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Kazemi MS, Shoari A, Salehibakhsh N, Aliabadi HAM, Abolhosseini M, Arab SS, Ahmadieh H, Kanavi MR, Behdani M. Anti-angiogenic biomolecules in neovascular age-related macular degeneration; therapeutics and drug delivery systems. Int J Pharm 2024; 659:124258. [PMID: 38782152 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.124258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Blindness in the elderly is often caused by age-related macular degeneration (AMD). The advanced type of AMD known as neovascular AMD (nAMD) has been linked to being the predominant cause of visual impairment in these people. Multiple neovascular structures including choroidal neovascular (CNV) membranes, fluid exudation, hemorrhages, and subretinal fibrosis, are diagnostic of nAMD. These pathological alterations ultimately lead to anatomical and visual loss. It is known that vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), a type of proangiogenic factor, mediates the pathological process underlying nAMD. Therefore, various therapies have evolved to directly target the disease. In this review article, an attempt has been made to discuss general explanations about this disease, all common treatment methods based on anti-VEGF drugs, and the use of drug delivery systems in the treatment of AMD. Initially, the pathophysiology, angiogenesis, and different types of AMD were described. Then we described current treatments and future treatment prospects for AMD and outlined the advantages and disadvantages of each. In this context, we first examined the types of therapeutic biomolecules and anti-VEGF drugs that are used in the treatment of AMD. These biomolecules include aptamers, monoclonal antibodies, small interfering RNAs, microRNAs, peptides, fusion proteins, nanobodies, and other therapeutic biomolecules. Finally, we described drug delivery systems based on liposomes, nanomicelles, nanoemulsions, nanoparticles, cyclodextrin, dendrimers, and composite vehicles that are used in AMD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mir Salar Kazemi
- Biotechnology Research Centre, Venom and Biotherapeutics Molecules Laboratory, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Iran
| | - Alireza Shoari
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Neda Salehibakhsh
- Biotechnology Research Centre, Venom and Biotherapeutics Molecules Laboratory, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Iran; Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Hooman Aghamirza Moghim Aliabadi
- Protein Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Medical Biotechnology, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Abolhosseini
- Ophthalmic Research Center, Research Institute for Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Shahriar Arab
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Ahmadieh
- Ophthalmic Research Center, Research Institute for Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mozhgan Rezaei Kanavi
- Ocular Tissue Engineering Research Center, Research Institute for Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mahdi Behdani
- Biotechnology Research Centre, Venom and Biotherapeutics Molecules Laboratory, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Iran.
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2
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Lioret V, Saou S, Berrou A, Lernerman L, Arnould C, Decréau RA. Water soluble octa-imidazolium zinc phthalocyanine for nucleus/nucleolus cell fluorescence microscopy and photodynamic therapy. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2023; 22:303-309. [PMID: 36201159 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-022-00313-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A poly-cationic theranostic macrocycle was developed to perform confocal microscopy imaging and photodynamic therapy studies on a model of melanoma cancer, one of the most aggressive cancer. Hence, an octa-imidazolium zinc phthalocyanine was conveniently synthesized in large amount in three steps in a 44% overall yield: upon double nucleophilic aromatic substitution, cyclo-tetramerization and quaternization reactions. Such an octa-cationic molecule was readily soluble in physiological media, reaching concentrations beyond 1 mM. It showed fluorescence properties in aqueous medium (ΦF = 0.31) with no noticeable aggregation, spectroscopy studies showed. In vitro confocal fluorescence microscopy studies carried out on murine melanoma model (B16F10 cells) showed that the fluorophore was mainly located in the cell nucleolus, an organelle of interest for the treatment of cancer. The anticancer photodynamic potential of the octa-cationic photosensitizer could be measured (IC50 = 5.4 µM) using the MTS viability assay. Both fluorescence microscopy studies and photodynamic studies demonstrate the octa-cationic molecule is theranostic and could be further developed for future photodynamic diagnosis (PDD) and photodynamic inactivation of micro-organisms (PDI).
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3
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Current and Novel Therapeutic Approaches for Treatment of Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12111629. [PMID: 36358978 PMCID: PMC9688017 DOI: 10.3390/biom12111629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration AMD is one of the leading causes of blindness in the elderly population. An advanced form of AMD known as neovascular AMD (nAMD) is implicated as the main attributor of visual loss among these patients. The hallmark feature of nAMD is the presence of neovascular structures known as choroidal neovascular membranes (CNVs), along with fluid exudation, hemorrhages, and subretinal fibrosis. These pathological changes eventually result in anatomical and visual loss. A type of proangiogenic factor known as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) has been known to mediate the pathological process behind nAMD. Therefore, therapy has transitioned over the years from laser therapy that ablates the lesions to using Anti-VEGF to target the pathology directly. In this work, we provide an overview of current and emerging therapies for the treatment of nAMD. Currently approved Anti-VEGF agents include ranibizumab, aflibercept, and brolucizumab. Bevacizumab, also an Anti-VEGF agent, is used to manage nAMD even though this is an off-label use. While Anti-VEGF agents have provided a favorable prognosis for nAMD, they are associated with a substantial financial burden for patients and the healthcare system, due to their high cost as well as the need for frequent repeat treatments and visits. Emerging therapies and studies aim to extend the intervals between required treatments and introduce new treatment modalities that would improve patients’ compliance and provide superior results.
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4
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Almammadov T, Elmazoglu Z, Atakan G, Kepil D, Aykent G, Kolemen S, Gunbas G. Locked and Loaded: β-Galactosidase Activated Photodynamic Therapy Agent Enables Selective Imaging and Targeted Treatment of Glioblastoma Multiforme Cancer Cells. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2022; 5:4284-4293. [PMID: 36043987 PMCID: PMC9490748 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.2c00484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Selective detection and effective therapy of brain cancer, specifically, the very aggressive glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), remains one of the paramount challenges in clinical settings. While radiotherapy combined surgery is proposed as the main treatment course, it has several drawbacks such as complexity of the operation and common development of recurrent tumors in this course of patient care. Unique opportunities presented by photodynamic therapy (PDT) offer promising, effective, and precise therapy against GBM cells along with simultaneous imaging opportunities. However, activatable, theranostic molecular systems in PDT modality for GBM remained scarce. Specifically, even though elevated β-galactosidase (β-gal) activity in glioblastoma cells is well-documented, targeted, activatable therapeutic PDT agents have not been realized. Herein, we report a β-galactosidase (β-gal) activatable phototheranostic agent based on an iodinated resorufin core (RB-1) which was realized in only three steps with commercial reagents in 29% overall yield. RB-1 showed very high singlet oxygen (1O2) quantum yield (54%) accompanied by a remarkable turn-on response in fluorescence upon enzymatic activation. RB-1 was tested in different cell lines and revealed selective photocytotoxicity in U-87MG glioblastoma cells. Additionally, thanks to almost 7% fluorescence quantum yield (ΦF) despite extremely high 1O2 generation yield, RB-1 was also demonstrated as a successful agent for fluorescence imaging of U-87MG cells. Due to significantly lower (β-gal) activity in healthy cells (NIH/3T3), RB-1 stayed in a passive state and showed minimal photo and dark toxicity. RB-1 marks the first example of a β-gal activatable phototheranostic agent toward effective treatment of glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toghrul Almammadov
- Department
of Chemistry, Koç University, Rumelifeneri Yolu, 34450 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Zubeyir Elmazoglu
- Department
of Chemistry, Middle East Technical University
(METU), 06800 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Gizem Atakan
- Department
of Chemistry, Middle East Technical University
(METU), 06800 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Dilay Kepil
- Department
of Chemistry, Middle East Technical University
(METU), 06800 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Guzide Aykent
- Department
of Chemistry, Middle East Technical University
(METU), 06800 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Safacan Kolemen
- Department
of Chemistry, Koç University, Rumelifeneri Yolu, 34450 Istanbul, Turkey
- Surface
Science and Technology Center (KUYTAM), Koç University, 34450 Istanbul, Turkey
- Boron
and Advanced Materials Application and Research Center, Koç University, 34450 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gorkem Gunbas
- Department
of Chemistry, Middle East Technical University
(METU), 06800 Ankara, Turkey
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5
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Kilic E, Elmazoglu Z, Almammadov T, Kepil D, Etienne T, Marion A, Gunbas G, Kolemen S. Activity-Based Photosensitizers with Optimized Triplet State Characteristics Toward Cancer Cell Selective and Image Guided Photodynamic Therapy. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2022; 5:2754-2767. [PMID: 35537187 PMCID: PMC9214761 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.2c00202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Activity-based theranostic photosensitizers are highly attractive in photodynamic therapy as they offer enhanced therapeutic outcome on cancer cells with an imaging opportunity at the same time. However, photosensitizers (PS) cores that can be easily converted to activity-based photosensitizers (aPSs) are still quite limited in the literature. In this study, we modified the dicyanomethylene-4H-chromene (DCM) core with a heavy iodine atom to get two different PSs (DCMO-I, I-DCMO-Cl) that can be further converted to aPS after simple modifications. The effect of iodine positioning on singlet oxygen generation capacity was also evaluated through computational studies. DCMO-I showed better performance in solution experiments and further proved to be a promising phototheranostic scaffold via cell culture studies. Later, a cysteine (Cys) activatable PS based on the DCMO-I core (DCMO-I-Cys) was developed, which induced selective photocytotoxicity along with a fluorescence turn-on response in Cys rich cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eda Kilic
- Department
of Chemistry, Koç University, 34450 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Zubeyir Elmazoglu
- Department
of Chemistry, Middle East Technical University
(METU), 06800, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Dilay Kepil
- Department
of Chemistry, Middle East Technical University
(METU), 06800, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Antoine Marion
- Department
of Chemistry, Middle East Technical University
(METU), 06800, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Gorkem Gunbas
- Department
of Chemistry, Middle East Technical University
(METU), 06800, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Safacan Kolemen
- Department
of Chemistry, Koç University, 34450 Istanbul, Turkey
- Surface
Science and Technology Center (KUYTAM), Koç University, 34450 Istanbul, Turkey
- Boron
and Advanced Materials Application and Research Center, Koç University, 34450 Istanbul, Turkey
- TUPRAS Energy
Center (KUTEM), Koç University, 34450 Istanbul, Turkey
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6
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Modulation of the 20S Proteasome Activity by Porphyrin Derivatives Is Steered through Their Charge Distribution. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12060741. [PMID: 35740865 PMCID: PMC9220251 DOI: 10.3390/biom12060741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cationic porphyrins exhibit an amazing variety of binding modes and inhibition mechanisms of 20S proteasome. Depending on the spatial distribution of their electrostatic charges, they can occupy different sites on α rings of 20S proteasome by exploiting the structural code responsible for the interaction with regulatory proteins. Indeed, they can act as competitive or allosteric inhibitors by binding at the substrate gate or at the grooves between the α subunits, respectively. Moreover, the substitution of a charged moiety in the peripheral arm with a hydrophobic moiety revealed a “new” 20S functional state with higher substrate affinity and catalytic efficiency. In the present study, we expand our structure–activity relationship (SAR) analysis in order to further explore the potential of this versatile class of 20S modulators. Therefore, we have extended the study to additional macrocyclic compounds, displaying different structural features, comparing their interaction behavior on the 20S proteasome with previously investigated compounds. In particular, in order to evaluate how the introduction of a peptidic chain can affect the affinity and the interacting mechanism of porphyrins, we investigate the MTPyApi, a porphyrin derivatized with an Arg–Pro-rich antimicrobial peptide. Moreover, to unveil the role played by the porphyrin core, this was replaced with a corrole scaffold, a “contracted” version of the tetrapyrrolic ring due to the lack of a methine bridge. The analysis has been undertaken by means of integrated kinetic, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, and computational studies. Finally, in order to assess a potential pharmacological significance of this type of investigation, a preliminary attempt has been performed to evaluate the biological effect of these molecules on MCF7 breast cancer cells in dark conditions, envisaging that porphyrins may indeed represent a powerful tool for the modulation of cellular proteostasis.
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7
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Chiang MC, Chern E. Current Development, Obstacle and Futural Direction of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell and Mesenchymal Stem Cell Treatment in Degenerative Retinal Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052529. [PMID: 35269671 PMCID: PMC8910526 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Degenerative retinal disease is one of the major causes of vision loss around the world. The past several decades have witnessed emerging development of stem cell treatment for retinal disease. Nevertheless, sourcing stem cells remains controversial due to ethical concerns and their rarity. Furthermore, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are both isolated from patients’ mature tissues; thus, issues such as avoiding moral controversy and adverse events related to immunosuppression and obtaining a large number of cells have opened a new era in regenerative medicine. This review focuses on the current application and development, clinical trials, and latest research of stem cell therapy, as well as its limitations and future directions.
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8
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H 2O 2 enhances the anticancer activity of TMPyP4 by ROS-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction and DNA damage. Med Oncol 2021; 38:59. [PMID: 33880669 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-021-01505-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is one of the diseases that threatens human health and is a leading cause of mortality worldwide. High levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been observed in cancer tissues compared with normal tissues in vivo, and it is not yet known how this influences chemotherapeutic drug action. Cationic porphyrin 5,10,15,20-tetra-(N-methyl-4-pyridyl) porphyrin (TMPyP4) is a photosensitizer used in photodynamic therapy (PDT) and a telomerase inhibitor used in the treatment of telomerase-positive cancer. Here, we investigated the anticancer activity of TMPyP4 in A549 and PANC cells cultured in H2O2. The results showed that compared to TMPyP4 alone, the combination of TMPyP4 and H2O2 exhibited sensitization effects on cell viability and colony formation inhibition and apoptosis in A549 and PANC cells, but had no effect in human normal MIHA cells. Mechanistically, the combination of TMPyP4 and H2O2 activates high ROS and mitochondrial membrane potential in A549 and PANC cells, resulting in intense DNA damage and DNA damage responses. Consequently, compared to TMPyP4 alone, TMPyP4 and H2O2 combined treatment upregulates the expression of BAX, cleaved caspase 3, and p-JNK and downregulates the expression of Bcl-2 in A549 and PANC cells. Taken together, these data suggested that H2O2 enhanced the anticancer activity of TMPyP4-mediated ROS-dependent DNA damage and related apoptotic protein regulation, revealing that the high ROS tumor microenvironment plays an important role in chemotherapeutic drug action.
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9
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Dhas N, Kudarha R, Garkal A, Ghate V, Sharma S, Panzade P, Khot S, Chaudhari P, Singh A, Paryani M, Lewis S, Garg N, Singh N, Bangar P, Mehta T. Molybdenum-based hetero-nanocomposites for cancer therapy, diagnosis and biosensing application: Current advancement and future breakthroughs. J Control Release 2020; 330:257-283. [PMID: 33345832 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, there have been significant advancements in the nanotechnology for cancer therapy. Even though molybdenum disulphide (MoS2)-based nanocomposites demonstrated extensive applications in biosensing, bioimaging, phototherapy, the review article focusing on MoS2 nanocomposite platform has not been accounted for yet. The review summarizes recent strategies on design and fabrication of MoS2-based nanocomposites and their modulated properties in cancer treatment. The review also discussed several therapeutic strategies (photothermal, photodynamic, immunotherapy, gene therapy and chemotherapy) and their combinations for efficient cancer therapy along with certain case studies. The review also inculcates various diagnostic techniques viz. magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography, photoacoustic imaging and fluorescence imaging for diagnosis of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namdev Dhas
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 382481, India
| | - Ritu Kudarha
- Faculty of Pharmacy, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat 390002, India
| | - Atul Garkal
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 382481, India
| | - Vivek Ghate
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India
| | - Shilpa Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Ropar, Rupnagar, Punjab 140001, India
| | - Prabhakar Panzade
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Srinath College of Pharmacy, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Technological University, Aurangabad, Maharashtra 431133, India
| | - Shubham Khot
- Sinhgad Institute of Pharmacy, Narhe, Pune, Maharashtra 411041, India
| | - Pinal Chaudhari
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India
| | - Ashutosh Singh
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, Mandi, Kamand, Himachal Pradesh 175005, India
| | - Mitali Paryani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 382481, India
| | - Shaila Lewis
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India
| | - Neha Garg
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Ayurveda, Institute of Medical Sciences, BHU, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Narinder Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Ropar, Rupnagar, Punjab 140001, India
| | - Priyanka Bangar
- Intas Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Ahmedabad, Gujarat 382213, India
| | - Tejal Mehta
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 382481, India.
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10
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Huang J, Guo M, Jin S, Wu M, Yang C, Zhang G, Wang P, Ji J, Zeng Q, Wang X, Wang H. Antibacterial photodynamic therapy mediated by 5-aminolevulinic acid on methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2019; 28:330-337. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2019.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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11
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Doughty ACV, Hoover AR, Layton E, Murray CK, Howard EW, Chen WR. Nanomaterial Applications in Photothermal Therapy for Cancer. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 12:E779. [PMID: 30866416 PMCID: PMC6427777 DOI: 10.3390/ma12050779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 02/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
As a result of their unique compositions and properties, nanomaterials have recently seen a tremendous increase in use for novel cancer therapies. By taking advantage of the optical absorption of near-infrared light, researchers have utilized nanostructures such as carbon nanotubes, gold nanorods, and graphene oxide sheets to enhance photothermal therapies and target the effect on the tumor tissue. However, new uses for nanomaterials in targeted cancer therapy are coming to light, and the efficacy of photothermal therapy has increased dramatically. In this work, we review some of the current applications of nanomaterials to enhance photothermal therapy, specifically as photothermal absorbers, drug delivery vehicles, photoimmunological agents, and theranostic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin C V Doughty
- Biophotonics Research Laboratory, Center for Interdisciplinary Biomedical Education and Research, College of Mathematics and Science, University of Central Oklahoma, Edmond, OH 73034, USA.
| | - Ashley R Hoover
- Biophotonics Research Laboratory, Center for Interdisciplinary Biomedical Education and Research, College of Mathematics and Science, University of Central Oklahoma, Edmond, OH 73034, USA.
| | - Elivia Layton
- Biophotonics Research Laboratory, Center for Interdisciplinary Biomedical Education and Research, College of Mathematics and Science, University of Central Oklahoma, Edmond, OH 73034, USA.
| | - Cynthia K Murray
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, College of Mathematics and Science, University of Central Oklahoma, Edmond, OH 73034, USA.
| | - Eric W Howard
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OH 73104, USA.
| | - Wei R Chen
- Biophotonics Research Laboratory, Center for Interdisciplinary Biomedical Education and Research, College of Mathematics and Science, University of Central Oklahoma, Edmond, OH 73034, USA.
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12
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Luo L, Zhang Q, Luo Y, He Z, Tian X, Battaglia G. Thermosensitive nanocomposite gel for intra-tumoral two-photon photodynamic therapy. J Control Release 2019; 298:99-109. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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13
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AlAmri MA, Kadri H, Alderwick LJ, Jeeves M, Mehellou Y. The Photosensitising Clinical Agent Verteporfin Is an Inhibitor of SPAK and OSR1 Kinases. Chembiochem 2018; 19:2072-2080. [PMID: 29999233 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201800272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
STE20/SPS1-related proline/alanine-rich kinase (SPAK) and oxidative-stress-responsive kinase 1 (OSR1) are two serine/threonine protein kinases that play key roles in regulating ion homeostasis. Various SPAK and OSR1 mouse models exhibited reduced blood pressure. Herein, the discovery of verteporfin, a photosensitising agent used in photodynamic therapy, as a potent inhibitor of SPAK and OSR1 kinases is reported. It is shown that verteporfin binds the kinase domains of SPAK and OSR1 and inhibits their catalytic activity in an adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-independent manner. In cells, verteporfin was able to suppress the phosphorylation of the ion co-transporter NKCC1; a downstream physiological substrate of SPAK and OSR1 kinases. Kinase panel screening indicated that verteporfin inhibited a further eight protein kinases more potently than that of SPAK and OSR1. Although verteporfin has largely been studied as a modifier of the Hippo signalling pathway, this work indicates that the WNK-SPAK/OSR1 signalling cascade is also a target of this clinical agent. This finding could explain the fluctuation in blood pressure noted in patients and animals treated with this drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mubarak A AlAmri
- School of Pharmacy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Hachemi Kadri
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff, CF10 3NB, UK
| | - Luke J Alderwick
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Mark Jeeves
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Youcef Mehellou
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff, CF10 3NB, UK
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14
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Zheng XH, Nie X, Liu HY, Fang YM, Zhao Y, Xia LX. TMPyP4 promotes cancer cell migration at low doses, but induces cell death at high doses. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26592. [PMID: 27221067 PMCID: PMC4879555 DOI: 10.1038/srep26592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
TMPyP4 is widely considered as a potential photosensitizer in photodynamic therapy and a G-quadruplex stabilizer for telomerase-based cancer therapeutics. However, its biological effects including a possible adverse-effect are poorly understood. In this study, whole genome RNA-seq analysis was used to explore the alteration in gene expression induced by TMPyP4. Unexpectedly, we find that 27.67% of changed genes were functionally related to cell adhesion. Experimental evidences from cell adhesion assay, scratch-wound and transwell assay indicate that TMPyP4 at conventional doses (≤0.5 μM) increases cell-matrix adhesion and promotes the migration of tumor cells. In contrast, a high dose of TMPyP4 (≥2 μM) inhibits cell proliferation and induces cell death. The unintended “side-effect” of TMPyP4 on promoting cell migration suggests that a relative high dose of TMPyP4 is preferred for therapeutic purpose. These findings contribute to better understanding of biological effects induced by TMPyP4 and provide a new insight into the complexity and implication for TMPyP4 based cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Hui Zheng
- Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of High Performance Computing, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, P. R. China
| | - Xin Nie
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of High Performance Computing, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, P. R. China
| | - Hai-Ying Liu
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of High Performance Computing, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, P. R. China
| | - Yi-Ming Fang
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of High Performance Computing, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, P. R. China
| | - Yong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of High Performance Computing, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, P. R. China
| | - Li-Xin Xia
- Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China
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15
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Pourhajibagher M, Chiniforush N, Parker S, Shahabi S, Ghorbanzadeh R, Kharazifard MJ, Bahador A. Evaluation of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy with indocyanine green and curcumin on human gingival fibroblast cells: An in vitro photocytotoxicity investigation. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2016; 15:13-8. [PMID: 27177809 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2016.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Revised: 05/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Recent investigations have suggested that antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) can be an alternative treatment for the management of periodontal infections. However, currently there is very limited data regarding the photocytotoxicity of this method on human gingival fibroblast (HuGu) cells. AIM The in vitro optimal concentrations of indocyanine green (ICG) and curcumin as photosensitizers (PSs) and the irradiation time of diode laser emission were evaluated by assessing the photocytotoxicity of the treatment on HuGu cells. MATERIALS AND METHOD Monolayers of HuGu cells were incubated with various final concentrations of ICG (500, 750, 1000, 1250, 1500, 1750, and 2000μg/ml) and curcumin (3, 4, 5, 10, and 20mM). Three exposure times of the diode laser (30s, 60s, and 2×30s irradiation with an interval of 1min between each) and one of exposure time of 5min for LED were tested; cell viability was determined using neutral red assay. Chlorhexidine (CHX) as a gold standard antimicrobial agent for periodontal disease was considered as a control group. RESULTS ICG and curcumin significantly reduced HuGu cell viability at concentrations below 1000μg/ml and 10mM, respectively (P<0.01). Cytotoxicity was higher when the cells were treated for 2×30s irradiation with an interval of 1min and then again exposed to the laser for 30s (2% and 0.1%). CHX demonstrated no significant reduction in HuGu cell survival. CONCLUSION Photocytotoxicity is influenced by PS concentration, exposure time of PS, and time of irradiation. High doses of ICG and curcumin with lowest exposure time of light source and without cytotoxic effects may be an effective strategy for aPDT as an alternative treatment for periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pourhajibagher
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - N Chiniforush
- Laser Research Center of Dentistry, Dental Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - S Parker
- Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics, University of Genoa, Italy
| | - S Shahabi
- Dental biomaterials Department, School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - M J Kharazifard
- Dental Research Center, Dental Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - A Bahador
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Laser Research Center of Dentistry, Dental Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Dental Research Center, Dental Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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16
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Cardoso MFDC, Forezi LDSM, da Silva FDC, Pinto ÂC, Neves MGPMS, Ferreira VF, Cavaleiro JAS. Synthetic methodologies leading to porphyrin-quinone conjugates. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2016. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424616300093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on synthetic strategies that have been established for the preparation of porphyrin-quinone conjugates of potential biological significance and as donor–acceptor compounds for electron transfer processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana F. do C. Cardoso
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Instituto de Química, Departamento de Química Orgânica, Valonguinho, 24020-150 Niterói-RJ, Brazil
| | - Luana da S. M. Forezi
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Instituto de Química, Departamento de Química Orgânica, Valonguinho, 24020-150 Niterói-RJ, Brazil
| | - Fernando de C. da Silva
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Instituto de Química, Departamento de Química Orgânica, Valonguinho, 24020-150 Niterói-RJ, Brazil
| | - Ângelo C. Pinto
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Química, Departamento de Química Orgânica, Ilha da Cidade, Universitária, 21941-909 Rio de Janeiro-RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Vitor F. Ferreira
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Instituto de Química, Departamento de Química Orgânica, Valonguinho, 24020-150 Niterói-RJ, Brazil
| | - José A. S. Cavaleiro
- Department of Chemistry and QOPNA, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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17
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Glycol chitosan-based fluorescent theranostic nanoagents for cancer therapy. Mar Drugs 2014; 12:6038-57. [PMID: 25522316 PMCID: PMC4278218 DOI: 10.3390/md12126038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Revised: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Theranostics is an integrated nanosystem that combines therapeutics with diagnostics in attempt to develop new personalized treatments with enhanced therapeutic efficacy and safety. As a promising therapeutic paradigm with cutting-edge technologies, theranostic agents are able to simultaneously deliver therapeutic drugs and diagnostic imaging agents and also monitor the response to therapy. Polymeric nanosystems have been intensively explored for biomedical applications to diagnose and treat various cancers. In recent years, glycol chitosan-based nanoagents have been developed as dual-purpose materials for simultaneous diagnosis and therapy. They have shown great potential in cancer therapies, such as chemotherapeutics and nucleic acid and photodynamic therapies. In this review, we summarize the recent progress and potential applications of glycol chitosan-based fluorescent theranostic nanoagents for cancer treatments and discuss their possible underlying mechanisms.
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18
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Tovmasyan AG, Babayan NS, Sahakyan LA, Shahkhatuni AG, Gasparyan GH, Aroutiounian RM, Ghazaryan RK. Synthesis andin vitroanticancer activity of water-soluble cationic pyridylporphyrins and their metallocomplexes. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2012. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424608000467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Tetrapyrrolic compounds such as porphyrins are known to be prospective chemotherapeutics and photosensitizers for cancer treatment and diagnosis. In this work, water-soluble, meso-substituted cationic pyridyl-porphyrins and their metallocomplexes bearing various central metal atoms ( Ag , Zn , Co , and Fe ) in the porphine ring and various functional groups (allyl, oxyethyl, butyl, and methallyl) at the nitrogen atom in the pyridine ring were synthesized and characterized by1H and13C NMR and UV-visible spectroscopy. Cytotoxic and photodynamic activities of new porphyrins and their metal derivatives were investigated in vitro (KCL-22 cancer cell line of human chronic myeloid leukemia). The cytotoxicity of porphyrins was shown to be dependent on the presence and type of the central metal atom in the porphine ring. Ag -derivatives were more cytotoxic than Co −, Zn −, and Fe − metallocomplexes. The porphyrins bearing allyl-functional groups were evidenced to be more cytotoxic than those which included butyl-, oxyethyl-, and methallyl-groups. The change of nitrogen position in the pyridine ring of Ag -metalloporphyrins from 3(3-N-pyridylporphyrins) to 4(4-N-pyridylporphyrins) induced an increase in the cytotoxic activity of metallocomplexes. All synthesized Ag-metalloporphyrins, except, the oxyethyl-containing one were more cytotoxic than cisplatin. Allyl containing free porphyrin and its Zn -metallocomplex had higher phototoxicity than Ag −, Co −, and Fe -metalloporphyrins. The results obtained can be useful for further investigation of new porphyrins as potential chemotherapeutics and photosensitizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artak G. Tovmasyan
- Department of General and Organic Chemistry, Yerevan State Medical University, 2 Koryun str., Yerevan 0025, Armenia
| | - Nelli S. Babayan
- Department of Genetics and Cytology, Yerevan State University, 1 Alex Manoogian str., Yerevan 0025, Armenia
- Institute of Molecular Biology of Armenian NAS, 7 Hastratyan str., Yerevan 0014, Armenia
| | - Lida A. Sahakyan
- Department of General and Organic Chemistry, Yerevan State Medical University, 2 Koryun str., Yerevan 0025, Armenia
| | | | - Genadi H. Gasparyan
- Department of Genetics and Cytology, Yerevan State University, 1 Alex Manoogian str., Yerevan 0025, Armenia
- Institute of Molecular Biology of Armenian NAS, 7 Hastratyan str., Yerevan 0014, Armenia
| | - Rouben M. Aroutiounian
- Department of Genetics and Cytology, Yerevan State University, 1 Alex Manoogian str., Yerevan 0025, Armenia
| | - Robert K. Ghazaryan
- Department of General and Organic Chemistry, Yerevan State Medical University, 2 Koryun str., Yerevan 0025, Armenia
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19
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Gomes AT, Cunha AC, Domingues MDRM, Neves MG, Tomé AC, Silva AM, Santos FDC, Souza MC, Ferreira VF, Cavaleiro JA. Synthesis and characterization of new porphyrin/4-quinolone conjugates. Tetrahedron 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2011.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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20
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de Oliveira VE, Corrêa CC, Pinheiro CB, Diniz R, de Oliveira LFC. Structural and spectroscopy studies of the zinc complex of p-hydroxyphenylporphyrin. J Mol Struct 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2011.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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21
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Constantin C, Neagu M, Ion RM, Gherghiceanu M, Stavaru C. Fullerene–porphyrin nanostructures in photodynamic therapy. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2010; 5:307-17. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm.09.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy represents an alternative treatment with great potential in some types of cancer and premalignant conditions. In the quest to improve this therapy, potential new nontetrapyrrole photosensitizers are currently under research. Hence, in the last few years fullerenes attracted an increased interest because they prove characteristics for nanotechnology’s biomedical applications. Fullerenes derivatization for biology application in general and in particular for photodynamic therapy, led to the idea of their association with porphyrins. Porphyrins, well-known players in this domain, could form in association with fullerenes, new compounds with unique properties, namely new photosensitizers with enhanced efficiency in terms of singlet oxygen generation and tumor cell penetration. This article is an attempt to underscore the enormous effort currently dedicated to an emerging field represented by these new nanostructures for biomedicine and in particular for photodynamic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Constantin
- ’Victor Babes’ National Institute for Pathology & Biomedical Sciences, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Monica Neagu
- ’Victor Babes’ National Institute for Pathology & Biomedical Sciences, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Rodica-Mariana Ion
- National Research & Development Institute for Chemistry & Petrochemistry, ICECHIM, Bucharest, Romania
- Valahia University, Targoviste, Romania
| | - Mihaela Gherghiceanu
- ’Victor Babes’ National Institute for Pathology & Biomedical Sciences, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Crina Stavaru
- ’Cantacuzino’ National Research & Development Institute for Microbiology & Immunology, Bucharest, Romania
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22
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Khurana M, Moriyama EH, Mariampillai A, Samkoe K, Cramb D, Wilson BC. Drug and light dose responses to focal photodynamic therapy of single blood vessels in vivo. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2009; 14:064006. [PMID: 20059244 DOI: 10.1117/1.3262521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
As part of an ongoing program to develop two-photon (2-gamma) photodynamic therapy (PDT) for treatment of wet-form age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and other vascular pathologies, we have evaluated the reciprocity of drug-light doses in focal-PDT. We targeted individual arteries in a murine window chamber model, using primarily the clinical photosensitizer Visudyne/liposomal-verteporfin. Shortly after administration of the photosensitizer, a small region including an arteriole was selected and irradiated with varying light doses. Targeted and nearby vessels were observed for a maximum of 17 to 25 h to assess vascular shutdown, tapering, and dye leakage/occlusion. For a given end-point metric, there was reciprocity between the drug and light doses, i.e., the response correlated with the drug-light product (DLP). These results provide the first quantification of photosensitizer and light dose relationships for localized irradiation of a single blood vessel and are compared to the DLP required for vessel closure between 1-gamma and 2-gamma activation, between focal and broad-beam irradiation, and between verteporfin and a porphyrin dimer with high 2-gamma cross section. Demonstration of reciprocity over a wide range of DLP is important for further development of focal PDT treatments, such as the targeting of feeder vessels in 2-gamma PDT of AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamta Khurana
- University of Toronto, Division of Biophysics and Bioimaging, Department of Medical Biophysics, Ontario Cancer Institute, Toronto, Ontario M5G2M9, Canada
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23
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Wilson B, Fernández MJ, Lorente A, Grant KB. Synthesis and DNA interactions of a bis-phenothiazinium photosensitizer. Org Biomol Chem 2008; 6:4026-35. [PMID: 18931811 DOI: 10.1039/b810015b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report the synthesis and characterization of N,N-bis[(7-dimethylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium-3-yl]-4,4-ethylenedipiperidine diiodide (3), consisting of two photosensitizing phenothiazinium rings attached to a central ethylenedipiperidine linker. At all time points (10, 30, 60 min) and all wavelengths (676, 700, 710 nm) tested, photocleavage of pUC19 plasmid DNA (22 degrees C and pH 7.0) was markedly enhanced by 1 microM of 3 in comparison to 1 microM of the parent phenothiazine methylene blue (MB). At concentrations of phenothiazine ranging from 5 to 0.5 microM, the photocleavage levels produced by compound 3 were consistently higher than the cleavage produced using approximately twice the amount of MB (e.g., 710 nm irradiation of 5 microM of 3 and 10 microM of MB cleaved the plasmid DNA in 93% and 71% yields, respectively). Scavenger assays provided evidence for the involvement of singlet oxygen and, to a lesser extent, hydroxyl radicals in DNA damage. Analysis of photocleavage products at nucleotide resolution revealed that direct strand breaks and alkaline-labile lesions occurred predominantly at guanine bases. While compound 3 and MB were both shown to stabilize duplex DNA, the DeltaTm values of calf thymus (CT) and C. perfringens DNAs were approximately three fold higher in the presence of compound 3. Finally, viscometric data indicated that CT DNA interacts with compound 3 and MB by a combination of groove binding and monofunctional intercalation, and with compound 3 by a third, bisintercalative binding mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, P.O. Box 4098, Atlanta, GA 30302-4098, USA
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24
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Khurana M, Moriyama EH, Mariampillai A, Wilson BC. Intravital high-resolution optical imaging of individual vessel response to photodynamic treatment. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2008; 13:040502. [PMID: 19021306 DOI: 10.1117/1.2965545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Intravital imaging using confocal microscopy facilitates high-resolution studies of cellular and molecular events in vivo. We use this, complemented by Doppler optical coherence tomography (OCT), to assess blood flow in a mouse dorsal skin-fold window chamber model to image the response of individual blood vessels to localized photodynamic therapy (PDT). Specific fluorescent cell markers were used to assess the effect on the vascular endothelial cell lining of the treated vessels. A fluorescently tagged antibody against an endothelial transmembrane glycoprotein (CD31) was used to image endothelial cell integrity in the targeted blood vessel. A cell permeability (viability) indicator, SYTOX Orange, was also used to further assess damage to endothelial cells. A fluorescently labeled anti-CD41 antibody that binds to platelets was used to confirm platelet aggregation in the treated vessel. These optical techniques enable dynamic assessment of responses to PDT in vivo, at both the vascular endothelial cell and whole vessel levels.
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25
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Giuliano EA, Ota J, Tucker SA. Photodynamic therapy: basic principles and potential uses for the veterinary ophthalmologist. Vet Ophthalmol 2007; 10:337-43. [PMID: 17970993 DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-5224.2007.00578.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) involves the use of photochemical reactions mediated through the interaction of photosensitizing agents, light and oxygen. PDT, while now commonly used in physician ophthalmology and oncology, is uncommonly used for the veterinary ophthalmic patient. It is an emerging new therapy in veterinary ophthalmology for the treatment of periocular tumors. This article reviews the basic principles of PDT to provide the veterinary ophthalmologic community with a succinct reference for this emerging treatment modality in our field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Giuliano
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
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