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Chen Z, Wei X, Dong S, Han F, He R, Zhou W. Challenges and Opportunities Associated With Platelets in Pancreatic Cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 12:850485. [PMID: 35494001 PMCID: PMC9039220 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.850485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is one of the most common malignant tumors in the digestive system with a poor prognosis. Accordingly, better understanding of the molecular mechanisms and innovative therapies are warranted to improve the prognosis of this patient population. In addition to playing a crucial role in coagulation, platelets reportedly contribute to the growth, invasion and metastasis of various tumors, including pancreatic cancer. This narrative review brings together currently available evidence on the impact of platelets on pancreatic cancer, including the platelet-related molecular mechanisms of cancer promotion, pancreatic cancer fibrosis, immune evasion, drug resistance mechanisms, thrombosis, targeted platelet therapy, combined radiotherapy and chemotherapy treatment, platelet combined with nanotechnology treatment and potential applications of pancreatic cancer organoids. A refined understanding of the role of platelets in pancreatic cancer provides the foothold for identifying new therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Chen
- The First Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,Department of General Surgery, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiaodong Wei
- Emergency Department, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Shi Dong
- Department of General Surgery, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Fangfang Han
- The First Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,Department of General Surgery, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ru He
- Department of General Surgery, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Wence Zhou
- The First Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,Department of General Surgery, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
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Production and Conjugation of Truncated Recombinant Diphtheria Toxin to VEGFR-2 Specific Nanobody and Evaluation of its Cytotoxic Effect on PC-3 Cell Line. Mol Biotechnol 2022; 64:1218-1226. [PMID: 35478310 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-022-00485-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Immunotoxins have represented a great potency in targeted therapeutics to encounter tumors. They consist of a protein toxin conjugated to a targeting moiety, which recognizes a specific antigen on surface of cancer cells and accordingly induces cell death by toxin segment. The targeting part could be a nanobody, which is a group of antibodies composed of an only functional single variable heavy chain (VHH).Therefore, this study was done to produce an immunotoxin (VGRNb-DT) by chemical conjugation of a truncated diphtheria toxin moiety to an anti-vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2(VEGFR-2) nanobody, and to identify effectiveness of immunotoxin in recognizing the VEGFR-2- positive cancer cells and inhibiting cell growth and survival. Diphtheria toxin was expressed and purified by nickel affinity chromatography, and accordingly, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and Western blot analysis confirmed its expression. Function of heterobifunctional crosslinkers, Sulfo-SMCC (sulfosuccinimidyl-4-(N-maleimidomethyl) cyclohexane-1-carboxylate), and SATP (N-succinimidyl-S- acetylthiopropionate) for bioconjugation purposes was acknowledged by cation exchange high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Cytotoxicity of immunotoxin was evaluated on the VEGFR-2 positive PC-3 cell line by MTT assay. Overexpression of VEGFR-2 in the PC-3 cell line allowed immunotoxin to recognize them by anti-VEGFR-2 nanobodies. The concentrations above 5 μg/ml represented a significant decrease in cell survival rate in PC-3 cells compared to HEK293 cells (VEGFR-2 negative cells) as controls.VGRNb-DT demonstrated a successful bioconjugation; furthermore, variable concentrations were correlated with cell death in prostate cancer PC-3 cells.
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Song DH, Garcia G, Situ K, Chua BA, Hong MLO, Do EA, Ramirez CM, Harui A, Arumugaswami V, Morizono K. Development of a blocker of the universal phosphatidylserine- and phosphatidylethanolamine-dependent viral entry pathways. Virology 2021; 560:17-33. [PMID: 34020328 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2021.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Envelope phosphatidylserine (PtdSer) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PtdEtr) have been shown to mediate binding of enveloped viruses. However, commonly used PtdSer binding molecules such as Annexin V cannot block PtdSer-mediated viral infection. Lack of reagents that can conceal envelope PtdSer and PtdEtr and subsequently inhibit infection hinders elucidation of the roles of the envelope phospholipids in viral infection. Here, we developed sTIM1dMLDR801, a reagent capable of blocking PtdSer- and PtdEtr-dependent infection of enveloped viruses. Using sTIM1dMLDR801, we found that envelope PtdSer and/or PtdEtr can support ZIKV infection of not only human but also mosquito cells. In a mouse model for ZIKV infection, sTIM1dMLDR801 reduced ZIKV load in serum and the spleen, indicating envelope PtdSer and/or PtdEtr support in viral infection in vivo. sTIM1dMLDR801 will enable elucidation of the roles of envelope PtdSer and PtdEtr in infection of various virus species, thereby facilitating identification of their receptors and transmission mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Hoon Song
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA; UCLA AIDS Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Gustavo Garcia
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Kathy Situ
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA; UCLA AIDS Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Bernadette A Chua
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA; UCLA AIDS Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Madeline Lauren O Hong
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Elyza A Do
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Christina M Ramirez
- Department of Biostatistics, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Airi Harui
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Vaithilingaraja Arumugaswami
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Kouki Morizono
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA; UCLA AIDS Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
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Smolarczyk R, Czapla J, Jarosz-Biej M, Czerwinski K, Cichoń T. Vascular disrupting agents in cancer therapy. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 891:173692. [PMID: 33130277 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Tumor blood vessel formation is a key process for tumor expansion. Tumor vessels are abnormal and differ from normal vessels in architecture and components. Besides oxygen and nutrients supply, the tumor vessels system, due to its abnormality, is responsible for: hypoxia formation, and metastatic routes. Tumor blood vessels can be a target of anti-cancer therapies. There are two types of therapies that target tumor vessels. The first one is the inhibition of the angiogenesis process. However, the inhibition is often ineffective because of alternative angiogenesis mechanism activation. The second type is a specific targeting of existing tumor blood vessels by vascular disruptive agents (VDAs). There are three groups of VDAs: microtubule destabilizing drugs, flavonoids with anti-vascular functions, and tumor vascular targeted drugs based on endothelial cell receptors. However, VDAs possess some limitations. They may be cardiotoxic and their application in therapy may leave viable residual, so called, rim cells on the edge of the tumor. However, it seems that a well-designed combination of VDAs with other anti-cancer drugs may bring a significant therapeutic effect. In this article, we describe three groups of vascular disruptive agents with their advantages and disadvantages. We mention VDAs clinical trials. Finally, we present the current possibilities of VDAs combination with other anti-cancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryszard Smolarczyk
- Center for Translational Research and Molecular Biology of Cancer, Maria Skłodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Wybrzeże Armii Krajowej Street 15, 44-102, Gliwice, Poland.
| | - Justyna Czapla
- Center for Translational Research and Molecular Biology of Cancer, Maria Skłodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Wybrzeże Armii Krajowej Street 15, 44-102, Gliwice, Poland.
| | - Magdalena Jarosz-Biej
- Center for Translational Research and Molecular Biology of Cancer, Maria Skłodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Wybrzeże Armii Krajowej Street 15, 44-102, Gliwice, Poland.
| | - Kyle Czerwinski
- University of Manitoba, Faculty of Science. 66 Chancellors Cir, Winnipeg, Canada.
| | - Tomasz Cichoń
- Center for Translational Research and Molecular Biology of Cancer, Maria Skłodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Wybrzeże Armii Krajowej Street 15, 44-102, Gliwice, Poland.
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Zhang X, Feng S, Liu J, Li Q, Zheng L, Xie L, Li H, Huang D. Novel small peptides derived from VEGF 125-136: potential drugs for radioactive diagnosis and therapy in A549 tumor-bearing nude mice. Sci Rep 2017; 7:4278. [PMID: 28655913 PMCID: PMC5487319 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-04513-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) is a critical factor in tumor angiogenesis and has been considered a potential target for receptor-mediated radionuclide imaging and therapy. In this study, we identified two peptides (QKRKRKKSRKKH and RKRKRKKSRYIVLS) derived from VEGF125-136 that displayed high binding affinities to VEGFR and strong inhibition of A549 cell growth. 99mTc- and 188Re-labeled peptides displayed high labeling efficiency and favorable stability in saline and human plasma. At the cellular level, the radiolabeled peptides could bind with A549 cells and be internalized via the VEGFR-1-mediated pathway. 99mTc/188Re-labeled peptide was significantly accumulated at xenograft tumors, as observed with single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) planar imaging. Moreover, 188Re-labeled peptides significantly inhibited tumor growth, prolonged the survival time of the tumor-bearing nude mice and resulted in much more necrotic regions and apoptotic cells in the A549 xenograft tumors. These results demonstrated that these two peptides as candidate drugs for radionuclide imaging and tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Zhang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 30 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Shibin Feng
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 30 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 30 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Qianwei Li
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 30 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Lei Zheng
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 30 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Laiping Xie
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 30 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Hongmin Li
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 30 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Dingde Huang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 30 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400038, China.
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Mineo C, Lanier L, Jung E, Sengupta S, Ulrich V, Sacharidou A, Tarango C, Osunbunmi O, Shen YM, Salmon JE, Brekken RA, Huang X, Thorpe PE, Shaul PW. Identification of a Monoclonal Antibody That Attenuates Antiphospholipid Syndrome-Related Pregnancy Complications and Thrombosis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158757. [PMID: 27463336 PMCID: PMC4963039 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In the antiphospholipid syndrome (APS), patients produce antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) that promote thrombosis and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Current therapy with anticoagulation is only partially effective and associated with multiple complications. We previously discovered that aPL recognition of cell surface β2-glycoprotein I (β2-GPI) initiates apolipoprotein E receptor 2 (apoER2)-dependent signaling in endothelial cells and in placental trophoblasts that ultimately promotes thrombosis and fetal loss, respectively. Here we sought to identify a monoclonal antibody (mAb) to β2-GPI that negates aPL-induced processes in cell culture and APS disease endpoints in mice. In a screen measuring endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) activity in cultured endothelial cells, we found that whereas aPL inhibit eNOS, the mAb 1N11 does not, and instead 1N11 prevents aPL action. Coimmunoprecipitation studies revealed that 1N11 decreases pathogenic antibody binding to β2-GPI, and it blocks aPL-induced complex formation between β2-GPI and apoER2. 1N11 also prevents aPL antagonism of endothelial cell migration, and in mice it reverses the impairment in reendothelialization caused by aPL, which underlies the non-thrombotic vascular occlusion provoked by disease-causing antibodies. In addition, aPL inhibition of trophoblast proliferation and migration is negated by 1N11, and the more than 6-fold increase in fetal resorption caused by aPL in pregnant mice is prevented by 1N11. Furthermore, the promotion of thrombosis by aPL is negated by 1N11. Thus, 1N11 has been identified as an mAb that attenuates APS-related pregnancy complications and thrombosis in mice. 1N11 may provide an efficacious, mechanism-based therapy to combat the often devastating conditions suffered by APS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chieko Mineo
- Center for Pulmonary and Vascular Biology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail: (CM); (PWS)
| | - Lane Lanier
- Center for Pulmonary and Vascular Biology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Eunjeong Jung
- Center for Pulmonary and Vascular Biology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Samarpita Sengupta
- Center for Pulmonary and Vascular Biology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Victoria Ulrich
- Center for Pulmonary and Vascular Biology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Anastasia Sacharidou
- Center for Pulmonary and Vascular Biology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Cristina Tarango
- Center for Pulmonary and Vascular Biology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Olutoye Osunbunmi
- Center for Pulmonary and Vascular Biology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Yu-Min Shen
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jane E. Salmon
- Department of Medicine, Hospital for Special Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Rolf A. Brekken
- Department of Pharmacology and the Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Xianming Huang
- Department of Pharmacology and the Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Philip E. Thorpe
- Department of Pharmacology and the Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Philip W. Shaul
- Center for Pulmonary and Vascular Biology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail: (CM); (PWS)
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Bell C, Dowson N, Fay M, Thomas P, Puttick S, Gal Y, Rose S. Hypoxia imaging in gliomas with 18F-fluoromisonidazole PET: toward clinical translation. Semin Nucl Med 2015; 45:136-50. [PMID: 25704386 DOI: 10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2014.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
There is significant interest in the development of improved image-guided therapy for neuro-oncology applications. Glioblastomas (GBM) in particular present a considerable challenge because of their pervasive nature, propensity for recurrence, and resistance to conventional therapies. MRI is routinely used as a guide for planning treatment strategies. However, this imaging modality is not able to provide images that clearly delineate tumor boundaries and affords only indirect information about key tumor pathophysiology. With the emergence of PET imaging with new oncology radiotracers, mapping of tumor infiltration and other important molecular events such as hypoxia is now feasible within the clinical setting. In particular, the importance of imaging hypoxia levels within the tumoral microenvironment is gathering interest, as hypoxia is known to play a central role in glioma pathogenesis and resistance to treatment. One of the hypoxia radiotracers known for its clinical utility is (18)F-fluoromisodazole ((18)F-FMISO). In this review, we highlight the typical causes of treatment failure in gliomas that may be linked to hypoxia and outline current methods for the detection of hypoxia. We also provide an overview of the growing body of studies focusing on the clinical translation of (18)F-FMISO PET imaging, strengthening the argument for the use of (18)F-FMISO hypoxia imaging to help optimize and guide treatment strategies for patients with glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Bell
- CSIRO Preventative Health Flagship, CSIRO Computational Informatics, The Australian e-Health Research Centre, Herston, Queensland, Australia; CSIRO Computational Informatics, The Australian e-Health Research Centre, Herston, Queensland, Australia; School of Medicine, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nicholas Dowson
- CSIRO Preventative Health Flagship, CSIRO Computational Informatics, The Australian e-Health Research Centre, Herston, Queensland, Australia; CSIRO Computational Informatics, The Australian e-Health Research Centre, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mike Fay
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Paul Thomas
- Specialised PET Services Queensland, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Simon Puttick
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Yaniv Gal
- Centre for Medical Diagnostic Technologies in Queensland, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Stephen Rose
- CSIRO Preventative Health Flagship, CSIRO Computational Informatics, The Australian e-Health Research Centre, Herston, Queensland, Australia; CSIRO Computational Informatics, The Australian e-Health Research Centre, Herston, Queensland, Australia; School of Medicine, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
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Virion-associated phosphatidylethanolamine promotes TIM1-mediated infection by Ebola, dengue, and West Nile viruses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:14682-7. [PMID: 26575624 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1508095112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphatidylserine (PS) receptors contribute to two crucial biological processes: apoptotic clearance and entry of many enveloped viruses. In both cases, they recognize PS exposed on the plasma membrane. Here we demonstrate that phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) is also a ligand for PS receptors and that this phospholipid mediates phagocytosis and viral entry. We show that a subset of PS receptors, including T-cell immunoglobulin (Ig) mucin domain protein 1 (TIM1), efficiently bind PE. We further show that PE is present in the virions of flaviviruses and filoviruses, and that the PE-specific cyclic peptide lantibiotic agent Duramycin efficiently inhibits the entry of West Nile, dengue, and Ebola viruses. The inhibitory effect of Duramycin is specific: it inhibits TIM1-mediated, but not L-SIGN-mediated, virus infection, and it does so by blocking virus attachment to TIM1. We further demonstrate that PE is exposed on the surface of apoptotic cells, and promotes their phagocytic uptake by TIM1-expressing cells. Together, our data show that PE plays a key role in TIM1-mediated virus entry, suggest that disrupting PE association with PS receptors is a promising broad-spectrum antiviral strategy, and deepen our understanding of the process by which apoptotic cells are cleared.
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Kawasaki T, Nishiwaki T, Sekine A, Nishimura R, Suda R, Urushibara T, Suzuki T, Takayanagi S, Terada J, Sakao S, Tatsumi K. Vascular Repair by Tissue-Resident Endothelial Progenitor Cells in Endotoxin-Induced Lung Injury. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2015; 53:500-12. [PMID: 25719275 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2014-0185oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular disruption is one of the pathological hallmarks in acute respiratory distress syndrome. Bone marrow (BM)-derived circulating endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) and lung tissue-resident EPCs have been considered to play a pivotal role in pulmonary vascular repair; however, which population is predominant in local pulmonary vasculogenesis remains to be clarified. We therefore examined the origin of EPCs participating in the regenerative process of pulmonary vascular endothelial cells (PVECs) in experimental acute respiratory distress syndrome. Lung samples from mice administered LPS intratracheally were investigated for cell dynamics and EPC functions. Quantitative flow cytometric analysis demonstrated that the number of PVECs decreased by roughly 20% on Day 1 and then recovered on Day 7 of LPS challenge. Bromodeoxyuridine-incorporation assays and immunofluorescence microscopy demonstrated that proliferating PVECs preferentially located in the capillary vessels. Experiments using BM chimera mice revealed that most of the regenerating PVECs were tissue-resident cells, and BM-derived cells hardly engrafted as PVECs. The population of circulating putative phenotypical EPCs decreased during the first week after LPS challenge. The regenerating PVECs were characterized by high colony-forming and vasculogenic capacities, intracellular reactive oxygen species scavenging and aldehyde dehydrogenase activites, and enhanced gene expression of Abcb1b (a drug-resistant gene), suggesting that the population of PVECs included tissue-resident EPCs activated during regenerative process of PVECs. The proliferating PVECs expressed CD34, Flk-1/KDR, and c-kit more strongly and Prom1/CD133 less strongly on the surface than nonproliferating PVECs. Our findings indicated that lung tissue-resident EPCs predominantly contribute to pulmonary vascular repair after endotoxin-induced injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Kawasaki
- Department of Respirology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tetsu Nishiwaki
- Department of Respirology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Ayumi Sekine
- Department of Respirology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Rintaro Nishimura
- Department of Respirology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Rika Suda
- Department of Respirology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takashi Urushibara
- Department of Respirology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Toshio Suzuki
- Department of Respirology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shin Takayanagi
- Department of Respirology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Jiro Terada
- Department of Respirology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Seiichiro Sakao
- Department of Respirology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Koichiro Tatsumi
- Department of Respirology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
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Bell C, Dowson N, Puttick S, Gal Y, Thomas P, Fay M, Smith J, Rose S. Increasing feasibility and utility of (18)F-FDOPA PET for the management of glioma. Nucl Med Biol 2015; 42:788-95. [PMID: 26162582 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2015.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Revised: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite radical treatment therapies, glioma continues to carry with it a uniformly poor prognosis. Patients diagnosed with WHO Grade IV glioma (glioblastomas; GBM) generally succumb within two years, even those with WHO Grade III anaplastic gliomas and WHO Grade II gliomas carry prognoses of 2-5 and 2 years, respectively. PET imaging with (18)F-FDOPA allows in vivo assessment of the metabolism of glioma relative to surrounding tissues. The high sensitivity of (18)F-DOPA imaging grants utility for a number of clinical applications. METHODS A collection of published work about (18)F-FDOPA PET was made and a critical review was discussed and written. RESULTS A number of research papers have been published demonstrating that in conjunction with MRI, (18)F-FDOPA PET provides greater sensitivity and specificity than these modalities in detection, grading, prognosis and validation of treatment success in both primary and recurrent gliomas. In further comparisons with (11)C-MET, (18)F-FLT, (18)F-FET and MRI, (18)F-FDOPA has shown similar or better efficacy. Recently synthesis cassettes have become available, making (18)F-FDOPA more accessible. CONCLUSIONS According to the available data, (18)F-FDOPA PET is a viable radiotracer for imaging and treatment planning of gliomas. ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE AND IMPLICATION FOR PATIENT CARE (18)F-FDOPA PET appears to be a viable radiopharmaceutical for the diagnosis and treatment planning of gliomas cases, improving on that of MRI and (18)F-FDG PET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Bell
- CSIRO Preventative Health Flagship, CSIRO Computational Informatics, The Australian e-Health Research Centre, Herston QLD 4029, Australia; The University of Queensland, School of Medicine, St. Lucia QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Nicholas Dowson
- CSIRO Preventative Health Flagship, CSIRO Computational Informatics, The Australian e-Health Research Centre, Herston QLD 4029, Australia
| | - Simon Puttick
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Yaniv Gal
- The University of Queensland, Centre for Medical Diagnostic Technologies in Queensland, St. Lucia QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Paul Thomas
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston QLD 4029, Australia
| | - Mike Fay
- The University of Queensland, School of Medicine, St. Lucia QLD 4072, Australia; Genesis Cancer Care, Lake Macquarie Private Hospital, 36 Pacific Highway, Gateshead NSW 2290, Australia; Specialised PET Services Queensland, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston QLD 4029, Australia
| | - Jye Smith
- The University of Queensland, School of Medicine, St. Lucia QLD 4072, Australia; Specialised PET Services Queensland, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston QLD 4029, Australia
| | - Stephen Rose
- CSIRO Preventative Health Flagship, CSIRO Computational Informatics, The Australian e-Health Research Centre, Herston QLD 4029, Australia.
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Mesnard L, Cathelin D, Vandermeersch S, Rafat C, Luque Y, Sohier J, Nochy D, Garcon L, Callard P, Jouanneau C, Verpont MC, Tharaux PL, Hertig A, Rondeau E. Genetic Background–Dependent Thrombotic Microangiopathy Is Related to Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor 2 Signaling during Anti-Glomerular Basement Membrane Glomerulonephritis in Mice. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2014; 184:2438-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2014.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Revised: 04/26/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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12
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Liao AH, Wu SY, Wang HE, Weng CH, Wu MF, Li PC. Evaluation of 18F-labeled targeted perfluorocarbon-filled albumin microbubbles as a probe for microUS and microPET in tumor-bearing mice. ULTRASONICS 2013; 53:320-327. [PMID: 22832082 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2012.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2012] [Revised: 06/04/2012] [Accepted: 06/09/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In this study, albumin-shelled, targeted MBs (tMBs) were first demonstrated with the expectation of visualization of biodistribution of albumin-shelled tMBs. The actual biodistribution of albumin-shelled tMBs is of vital importance either for molecular imaging or for drug delivery. MOTIVATION Recently, albumin microbubbles (MBs) have been studied for drug and gene delivery in vitro and in vivo through cavitation. Targeted lipid-shelled MBs have been applied for ultrasound molecular imaging and conjugated with radiolabeled antibodies for whole-body biodistribution evaluations. The novelty of the work is that, in addition to the lipid tMBs, the albumin tMBs was also applied in biodistribution detection. METHODS Multimodality albumin-shelled, (18)F-SFB-labeled VEGFR2 tMBs were synthesized, and their characteristics in mice bearing MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer were investigated with micro-positron-emission tomography (microPET) and high-frequency ultrasound (microUS). RESULTS Albumin-shelled MBs can be labeled with (18)F-SFB directly and conjugated with antibodies for dual molecular imaging. The albumin-shelled tMBs show a lifetime in 30min in the blood pool and a highly specific adherence to tumor vessels in mice bearing human breast cancer. CONCLUSIONS From the evaluations of whole-body biodistribution, the potential of the dual molecular imaging probe for drug or gene delivery in animal experiments with albumin shelled MBs has been investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Ho Liao
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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13
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Doi Y, Yashiro M, Yamada N, Amano R, Noda S, Hirakawa K. VEGF-A/VEGFR-2 signaling plays an important role for the motility of pancreas cancer cells. Ann Surg Oncol 2011; 19:2733-43. [PMID: 22207048 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-011-2181-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2010] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreatic cancer is one of the most lethal solid tumors. Vascular endothelial growth factor receptors (VEGFRs) are expressed not only by endothelial cells but also by pancreatic cancer cells. VEGFRs might play an important role for the development of pancreatic cancer cells. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of VEGF/VEGFR-2-targeted therapy in pancreatic carcinoma. METHODS Five pancreatic carcinoma cell lines were used. The expression level of VEGFR-2 of cancer cells was examined by RT-PCR and Western blot. The effects of VEGFs, bevacizumab as an anti-VEGF antibody, sunitinib as a tyrosine kinase inhibitor against VEGFRs, and VEGF-R2 siRNA on the motility activity of pancreatic cancer cells were examined by invasion assay and wound healing assay. The effect of VEGF, bevacizumab, and sunitinib on the phosphorylation of VEGFR-2 and downstream effecter molecules, MAPK and PI3K, was examined by western blot. RESULTS Pancreatic cancer cell lines expressed VEGFR-2. VEGF-A significantly increased the motility of pancreas cancer cells, which was inhibited by VEGFR-2 siRNA. Conditioned medium from pancreas cancer cells significantly stimulated the motility of pancreas cancer cells. VEGF/VEGFR inhibitors, bevacizumab and sunitinib, significantly decreased the motility of pancreas cancer cells. VEGFR-2 phosphorylation level of pancreas cancer cells was increased by VEGF-A. Bevacizumab and sunitinib decreased the level of VEGFR-2 phosphorylation, p-ERK, and p-Akt expression. VEGF-A decreased zonula occludens (ZO-1) or ZO-2 expression in pancreas cancer cells. CONCLUSIONS VEGF-A/VEGFR-2 signaling plays an important role in inducing invasion and migration of pancreatic cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Doi
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
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14
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Phosphorylation of Akt and ERK1/2 is required for VEGF-A/VEGFR2-induced proliferation and migration of lymphatic endothelium. PLoS One 2011; 6:e28947. [PMID: 22174934 PMCID: PMC3236226 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2011] [Accepted: 11/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
There is growing evidence that vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A), a ligand of the receptor tyrosine kinases VEGFR1 and VEGFR2, promotes lymphangiogenesis. However, the underlying mechanisms by which VEGF-A induces the growth of lymphatic vessels remain poorly defined. Here we report that VEGFR2, not VEGFR1, is the primary receptor regulating VEGF-A-induced lymphangiogenesis. We show that specific inhibition of VEGF-A/VEGFR2 signaling with the fully human monoclonal antibody r84 significantly inhibits lymphangiogenesis in MDA-MB-231 tumors. In vitro experiments with primary human dermal lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) demonstrate that blocking VEGF-A activation of VEGFR2, not VEGFR1, significantly inhibits VEGF-A-induced proliferation and migration of LECs. We show that VEGF-A stimulation of LECs leads to the phosphorylation of VEGFR2 (Tyr 951, 1054, 1059, 1175, and 1214) which subsequently triggers PKC dependent phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and PI3-K dependent phosphorylation of Akt. Additionally, we demonstrate that inhibitors that suppress the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and Akt significantly block VEGF-A- induced proliferation and migration of LECs. Together, these results shed light on the mechanisms regulating VEGF-A-induced proliferation and migration of LECs, reveal that VEGFR2 is the primary signaling VEGF-A receptor on lymphatic endothelium, and suggest that therapeutic agents targeting the VEGF-A/VEGFR2 axis could be useful in blocking the pathological formation of lymphatic vessels.
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Huang J, Zhu H, Wang X, Tang Q, Huang H, Wu K, Zhu J, Feng Z, Shi G. The patterns and expression of KDR in normal tissues of human internal organs. J Mol Histol 2011; 42:597-603. [PMID: 21909756 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-011-9355-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2011] [Accepted: 08/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
KDR has been implicated for playing an important role in the formation of new blood vessels and in solid tumor growth. It was considered as one of the most important regulators of angiogenesis and a key target in anticancer treatment. In the present study, we characterized KDR mRNA and protein expression in normal tissues of perinatal and adult tissues using One-step Real-Time RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry with a self-made anti-KDR antibody. The expression of KDR mRNA and protein in perinatal internal organs were all higher than in adult organs including brain, kidney, liver, lung and heart, respectively. KDR protein was presented in the cell plasma membrane of human internal tissues. The expression of KDR protein was raised in macrophage of spleen, and decreased in neurons of brain, myocardium, bronchial epithelial cells and alveolar epithelial cell, proximal and distal tubules cells, and hepatic cells with the maturity process of human organs. Notably, the order of KDR protein expression from highest to lowest is as follows: brain, liver, heart, kidney, and lung in adult tissues with statistically significant. It follows that how to balance the potential therapeutic side effect with human internal organs in targeted therapy of over-expressing KDR tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfei Huang
- Surgical Comprehensive Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
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Mohamedali KA, Ran S, Gomez-Manzano C, Ramdas L, Xu J, Kim S, Cheung LH, Hittelman WN, Zhang W, Waltenberger J, Thorpe PE, Rosenblum MG. Cytotoxicity of VEGF(121)/rGel on vascular endothelial cells resulting in inhibition of angiogenesis is mediated via VEGFR-2. BMC Cancer 2011; 11:358. [PMID: 21849059 PMCID: PMC3176242 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-11-358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2011] [Accepted: 08/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The fusion protein VEGF121/rGel composed of the growth factor VEGF121 and the plant toxin gelonin targets the tumor neovasculature and exerts impressive anti-vascular effects. We have previously shown that VEGF121/rGel is cytotoxic to endothelial cells overexpressing VEGFR-2 but not to endothelial cells overexpressing VEGFR-1. In this study, we examined the basis for the specific toxicity of this construct and assessed its intracellular effects in vitro and in vivo. Methods We investigated the binding, cytotoxicity and internalization profile of VEGF121/rGel on endothelial cells expressing VEGFR-1 or VEGFR-2, identified its effects on angiogenesis models in vitro and ex vivo, and explored its intracellular effects on a number of molecular pathways using microarray analysis. Results Incubation of PAE/VEGFR-2 and PAE/VEGFR-1 cells with 125I-VEGF121/rGel demonstrated binding specificity that was competed with unlabeled VEGF121/rGel but not with unlabeled gelonin. Assessment of the effect of VEGF121/rGel on blocking tube formation in vitro revealed a 100-fold difference in IC50 levels between PAE/VEGFR-2 (1 nM) and PAE/VEGFR-1 (100 nM) cells. VEGF121/rGel entered PAE/VEGFR-2 cells within one hour of treatment but was not detected in PAE/VEGFR-1 cells up to 24 hours after treatment. In vascularization studies using chicken chorioallantoic membranes, 1 nM VEGF121/rGel completely inhibited bFGF-stimulated neovascular growth. The cytotoxic effects of VEGF121/rGel were not apoptotic since treated cells were TUNEL-negative with no evidence of PARP cleavage or alteration in the protein levels of select apoptotic markers. Microarray analysis of VEGF121/rGel-treated HUVECs revealed the upregulation of a unique "fingerprint" profile of 22 genes that control cell adhesion, apoptosis, transcription regulation, chemotaxis, and inflammatory response. Conclusions Taken together, these data confirm the selectivity of VEGF121/rGel for VEGFR-2-overexpressing endothelial cells and represent the first analysis of genes governing intoxication of mammalian endothelial cells by a gelonin-based targeted therapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid A Mohamedali
- Departments of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
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Khan GA, Girish GV, Lala N, Di Guglielmo GM, Lala PK. Decorin is a novel VEGFR-2-binding antagonist for the human extravillous trophoblast. Mol Endocrinol 2011; 25:1431-43. [PMID: 21659473 DOI: 10.1210/me.2010-0426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Extravillous trophoblasts (EVT) of the human placenta invade the uterine decidua and its arteries to ensure successful placentation. We previously identified two decidua-derived molecules, TGF-β and a TGF-β-binding proteoglycan decorin (DCN), as negative regulators of EVT proliferation, migration, and invasiveness and reported that DCN acts via multiple tyrosine kinase receptors [epidermal growth factor-receptor (EGF-R), IGF receptor-1 (IGFR1), and vascular endothelial growth factor 2 receptor (VEGFR-2)]. Because binding of DCN to VEGFR-2 has never been reported earlier, present study explored this binding, the approximate location of VEGFR-2-binding site in DCN, and its functional role in our human first trimester EVT cell line HTR-8/SVneo. Based on far-Western blotting and coimmunoprecipitation studies, we report that DCN binds both native (EVT expressed) and recombinant VEGFR-2 and that this binding is abrogated with a VEGFR-2 blocking antibody, indicating an overlap between the ligand-binding and the DCN-binding domains of VEGFR-2. We determined that (125)I-labeled VEGF-E (a VEGFR-2 specific ligand) binds EVT with a dissociation constant (K(d)) of 566 pM, and DCN displaced this binding with an inhibition constant (K(i)) of 3.93-5.78 nM, indicating a 7- to 10-fold lower affinity of DCN for VEGFR-2. DCN peptide fragments derived from the leucine rich repeat 5 domain that blocked DCN-VEGFR-2 interactions or VEGF-E binding in EVT cells also blocked VEGF-A- and VEGF-E-induced EVT cell proliferation and migration, indicative of functional VEGFR-2-binding sites of DCN. Finally, DCN inhibited VEGF-E-induced EVT migration by interfering with ERK1/2 activation. Our findings reveal a novel role of DCN as an antagonistic ligand for VEGFR-2, having implications for pathophysiology of preeclampsia, a trophoblast hypoinvasive disorder in pregnancy, and explain its antiangiogenic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gausal A Khan
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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Valable S, Petit E, Roussel S, Marteau L, Toutain J, Divoux D, Sobrio F, Delamare J, Barré L, Bernaudin M. Complementary information from magnetic resonance imaging and (18)F-fluoromisonidazole positron emission tomography in the assessment of the response to an antiangiogenic treatment in a rat brain tumor model. Nucl Med Biol 2011; 38:781-93. [PMID: 21843775 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2011.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2011] [Revised: 01/19/2011] [Accepted: 01/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION No direct proof has been brought to light in a link between hypoxic changes in glioma models and the effects of antiangiogenic treatments. Here, we assessed the sensitivity of the detection of hypoxia through the use of (18)F-fluoromisonidazole positron emission tomography ([(18)F]-FMISO PET) in response to the evolution of the tumor and its vasculature. METHODS Orthotopic glioma tumors were induced in rats after implantation of C6 or 9L cells. Sunitinib was administered from day (D) 17 to D24. At D17 and D24, multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging was performed to characterize tumor growth and vasculature. Hypoxia was assessed by [(18)F]-FMISO PET. RESULTS We showed that brain hypoxic volumes are related to glioma volume and its vasculature and that an antiangiogenic treatment, leading to an increase in cerebral blood volume and a decrease in vessel permeability, is accompanied by a decrease in the degree of hypoxia. CONCLUSIONS We propose that [(18)F]-FMISO PET and multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging are pertinent complementary tools in the evaluation of the effects of an antiangiogenic treatment in glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Valable
- CERVOxy group, UMR 6232 CI-NAPS. CNRS, Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, Université Paris-Descartes, CEA. GIP CYCERON, Bd Henri Becquerel, BP5229, 14074 CAEN cedex, France.
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Huang J, Zhang X, Tang Q, Zhang F, Li Y, Feng Z, Zhu J. Prognostic significance and potential therapeutic target of VEGFR2 in hepatocellular carcinoma. J Clin Pathol 2011; 64:343-8. [DOI: 10.1136/jcp.2010.085142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BackgroundVascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) has been suggested to play an important role in solid tumours. Although several reports have shown the relationship between VEGFR2 expression and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the expression pattern of VEGFR2 in HCC parenchyma or stroma, as well as the relationship between VEGFR2 expression and clinicopathological characteristics in HCC, are yet to be satisfactorily defined.MethodsOne-step real-time PCR, western blotting and immunohistochemistry were used to characterise the expression of VEGFR2 in HCC using a self-made anti-VEGFR2 monoclonal antibody (A8H1).ResultsExpression of VEGFR2 in HCC cells was higher than in hepatic cells (p<0.001). Comparison of clinicopathological characteristics and immunohistochemistry by χ2 test analysis showed that the high expression of VEGFR2 in HCC was related to large tumour diameter (p=0.012), poor differentiation (p=0.007), high serum α-fetoprotein (p=0.029), multifocal gross classification (p=0.007), and less than 5 years' survival (p=0.029). Kaplan–Meier survival and Cox regression analyses showed that high VEGFR2 expression (p=0.009) and stage grouping with TNM classification (p=0.004) were independent prognotic factors.ConclusionsThe efficacy of A8H1 in immunohistochemistry using HCC tissues was confirmed. There was a correlation of high VEGFR2 expression with prognostic significance in HCC. Additionally, the self-made anti-VEGFR2 monoclonal antibody could be used for future anti-HCC-targeted therapy research.
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Chinnasamy D, Yu Z, Theoret MR, Zhao Y, Shrimali RK, Morgan RA, Feldman SA, Restifo NP, Rosenberg SA. Gene therapy using genetically modified lymphocytes targeting VEGFR-2 inhibits the growth of vascularized syngenic tumors in mice. J Clin Invest 2010; 120:3953-68. [PMID: 20978347 DOI: 10.1172/jci43490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2010] [Accepted: 08/24/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapies based on adoptive cell transfer are highly effective in the treatment of metastatic melanoma, but the use of this approach in other cancer histologies has been hampered by the identification of appropriate target molecules. Immunologic approaches targeting tumor vasculature provide a means for the therapy of multiple solid tumor types. We developed a method to target tumor vasculature, using genetically redirected syngeneic or autologous T cells. Mouse and human T cells were engineered to express a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) targeted against VEGFR-2, which is overexpressed in tumor vasculature and is responsible for VEGF-mediated tumor progression and metastasis. Mouse and human T cells expressing the relevant VEGFR-2 CARs mediated specific immune responses against VEGFR-2 protein as well as VEGFR-2-expressing cells in vitro. A single dose of VEGFR-2 CAR-engineered mouse T cells plus exogenous IL-2 significantly inhibited the growth of 5 different types of established, vascularized syngeneic tumors in 2 different strains of mice and prolonged the survival of mice. T cells transduced with VEGFR-2 CAR showed durable and increased tumor infiltration, correlating with their antitumor effect. This approach provides a potential method for the gene therapy of a variety of human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhanalakshmi Chinnasamy
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, Clinical Research Center, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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r84, a novel therapeutic antibody against mouse and human VEGF with potent anti-tumor activity and limited toxicity induction. PLoS One 2010; 5:e12031. [PMID: 20700512 PMCID: PMC2917360 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2010] [Accepted: 07/13/2010] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is critical for physiological and pathological angiogenesis. Within the tumor microenvironment, VEGF functions as an endothelial cell survival factor, permeability factor, mitogen, and chemotactic agent. The majority of these functions are mediated by VEGF-induced activation of VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR2), a high affinity receptor tyrosine kinase expressed by endothelial cells and other cell types in the tumor microenvironment. VEGF can also ligate other cell surface receptors including VEGFR1 and neuropilin-1 and -2. However, the importance of VEGF-induced activation of these receptors in tumorigenesis is still unclear. We report the development and characterization of r84, a fully human monoclonal antibody that binds human and mouse VEGF and selectively blocks VEGF from interacting with VEGFR2 but does not interfere with VEGF:VEGFR1 interaction. Selective blockade of VEGF binding to VEGFR2 by r84 is shown through ELISA, receptor binding assays, receptor activation assays, and cell-based functional assays. Furthermore, we show that r84 has potent anti-tumor activity and does not alter tissue histology or blood and urine chemistry after chronic high dose therapy in mice. In addition, chronic r84 therapy does not induce elevated blood pressure levels in some models. The ability of r84 to specifically block VEGF:VEGFR2 binding provides a valuable tool for the characterization of VEGF receptor pathway activation during tumor progression and highlights the utility and safety of selective blockade of VEGF-induced VEGFR2 signaling in tumors.
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Jun HY, Yin HH, Kim SH, Park SH, Kim HS, Yoon KH. Visualization of tumor angiogenesis using MR imaging contrast agent Gd-DTPA-anti-VEGF receptor 2 antibody conjugate in a mouse tumor model. Korean J Radiol 2010; 11:449-56. [PMID: 20592929 PMCID: PMC2893316 DOI: 10.3348/kjr.2010.11.4.449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2009] [Accepted: 02/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To visualize tumor angiogenesis using the MRI contrast agent, Gd-DTPA-anti-VEGF receptor 2 antibody conjugate, with a 4.7-Tesla MRI instrument in a mouse model. Materials and Methods We designed a tumor angiogenesis-targeting T1 contrast agent that was prepared by the bioconjugation of gadolinium diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (Gd-DTPA) and an anti-vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR2) antibody. The specific binding of the agent complex to cells that express VEGFR2 was examined in cultured murine endothelial cells (MS-1 cells) with a 4.7-Tesla magnetic resonance imaging scanner. Angiogenesis-specific T1 enhancement was imaged with the Gd-DTPA-anti-VEGFR2 antibody conjugate using a CT-26 adenocarcinoma tumor model in eight mice. As a control, the use of the Gd-DTPA-anti-rat immunoglobulin G (Gd-DTPA-anti-rat IgG) was imaged with a tumor model in eight mice. Statistical significance was assessed using the Mann-Whitney test. Tumor tissue was examined by immunohistochemical analysis. Results The Gd-DTPA-anti-VEGFR2 antibody conjugate showed predominant binding to cultured endothelial cells that expressed a high level of VEGFR2. Signal enhancement was approximately three-fold for in vivo T1-weighted MR imaging with the use of the Gd-DTPA-anti-VEGFR2 antibody conjugate as compared with the Gd-DTPA-rat IgG in the mouse tumor model (p < 0.05). VEGFR2 expression in CT-26 tumor vessels was demonstrated using immunohistochemical staining. Conclusion MR imaging using the Gd-DTPA-anti-VEGFR2 antibody conjugate as a contrast agent is useful in visualizing noninvasively tumor angiogenesis in a murine tumor model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Young Jun
- Institute for Radiological Imaging Science, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, Jeonbuk 570-711, Korea
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Gerber HP, Senter PD, Grewal IS. Antibody drug-conjugates targeting the tumor vasculature: Current and future developments. MAbs 2010; 1:247-53. [PMID: 20069754 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.1.3.8515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Reducing the blood supply of tumors is one modality to combat cancer. Monoclonal antibodies are now established as a key therapeutic approach for a range of diseases. Owing to the ability of antibodies to selectively target endothelial cells within the tumor vasculature, vascular targeting programs have become a mainstay in oncology drug development. However, the antitumor activity of single agent administration of conventional anti-angiogenic compounds is limited and the improvements in patient survival are most prominent in combinations with chemotherapy. Furthermore, prolonged treatment with conventional anti-angiogenic drugs is associated with toxicity and drug resistance. These circumstances provide a strong rationale for novel approaches to enhance the efficacy of mAbs targeting tumor vasculature such as antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs).Here, we review trends in the development of ADCs targeting tumor vasculature with the aim of informing future research and development of this class of therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Peter Gerber
- Department of Pre-Clinical Therapeutics, Seattle Genetics, Inc., Bothell, WA 98021, USA
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Lee CM, Kim EM, Cheong SJ, Kim DW, Lim ST, Sohn MH, Jeong HJ. Targeted molecular imaging of VEGF receptors overexpressed in ischemic microvasculature using chitosan-DC101 conjugates. J Biomed Mater Res A 2010; 92:1510-7. [PMID: 19425046 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.32470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor receptors (VEGFRs) increases in ischemic muscles, and thus, VEGFR could potentially be used as marker to detect ischemia. Here, we investigated whether (99m)Tc or Cy5.5-labeled chitosan-DC101 conjugates could identify VEGFR-2 overexpressed in ischemia. To this end, chitosan was conjugated with the DC101 antibody and Cy5.5, FITC, or the HYNIC chelator for (99m)Tc-labeling. Targeting of the conjugate was evaluated in vitro and in vivo through cell-binding studies and gamma/optical imaging, respectively. A hindlimb ischemic mouse model was surgically created by femoral artery occlusion. The chitosan-DC101 conjugates exhibited VEGFR-selective cell binding properties as determined by both confocal microscopy and flow cytometry. At postoperative times of 2, 12, and 24 h, (99m)Tc or Cy5.5-labeled chitosan-DC101 conjugates were intravenously injected into the mice, and gamma/optical imaging studies were conducted at 1 or 3 h. Both the gamma and optical imaging results indicated a significantly higher uptake in ischemic muscles when compared with the contralateral nonischemic muscle. Further, semiquantitative analysis of scintigraphic imaging data revealed that the ischemic to contralateral limb ratio was 4.5 +/- 0.25 at 24 h postoperation. Western blotting analysis confirmed VEGFR expression in the ischemic muscle. In conclusion, we believe that (99m)Tc or Cy5.5-labeled chitosan-DC101 conjugates have the potential to be useful as VEGFR-2-targeted imaging agents for monitoring ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Moon Lee
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
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Arnold SA, Rivera LB, Miller AF, Carbon JG, Dineen SP, Xie Y, Castrillon DH, Sage EH, Puolakkainen P, Bradshaw AD, Brekken RA. Lack of host SPARC enhances vascular function and tumor spread in an orthotopic murine model of pancreatic carcinoma. Dis Model Mech 2009; 3:57-72. [PMID: 20007485 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.003228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Utilizing subcutaneous tumor models, we previously validated SPARC (secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine) as a key component of the stromal response, where it regulated tumor size, angiogenesis and extracellular matrix deposition. In the present study, we demonstrate that pancreatic tumors grown orthotopically in Sparc-null (Sparc(-/-)) mice are more metastatic than tumors grown in wild-type (Sparc(+/+)) littermates. Tumors grown in Sparc(-/-) mice display reduced deposition of fibrillar collagens I and III, basement membrane collagen IV and the collagen-associated proteoglycan decorin. In addition, microvessel density and pericyte recruitment are reduced in tumors grown in the absence of host SPARC. However, tumors from Sparc(-/-) mice display increased permeability and perfusion, and a subsequent decrease in hypoxia. Finally, we found that tumors grown in the absence of host SPARC exhibit an increase in alternatively activated macrophages. These results suggest that increased tumor burden in the absence of host SPARC is a consequence of reduced collagen deposition, a disrupted vascular basement membrane, enhanced vascular function and an immune-tolerant, pro-metastatic microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanna A Arnold
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, Department of Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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Roland CL, Lynn KD, Toombs JE, Dineen SP, Udugamasooriya DG, Brekken RA. Cytokine levels correlate with immune cell infiltration after anti-VEGF therapy in preclinical mouse models of breast cancer. PLoS One 2009; 4:e7669. [PMID: 19888452 PMCID: PMC2766251 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0007669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2009] [Accepted: 10/08/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The effect of blocking VEGF activity in solid tumors extends beyond inhibition of angiogenesis. However, no studies have compared the effectiveness of mechanistically different anti-VEGF inhibitors with respect to changes in tumor growth and alterations in the tumor microenvironment. In this study we use three distinct breast cancer models, a MDA-MB-231 xenograft model, a 4T1 syngenic model, and a transgenic model using MMTV-PyMT mice, to explore the effects of various anti-VEGF therapies on tumor vasculature, immune cell infiltration, and cytokine levels. Tumor vasculature and immune cell infiltration were evaluated using immunohistochemistry. Cytokine levels were evaluated using ELISA and electrochemiluminescence. We found that blocking the activation of VEGF receptor resulted in changes in intra-tumoral cytokine levels, specifically IL-1β, IL-6 and CXCL1. Modulation of the level these cytokines is important for controlling immune cell infiltration and ultimately tumor growth. Furthermore, we demonstrate that selective inhibition of VEGF binding to VEGFR2 with r84 is more effective at controlling tumor growth and inhibiting the infiltration of suppressive immune cells (MDSC, Treg, macrophages) while increasing the mature dendritic cell fraction than other anti-VEGF strategies. In addition, we found that changes in serum IL-1β and IL-6 levels correlated with response to therapy, identifying two possible biomarkers for assessing the effectiveness of anti-VEGF therapy in breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina L. Roland
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Kristi D. Lynn
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jason E. Toombs
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Sean P. Dineen
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - D. Gomika Udugamasooriya
- Advanced Imaging Research Center and Department of Biochemistry University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Rolf A. Brekken
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Cytokine levels correlate with immune cell infiltration after anti-VEGF therapy in preclinical mouse models of breast cancer. PLoS One 2009. [PMID: 19888452 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0007669.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of blocking VEGF activity in solid tumors extends beyond inhibition of angiogenesis. However, no studies have compared the effectiveness of mechanistically different anti-VEGF inhibitors with respect to changes in tumor growth and alterations in the tumor microenvironment. In this study we use three distinct breast cancer models, a MDA-MB-231 xenograft model, a 4T1 syngenic model, and a transgenic model using MMTV-PyMT mice, to explore the effects of various anti-VEGF therapies on tumor vasculature, immune cell infiltration, and cytokine levels. Tumor vasculature and immune cell infiltration were evaluated using immunohistochemistry. Cytokine levels were evaluated using ELISA and electrochemiluminescence. We found that blocking the activation of VEGF receptor resulted in changes in intra-tumoral cytokine levels, specifically IL-1beta, IL-6 and CXCL1. Modulation of the level these cytokines is important for controlling immune cell infiltration and ultimately tumor growth. Furthermore, we demonstrate that selective inhibition of VEGF binding to VEGFR2 with r84 is more effective at controlling tumor growth and inhibiting the infiltration of suppressive immune cells (MDSC, Treg, macrophages) while increasing the mature dendritic cell fraction than other anti-VEGF strategies. In addition, we found that changes in serum IL-1beta and IL-6 levels correlated with response to therapy, identifying two possible biomarkers for assessing the effectiveness of anti-VEGF therapy in breast cancer patients.
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Roland CL, Dineen SP, Lynn KD, Sullivan LA, Dellinger MT, Sadegh L, Sullivan JP, Shames DS, Brekken RA. Inhibition of vascular endothelial growth factor reduces angiogenesis and modulates immune cell infiltration of orthotopic breast cancer xenografts. Mol Cancer Ther 2009; 8:1761-71. [PMID: 19567820 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-09-0280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a primary stimulant of angiogenesis and is a macrophage chemotactic protein. Inhibition of VEGF is beneficial in combination with chemotherapy for some breast cancer patients. However, the mechanism by which inhibition of VEGF affects tumor growth seems to involve more than its effect on endothelial cells. In general, increased immune cell infiltration into breast tumors confers a worse prognosis. We have shown previously that 2C3, a mouse monoclonal antibody that prevents VEGF from binding to VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR2), decreases tumor growth, angiogenesis, and macrophage infiltration into pancreatic tumors and therefore hypothesized that r84, a fully human IgG that phenocopies 2C3, would similarly affect breast tumor growth and immune cell infiltration. In this study, we show that anti-VEGF therapy with bevacizumab, 2C3, or r84 inhibits the growth of established orthotopic MDA-MB-231 breast tumors in severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mice, reduces tumor microvessel density, limits the infiltration of tumor-associated macrophages, but is associated with elevated numbers of tumor-associated neutrophils. In addition, we found that treatment with r84 reduced the number of CD11b(+)Gr1(+) double-positive cells in the tumor compared with tumors from control-treated animals. These results show that selective inhibition of VEGFR2 with an anti-VEGF antibody is sufficient for effective blockade of the protumorigenic activity of VEGF in breast cancer xenografts. These findings further define the complex molecular interactions in the tumor microenvironment and provide a translational tool that may be relevant to the treatment of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina L Roland
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8593, USA
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Miletic H, Niclou SP, Johansson M, Bjerkvig R. Anti-VEGF therapies for malignant glioma: treatment effects and escape mechanisms. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2009; 13:455-68. [DOI: 10.1517/14728220902806444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Dineen SP, Lynn KD, Holloway SE, Miller AF, Sullivan JP, Shames DS, Beck AW, Barnett CC, Fleming JB, Brekken RA. Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 mediates macrophage infiltration into orthotopic pancreatic tumors in mice. Cancer Res 2008; 68:4340-6. [PMID: 18519694 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-6705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages are an abundant inflammatory cell type in the tumor microenvironment that can contribute to tumor growth and metastasis. Macrophage recruitment into tumors is mediated by multiple cytokines, including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which is thought to function primarily through VEGF receptor (VEGFR) 1 expressed on macrophages. Macrophage infiltration is affected by VEGF inhibition. We show that selective inhibition of VEGFR2 reduced macrophage infiltration into orthotopic pancreatic tumors. Our studies show that tumor-associated macrophages express VEGFR2. Furthermore, peritoneal macrophages from tumor-bearing animals express VEGFR2, whereas peritoneal macrophages from non-tumor-bearing animals do not. To our knowledge, this is the first time that tumor-associated macrophages have been shown to express VEGFR2. Additionally, we found that the cytokine pleiotrophin is sufficient to induce VEGFR2 expression on macrophages. Pleiotrophin has previously been shown to induce expression of endothelial cell markers on macrophages and was present in the microenvironment of orthotopic pancreatic tumors. Finally, we show that VEGFR2, when expressed by macrophages, is essential for VEGF-stimulated migration of tumor-associated macrophages. In summary, tumor-associated macrophages express VEGFR2, and selective inhibition of VEGFR2 reduces recruitment of macrophages into orthotopic pancreatic tumors. Our results show an underappreciated mechanism of action that may directly contribute to the antitumor activity of angiogenesis inhibitors that block the VEGFR2 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean P Dineen
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8593, USA
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Willmann JK, Cheng Z, Davis C, Lutz AM, Schipper ML, Nielsen CH, Gambhir SS. Targeted microbubbles for imaging tumor angiogenesis: assessment of whole-body biodistribution with dynamic micro-PET in mice. Radiology 2008; 249:212-9. [PMID: 18695212 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2491072050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate in vivo whole-body biodistribution of microbubbles (MBs) targeted to tumor angiogenesis-related vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor 2 (VEGFR2) by using dynamic micro-positron emission tomography (PET) in living mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS Animal protocols were approved by the Institutional Administrative Panel on Laboratory Animal Care. Lipid-shell perfluorocarbon-filled MBs, targeted to VEGFR2 via anti-VEGFR2 antibodies, were radiolabeled by conjugating the radiofluorination agent N-succinimidyl-4-[(18)F]fluorobenzoate (SFB) to the anti-VEGFR2 antibodies. These MBs were then injected intravenously into nude mice (n = 4) bearing angiosarcomas, and the whole-body biodistribution of these probes was assessed for 60 minutes by using dynamic micro-PET. Results were compared with ex vivo gamma counting (n = 6) and immunofluorescence staining (n = 6). Control studies in angiosarcoma-bearing mice were performed with injection of the radiolabeled antibodies alone (n = 3) or free SFB (n = 3). A mixed-effects regression of MB accumulation on fixed effects of time and tissue type (tumor or muscle) and random effect of animal was performed. RESULTS VEGFR2-targeted MBs rapidly cleared from the blood circulation (50% blood clearance after approximately 3.5 minutes) and accumulated in the liver (mean, 33.4% injected dose [ID]/g +/- 13.7 [standard deviation] at 60 minutes) and spleen (mean, 9.3% ID/g +/- 6.5 at 60 minutes) on the basis of micro-PET imaging. These findings were confirmed with ex vivo gamma counting. Uptake of targeted MBs was significantly higher (P < .0001) in tumor than in adjacent skeletal muscle tissue. Immunofluorescence staining demonstrated accumulation of the targeted MBs within hepatic Kupffer cells and splenic macrophages. Biodistribution of the radiolabeled antibodies and free SFB differed from the distribution of the targeted MBs. CONCLUSION Dynamic micro-PET allows assessment of in vivo biodistribution of VEGFR2-targeted MBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen K Willmann
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Department of Radiology and Bio-X Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, James H. Clark Center, 318 Campus Dr, East Wing, 1st Floor, Stanford, CA 94305-5427, USA
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Korpanty G, Carbon JG, Grayburn PA, Fleming JB, Brekken RA. Monitoring response to anticancer therapy by targeting microbubbles to tumor vasculature. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 13:323-30. [PMID: 17200371 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-06-1313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE New strategies to detect tumor angiogenesis and monitor response of tumor vasculature to therapy are needed. Contrast ultrasound imaging using microbubbles targeted to tumor endothelium offers a noninvasive method for monitoring and quantifying vascular effects of antitumor therapy. We investigated the use of targeted microbubbles to follow vascular response of therapy in a mouse model of pancreatic adenocarcinoma. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Microbubbles conjugated to monoclonal antibodies were used to image and quantify vascular effects of two different antitumor therapies in s.c. and orthotopic pancreatic tumors in mice. Tumor-bearing mice were treated with anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) monoclonal antibodies and/or gemcitabine, and the localization of microbubbles to endoglin (CD105), VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR2), or VEGF-activated blood vessels (the VEGF-VEGFR complex) was monitored by contrast ultrasound. RESULTS Targeted microbubbles showed significant enhancement of tumor vasculature when compared with untargeted or control IgG-targeted microbubbles. Video intensity from targeted microbubbles correlated with the level of expression of the target (CD105, VEGFR2, or the VEGF-VEGFR complex) and with microvessel density in tumors under antiangiogenic or cytotoxic therapy. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that targeted microbubbles represent a novel and attractive tool for noninvasive, vascular-targeted molecular imaging of tumor angiogenesis and for monitoring vascular effects specific to antitumor therapy in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Korpanty
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research and Department of Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas 75390-8593, USA
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Luster TA, He J, Huang X, Maiti SN, Schroit AJ, de Groot PG, Thorpe PE. Plasma protein beta-2-glycoprotein 1 mediates interaction between the anti-tumor monoclonal antibody 3G4 and anionic phospholipids on endothelial cells. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:29863-71. [PMID: 16905548 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m605252200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A promising target on tumor vasculature is phosphatidylserine (PS), an anionic phospholipid that resides exclusively on the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane of resting mammalian cells. We have shown previously that PS becomes exposed on the surface of endothelial cells (EC) in solid tumors. To target PS on tumor vasculature, the murine monoclonal antibody 3G4 was developed. 3G4 localizes to tumor vasculature, inhibits tumor growth, and enhances anti-tumor chemotherapies without toxicity in mice. A chimeric version of 3G4 is in clinical trials. In this study, we investigated the basis for the interaction between 3G4 and EC with surface-exposed PS. We demonstrate that antibody binding to PS is dependent on plasma protein beta-2-glycoprotein 1 (beta2GP1). beta2GP1 is a 50-kDa glycoprotein that binds weakly to anionic phospholipids under physiological conditions. We show that 3G4 enhances binding of beta2GP1 to EC induced to expose PS. We also show that divalent 3G4-beta2GP1 complexes are required for enhanced binding, since 3G4 Fab' fragments do not bind EC with exposed PS. Finally, we demonstrate that an artificial dimeric beta2GP1 construct binds to EC with exposed PS in the absence of 3G4, confirming that antibody binding is mediated by dimerization of beta2GP1. Together, these data indicate that 3G4 targets tumor EC by increasing the avidity of beta2GP1 for anionic phospholipids through formation of multivalent 3G4-beta2GP1 complexes.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/metabolism
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Antineoplastic Agents/metabolism
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- Binding Sites, Antibody
- Cattle
- Cells, Cultured
- Drug Evaluation, Preclinical
- Endothelium, Vascular/immunology
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Endothelium, Vascular/pathology
- Growth Inhibitors/metabolism
- Growth Inhibitors/therapeutic use
- Humans
- Mice
- Neoplasms, Experimental/blood supply
- Neoplasms, Experimental/immunology
- Neoplasms, Experimental/metabolism
- Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Phosphatidylserines/immunology
- Phosphatidylserines/metabolism
- beta 2-Glycoprotein I/blood
- beta 2-Glycoprotein I/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Troy A Luster
- Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, the Department of Pharmacology and the Department of Radiation Oncology, the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
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Rehemtulla A, Ross BD. A review of the past, present, and future directions of neoplasia. Neoplasia 2006; 7:1039-46. [PMID: 16354585 PMCID: PMC1501177 DOI: 10.1593/neo.05793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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Ran S, Mohamedali KA, Luster TA, Thorpe PE, Rosenblum MG. The vascular-ablative agent VEGF(121)/rGel inhibits pulmonary metastases of MDA-MB-231 breast tumors. Neoplasia 2005; 7:486-96. [PMID: 15967101 PMCID: PMC1501168 DOI: 10.1593/neo.04631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2004] [Revised: 12/03/2004] [Accepted: 12/07/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
VEGF(121)/rGel, a fusion protein composed of the growth factor VEGF(121) and the recombinant toxin gelonin (rGel), targets the tumor neovasculature and exerts impressive cytotoxic effects by inhibiting protein synthesis. We evaluated the effect of VEGF(121)/rGel on the growth of metastatic MDA-MB-231 tumor cells in SCID mice. VEGF(121)/rGel treatment reduced surface lung tumor foci by 58% compared to controls (means were 22.4 and 53.3, respectively; P < .05) and the mean area of lung colonies by 50% (210 +/- 37 m(2) vs 415 +/- 10 m(2) for VEGF(121)/rGel and control, respectively; P < .01). In addition, the vascularity of metastatic foci was significantly reduced (198 +/- 37 vs 388 +/- 21 vessels/mm(2) for treated and control, respectively). Approximately 62% of metastatic colonies from the VEGF(121)/rGel-treated group had fewer than 10 vessels per colony compared to 23% in the control group. The VEGF receptor Flk-1 was intensely detected on the metastatic vessels in the control but not in the VEGF(121)/rGel-treated group. Metastatic foci present in lungs had a three-fold lower Ki-67 labeling index compared to control tumors. Thus, the antitumor vascular-ablative effect of VEGF(121)/rGel may be utilized not only for treating primary tumors but also for inhibiting metastatic spread and vascularization of metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Ran
- Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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Bocci G, Man S, Green SK, Francia G, Ebos JML, du Manoir JM, Weinerman A, Emmenegger U, Ma L, Thorpe P, Davidoff A, Huber J, Hicklin DJ, Kerbel RS. Increased plasma vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) as a surrogate marker for optimal therapeutic dosing of VEGF receptor-2 monoclonal antibodies. Cancer Res 2004; 64:6616-25. [PMID: 15374976 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-04-0401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
A major obstacle compromising the successful application of many of the new targeted anticancer drugs, including angiogenesis inhibitors, is the empiricism associated with determining an effective biological/therapeutic dose because many of these drugs express optimum therapeutic activity below the maximum tolerated dose, if such a dose can be defined. Hence, surrogate markers are needed to help determine optimal dosing. Here we describe such a molecular marker, increased plasma levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), in normal or tumor-bearing mice that received injections of an anti-VEGF receptor (VEGFR)-2 monoclonal antibody, such as DC101. Rapid increases of mouse VEGF (e.g., within 24 hours) up to 1 order of magnitude were observed after single injections of DC101 in non-tumor-bearing severe combined immunodeficient or nude mice; similar increases in human plasma VEGF were detected in human tumor-bearing mice. RAFL-1, another anti-VEGFR-2 antibody, also caused a significant increase in plasma VEGF. In contrast, increases in mouse VEGF levels were not seen when small molecule VEGFR-2 inhibitors were tested in normal mice. Most importantly, the increases in plasma VEGF were induced in a dose-dependent manner, with the maximum values peaking when doses previously determined to be optimally therapeutic were used. Plasma VEGF should be considered as a possible surrogate pharmacodynamic marker for determining the optimal biological dose of antibody drugs that block VEGFR-2 (KDR) activity in a clinical setting.
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MESH Headings
- Adenocarcinoma/blood
- Adenocarcinoma/blood supply
- Adenocarcinoma/therapy
- Angiogenesis Inhibitors/administration & dosage
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/administration & dosage
- Biomarkers, Tumor/blood
- Blood Platelets/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Colorectal Neoplasms/blood
- Colorectal Neoplasms/blood supply
- Colorectal Neoplasms/therapy
- Combined Modality Therapy
- Drug Administration Schedule
- Humans
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Nude
- Mice, SCID
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/blood
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/therapy
- Prostatic Neoplasms/blood
- Prostatic Neoplasms/blood supply
- Prostatic Neoplasms/therapy
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/biosynthesis
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/blood
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/genetics
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Bocci
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Research, Sunnybrook and Women's College Health Sciences Centre, Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Coming of Age in the Life of Neoplasia. Neoplasia 2004. [DOI: 10.1593/neo.6-6ed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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A Naturally Occurring Soluble Form of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor 2 Detected in Mouse and Human Plasma. Mol Cancer Res 2004. [DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.315.2.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Angiogenesis and vasculogenesis are regulated in large part by several different growth factors and their associated receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs). Foremost among these is the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) family including VEGF receptor (VEGFR)-2 and -1. VEGFR ligand binding and biological activity are regulated at many levels, one of which is by a soluble, circulating form of VEGFR-1 (sVEGFR-1). This sVEGFR-1 can act as a competitive inhibitor of its ligand, serve as a possible biomarker, and play important roles in cancer and other diseases such as preeclampsia. Recombinant forms of sVEGFR-2 have been shown to have antiangiogenic activity, but a naturally occurring sVEGFR-2 has not been described previously. Here, we report such an entity. Having a molecular weight of ∼160 kDa, sVEGFR-2 can be detected in mouse and human plasma with several different monoclonal and polyclonal anti-VEGFR-2 antibodies using both ELISA and immunoprecipitation techniques. In vitro studies have determined that the sVEGFR-2 fragment can be found in the conditioned media of mouse and human endothelial cells, thus suggesting that it may be secreted, similar to sVEGFR-1, or proteolytically cleaved from the cell. Potential biological activity of this protein was inferred from experiments in which mouse sVEGFR-2 could bind to VEGF-coated plates. Similar to sVEGFR-1 and other soluble circulating RTKs, sVEGFR-2 may have regulatory consequences with respect to VEGF-mediated angiogenesis as well as potential to serve as a quantitative biomarker of angiogenesis and antiangiogenic drug activity, particularly for drugs that target VEGF or VEGFR-2.
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