., M.R.B., L.S.M., C.N., B.R.A., A.Z.d.T., N.M., J.R., M.C., J.S.-G., M.T., X.M.), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Hospital Universitario Doce de Octubre, Madrid; and Section of Neuroradiology (C.A., A.R.), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlos Nos
- From the Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat) (A.C.-C., C.T., S.O.-R., P.C.-M., A.P., J.V.A., A.V.-J., G.A., J.C., I.G., M.R.B., L.S.M., C.N., B.R.A., A.Z.d.T., N.M., J.R., M.C., J.S.-G., M.T., X.M.), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Hospital Universitario Doce de Octubre, Madrid; and Section of Neuroradiology (C.A., A.R.), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Breogan Rodriguez Acevedo
- From the Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat) (A.C.-C., C.T., S.O.-R., P.C.-M., A.P., J.V.A., A.V.-J., G.A., J.C., I.G., M.R.B., L.S.M., C.N., B.R.A., A.Z.d.T., N.M., J.R., M.C., J.S.-G., M.T., X.M.), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Hospital Universitario Doce de Octubre, Madrid; and Section of Neuroradiology (C.A., A.R.), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Zabalza de Torres
- From the Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat) (A.C.-C., C.T., S.O.-R., P.C.-M., A.P., J.V.A., A.V.-J., G.A., J.C., I.G., M.R.B., L.S.M., C.N., B.R.A., A.Z.d.T., N.M., J.R., M.C., J.S.-G., M.T., X.M.), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Hospital Universitario Doce de Octubre, Madrid; and Section of Neuroradiology (C.A., A.R.), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Neus Mongay
- From the Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat) (A.C.-C., C.T., S.O.-R., P.C.-M., A.P., J.V.A., A.V.-J., G.A., J.C., I.G., M.R.B., L.S.M., C.N., B.R.A., A.Z.d.T., N.M., J.R., M.C., J.S.-G., M.T., X.M.), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Hospital Universitario Doce de Octubre, Madrid; and Section of Neuroradiology (C.A., A.R.), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Rio
- From the Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat) (A.C.-C., C.T., S.O.-R., P.C.-M., A.P., J.V.A., A.V.-J., G.A., J.C., I.G., M.R.B., L.S.M., C.N., B.R.A., A.Z.d.T., N.M., J.R., M.C., J.S.-G., M.T., X.M.), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Hospital Universitario Doce de Octubre, Madrid; and Section of Neuroradiology (C.A., A.R.), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manuel Comabella
- From the Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat) (A.C.-C., C.T., S.O.-R., P.C.-M., A.P., J.V.A., A.V.-J., G.A., J.C., I.G., M.R.B., L.S.M., C.N., B.R.A., A.Z.d.T., N.M., J.R., M.C., J.S.-G., M.T., X.M.), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Hospital Universitario Doce de Octubre, Madrid; and Section of Neuroradiology (C.A., A.R.), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Auger
- From the Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat) (A.C.-C., C.T., S.O.-R., P.C.-M., A.P., J.V.A., A.V.-J., G.A., J.C., I.G., M.R.B., L.S.M., C.N., B.R.A., A.Z.d.T., N.M., J.R., M.C., J.S.-G., M.T., X.M.), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Hospital Universitario Doce de Octubre, Madrid; and Section of Neuroradiology (C.A., A.R.), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jaume Sastre-Garriga
- From the Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat) (A.C.-C., C.T., S.O.-R., P.C.-M., A.P., J.V.A., A.V.-J., G.A., J.C., I.G., M.R.B., L.S.M., C.N., B.R.A., A.Z.d.T., N.M., J.R., M.C., J.S.-G., M.T., X.M.), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Hospital Universitario Doce de Octubre, Madrid; and Section of Neuroradiology (C.A., A.R.), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alex Rovira
- From the Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat) (A.C.-C., C.T., S.O.-R., P.C.-M., A.P., J.V.A., A.V.-J., G.A., J.C., I.G., M.R.B., L.S.M., C.N., B.R.A., A.Z.d.T., N.M., J.R., M.C., J.S.-G., M.T., X.M.), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Hospital Universitario Doce de Octubre, Madrid; and Section of Neuroradiology (C.A., A.R.), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mar Tintore
- From the Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat) (A.C.-C., C.T., S.O.-R., P.C.-M., A.P., J.V.A., A.V.-J., G.A., J.C., I.G., M.R.B., L.S.M., C.N., B.R.A., A.Z.d.T., N.M., J.R., M.C., J.S.-G., M.T., X.M.), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Hospital Universitario Doce de Octubre, Madrid; and Section of Neuroradiology (C.A., A.R.), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Montalban
- From the Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat) (A.C.-C., C.T., S.O.-R., P.C.-M., A.P., J.V.A., A.V.-J., G.A., J.C., I.G., M.R.B., L.S.M., C.N., B.R.A., A.Z.d.T., N.M., J.R., M.C., J.S.-G., M.T., X.M.), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Hospital Universitario Doce de Octubre, Madrid; and Section of Neuroradiology (C.A., A.R.), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
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Al-Hashel J, Ahmed SF, AlMojel M, Alroughani R. A prospective observational longitudinal study with a two-year follow-up of multiple sclerosis patients on Cladribine. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2023; 232:107885. [PMID: 37459794 DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2023.107885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cladribine was approved for the treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS). Real-world data is very limited. OBJECTIVES To study the effectiveness and the safety of Cladribine treatment in only one group of MS patients after treatment with Cladribine for two years. METHODS This observational, longitudinal prospective study. Eligible subjects were relapsing remitting MS patients who had at least two-year follow-up after Cladribine treatment. The primary endpoint was the proportion of relapse free patients. Secondary endpoints were ARR, change in EDSS scores, the proportion of patients with CDP, MRI activity, and NEDA-3 status, also the rate of occurrence of AEs. Patients were assessed for primary and secondary endpoints at the end of two years of follow-up. RESULTS Of a total of seventy-two patients, 59 (81.9 %) were females, mean age of 36.32 + 10.06 years old, mean disease duration 7.21 + 6.19. Most patients (n = 32; 44.4 %) were naïve to any treatment. Forty patients (55.6 %) completed two courses of treatment. The primary endpoint showed that most of our cohort was relapse free (85 % versus 25 %; P < 0.001), Secondary endpoints showed that ARR was significantly reduced 0.15 + 0.36 versus 0.85 + 0.53; P < 0.01). Most of the cohort 90 % have no progression of disability. Few subjects had new T2 lesions (7.5 % versus 70.8 %; P < 0.001 and gadolinium enhancement 5 % versus 66.7 %; P < 0.001) in MRI compared to baseline. No evidence of disease activity 3 (NEDA-3) was achieved in 30 (75 %) patients. It was achieved in 87.5 % of naive patients versus 66.7 % in patients who received prior disease modification drugs before Cladribine initiation. Infections 6 (n = 6; 8.4 %) lymphocytopenia (n = 3; 4.2 %), and elevated liver enzymes (n = 1; 1.4 %) were reported. CONCLUSION Cladribine treatment reduced significantly relapse rate and MRI activity. It was safe and tolerable. Early initiation of cladribine is associated with favorable outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasem Al-Hashel
- Department of Neurology, Ibn Sina Hospital, P.O. Box 25427, Safat 13115, Kuwait; Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, P.O. Box 24923, Safat 13110, Kuwait.
| | - Samar Farouk Ahmed
- Department of Neurology, Ibn Sina Hospital, P.O. Box 25427, Safat 13115, Kuwait; Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Minia University, P.O. Box 61519, Minia 61111, Egypt
| | - Malak AlMojel
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, P.O. Box 24923, Safat 13110, Kuwait
| | - Raed Alroughani
- Division of Neurology, Amiri Hospital, Arabian Gulf Street, Sharq 13041, Kuwait; MS Clinic, Ibn Sina Hospital, P.O. Box 25427, Safat 13115, Kuwait
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Nabizadeh F, Mohamadi M, Rahmani S, Rajabi R, Afrashteh F, Najdaghi S, Mirmosayyeb O. Safety and efficacy of cladribine in multiple sclerosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurol Sci 2023; 44:3045-3057. [PMID: 37062787 PMCID: PMC10106322 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-023-06794-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previously, several studies investigated the effect of cladribine among patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) as a treatment option. Due to the contradictory results of previous studies regarding the efficacy and safety of cladribine in the MS population, we aimed to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis by including clinical trials and observational studies in terms of having more confirmative results to make a general decision. METHODS The three databases including PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science were comprehensively searched in May 2022. We included the studies that investigated the efficacy and safety of cladribine in patients with MS. Eligible studies have to provide sufficient details on MS diagnosis and appropriate follow-up duration. We investigated the efficacy of cladribine with several outcomes including Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) change, progression-free survival (PFS), relapse-free survival (RFS), and MRI-free activity survival (MFAS). RESULTS After two-step reviewing, 23 studies were included in our qualitative and quantitative synthesis. The pooled SMD for EDSS before and after treatment was - 0.54 (95%CI: - 1.46, 0.39). Our analysis showed that the PFS after cladribine use is 79% (95%CI 71%, 86%). Also, 58% of patients with MS who received cladribine remained relapse-free (95%CI 31%, 83%). Furthermore, the MFAS after treatment was 60% (95%CI 36%, 81%). Our analysis showed that infection is the most common adverse event after cladribine treatment with a pooled prevalence of 10% (95%CI 4%, 18%). Moreover, the pooled prevalence of infusion-related adverse events was 9% (95%CI 4%, 15%). Also, the malignancies after cladribine were present in 0.4% of patients (95%CI 0.25%, 0.75%). CONCLUSION Our results showed acceptable safety and efficacy for cladribine for the treatment of MS except in terms of reducing EDSS. Combination of our findings with the results of previous studies which compared cladribine to other disease-modifying therapies (DMTs), cladribine seems to be a safe and effective drug in achieving better treatment for relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fardin Nabizadeh
- Neuroscience Research Group (NRG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.
- School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mobin Mohamadi
- Neuroscience Research Group (NRG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
- School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shayan Rahmani
- School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rayan Rajabi
- School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Afrashteh
- School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Soroush Najdaghi
- School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Science, Isfahan, Iran
- Isfahan Neurosciences Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Omid Mirmosayyeb
- Isfahan Neurosciences Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Velișcu EM, Liguori V, Anatriello A, Maniscalco GT, Cantone A, Di Costanzo L, Stefanelli P, Scavone C, Capuano A. Hepatobiliary Adverse Reactions during Treatment with Cladribine: Analysis of Data from the European Spontaneous Reporting System. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1071. [PMID: 37630986 PMCID: PMC10459297 DOI: 10.3390/ph16081071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cladribine belongs to the group of disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) used to treat multiple sclerosis (MS). According to the highlights of a meeting held by the Pharmacovigilance Risk Assessment Committee (PRAC) on 14 January 2022, cladribine may be associated with the occurrence of liver injury, and thus liver function monitoring is recommended. OBJECTIVES AND METHODS Using data from the European spontaneous reporting database (EudraVigilance-EV), we aimed to describe the main characteristics of Individual Case Safety Reports (ICSRs) reporting cases of hepatobiliary disorders related to cladribine. The reporting odds ratio (ROR) was calculated to provide the probability of reporting hepatobiliary ICSRs among DMTs used to treat MS. RESULTS Overall, 118 ICSRs described the occurrence of cladribine-induced hepatobiliary ADRs. The majority of the ICSRs reported ADRs that were classified as serious (93%), and the outcome was mostly reported as "unknown" (50.8%). The most reported hepatobiliary disorders were drug-induced liver injury, abnormal hepatic function, ALT increases, liver disorders, hepatic failure, jaundice, lymphocyte count decreases, hepatotoxicity and hypertransaminasemia. The majority of cladribine-induced hepatic ADRs occurred in female patients belonging to the age group of 18-65 years. CONCLUSION Considering the seriousness of cladribine-induced hepatic ADRs, a close monitoring of patients receiving this drug is highly recommended. In this context, further pharmacovigilance studies evaluating the hepatic safety profile of cladribine are strongly needed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Valerio Liguori
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (V.L.); (A.C.); (L.D.C.); (A.C.)
- Regional Center of Pharmacovigilance and Pharmacoepidemiology of Campania Region, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Antonietta Anatriello
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (V.L.); (A.C.); (L.D.C.); (A.C.)
- Regional Center of Pharmacovigilance and Pharmacoepidemiology of Campania Region, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Giorgia Teresa Maniscalco
- Multiple Sclerosis Regional Center, “A. Cardarelli” Hospital, 80131 Naples, Italy
- Neurological Clinic and Stroke Unit, “A. Cardarelli” Hospital, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Andrea Cantone
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (V.L.); (A.C.); (L.D.C.); (A.C.)
- Regional Center of Pharmacovigilance and Pharmacoepidemiology of Campania Region, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Luigi Di Costanzo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (V.L.); (A.C.); (L.D.C.); (A.C.)
| | - Pasquale Stefanelli
- Dipartimento Farmaceutico, UOC Farmaceutica Convenzionata e Territoriale, ASL Napoli 1 Centro, 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Cristina Scavone
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (V.L.); (A.C.); (L.D.C.); (A.C.)
- Regional Center of Pharmacovigilance and Pharmacoepidemiology of Campania Region, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Annalisa Capuano
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (V.L.); (A.C.); (L.D.C.); (A.C.)
- Regional Center of Pharmacovigilance and Pharmacoepidemiology of Campania Region, 80138 Naples, Italy
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Baskaran AB, Grebenciucova E, Shoemaker T, Graham EL. Current Updates on the Diagnosis and Management of Multiple Sclerosis for the General Neurologist. J Clin Neurol 2023; 19:217-229. [PMID: 37151139 PMCID: PMC10169923 DOI: 10.3988/jcn.2022.0208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an immune-driven disease that affects the central nervous system and is characterized by acute-on-chronic demyelination attacks. It is a major cause of global neurological disability, and its prevalence has increased in the United States. Conceptual understandings of MS have evolved over time, including the identification of B cells as key factors in its pathophysiology. The foundation of MS management involves preventing flares so as to avoid long-term functional decline. Treatments may be categorized into low-, middle-, and high-efficacy medications based on their efficacy in relapse prevention. With 24 FDA-approved treatments for MS, individual therapy is chosen based on distinct mechanisms and potential side effects. This review provides a detailed update on the epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment advances, and major ongoing research investigations in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elena Grebenciucova
- Division of Neuroimmunology, Division of Neuroinfectious Diseases, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Edith L Graham
- Division of Neuroimmunology, Division of Neuroinfectious Diseases, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
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Aerts S, Khan H, Severijns D, Popescu V, Peeters LM, Van Wijmeersch B. Safety and effectiveness of cladribine tablets for multiple sclerosis: Results from a single-center real-world cohort. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2023; 75:104735. [PMID: 37192586 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2023.104735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cladribine tablets are a highly effective immune reconstitution therapy licensed for treating relapsing multiple sclerosis (RMS) in Europe since 2017. Currently, there is a high demand for real-world data from different clinical settings on the effectiveness and safety profile of cladribine in MS. METHODS Within this report, we retrospectively evaluated the outcomes of RMS patients who received cladribine between August 2018 and November 2021 at our Belgian institute. Patients with data for three effectiveness endpoints, more specifically, relapses, MRI observations, and confirmed disability worsening were incorporated into the analysis of 'no evidence of disease activity' (NEDA-3) re-baselined at 3 months. Safety endpoints included lymphopenia, liver transaminases, and adverse events (AEs) during follow-up. Descriptive statistics and time-to-event analysis were performed, including subgroup analysis by pre-treatment. RESULTS Of the 84 RMS patients included in this study (age 42 [33-50], 64.3% female, diagnosis duration 6 [2-11] years, baseline EDSS 2.5 [1.5-3.6]), 14 (16.7%) patients experienced relapses, while disability progression and brain MRI activity occurred in 8.5% (6/71) and 6.3% (5/79). This resulted in 72.6% (n = 69, standard error 6%) retaining NEDA-3 status at the mean follow-up time of 22.6 ± 11.5 months. During the first year after cladribine initiation, disease activity prevailed more in patients with ≥2 prior DMTs and those switching from fingolimod, although both trends were not statistically significant. In terms of safety, 67.9% reported at least one AE during follow-up, the most frequent being fatigue (64.9%) and skin-related problems (38.6%). CONCLUSION Overall, our research results confirm cladribine's safety and effectiveness among RMS patients in real-world conditions. After the re-baseline, we observed high rates of NEDA-3-retention, and no new safety signals were noted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie Aerts
- Universitair MS Centrum (UMSC) Hasselt-Pelt, Boemerangstraat 2, Pelt 3900, Belgium; UHasselt, Biomedical Research Institute (BIOMED), Agoralaan, Diepenbeek 3590, Belgium; Noorderhart, Revalidatie en MS, Boemerangstraat 2, Pelt 3900, Belgium; UHasselt, Rehabilitation Research Center, Agoralaan, Diepenbeek 3590, Belgium.
| | - Hamza Khan
- Universitair MS Centrum (UMSC) Hasselt-Pelt, Boemerangstraat 2, Pelt 3900, Belgium; UHasselt, Biomedical Research Institute (BIOMED), Agoralaan, Diepenbeek 3590, Belgium; UHasselt, Data Science Institute, Agoralaan, Diepenbeek 3590, Belgium; The D-Lab, Department of Precision Medicine, GROW - School for Oncology, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 40, Maastricht 6229 ER, the Netherlands
| | - Deborah Severijns
- Universitair MS Centrum (UMSC) Hasselt-Pelt, Boemerangstraat 2, Pelt 3900, Belgium; Noorderhart, Revalidatie en MS, Boemerangstraat 2, Pelt 3900, Belgium; UHasselt, Rehabilitation Research Center, Agoralaan, Diepenbeek 3590, Belgium
| | - Veronica Popescu
- Universitair MS Centrum (UMSC) Hasselt-Pelt, Boemerangstraat 2, Pelt 3900, Belgium; UHasselt, Biomedical Research Institute (BIOMED), Agoralaan, Diepenbeek 3590, Belgium; Noorderhart, Revalidatie en MS, Boemerangstraat 2, Pelt 3900, Belgium
| | - Liesbet M Peeters
- Universitair MS Centrum (UMSC) Hasselt-Pelt, Boemerangstraat 2, Pelt 3900, Belgium; UHasselt, Biomedical Research Institute (BIOMED), Agoralaan, Diepenbeek 3590, Belgium; UHasselt, Data Science Institute, Agoralaan, Diepenbeek 3590, Belgium
| | - Bart Van Wijmeersch
- Universitair MS Centrum (UMSC) Hasselt-Pelt, Boemerangstraat 2, Pelt 3900, Belgium; UHasselt, Biomedical Research Institute (BIOMED), Agoralaan, Diepenbeek 3590, Belgium; Noorderhart, Revalidatie en MS, Boemerangstraat 2, Pelt 3900, Belgium; UHasselt, Rehabilitation Research Center, Agoralaan, Diepenbeek 3590, Belgium
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Serum Neurofilament Light Chain as Biomarker for Cladribine-Treated Multiple Sclerosis Patients in a Real-World Setting. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24044067. [PMID: 36835478 PMCID: PMC9961994 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24044067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Serum neurofilament light chain (sNfL) is an intensely investigated biomarker in multiple sclerosis (MS). The aim of this study was to explore the impact of cladribine (CLAD) on sNfL and the potential of sNfL as a predictor of long-term treatment response. Data were gathered from a prospective, real-world CLAD cohort. We measured sNfL at baseline (BL-sNfL) and 12 months (12Mo-sNfL) after CLAD start by SIMOA. Clinical and radiological assessments determined fulfilment of "no evidence of disease activity" (NEDA-3). We evaluated BL-sNfL, 12M-sNfL and BL/12M sNfL ratio (sNfL-ratio) as predictors for treatment response. We followed 14 patients for a median of 41.5 months (range 24.0-50.0). NEDA-3 was fulfilled by 71%, 57% and 36% for a period of 12, 24 and 36 months, respectively. We observed clinical relapses in four (29%), MRI activity in six (43%) and EDSS progression in five (36%) patients. CLAD significantly reduced sNfL (BL-sNfL: mean 24.7 pg/mL (SD ± 23.8); 12Mo-sNfL: mean 8.8 pg/mL (SD ± 6.2); p = 0.0008). We found no correlation between BL-sNfL, 12Mo-sNfL and ratio-sNfL and the time until loss of NEDA-3, the occurrence of relapses, MRI activity, EDSS progression, treatment switch or sustained NEDA-3. We corroborate that CLAD decreases neuroaxonal damage in MS patients as determined by sNfL. However, sNfL at baseline and at 12 months failed to predict clinical and radiological treatment response in our real-world cohort. Long-term sNfL assessments in larger studies are essential to explore the predictive utility of sNfL in patients treated with immune reconstitution therapies.
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Bridge F, Brotherton JML, Foong Y, Butzkueven H, Jokubaitis VG, Van der Walt A. Risk of cervical pre-cancer and cancer in women with multiple sclerosis exposed to high efficacy disease modifying therapies. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1119660. [PMID: 36846149 PMCID: PMC9950275 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1119660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a growing need to better understand the risk of malignancy in the multiple sclerosis (MS) population, particularly given the relatively recent and widespread introduction of immunomodulating disease modifying therapies (DMTs). Multiple sclerosis disproportionately affects women, and the risk of gynecological malignancies, specifically cervical pre-cancer and cancer, are of particular concern. The causal relationship between persistent human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and cervical cancer has been definitively established. To date, there is limited data on the effect of MS DMTs on the risk of persistent HPV infection and subsequent progression to cervical pre-cancer and cancer. This review evaluates the risk of cervical pre-cancer and cancer in women with MS, including the risk conferred by DMTs. We examine additional factors, specific to the MS population, that alter the risk of developing cervical cancer including participation in HPV vaccination and cervical screening programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Bridge
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia,Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia,*Correspondence: Francesca Bridge ✉
| | - Julia M. L. Brotherton
- Australian Centre for the Prevention of Cervical Cancer (Formerly Victorian Cytology Service), Carlton South, VIC, Australia,Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Yi Foong
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia,Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia,Department of Neurosciences, Eastern Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Helmut Butzkueven
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia,Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Vilija G. Jokubaitis
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia,Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Anneke Van der Walt
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia,Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Abstract
The multiple sclerosis (MS) neurotherapeutic landscape is rapidly evolving. New disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) with improved efficacy and safety, in addition to an expanding pipeline of agents with novel mechanisms, provide more options for patients with MS. While treatment of MS neuroinflammation is well tailored in the existing DMT armamentarium, concerted efforts are currently underway for identifying neuropathological targets and drug discovery for progressive MS. There is also ongoing research to develop agents for remyelination and neuroprotection. Further insights are needed to guide DMT initiation and sequencing as well as to determine the role of autologous stem cell transplantation in relapsing and progressive MS. This review provides a summary of these updates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moein Amin
- Cleveland Clinic, Department of Neurology, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Carrie M Hersh
- Cleveland Clinic, Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Las Vegas, NV 89106, USA
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Graham EL. Neuroimmunological Disorders. Neurol Clin 2023; 41:315-330. [PMID: 37030960 DOI: 10.1016/j.ncl.2022.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis is a disease that tends to affect women during their childbearing years. Although relapse risk decreases during pregnancy, patients should still be optimized on disease-modifying therapy before and after pregnancy to minimize gaps in treatment. Exclusive breastfeeding may reduce the chances of disease relapse postpartum, and many disease-modifying therapies are considered to be safe while breastfeeding. Treatments for other neuroimmunologic disorders such as neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder, myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease, neurosarcoidosis, and central nervous system vasculitis may require rituximab before and prednisone or intravenous immunoglobulin therapy during pregnancy.
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Pennington P, Weinstock-Guttman B, Kolb C, Jakimovski D, Sacca K, Benedict RHB, Eckert S, Stecker M, Lizarraga A, Dwyer MG, Schumacher CB, Bergsland N, Picco P, Bernitsas E, Zabad R, Pardo G, Negroski D, Belkin M, Hojnacki D, Zivadinov R. Communicating the relevance of neurodegeneration and brain atrophy to multiple sclerosis patients: patient, provider and researcher perspectives. J Neurol 2023; 270:1095-1119. [PMID: 36376729 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-022-11405-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) atrophy provides valuable additional evidence of an ongoing neurodegeneration independent of lesion accrual in persons with multiple sclerosis (PwMS). However, there are limitations for interpretation of CNS volume changes at individual patient-level. Patients are receiving information on the topic of atrophy through various sources, including media, patient support groups and conferences, and discussions with their providers. Whether or not the topic of CNS atrophy should be proactively discussed with PwMS during office appointments is currently controversial. This commentary/perspective article represents perspectives of PwMS, providers and researchers with recommendations for minimizing confusion and anxiety, and facilitating proactive discussion about brain atrophy, as an upcoming routine measure in evaluating disease progression and treatment response monitoring. The following recommendations were created based on application of patient's and provider's surveys, and various workshops held over a period of 2 years: (1) PwMS should receive basic information on understanding of brain functional anatomy, and explanation of inflammation and neurodegeneration; (2) the expertise for atrophy measurements should be characterized as evolving; (3) quality patient education materials on these topics should be provided; (4) the need for standardization of MRI exams has to be explained and communicated; (5) providers should discuss background on volumetric changes, including references to normal aging; (6) the limitations of brain volume assessments at an individual-level should be explained; (7) the timing and language used to convey this information should be individualized based on the patient's background and disease status; (8) a discussion guide may be a very helpful resource for use by providers/staff to support these discussions; (9) understanding the role of brain atrophy and other MRI metrics may elicit greater patient satisfaction and acceptance of the value of therapies that have proven efficacy around these outcomes; (10) the areas that represent possibilities for positive self-management of MS symptoms that foster hope for improvement should be emphasized, and in particular regarding use of physical and mental exercise that build or maintain brain reserve through increased network efficiency, and (11) an additional time during clinical visits should be allotted to discuss these topics, including creation of specific educational programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penny Pennington
- Advisory Council, Buffalo Neuroimaging Analysis Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Bianca Weinstock-Guttman
- Department of Neurology, Jacobs Comprehensive MS Treatment and Research Center, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Channa Kolb
- Department of Neurology, Jacobs Comprehensive MS Treatment and Research Center, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Dejan Jakimovski
- Department of Neurology, Buffalo Neuroimaging Analysis Center, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, 100 High Street, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - Katherine Sacca
- Advisory Council, Buffalo Neuroimaging Analysis Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Ralph H B Benedict
- Department of Neurology, Jacobs Comprehensive MS Treatment and Research Center, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Svetlana Eckert
- Department of Neurology, Jacobs Comprehensive MS Treatment and Research Center, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Marc Stecker
- Advisory Council, Buffalo Neuroimaging Analysis Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Alexis Lizarraga
- Department of Neurology, Jacobs Comprehensive MS Treatment and Research Center, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Michael G Dwyer
- Department of Neurology, Buffalo Neuroimaging Analysis Center, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, 100 High Street, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA.,Center for Biomedical Imaging at Clinical Translational Science Institute, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Carol B Schumacher
- Advisory Council, Buffalo Neuroimaging Analysis Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Niels Bergsland
- Department of Neurology, Buffalo Neuroimaging Analysis Center, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, 100 High Street, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA.,IRCCS, Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi ONLUS, Milan, Italy
| | - Patricia Picco
- Advisory Council, Buffalo Neuroimaging Analysis Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | | | - Rana Zabad
- University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Gabriel Pardo
- Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | | | - Martin Belkin
- Michigan Institute for Neurological Disorders (MIND), Farmington Hills, MI, USA
| | - David Hojnacki
- Department of Neurology, Jacobs Comprehensive MS Treatment and Research Center, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Robert Zivadinov
- Department of Neurology, Buffalo Neuroimaging Analysis Center, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, 100 High Street, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA. .,Center for Biomedical Imaging at Clinical Translational Science Institute, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA.
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21
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Lycett MJ, Lea RA, Maltby VE, Min M, Lechner-Scott J. The effect of cladribine on immunoglobulin levels compared to B cell targeting therapies in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler J Exp Transl Clin 2023; 9:20552173221149688. [PMID: 36636583 PMCID: PMC9830094 DOI: 10.1177/20552173221149688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cladribine is a useful therapeutic option in RRMS with moderate to high disease activity. Its oral formulation and tolerability make it a useful alternative to infusion therapies. Cladribine is known to deplete CD19+ B lymphocytes, but its effect on immunoglobulin subsets is unclear. Objective To identify whether cladribine therapy in pwMS reduces immunoglobulin subset levels as a surrogate marker of infection risk. Methods A 'real-world' retrospective analysis of 341 pwMS presenting to a single tertiary centre between March 2017 and July 2021. Differences in immunoglobulin levels between cladribine, other disease-modifying therapies and no active treatment were assessed using a univariate ANOVA. Results Three hundred and forty-one patients had immunoglobulin levels assessed, with 29 patients treated with cladribine. The mean IgG, IgM and IgA levels on cladribine therapy were 10.44 ± 0.40, 0.99 ± 0.09 and 2.04 ± 0.18 g/L respectively. These were not significantly different from patients not on active treatment. There was a statistically significant reduction in IgG and IgM levels for patients treated with ocrelizumab (9.37 ± 0.19 and 0.68 ± 0.04 g/L) and natalizumab (8.72 ± 0.53 and 0.69 ± 0.12 g/L) compared to patients not on treatment. Conclusion Cladribine therapy for RRMS was not associated with immunoglobulin subset deficiencies. This is contrasted to ocrelizumab and natalizumab which demonstrate significant reductions in both IgG and IgM levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell J Lycett
- Mitchell J Lycett, Department of Neurology,
John Hunter Hospital, Lookout Road, New Lambton Heights, NSW 2305, Australia.
| | - Rodney A Lea
- Hunter Medical Research
Institute, New Lambton Heights,
NSW, Australia,Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health,
School of Biomedical Science, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin
Grove, QLD, Australia
| | - Vicki E Maltby
- Department of
Neurology,
John
Hunter Hospital, New Lambton
Heights, NSW, Australia,Hunter Medical Research
Institute, New Lambton Heights,
NSW, Australia
| | - Myintzu Min
- Department of
Neurology,
John
Hunter Hospital, New Lambton
Heights, NSW, Australia
| | - Jeannette Lechner-Scott
- Department of
Neurology,
John
Hunter Hospital, New Lambton
Heights, NSW, Australia,Hunter Medical Research
Institute, New Lambton Heights,
NSW, Australia
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Hepatotoxicity of Drugs Used in Multiple Sclerosis, Diagnostic Challenge, and the Role of HLA Genotype Susceptibility. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24010852. [PMID: 36614299 PMCID: PMC9821303 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic demyelinating disease of the central nervous system and the association with other autoimmune diseases is well-documented. There are many therapeutic options for the treatment of MS. Most of the available drugs cause drug-induced liver injury (DILI) to variable extents with heterogeneous clinical and biological manifestations, including liver injury with or without signs of hypersensitivity and autoimmunity. The diagnosis of DILI may be particularly difficult because MS is frequently associated with idiopathic autoimmune hepatitis. Recent advances suggest that MS and immune-mediated DILI could be promoted by genetic factors, including HLA genotype. In addition, some of these drugs may promote hepatitis B virus reactivation. This review explores the potential hepatotoxicity of drugs used to treat MS and the criteria to distinguish DILI from idiopathic autoimmune hepatitis associated with MS. The role of susceptible genes both promoting MS and causing the hepatotoxicity of the drug used for MS treatment is also discussed.
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23
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Mey GM, Mahajan KR, DeSilva TM. Neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis. WIREs Mech Dis 2023; 15:e1583. [PMID: 35948371 PMCID: PMC9839517 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Axonal loss in multiple sclerosis (MS) is a key component of disease progression and permanent neurologic disability. MS is a heterogeneous demyelinating and neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system (CNS) with varying presentation, disease courses, and prognosis. Immunomodulatory therapies reduce the frequency and severity of inflammatory demyelinating events that are a hallmark of MS, but there is minimal therapy to treat progressive disease and there is no cure. Data from patients with MS, post-mortem histological analysis, and animal models of demyelinating disease have elucidated patterns of MS pathogenesis and underlying mechanisms of neurodegeneration. MRI and molecular biomarkers have been proposed to identify predictors of neurodegeneration and risk factors for disease progression. Early signs of axonal dysfunction have come to light including impaired mitochondrial trafficking, structural axonal changes, and synaptic alterations. With sustained inflammation as well as impaired remyelination, axons succumb to degeneration contributing to CNS atrophy and worsening of disease. These studies highlight the role of chronic demyelination in the CNS in perpetuating axonal loss, and the difficulty in promoting remyelination and repair amidst persistent inflammatory insult. Regenerative and neuroprotective strategies are essential to overcome this barrier, with early intervention being critical to rescue axonal integrity and function. The clinical and basic research studies discussed in this review have set the stage for identifying key propagators of neurodegeneration in MS, leading the way for neuroprotective therapeutic development. This article is categorized under: Immune System Diseases > Molecular and Cellular Physiology Neurological Diseases > Molecular and Cellular Physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle M. Mey
- Department of NeurosciencesLerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, and Case Western Reserve UniversityClevelandOhioUSA
| | - Kedar R. Mahajan
- Department of NeurosciencesLerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, and Case Western Reserve UniversityClevelandOhioUSA
- Mellen Center for MS Treatment and ResearchNeurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic FoundationClevelandOhioUSA
| | - Tara M. DeSilva
- Department of NeurosciencesLerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, and Case Western Reserve UniversityClevelandOhioUSA
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Ruschil C, Gabernet G, Kemmerer CL, Jarboui MA, Klose F, Poli S, Ziemann U, Nahnsen S, Kowarik MC. Cladribine treatment specifically affects peripheral blood memory B cell clones and clonal expansion in multiple sclerosis patients. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1133967. [PMID: 36960053 PMCID: PMC10028280 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1133967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction B cells are acknowledged as crucial players in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS). Several disease modifying drugs including cladribine have been shown to exert differential effects on peripheral blood B cell subsets. However, little is known regarding functional changes within the peripheral B cell populations. In this study, we obtained a detailed picture of B cell repertoire changes under cladribine treatment on a combined immunoglobulin (Ig) transcriptome and proteome level. Methods We performed next-generation sequencing of Ig heavy chain (IGH) transcripts and Ig mass spectrometry in cladribine-treated patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (n = 8) at baseline and after 6 and 12 months of treatment in order to generate Ig transcriptome and Ig peptide libraries. Ig peptides were overlapped with the corresponding IGH transcriptome in order to analyze B cell clones on a combined transcriptome and proteome level. Results The analysis of peripheral blood B cell percentages pointed towards a significant decrease of memory B cells and an increase of naive B cells following cladribine therapy. While basic IGH repertoire parameters (e.g. variable heavy chain family usage and Ig subclasses) were only slightly affected by cladribine treatment, a significantly decreased number of clones and significantly lower diversity in the memory subset was noticeable at 6 months following treatment which was sustained at 12 months. When looking at B-cell clones comprising sequences from the different time-points, clones spanning between all three time-points were significantly more frequent than clones including sequences from two time-points. Furthermore, Ig proteome analyses showed that Ig transcriptome specific peptides could mostly be equally aligned to all three time-points pointing towards a proportion of B-cell clones that are maintained during treatment. Discussion Our findings suggest that peripheral B cell related treatment effects of cladribine tablets might be exerted through a reduction of possibly disease relevant clones in the memory B cell subset without disrupting the overall clonal composition of B cells. Our results -at least partially- might explain the relatively mild side effects regarding infections and the sustained immune response after vaccinations during treatment. However, exact disease driving B cell subsets and their effects remain unknown and should be addressed in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Ruschil
- Department of Neurology and Stroke, Center for Neurology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Gisela Gabernet
- Quantitative Biology Center (QBiC), Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Constanze Louisa Kemmerer
- Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Mohamed Ali Jarboui
- Core Facility for Medical Bioanalytics (CFMB), Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Franziska Klose
- Core Facility for Medical Bioanalytics (CFMB), Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sven Poli
- Department of Neurology and Stroke, Center for Neurology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ulf Ziemann
- Department of Neurology and Stroke, Center for Neurology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sven Nahnsen
- Quantitative Biology Center (QBiC), Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Biomedical Data Science, Department of Computer Science, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Markus Christian Kowarik
- Department of Neurology and Stroke, Center for Neurology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- *Correspondence: Markus Christian Kowarik,
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High persistence and low adverse events burden in cladribine treated MS patients from Argentina. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2022; 68:104403. [PMID: 36544327 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2022.104403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early initiation with high efficacy therapies seems to be better than an escalation approach in terms of disability prevention in patients with relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS). Although efficacy and safety of cladribine tablets have been shown in clinical trials, real-world evidence (RWE) studies from Latin America are scarce. OBJECTIVE To describe the baseline characteristics of patients enrolled in the Argentina Patient Support Program (PSP) for cladribine tablets (Adveva®), with at least 1 treatment course, evaluate treatment persistence, adverse event reports from PSP patients and reported relapses characterization. METHODS Anonymized data routinely collected by Adveva® team of patients that received the first dose of cladribine from April 16th 2018 to March 31st 2021 were analyzed. Treatment persistence was defined as the percentage of patients that initiated year 2 (Y2) from the population of patients with elapsed time since year 1 (Y1) cladribine tablet initiation of at least 18 months. In addition, using the pharmacovigilance data, reported adverse events and the time elapsed from treatment initiation to relapse were analyzed. RESULTS The present analysis included 269 patients (mean age: 41.7 ± 16 years) that had initiated Y1 of cladribine tablets treatment between April 16th 2018 and March 31st 2021. Although only 29.4% (79/269) of our population was treatment naïve, the ratio of naïve/switch patients that initiated cladribine tablets increased from April 2018-March 2019 to April 2020-March 2021. From the 110 patients with elapsed time since treatment initiation ≥18 months, 101 patients initiated Y2 indicating a persistence level of 91.8%. During follow-up, 425 adverse events were reported, mainly MS relapse (8.9%, 38/425), fatigue (3.8%, 16/425) and headache (3.5%, 15/425). Lymphopenia and infections were rarely reported by RRMS patients treated with cladribine tablets. MS relapse was more frequently reported in patients switching from a previous treatment (87.5%, 27/32) than in the naïve cohort (12.5%, 5/32). CONCLUSIONS The first real life experience in RRMS patients from Latin America demonstrated that the Adveva® enrolled support program patients have a high persistence level to oral treatment with cladribine tablets. Our results also confirmed the known safety profile of cladribine tablets, with a low incidence of lymphopenia and infections.
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Cladribine treatment for highly active multiple sclerosis: Real-world clinical outcomes for years 3 and 4. J Neuroimmunol 2022; 372:577966. [PMID: 36162338 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2022.577966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cladribine is an effective immunomodulatory treatment used for relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis (MS). OBJECTIVES To describe the clinical outcomes and rates of no evidence of disease activity (NEDA) in patients with highly-active disease treated with 2 years cumulative dose of cladribine, for years 3 and 4. METHODS We used the Sheba Multiple Sclerosis computerized data registry to retrospectively evaluate year-3 and year-4 clinical outcomes and NEDA-2 rates in highly active RRMS patients who completed the 2-dose 2-year cladribine treatment protocol (3.5 mg/kg cumulative dose over 2 years). The first week of treatment in year 1 was considered as baseline. Data analyses were performed using Python (version 3.0) and SAS® (version 9.4 SAS Institute, Cary, NC). RESULTS Among 128 patients with highly-active MS that received cladribine treatment, 61 patients, 43 females, were studied for year-3 clinical outcomes, and 35 patients, 23 females, also for year-4. At the initiation of cladribine treatment, the mean ± SD age was 39.6 ± 10.74 years (45.9% of the patients were between 18 and 40 years), disease duration 12.7 ± 9.08 years, Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) 3.7 ± 1.86 (54% had EDSS score > 3.0), and the annual relapse rate was 1.6 ± 0.9. The annual relapse rate decreased to 0.36 in year-3 and was 0.17 in year-4; 68.9% (42/61) of the patients were relapse-free in year-3, and 82.9% (29/35) were relapse-free in year-4. Disability at year-3 was 3.1 ± 2.07; 83.6% (51/61) of the patients remained neurologically stable (33, 54.1%) or improved (18, 29.5%). In year-4, EDSS was 3.2 ± 1.91, and 85.7% (30/35) of the patients remained stable (20, 57.1%) or improved (10, 28.6%). NEDA-2 was achieved for 59.0% (36/61) of patients in year-3, and for 74.3% (26/35) in year-4 of cladribine treatment. CONCLUSIONS In the real-world cladribine proved to be clinically effective in year-3 and year-4 of treatment in the majority of highly active RRMS patients.
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Controversies in neuroimmunology: multiple sclerosis, vaccination, SARS-CoV-2 and other dilemas. BIOMEDICA : REVISTA DEL INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE SALUD 2022; 42:78-99. [PMID: 36322548 PMCID: PMC9714524 DOI: 10.7705/biomedica.6366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Neuroimmunology is a discipline that increasingly broadens its horizons in the understanding of neurological diseases. At the same time, and in front of the pathophysiological links of neurological diseases and immunology, specific diagnostic and therapeutic approaches have been proposed. Despite the important advances in this discipline, there are multiple dilemmas that concern and filter into clinical practice. This article presents 15 controversies and a discussion about them, which are built with the most up-to-date evidence available. The topics included in this review are: steroid decline in relapses of multiple sclerosis; therapeutic recommendations in MS in light of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic; evidence of vaccination in multiple sclerosis and other demyelinating diseases; overview current situation of isolated clinical and radiological syndrome; therapeutic failure in multiple sclerosis, as well as criteria for suspension of disease-modifying therapies; evidence of the management of mild relapses in multiple sclerosis; recommendations for prophylaxis against Strongyloides stercolaris; usefulness of a second course of immunoglobulin in the Guillain-Barré syndrome; criteria to differentiate an acute-onset inflammatory demyelinating chronic polyneuropathy versus Guillain-Barré syndrome; and, the utility of angiotensin-converting enzyme in neurosarcoidosis. In each of the controversies, the general problem is presented, and specific recommendations are offered that can be adopted in daily clinical practice.
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Matni M, Yamout B, Koussa S, Khamis C, Fleifel L, Sharifi S, Mohamed O. Economic evaluation of cladribine tablets in high disease activity (HDA) relapsing multiple sclerosis (RMS) patients in Lebanon. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2022; 67:104169. [PMID: 36150262 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2022.104169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cladribine tablets are a newly launched short course oral treatment approved for high disease activity (HDA) relapsing multiple sclerosis (RMS). The current analysis assessed the cost-utility and budgetary impact of introducing cladribine tablets in HDA-RMS patients compared with other HDA-RMS therapies in Lebanon. METHODS The global cost-utility and budget impact models were adapted from Lebanese National Social Security Fund (NSSF) perspective. The data for the models' adaptation were retrieved from the literature and validated by Lebanese experts. The comparators considered in the cost-utility model were alemtuzumab, fingolimod, and natalizumab while budget impact analysis additionally considered dimethyl fumarate. A sensitivity analysis was also performed to assess the uncertainty in the analysis. RESULTS The cost-utility results showed that cladribine tablets are an economically dominant therapeutic strategy (i.e., less costly and better quality-adjusted life year [QALY]) compared to all comparators. The cost saving was driven by drug acquisition, administration, and monitoring costs; while incremental QALY gain was driven by differences in delayed Expanded Disability Status Scale progression. Sensitivity analysis showed that cladribine tablets have a high probability (99.3-100%) of being dominant at a threshold of 22,000 United States Dollars (approximately three times of gross domestic product) per QALY gained against different comparators. The budget impact analysis showed that the introduction of cladribine tablets would result in 5.0% to 21.5% savings in the overall budget over a period of five years. CONCLUSIONS Cladribine tablets are a cost-effective and a budget-saving treatment option for the treatment of HDA-RMS patients in Lebanon from the NSSF perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirna Matni
- National Social Security Funds, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Bassem Yamout
- American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | | | | | - Lora Fleifel
- Merck Serono Middle East FZ-Ltd, An Affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - Shahdak Sharifi
- Merck Serono Middle East FZ-Ltd, An Affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
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Meca-Lallana V, García Domínguez JM, López Ruiz R, Martín-Martínez J, Arés Luque A, Hernández Pérez MA, Prieto González JM, Landete Pascual L, Sastre-Garriga J. Expert-Agreed Practical Recommendations on the Use of Cladribine. Neurol Ther 2022; 11:1475-1488. [PMID: 36068429 PMCID: PMC9447968 DOI: 10.1007/s40120-022-00394-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cladribine is a disease-modifying selective immune reconstitution oral therapy for adult patients with highly active relapsing multiple sclerosis (RMS). It was approved in the USA in 2019 and in Europe in 2017, thus there are still gaps in existing guidelines for using cladribine tablets in clinical practice. Nine experts with extensive experience in managing patients with multiple sclerosis in Spain identified some of the unanswered questions related to the real-life use of cladribine tablets. They reviewed the available clinical trial data and real-world evidence, including their own experiences of using cladribine, over the course of three virtual meetings held between November 2020 and January 2021. This article gathers their practical recommendations to aid treatment decision-making and optimise the use of cladribine tablets in patients with RMS. The consensus recommendations cover the following areas: candidate patient profiles, switching strategies (to and from cladribine), managing response to cladribine and safety considerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Meca-Lallana
- Multiple Sclerosis Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitario "La Princesa", Madrid, Spain.
| | | | - Rocío López Ruiz
- Multiple Sclerosis Unit, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Seville, Spain
| | | | - Adrián Arés Luque
- Neurology Department, Complejo Asistencial Universitario de León, León, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Jaume Sastre-Garriga
- Neurology Department, Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain
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Butzkueven H, Moore N, Aydemir A, Sõnajalg J, Bezemer I, Korhonen P, Sabidó M. The CLARION study design and status update: a long-term, registry-based study evaluating adverse events of special interest in patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis newly started on cladribine tablets. Curr Med Res Opin 2022; 38:1167-1176. [PMID: 35357268 DOI: 10.1080/03007995.2022.2059977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the design of the CLARION post-approval safety study (EU PAS Register number, EUPAS24484) and provide a status update, including characteristics of patients included up to 1 May 2021. METHODS CLARION aims to further evaluate adverse events of special interest in patients who are newly initiating treatment with cladribine tablets for relapsing multiple sclerosis (MS). The study population consists of two cohorts: patients newly initiating cladribine tablets (cladribine cohort) and patients newly initiating oral fingolimod tablets (comparator fingolimod cohort), with an aim to include 8000 patients (4000 patients per cohort). The study relies on secondary use of data from pre-existing MS registries/data sources (except in Germany, where primary data collection is performed). The study is projected to last 15 years, with an anticipated 5-year inclusion period. Study outcomes are: malignancies; severe infections; tuberculosis; progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy; other opportunistic infections; herpes zoster; severe lymphopenia (Grade ≥ 3); and treatment discontinuation. RESULTS As of 1 May 2021, 2393 patients were included in CLARION from seven participating MS registries/data sources (cladribine cohort, n = 1266; fingolimod cohort, n = 1127). The majority of patients are female (cladribine cohort, 72.5%; fingolimod cohort, 68.0%), with mean age at onset of MS of 31.5 years for the cladribine cohort and 30.9 years for the fingolimod cohort. The majority of patients in both cohorts had relapsing MS (cladribine cohort, 92.1%; fingolimod cohort, 93.5%). CONCLUSION By providing further information on adverse events of special interest during long-term follow-up, CLARION will assist neurologists and patients regarding treatment decision-making for management of relapsing MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helmut Butzkueven
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Nicholas Moore
- Bordeaux PharmacoEpi (BPE), Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Aida Aydemir
- Global Biostatistics, EMD Serono Research & Development Institute, Inc, Billerica, MA, USA (an affiliate of Merck KGaA)
| | | | - Irene Bezemer
- Global Epidemiology and Outcomes Research, IQVIA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Medeiros-Furquim T, Ayoub S, Johnson LJ, Aprico A, Nwoke E, Binder MD, Kilpatrick TJ. Cladribine Treatment for MS Preserves the Differentiative Capacity of Subsequently Generated Monocytes, Whereas Its Administration In Vitro Acutely Influences Monocyte Differentiation but Not Microglial Activation. Front Immunol 2022; 13:678817. [PMID: 35734180 PMCID: PMC9207174 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.678817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Cladribine (2-chlorodeoxyadenosine, 2CdA) is one of the most effective disease-modifying drugs for multiple sclerosis (MS). Cladribine is a synthetic purine nucleoside analog that induces cell death of lymphocytes and oral cladribine treatment leads to a long-lasting disease stabilization, potentially attributable to immune reconstitution. In addition to its effects on lymphocytes, cladribine has been shown to have immunomodulatory effects on innate immune cells, including dendritic cells and monocytes, which could also contribute to its therapeutic efficacy. However, whether cladribine can modulate human macrophage/microglial activation or monocyte differentiation is currently unknown. The aim of this study was to determine the immunomodulatory effects of cladribine upon monocytes, monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) and microglia. We analyzed the phenotype and differentiation of monocytes from MS patients receiving their first course of oral cladribine both before and three weeks after the start of treatment. Flow cytometric analysis of monocytes from MS patients undergoing cladribine treatment revealed that the number and composition of CD14/CD16 monocyte subsets remained unchanged after treatment. Furthermore, after differentiation with M-CSF, such MDMs from treated MS patients showed no difference in gene expression of the inflammatory markers compared to baseline. We further investigated the direct effects of cladribine in vitro using human adult primary MDMs and microglia. GM-CSF-derived MDMs were more sensitive to cell death than M-CSF-derived MDMs. In addition, MDMs treated with cladribine showed increased expression of costimulatory molecules CD80 and CD40, as well as expression of anti-inflammatory, pro-trophic genes IL10 and MERTK, depending on the differentiation condition. Cladribine treatment in vitro did not modulate the expression of activation markers in human microglia. Our study shows that cladribine treatment in vitro affects the differentiation of monocytes into macrophages by modulating the expression of activation markers, which might occur similarly in tissue after their infiltration in the CNS during MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Medeiros-Furquim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, Section Molecular Neurobiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Sinan Ayoub
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Laura J. Johnson
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrea Aprico
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Eze Nwoke
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Michele D. Binder
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Trevor J. Kilpatrick
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- *Correspondence: Trevor J. Kilpatrick,
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Rolfes L, Pfeuffer S, Huntemann N, Schmidt M, Su C, Skuljec J, Aslan D, Hackert J, Kleinschnitz K, Hagenacker T, Pawlitzki M, Ruck T, Kleinschnitz C, Meuth SG, Pul R. Immunological consequences of cladribine treatment in multiple sclerosis: A real-world study. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2022; 64:103931. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2022.103931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Talanki Manjunatha R, Habib S, Sangaraju SL, Yepez D, Grandes XA. Multiple Sclerosis: Therapeutic Strategies on the Horizon. Cureus 2022; 14:e24895. [PMID: 35706718 PMCID: PMC9187186 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.24895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic disease affecting the brain and the spinal cord. It is a chronic inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. It is the leading cause of non-traumatic disability in young adults. The clinical course of the disease is quite variable, ranging from stable chronic disease to rapidly evolving debilitating disease. The pathogenesis of MS is not fully understood. Still, there has been a rapid shift in understanding the immune pathology of MS away from pure T cell-mediated disease to B cells and microglia/astrocytes having a vital role in the pathogenesis of MS. This has helped in the emergence of new therapies for management. Effective treatment of MS requires a multidisciplinary approach to manage acute attacks, prevent relapses and disease progression and treat the disabling symptoms associated with the disease. In this review, we discuss the pathogenesis of MS, management of acute relapses, disease-modifying therapies in MS, new drugs and drugs currently in trial for MS and the symptomatic treatment of MS. All language search was conducted on Google Scholar, PubMed, MEDLINE, and Embase till February 2022. The following search strings and medical subheadings (MeSH) were used: "Multiple Sclerosis", "Pathogenesis of MS", and "Disease-modifying therapies in MS". We explored literature on the pathogenic mechanisms behind MS, management of acute relapses, disease-modifying therapies in MS and symptomatic management.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Salma Habib
- Medicine and Surgery, Institute of Applied Health Science, Chittagong, BGD
| | | | - Daniela Yepez
- Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Catolica de Santiago de Guayaquil, Guayaquil, ECU
| | - Xavier A Grandes
- General Physician, Universidad Catolica Santiago de Guayaquil, Guayaquil, ECU
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Moser T, Ziemssen T, Sellner J. Real-world evidence for cladribine tablets in multiple sclerosis: further insights into efficacy and safety. Wien Med Wochenschr 2022; 172:365-372. [PMID: 35451662 PMCID: PMC9026047 DOI: 10.1007/s10354-022-00931-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Cladribine (CLAD) is a purine nucleoside analog approved in tablet form to treat highly active multiple sclerosis (MS). CLAD tablets are the first oral therapy with an infrequent dosing schedule, administered in two annual treatment courses, each divided into two treatment cycles comprising 4–5 days of treatment. The efficacy and safety of CLAD tablets have been verified in randomized controlled clinical trials. Clinical observational studies are performed in more representative populations and over more extended periods, and thus provide valuable complementary insights. Here, we summarize the available evidence for CLAD tablets from post-marketing trials, including two observational, four long-term extensions, and two comparative studies. The patients in the post-marketing setting differed from the cohort recruited in the pivotal phase III trials regarding demographics and MS-related disability. The limited number of studies with small cohorts corroborate the disease-modifying capacity of oral CLAD and report on a durable benefit after active treatment periods. Skin-related adverse events were common in the studies focusing on safety aspects. In addition, single cases of CLAD-associated autoimmune events have been reported. Lastly, CLAD tablets appear safe regarding COVID-19 concerns, and patients mount a robust humoral immune response to SARS-CoV‑2 vaccination. We conclude that the current real-world evidence for CLAD tablets as immune reconstitution therapy for treatment of MS is based on a small number of studies and a population distinct from the cohorts randomized in the pivotal phase III trials. Further research should advance the understanding of long-term disease control after active treatment periods and the mitigation of adverse events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Moser
- Department of Neurology, Christian Doppler Medical Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Tjalf Ziemssen
- Department of Neurology, Multiple Sclerosis Center, Center of Clinical Neuroscience, Carl Gustav Carus University Hospital, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Johann Sellner
- Department of Neurology, Christian Doppler Medical Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria.
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.
- Department of Neurology, Landesklinikum Mistelbach-Gänserndorf, Liechtensteinstraße 67, 2130, Mistelbach, Austria.
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35
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Tsivgoulis G, Deftereos S, Gobbi C, Gulowsen Celius E, Kulakowska A, Maniscalco G, Mendes I, Grigoriadis N. Oral Cladribine in Patients who Change From First-Line Disease Modifying Treatments for Multiple Sclerosis: Protocol of a Prospective Effectiveness and Safety Study (CLAD CROSS). J Cent Nerv Syst Dis 2022; 14:11795735211069441. [PMID: 35392050 PMCID: PMC8980423 DOI: 10.1177/11795735211069441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recently, the number of available disease modifying therapies for multiple sclerosis (MS) has increased. However, a proportion of patients treated with these agents continue to experience relapses and disease progression. Cladribine tablets, approved in 2017 for highly active relapsing MS, comprise a sparsely administered oral treatment which exerts its therapeutic effect through a reduction and subsequent repletion of the lymphocyte population. Purpose/Study Sample Here we describe the design of CLAD CROSS, a prospective, non-interventional, multicenter, Phase IV study in patients with a confirmed diagnosis of RRMS who switch from first-line disease modifying drugs (DMDs) to treatment with cladribine tablets in routine clinical practice. 242 adult patients will be recruited in 61 sites (6 countries) over 30 months and will be followed up for 2 years following prescription of cladribine tablets per the decision of the treating physicians. Research Design The primary endpoint is the change in annualized relapse rate (ARR) between the 12-month pre-baseline period and over the 12-month period before end of study. Secondary endpoints are the percentage of patients with 6-month disability progression or improvement at the end of the study, measured by the Expanded Disability Status Scale, Timed 25 Foot Walk and 9-Hole Peg Test scales and quality of life, treatment satisfaction, and healthcare resource utilization, measured through the MSIS-29, TSQM 1.4, and EQ-5D-3L scales, respectively. MRI lesions will be compared in the exploratory setting between the 12-month pre-baseline period, baseline, and at years 1 and 2. Adverse events will be monitored throughout the study. Interim analyses are pre-planned when 30% and 60% of patients will complete the 12-month follow-up visit. Conclusions CLAD CROSS will provide efficacy data on cladribine tablets, used as a follow-up treatment to first-line DMDs in the real-world setting, will further establish its safety profile and will collect information to support pharmacoeconomic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Tsivgoulis
- Second Department of Neurology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, “Attikon” University Hospital, Athens, Greece
- Department of Neurology, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | | | - Claudio Gobbi
- Multiple Sclerosis Center (MSC), Department of Neurology, Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland, Lugano, Switzerland
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università Della Svizzera Italiana (USI), Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Elisabeth Gulowsen Celius
- Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Alina Kulakowska
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Giorgia Maniscalco
- Dipartimento di Neurologia, Centro Regionale Sclerosi Multipla, Napoli, Italy
| | - Irene Mendes
- Hospital Dia Neurologia, Hospital Garcia de Orta, Pragal, Portugal
| | - Nicolaos Grigoriadis
- Second Department of Neurology, Special Unit for Biomedical Research and Education (S.U.B.R.E.), School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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36
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2-Chlorodeoxyadenosine (Cladribine) preferentially inhibits the biological activity of microglial cells. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 105:108571. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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37
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Giovannoni G, Coyle PK, Vermersch P, Walker B, Aldridge J, Nolting A, Galazka A, Lemieux C, Leist TP. Integrated Lymphopenia Analysis in Younger and Older Patients With Multiple Sclerosis Treated With Cladribine Tablets. Front Immunol 2022; 12:763433. [PMID: 35003076 PMCID: PMC8740297 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.763433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cladribine tablets (CladT) preferentially reduce B and T lymphocyte levels. As aging is associated with a decline in immune function, the effect of CladT on lymphocyte levels may differ by age. This post hoc analysis combined data from the Phase 3 CLARITY, CLARITY Extension, and ORACLE-MS studies to examine the effect of age (≤50 or >50 years) on lymphopenia following CladT 3.5 mg/kg (CladT3.5; cumulative dose over 2 years) treatment over 96 weeks. Both CladT3.5 and placebo were given over Weeks 1 and 5 (Year 1 treatment) and Weeks 48 and 52 (Year 2 treatment) from the start of the studies. Absolute lymphocyte count (ALC) and levels of lymphocyte subsets were examined in 1564 patients (Age ≤50 [placebo: N=566; CladT3.5: N=813]; Age >50 [placebo: N=75; CladT3.5: N=110]). In both age groups, following CladT3.5 treatment, nadir for ALC occurred at Week 9 (8 weeks following start of Year 1 treatment) and Week 55 (7 weeks following start of Year 2 treatment) of the 96-week period; for CD19+ B lymphocytes, nadir occurred at Week 9 (Year 1) and Week 52 (Year 2). For CD4+ T lymphocytes, nadir occurred at Week 16 (Year 1) in both age groups, and at Weeks 60 and 72 (Year 2) in the Age ≤50 and >50 groups, respectively. Nadir for CD8+ T lymphocytes occurred at Week 16 (Year 1) and Week 72 (Year 2) in the Age ≤50 group and levels remained in the normal range; nadir occurred at Week 9 (Year 1) and Week 96 (Year 2) in the Age >50 group. Lymphocyte recovery began soon after nadir following CladT3.5 treatment and median levels reached normal range by end of the treatment year in both age groups. By Week 96, ~25% of patients treated with CladT3.5 reported ≥1 episode of Grade ≥3 lymphopenia (Gr≥3L). The rate of certain infections was numerically higher in older versus younger patients who experienced Gr≥3L. In conclusion, CladT3.5 had a similar effect on ALC and lymphocyte subsets in both younger and older patient groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin Giovannoni
- Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Patricia K Coyle
- Department of Neurology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Patrick Vermersch
- Univ. Lille, INSERM U1172, Lille Neurosciences and Cognition, CHU Lille, FHU Precise, Lille, France
| | - Bryan Walker
- Department of Neurology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Julie Aldridge
- Research and Development Global Biostatistics, EMD Serono Research & Development Institute, Inc. (an affiliate of Merck KGaA), Billerica, MA, United States
| | - Axel Nolting
- Global Patient Safety, Merck Healthcare KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Andrew Galazka
- Global Clinical Development, Ares Trading SA (an affiliate of Merck KGaA), Eysins, Switzerland
| | - Caroline Lemieux
- North American Medical Affairs, EMD Inc. (an affiliate of Merck KGaA), Mississauga, ON, Canada
| | - Thomas P Leist
- Comprehensive Multiple Sclerosis Center, Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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38
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Disanto G, Moccia M, Sacco R, Spiezia AL, Carotenuto A, Brescia Morra V, Gobbi C, Zecca C. Monitoring of safety and effectiveness of cladribine in multiple sclerosis patients over 50 years. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2022; 58:103490. [PMID: 35007823 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2022.103490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Clinical trial data regarding efficacy and safety of cladribine in MS are limited to young individuals, and the overall risk-benefit profile does not necessarily applies to elderly patients. We investigated effectiveness and safety outcomes in MS patients initiating cladribine at ≥50 years (n=35) and <50 years (n=62), over a median follow-up of 12.4 months. There were no differences in time to evidence of disease activity (HR=0.73, 95%CI=0.18-2.91, p=0.657), post-treatment lymphocyte counts (β=0.24, p=0.825) or occurrence of adverse events (OR=0.84, 95%CI=0.24-2.93, p=0.791) between age groups. Female sex and greater disability were associated with higher risk of adverse events (especially infections). These limited data do not suggest safety concerns regarding use of cladribine in elderly MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Disanto
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland (NSI), EOC, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Marcello Moccia
- Multiple Sclerosis Clinical Care and Research Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Rosaria Sacco
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland (NSI), EOC, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Antonio Luca Spiezia
- Multiple Sclerosis Clinical Care and Research Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Carotenuto
- Multiple Sclerosis Clinical Care and Research Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Brescia Morra
- Multiple Sclerosis Clinical Care and Research Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Claudio Gobbi
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland (NSI), EOC, Lugano, Switzerland; Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland.
| | - Chiara Zecca
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland (NSI), EOC, Lugano, Switzerland; Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland
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Freeman L, Longbrake EE, Coyle PK, Hendin B, Vollmer T. High-Efficacy Therapies for Treatment-Naïve Individuals with Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis. CNS Drugs 2022; 36:1285-1299. [PMID: 36350491 PMCID: PMC9645316 DOI: 10.1007/s40263-022-00965-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
There are > 18 distinct disease-modifying therapy (DMT) options covering 10 mechanisms of action currently approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). Given the multitude of available treatment options, and recent international consensus guidelines offering differing recommendations, there is broad heterogeneity in how the DMTs are used in clinical practice. Choosing a DMT for newly diagnosed patients with MS is currently a topic of significant debate in MS care. Historically, an escalation approach to DMT was used for newly diagnosed patients with RRMS. However, the evidence for clinical benefits of early treatment with high-efficacy therapies (HETs) in this population is emerging. In this review, we provide an overview of the DMT options and MS treatment strategies, and discuss the clinical benefits of HETs (including ofatumumab, ocrelizumab, natalizumab, alemtuzumab, and cladribine) in the early stages of MS, along with safety concerns associated with these DMTs. By minimizing the accumulation of neurological damage early in the disease course, early treatment with HETs may enhance long-term clinical outcomes over the lifetime of the patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léorah Freeman
- Department of Neurology, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, 1601 Trinity St, Austin, TX, 78701, USA.
| | | | - Patricia K. Coyle
- Department of Neurology, Stony Brook University Medical Center, Stony Brook, NY USA
| | - Barry Hendin
- Banner, University Medicine Neurosciences Clinic, Phoenix, AZ USA
| | - Timothy Vollmer
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO USA
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40
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Dobreanu M, Manu DR, Mănescu IB, Gabor MR, Huţanu A, Bărcuţean L, Bălaşa R. Treatment With Cladribine Selects IFNγ+IL17+ T Cells in RRMS Patients - An In Vitro Study. Front Immunol 2022; 12:743010. [PMID: 34970256 PMCID: PMC8712887 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.743010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an incurable autoimmune disease mediated by a heterogeneous T cell population (CD3+CD161+CXCR3−CCR6+IFNγ−IL17+, CD3+CXCR3+CCR6+IFNγ+IL17+, and CD3+CXCR3+IFNγ+IL17− phenotypes) that infiltrates the central nervous system, eliciting local inflammation, demyelination and neurodegeneration. Cladribine is a lymphocyte-depleting deoxyadenosine analogue recently introduced for MS therapy as a Disease Modifying Drug (DMD). Our aim was to establish a method for the early identification and prediction of cladribine responsiveness among MS patients. Methods An experimental model was designed to study the cytotoxic and immunomodulatory effect of cladribine. T cell subsets of naïve relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) patients were analyzed ex vivo and in vitro comparatively to healthy controls (HC). Surviving cells were stimulated with rh-interleukin-2 for up to 14days. Cell proliferation and immunophenotype changes were analyzed after maximal (phorbol myristate acetate/ionomycin/monensin) and physiological T-cell receptor (CD3/CD28) activation, using multiparametric flow cytometry and xMAP technology. Results Ex vivo CD161+Th17 cells were increased in RRMS patients. Ex vivo to in vitro phenotype shifts included: decreased CD3+CCR6+ and CD3+CD161+ in all subjects and increased CD3+CXCR3+ in RRMS patients only; Th17.1 showed increased proliferation vs Th17 in all subjects; CD3+IL17+ and CD3+IFNγ+IL17+ continued to proliferate till day 14, CD3+IFNγ+ only till day 7. Regarding cladribine exposure: RRMS CD3+ cells were more resistant compared to HC; treated CD3+ cells proliferated continuously for up to 14 days, while untreated cells only up to 7 days; both HC/RRMS CD3+CXCR3+ populations increased from baseline till day 14; in RRMS patients vs HC, IL17 secretion from cladribine-treated cells increased significantly, in line with the observed proliferation of CD3+IL17+ and CD3+IFNγ+IL17+ cells; in both HC/RRMS, cladribine led to a significant increase in CD3+IFNγ+ cells at day 7 only, having no further effect at day14. IFNγ and IL17 secreted in culture media decreased significantly from ex vivo to in vitro. Conclusions CD3+ subtypes showed different responsiveness due to selectivity of cladribine action, in most patients leading to in vitro survival/proliferation of lymphocyte subsets known as pathogenic in MS. This in vitro experimental model is a promising tool for the prediction of individual responsiveness of MS patients to cladribine and other DMDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minodora Dobreanu
- Department of Immunology, Centre for Advanced Medical and Pharmaceutical Research, "George Emil Palade" University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology, Târgu Mureș, Romania.,Clinical Laboratory, County Emergency Clinical Hospital, Târgu Mureș, Romania.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, "George Emil Palade" University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology, Târgu Mureș, Romania
| | - Doina Ramona Manu
- Department of Immunology, Centre for Advanced Medical and Pharmaceutical Research, "George Emil Palade" University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology, Târgu Mureș, Romania
| | - Ion Bogdan Mănescu
- Clinical Laboratory, County Emergency Clinical Hospital, Târgu Mureș, Romania.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, "George Emil Palade" University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology, Târgu Mureș, Romania
| | - Manuela Rozalia Gabor
- Department of Management and Economy, "George Emil Palade" University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology, Târgu Mureș, Romania
| | - Adina Huţanu
- Clinical Laboratory, County Emergency Clinical Hospital, Târgu Mureș, Romania.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, "George Emil Palade" University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology, Târgu Mureș, Romania
| | - Laura Bărcuţean
- Neurology 1 Clinic, County Emergency Clinical Hospital, Târgu Mureș, Romania.,Department of Neurology, "George Emil Palade" University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology, Târgu Mureș, Romania
| | - Rodica Bălaşa
- Neurology 1 Clinic, County Emergency Clinical Hospital, Târgu Mureș, Romania.,Department of Neurology, "George Emil Palade" University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology, Târgu Mureș, Romania
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Inshasi JS, Alfahad S, Alsaadi T, Hassan A, Zein T, Mifsud VA, Nouri SI, Shakra M, Shatila AO, Szolics M, Thakre M, Kumar A, Boshra A. Position of Cladribine Tablets in the Management of Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis: An Expert Narrative Review From the United Arab Emirates. Neurol Ther 2021; 10:435-454. [PMID: 33891277 PMCID: PMC8062252 DOI: 10.1007/s40120-021-00243-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of immune reconstitution therapies (IRT) in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) is associated with a prolonged period of freedom from relapses in the absence of continuously applied therapy. Cladribine tablets is a disease-modifying treatment (DMT) indicated for highly active relapsing multiple sclerosis (MS) as defined by clinical or imaging features. Treatment with cladribine tablets is effective and well tolerated in patients with active MS disease and have a low burden of monitoring during and following treatment. In this article, an expert group of specialist neurologists involved in the care of patients with MS in the United Arab Emirates provides their consensus recommendations for the practical use of cladribine tablets according to the presenting phenotype of patients with RRMS. The IRT approach may be especially useful for patients with highly active MS insufficiently responsive to treatment with a first-line DMT, those who are likely to adhere poorly to a continuous therapeutic regimen, treatment-naïve patients with high disease activity at first presentation, or patients planning a family who are prepared to wait until at least 6 months after the end of treatment. Information available to date does not suggest an adverse interaction between cladribine tablets and COVID-19 infection. Data are unavailable at this time regarding the efficacy of COVID-19 vaccination in patients treated with cladribine tablets. Robust immunological responses to COVID-19 infection or to other vaccines have been observed in patients receiving this treatment, and treatment with cladribine tablets per se should not represent a barrier to this vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihad S Inshasi
- Neurology Department, Rashid Hospital and Dubai Medical College, Dubai Health Authority (DHA), PO Box 4545, Dubai, UAE.
| | - Sarmed Alfahad
- Neurology Department, Neurospinal Hospital, Baghdad Medical College, Dubai, UAE
| | - Taoufik Alsaadi
- Neurology Department, American Center for Psychiatry and Neurology, Dubai, UAE
| | - Ali Hassan
- Neurology Medical Clinic, Tawam Hospital, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Tayseer Zein
- Neurology Department, AlQassami Hospital, Sharjah, UAE
| | | | | | - Mustafa Shakra
- Department of Neurology, Sheikh Khalifa Medical City, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | | | - Miklos Szolics
- Neurology Medical Clinic, Tawam Hospital, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Mona Thakre
- Neurology Department, Al Zahra Hospital, Dubai, UAE
| | - Ajit Kumar
- Neurology Department, NMC Specialty Hospital, Al Nahda, Dubai, UAE
| | - Amir Boshra
- Merck Serono Middle East FZ Ltd, Dubai, UAE
- Merck KgaA, Darmstadt, Germany
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42
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Dobson R, Craner M, Waddingham E, Miller A, Cavey A, Webb S, Hemingway C, Hobart J, Evangelou N, Scolding N, Rog D, Nicholas R, Marta M, Blain C, Young CA, Ford HL, Matthews PM. OPTIMISE: MS study protocol: a pragmatic, prospective observational study to address the need for, and challenges with, real world pharmacovigilance in multiple sclerosis. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e050176. [PMID: 34824113 PMCID: PMC8627413 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-050176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The power of 'real world' data to improve our understanding of the clinical aspects of multiple sclerosis (MS) is starting to be realised. Disease modifying therapy (DMT) use across the UK is driven by national prescribing guidelines. As such, the UK provides an ideal country in which to gather MS outcomes data. A rigorously conducted observational study with a focus on pharmacovigilance has the potential to provide important data to inform clinicians and patients while testing the reliability of estimates from pivotal trials when applied to patients in the UK. METHODS AND ANALYSIS The primary aim of this study is to characterise the incidence and compare the risk of serious adverse events in people with MS treated with DMTs. The OPTIMISE:MS database enables electronic data capture and secure data transfer. Selected clinical data, clinical histories and patient-reported outcomes are collected in a harmonised fashion across sites at the time of routine clinical visits. The first patient was recruited to the study on 24 May 2019. As of January 2021, 1615 individuals have baseline data recorded; follow-up data are being captured and will be reported in due course. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION This study has ethical permission (London City and East; Ref 19/LO/0064). Potential concerns around data storage and sharing are mitigated by the separation of identifiable data from all other clinical data, and limiting access to any identifiable data. The results of this study will be disseminated via publication. Participants provide consent for anonymised data to be shared for further research use, further enhancing the value of the study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Dobson
- Preventive Neurology Unit, Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Department of Neurology, Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Matthew Craner
- Department of Neurology, John Radcliffe Hospital NHS Trust, Oxford, UK
- Department of Neurology, Frimley Park Health Foundation NHS Trust, Frimley, UK
| | - Ed Waddingham
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London and UK Dementia Research Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Aleisha Miller
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London and UK Dementia Research Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Ana Cavey
- Department of Neurology, John Radcliffe Hospital NHS Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Stewart Webb
- Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Jeremy Hobart
- Plymouth University Peninsula Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, Plymouth, UK
- Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Plymouth NHS Trust, Plymouth, UK
| | | | - Neil Scolding
- Department of Neurology, Southmead Hospital NHS Trust, Bristol, UK
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - David Rog
- Department of Neurology, Greater Manchester Neurosciences Centre, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UK
| | - Richard Nicholas
- Charing Cross Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Monica Marta
- Department of Neurology, Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
- Department of Neurology, Southend Hospital, Westcliff-on-Sea, UK
| | - Camilla Blain
- Department of Neurology, St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | | | - Helen L Ford
- Centre for Neurosciences, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
| | - Paul M Matthews
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London and UK Dementia Research Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
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Caparó-Zamalloa C, Velásquez-Rimachi V, Mori N, Dueñas-Pacheco WI, Huerta-Rosario A, Farroñay-García C, Molina RA, Alva-Díaz C. Clinical Pathway for the Diagnosis and Management of Patients With Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis: A First Proposal for the Peruvian Population. Front Neurol 2021; 12:667398. [PMID: 34744956 PMCID: PMC8567844 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.667398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) is a subtype of degenerative inflammatory demyelinating disease of multifactorial origin that affects the central nervous system and leads to multifocal neurological impairment. Objectives: To develop a clinical pathway (CP) for the management of Peruvian patients with RRMS. Methods: First, we performed a literature review using Medline, Embase, Cochrane, ProQuest, and Science direct. Then, we structured the information as an ordered and logical series of five topics in a defined timeline: (1) How should MS be diagnosed? (2) How should a relapse be treated? (3) How should a DMT be initiated? (4) How should each DMT be used? and (5) How should the patients be followed? Results: The personnel involved in the care of patients with RRMS can use a series of flowcharts and diagrams that summarize the topics in paper or electronic format. Conclusions: We propose the first CP for RRMS in Peru that shows the essential steps for diagnosing, treating, and monitoring RRMS patients based on an evidence-based medicine method and local expert opinions. This CP will allow directing relevant clinical actions to strengthen the multidisciplinary management of RRMS in Peru.
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Affiliation(s)
- César Caparó-Zamalloa
- Basic Research Center in Dementias and Central Nervous System Demyelinating Diseases, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurológicas, Lima, Peru.,Neurosonología, Clínica Delgado, Lima, Peru.,Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
| | - Victor Velásquez-Rimachi
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru.,Red de Eficacia Clínica y Sanitaria (REDECS), Lima, Peru.,Grupo de Investigación Neurociencia, Efectividad Clínica y Salud Pública, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru
| | - Nicanor Mori
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru.,Servicio de Neurología, Departamento de Medicina y Oficina de Apoyo a la Docencia e Investigación (OADI), Hospital Daniel Alcides Carrión, Callao, Peru
| | | | - Andrely Huerta-Rosario
- Red de Eficacia Clínica y Sanitaria (REDECS), Lima, Peru.,Grupo de Investigación Neurociencia, Efectividad Clínica y Salud Pública, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru.,Facultad de Medicina Hipólito Unanue, Universidad Nacional Federico Villarreal, Lima, Peru
| | - Chandel Farroñay-García
- Red de Eficacia Clínica y Sanitaria (REDECS), Lima, Peru.,Instituto Nacional de Salud (INS), Lima, Peru
| | - Roberto A Molina
- Red de Eficacia Clínica y Sanitaria (REDECS), Lima, Peru.,Grupo de Investigación Neurociencia, Efectividad Clínica y Salud Pública, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru.,Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Nacional María Auxiliadora, Lima, Peru
| | - Carlos Alva-Díaz
- Grupo de Investigación Neurociencia, Efectividad Clínica y Salud Pública, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru
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Moser T, O’Sullivan C, Puttinger C, Feige J, Pilz G, Haschke-Becher E, Cadamuro J, Oberkofler H, Hitzl W, Harrer A, Kraus J, Trinka E, Wipfler P. Pre-Existing Humoral Immunological Memory Is Retained in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis Receiving Cladribine Therapy. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9111584. [PMID: 34829815 PMCID: PMC8615381 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9111584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cladribine (CLAD) is a lymphodepleting agent approved for active relapsing multiple sclerosis (MS). The impact of CLAD on the adaptive humoral immune system has not sufficiently been studied. This study aimed to assess the influence of CLAD treatment on specific antibody titers to common pathogens. We included 18 MS patients treated with CLAD. Serum IgG antibody levels to measles, mumps, rubella, hepatitis B and varicella zoster virus (VZV), as well as diphtheria and tetanus toxins, were measured prior to the initiation of treatment and at 12 and 24 months after first CLAD administration. Moreover, specimens were longitudinally analyzed regarding absolute blood concentrations of IgG and main lymphocyte subsets. No reduction in antibody levels against measles, mumps, rubella, VZV, hepatitis B, diphtheria toxin and tetanus toxin associated with CLAD treatment was observed. Loss of seroprotection occurred in <1%. We found no significant impact of CLAD on absolute serum IgG levels. Absolute lymphocyte counts were significantly reduced at the end of each treatment year (p < 0.00001 and p < 0.000001). This study suggests that CLAD does not interfere with the pre-existing humoral immunologic memory in terms of pathogen-specific antibody titers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Moser
- Department of Neurology, Christian Doppler University Hospital, Paracelsus Medical University and Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, 5020 Salzburg, Austria (C.P.); (J.F.); (G.P.); (A.H.); (E.T.); (P.W.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +43-57255-30300
| | - Ciara O’Sullivan
- Department of Neurology, Christian Doppler University Hospital, Paracelsus Medical University and Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, 5020 Salzburg, Austria (C.P.); (J.F.); (G.P.); (A.H.); (E.T.); (P.W.)
| | - Christian Puttinger
- Department of Neurology, Christian Doppler University Hospital, Paracelsus Medical University and Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, 5020 Salzburg, Austria (C.P.); (J.F.); (G.P.); (A.H.); (E.T.); (P.W.)
| | - Julia Feige
- Department of Neurology, Christian Doppler University Hospital, Paracelsus Medical University and Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, 5020 Salzburg, Austria (C.P.); (J.F.); (G.P.); (A.H.); (E.T.); (P.W.)
| | - Georg Pilz
- Department of Neurology, Christian Doppler University Hospital, Paracelsus Medical University and Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, 5020 Salzburg, Austria (C.P.); (J.F.); (G.P.); (A.H.); (E.T.); (P.W.)
| | - Elisabeth Haschke-Becher
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (E.H.-B.); (J.C.); (H.O.); (J.K.)
| | - Janne Cadamuro
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (E.H.-B.); (J.C.); (H.O.); (J.K.)
| | - Hannes Oberkofler
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (E.H.-B.); (J.C.); (H.O.); (J.K.)
| | - Wolfgang Hitzl
- Research Management (RM): Team Biostatistics and Publikation of Clincial Studies, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria;
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
- Research Program Experimental Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Andrea Harrer
- Department of Neurology, Christian Doppler University Hospital, Paracelsus Medical University and Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, 5020 Salzburg, Austria (C.P.); (J.F.); (G.P.); (A.H.); (E.T.); (P.W.)
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Jörg Kraus
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (E.H.-B.); (J.C.); (H.O.); (J.K.)
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Eugen Trinka
- Department of Neurology, Christian Doppler University Hospital, Paracelsus Medical University and Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, 5020 Salzburg, Austria (C.P.); (J.F.); (G.P.); (A.H.); (E.T.); (P.W.)
- Neuroscience Institute, Christian Doppler University Hospital, Paracelsus Medical University and Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Peter Wipfler
- Department of Neurology, Christian Doppler University Hospital, Paracelsus Medical University and Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, 5020 Salzburg, Austria (C.P.); (J.F.); (G.P.); (A.H.); (E.T.); (P.W.)
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45
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Hammond D, Montalban-Bravo G. Management and Outcomes of Blast Transformed Chronic Myelomonocytic Leukemia. Curr Hematol Malig Rep 2021; 16:405-417. [PMID: 34499330 DOI: 10.1007/s11899-021-00643-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Despite recent advances in the treatment of de novo acute myeloid leukemia (AML), AML arising from antecedent chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML) continues to have dismal outcomes. While the unique biological drivers of CMML and subsequent leukemic transformation (LT) have been revealed with advances in molecular characterization, this has not yet translated to the bedside. Here, we review these biologic drivers, outcomes with current therapies, and rationale avenues of future investigation specifically in blast phase CMML (CMML-BP). RECENT FINDINGS CMML-BP outcomes are studied as an aggregate with more common categories of AML with myelodysplasia-related changes (AML-MRCs) or the even broader category of secondary AML (sAML), which illustrates the crux of the problem. While a modest survival advantage with allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant exists, the difficulty is bridging patients to transplant and managing patients that require an allograft-sparing approach. Limited data suggest that short-lived remissions can be obtained employing CPX-351 or venetoclax-based lower intensity combination therapy. Promising future strategies include repurposing cladribine, exploiting the supportive role of dendritic cell subsets with anti-CD123 therapies, MCL-1 inhibition, dual MEK/PLK1 inhibition, FLT3 inhibition in RAS-mutated and CBL-mutated subsets, and immune therapies targeting novel immune checkpoint molecules such as the leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor B4 (LILRB4), an immune-modulatory transmembrane protein restrictively expressed on monocytic cells. The successful management of an entity as unique as CMML-BP will require a cooperative, concerted effort to design and conduct clinical trials dedicated to this rare form of sAML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Hammond
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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46
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Marin CE, Callegaro D, Lana-Peixoto MA, Fernández O, Gomes Neto AP, Vasconcelos CCF, d'Almeida JAC, Gonçalves MVM, Mendes MF, Parolin MKF, Nascimento O, Gama PDD, Dias-Carneiro RPC, Dias RM, Damasceno A, Becker J. Evaluation of diagnosis and treatment practices of Brazilian neurologists among patients with multiple sclerosis. ARQUIVOS DE NEURO-PSIQUIATRIA 2021; 79:598-606. [PMID: 34468497 DOI: 10.1590/0004-282x-anp-2020-0362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent changes to the diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis (MS) and new medications have had a major impact on the way in which specialists manage the disease. OBJECTIVE To investigate factors considered by Brazilian neurologists in managing MS, and to identify how these contribute to diagnosis and treatment. METHODS Potential participants were selected by a steering committee (MS experts who developed this survey). Only MS specialists were included in the study (neurologists who had completed a neuroimmunology fellowship or who were treating more than 30 MS patients). Links to the online questionnaire were distributed between March 2019 and January 2020. This questionnaire was composed of sections with hypothetical MS scenarios. RESULTS Neurologists from 13 Brazilian states responded to the survey (n = 94). In the clinically isolated syndrome (CIS) scenario, the respondents agreed to treat patients with a high risk of MS diagnosis, whereas in the radiologically isolated syndrome (RIS) half of the respondents opted not to treat, even among high-risk patients. In cases of low-activity relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS), the choice of treatment was distributed among interferon beta, glatiramer acetate and teriflunomide, which were changed to fingolimod and natalizumab, as RRMS severity increased. The topics in which disagreement was found included practices regarding use of disease-modifying therapy (DMT) for pregnant patients and the washout period required for some DMTs. CONCLUSIONS This study enabled identification of areas of agreement and disagreement about MS treatment among Brazilian neurologists, which can be used to update future protocols and improve patient management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cássia Elisa Marin
- Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Hospital São Lucas, Porto Alegre RS, Brazil
| | - Dagoberto Callegaro
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de São Paulo, Hospital das Clínicas, São Paulo SP, Brazil
| | - Marco Aurélio Lana-Peixoto
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Faculdade de Medicina de Minas Gerais Hospital das Clínicas, Belo Horizonte MG, Brazil
| | - Oscar Fernández
- University of Malaga, Hospital Universitário Regional de Málaga, Malaga, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jefferson Becker
- Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Hospital São Lucas, Porto Alegre RS, Brazil.,Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rio de Janeiro RJ, Brazil
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47
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Rammohan K, Coyle PK, Sylvester E, Galazka A, Dangond F, Grosso M, Leist TP. The Development of Cladribine Tablets for the Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis: A Comprehensive Review. Drugs 2021; 80:1901-1928. [PMID: 33247831 PMCID: PMC7708385 DOI: 10.1007/s40265-020-01422-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cladribine is a purine nucleoside analog initially developed in the 1970s as a treatment for various blood cancers. Due to the molecule’s ability to preferentially reduce T and B lymphocytes, it has been developed into an oral formulation for the treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS). The unique proposed mechanism of action of cladribine allows for the therapy to be delivered orally over two treatment-week cycles per year, one cycle at the beginning of the first month and one cycle at the beginning of the second month of years 1 and 2, with the potential for no further cladribine treatment required in years 3 and 4. This review summarizes the clinical development program for cladribine tablets in patients with MS, including the efficacy endpoints and results from the 2-year phase III CLARITY study in patients with relapsing–remitting MS (RRMS), the 2-year CLARITY EXTENSION study, and the phase III ORACLE-MS study in patients with a first clinical demyelinating event at risk for developing MS. Efficacy results from the phase II ONWARD study, in which cladribine tablets were administered as an add-on to interferon-β therapy in patients with RRMS, are also summarized. A review of all safety data, including lymphopenia, infections, and malignancies, is provided based on data from all trials in patients with MS, including the initial parenteral formulation studies. Based on these data, cladribine tablets administered at 3.5 mg/kg over 2 years have been approved across the globe for various forms of relapsing MS. The development of cladribine tablets for the treatment of multiple sclerosis: a comprehensive review (MP4 279143 kb)
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Affiliation(s)
- Kottil Rammohan
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA.
| | - Patricia K Coyle
- Multiple Sclerosis Comprehensive Care Center, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Fernando Dangond
- EMD Serono Research & Development Institute, Inc., Billerica, MA, USA, an affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Megan Grosso
- EMD Serono, Inc., Rockland, MA, USA, an affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Thomas P Leist
- Comprehensive MS Center, Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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48
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Linker RA, Gold R. [Immunotherapy and personalized treatment of multiple sclerosis]. DER NERVENARZT 2021; 92:986-995. [PMID: 34427718 DOI: 10.1007/s00115-021-01176-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Personalized medicine requires a patient-oriented approach with the exact classification of the disease being determined by the underlying pathophysiological processes. In particular, the optimal treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS) requires personalized treatment that goes beyond the pure concept of precision medicine; however, due to the lack of robust biomarkers beyond cranial magnetic resonance imaging and a lacking detailed understanding of some aspects of MS pathogenesis, this approach is not yet fully implemented. Important questions for a better therapeutic stratification of MS patients are: (1) when does MS start? (2) Does the spectrum of MS really span multiple diseases? (3) When does the progressive phase of the disease begin? (4) In which phase of the disease is there a therapeutic window for immunotherapy? Recent findings indicate that MS represents a spectrum of diseases and that there is a therapeutic delay of several years, on which the optimal treatment effect of a disease-modifying treatment depends. For a personalized treatment of MS it is important to determine the exact disease stage of the patient and to react to the development or increase of focal inflammatory activity in a timely manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf A Linker
- Neurologische Klinik, Universitätsklinik Regensburg, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 84, 93053, Regensburg, Deutschland.
| | - Ralf Gold
- Neurologische Klinik, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-Universität-Bochum, Bochum, Deutschland
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49
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Wiendl H, Gold R, Berger T, Derfuss T, Linker R, Mäurer M, Aktas O, Baum K, Berghoff M, Bittner S, Chan A, Czaplinski A, Deisenhammer F, Di Pauli F, Du Pasquier R, Enzinger C, Fertl E, Gass A, Gehring K, Gobbi C, Goebels N, Guger M, Haghikia A, Hartung HP, Heidenreich F, Hoffmann O, Kallmann B, Kleinschnitz C, Klotz L, Leussink VI, Leutmezer F, Limmroth V, Lünemann JD, Lutterotti A, Meuth SG, Meyding-Lamadé U, Platten M, Rieckmann P, Schmidt S, Tumani H, Weber F, Weber MS, Zettl UK, Ziemssen T, Zipp F. Multiple Sclerosis Therapy Consensus Group (MSTCG): position statement on disease-modifying therapies for multiple sclerosis (white paper). Ther Adv Neurol Disord 2021; 14:17562864211039648. [PMID: 34422112 PMCID: PMC8377320 DOI: 10.1177/17562864211039648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis is a complex, autoimmune-mediated disease of the central nervous system characterized by inflammatory demyelination and axonal/neuronal damage. The approval of various disease-modifying therapies and our increased understanding of disease mechanisms and evolution in recent years have significantly changed the prognosis and course of the disease. This update of the Multiple Sclerosis Therapy Consensus Group treatment recommendation focuses on the most important recommendations for disease-modifying therapies of multiple sclerosis in 2021. Our recommendations are based on current scientific evidence and apply to those medications approved in wide parts of Europe, particularly German-speaking countries (Germany, Austria, and Switzerland).
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Affiliation(s)
- Heinz Wiendl
- Klinik für Neurologie mit Institut für Translationale Neurologie, Universitätsklinikum Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Gebäude A1, 48149 Münster
| | - Ralf Gold
- Neurologie, St. Josef-Hospital, Klinikum der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Gudrunstraße 56, 44791 Bochum, Germany
| | - Thomas Berger
- Universitätsklinik für Neurologie, Medizinische Universität Wien, Wien, Austria
| | - Tobias Derfuss
- Neurologische Klinik und Poliklinik, Universitätsspital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ralf Linker
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Neurologie, Universitätsklinikum Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Mathias Mäurer
- Neurologie und Neurologische Frührehabilitation, Klinikum Würzburg Mitte gGmbH, Standort Juliusspital, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Orhan Aktas
- Neurologische Klinik, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Karl Baum
- Neurologie, Klinik Hennigsdorf, Hennigsdorf, Germany
| | | | - Stefan Bittner
- Klinik für Neurologie, Universitätsmedizin der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Andrew Chan
- Neurologie, Inselspital, Universitätsspital Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | - Christian Enzinger
- Universitätsklinik für Neurologie, Medizinische Universität Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Elisabeth Fertl
- Wiener Gesundheitsverbund, Neurologische Abteilung, Wien, Austria
| | - Achim Gass
- Neurologische Klinik, Universitätsmedizin Mannheim/Medizinische Fakultät Mannheim, Universität Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Klaus Gehring
- Berufsverband Deutscher Nervenärzte (BVDN), Neurozentrum am Klosterforst, Itzehoe, Germany
| | | | - Norbert Goebels
- Klinik für Neurologie, Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Michael Guger
- Klinik für Neurologie 2, Kepler Universitätsklinikum, Linz, Austria
| | | | - Hans-Peter Hartung
- Klinik für Neurologie, Medizinische Fakultät, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Klinik für Neurologie, Medizinische Universität Wien, Wien, Austria
| | - Fedor Heidenreich
- Diakovere Krankenhaus, Henriettenstift, Klinik für Neurologie und klinische Neurophysiologie, Hannover, Germany
| | - Olaf Hoffmann
- Klinik für Neurologie, Alexianer St. Josefs-Krankenhaus Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany; NeuroCure, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Medizinische Hochschule Brandenburg Theodor Fontane, Neuruppin, Germany
| | - Boris Kallmann
- Kallmann Neurologie, Multiple Sklerose Zentrum Bamberg, Bamberg, Germany
| | | | - Luisa Klotz
- Klinik für Neurologie mit Institut für Translationale Neurologie, Universitätsklinikum Münster, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Fritz Leutmezer
- Neurologie, Universitäts-Klinik für Neurologie Wien, Wien, Austria
| | - Volker Limmroth
- Klinik für Neurologie, Krankenhaus Köln-Merheim, Köln, Germany
| | - Jan D Lünemann
- Klinik für Neurologie mit Institut für Translationale Neurologie, Universitätsklinikum Münster, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Sven G Meuth
- Neurologische Klinik, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | - Michael Platten
- Neurologische Klinik, Universitätsmedizin Mannheim/Medizinische Fakultät Mannheim, Universität Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Peter Rieckmann
- Medical Park, Fachklinik für Neurologie, Zentrum für Klinische Neuroplastizität, Bischofswiesen, Germany
| | - Stephan Schmidt
- Neurologie, Gesundheitszentrum St. Johannes Hospital, Bonn, Germany
| | - Hayrettin Tumani
- Fachklinik für Neurologie Dietenbronn, Akademisches Krankenhaus der Universität Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Frank Weber
- Neurologie, Sana Kliniken, Cham, Switzerland
| | - Martin S Weber
- Institut für Neuropathologie, Neurologische Klinik, Universitätsmedizin Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Uwe K Zettl
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Neurologie, Zentrum für Nervenheilkunde, Universitätsmedizin Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Tjalf Ziemssen
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Neurologie, Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus an der Technischen Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Frauke Zipp
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Neurologie, Universitätsmedizin der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
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Oh J, Walker B, Giovannoni G, Jack D, Dangond F, Nolting A, Aldridge J, Lebson LA, Leist TP. Treatment-emergent adverse events occurring early in the treatment course of cladribine tablets in two phase 3 trials in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler J Exp Transl Clin 2021; 7:20552173211024298. [PMID: 34345436 PMCID: PMC8283088 DOI: 10.1177/20552173211024298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) that occur close to treatment initiation may negatively affect overall tolerability and adherence. It is important to develop a clear understanding of potential early TEAEs after initiating treatment with cladribine tablets. Objective To identify TEAEs that begin early in the course of treatment in patients enrolled in CLARITY and ORACLE-MS studies. Methods This post hoc analysis of CLARITY and ORACLE-MS safety populations assessed the incidence of TEAEs, serious TEAEs, drug-related TEAEs, and TEAEs leading to discontinuation in patients receiving cladribine tablets or placebo within 2, 6, and 12 weeks after treatment initiation. Results By Week 12, 61.3% of patients treated with cladribine tablets 3.5 mg/kg and 55.2% treated with placebo experienced a TEAE. More patients receiving cladribine tablets versus placebo experienced a drug-related TEAE by Week 12 (34.7% vs. 23.2%). The most common TEAEs reported with cladribine tablets were: headache (7.2%), lymphopenia (6.8%), and nausea (6.0%). Patients receiving cladribine tablets and placebo reported similar proportions of serious TEAEs (2.2% vs. 1.7%) and TEAEs leading to treatment discontinuation (1.6% vs. 1.4%). Conclusion Cladribine tablets were well tolerated during the first 12 weeks as evidenced by a low incidence of TEAEs leading to treatment discontinuation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwon Oh
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, St Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Bryan Walker
- Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Gavin Giovannoni
- Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Dominic Jack
- the healthcare business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | | | - Axel Nolting
- the healthcare business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | | | | | - Thomas P Leist
- Comprehensive Multiple Sclerosis Center, Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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