1
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Fritzler MJ, Bentow C, Beretta L, Palterer B, Perurena-Prieto J, Sanz-Martínez MT, Guillen-Del-Castillo A, Marín A, Fonollosa-Pla V, Callejas-Moraga E, Simeón-Aznar CP, Mahler M. Anti-U11/U12 Antibodies as a Rare but Important Biomarker in Patients with Systemic Sclerosis: A Narrative Review. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:diagnostics13071257. [PMID: 37046475 PMCID: PMC10093660 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13071257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Anti-nuclear (ANA) are present in approximately 90% of systemic sclerosis (SSc) patients and are key biomarkers in supporting the diagnosis and determining the prognosis of this disease. In addition to the classification criteria autoantibodies for SSc [i.e., anti-centromere, anti-topoisomerase I (Scl-70), anti-RNA polymerase III], other autoantibodies have been associated with important SSc phenotypes. Among them, anti-U11/U12 ribonucleoprotein (RNP) antibodies, also known as anti-RNPC-3, were first reported in a patient with SSc, but very little is known about their association and clinical utility. The U11/U12 RNP macromolecular complex consists of several proteins involved in alternative mRNA splicing. More recent studies demonstrated associations of anti-anti-U11/U12 antibodies with SSc and severe pulmonary fibrosis as well as with moderate to severe gastrointestinal dysmotility. Lastly, anti-U11/U12 autoantibodies have been strongly associated with malignancy in SSc patients. Here, we aimed to summarize the knowledge of anti-U11/U12/RNPC-3 antibodies in SSc, including their seroclinical associations in a narrative literature review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marvin J. Fritzler
- Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Chelsea Bentow
- Research and Development, Werfen, Autoimmunity Headquarters and Technology Center, San Diego, CA 92131-1638, USA
| | - Lorenzo Beretta
- Scleroderma Unit and (Referral) Center for Systemic Autoimmune Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico di Milan, 20122 Milano, Italy
| | - Boaz Palterer
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50121 Firenze, Italy
| | - Janire Perurena-Prieto
- Department of Immunology, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Teresa Sanz-Martínez
- Department of Immunology, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alfredo Guillen-Del-Castillo
- Unit of Systemic Autoimmune Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Marín
- Department of Immunology, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vicent Fonollosa-Pla
- Unit of Systemic Autoimmune Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Carmen Pilar Simeón-Aznar
- Unit of Systemic Autoimmune Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Michael Mahler
- Research and Development, Werfen, Autoimmunity Headquarters and Technology Center, San Diego, CA 92131-1638, USA
- Correspondence: or
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2
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Cavazzana I, Vojinovic T, Airo' P, Fredi M, Ceribelli A, Pedretti E, Lazzaroni MG, Garrafa E, Franceschini F. Systemic Sclerosis-Specific Antibodies: Novel and Classical Biomarkers. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2022; 64:412-430. [PMID: 35716254 PMCID: PMC10167150 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-022-08946-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Disease-specific autoantibodies are considered the most important biomarkers for systemic sclerosis (SSc), due to their ability to stratify patients with different severity and prognosis. Anti-nuclear antibodies (ANA), occurring in subjects with isolated Raynuad's phenomenon, are considered the strongest independent predictors of definite SSc and digital microvascular damage, as observed by nailfold videocapillaroscopy. ANA are present in more than 90% of SSc, but ANA negativity does not exclude SSc diagnosis: a little rate of SSc ANA negative exists and shows a distinct subtype of disease, with less vasculopathy, but more frequent lower gastrointestinal involvement and severe disease course. Anti-centromere, anti-Th/To, and anti-Topoisomerase I antibodies could be considered as classical biomarkers, covering about 60% of SSc and defining patients with well-described cardio-pulmonary complications. In particular, anti-Topoisomerase I represent a risk factor for development of diffuse cutaneous involvement and digital ulcers in the first 3 years of disease, as well as severe interstitial lung disease (ILD). Anti-RNA polymerase III is a biomarker with new clinical implications: very rapid skin thickness progression, gastric antral vascular ectasia, the occurrence of synchronous cancers, and possible association with silicone breast implants rupture. Moreover, novel SSc specific autoantibodies have been globally described in about 10% of "seronegative" SSc patients: anti-elF2B, anti-RuvBL1/2 complex, anti-U11/U12 RNP, and anti-BICD2 depict specific SSc subtypes with severe organ complications. Many autoantibodies could be considered markers of overlap syndromes, including SSc. Anti-Ku are found in 2-7% of SSc, strictly defining the PM/SSc overlap. They are associated with synovitis, joint contractures, myositis, and negatively associated with vascular manifestation of disease. Anti-U3RNP are associated with a well-defined clinical phenotype: Afro-Caribbean male patients, younger at diagnosis, and higher risk of pulmonary hypertension and gastrointestinal involvement. Anti-PM/Scl define SSc patients with high frequency of ILD, calcinosis, dermatomyositis skin changes, and severe myositis. The accurate detection of autoantibodies SSc specific and associated with overlap syndromes is crucial for patients' stratification. ANA should be correctly identified using indirect immunofluorescent assay and a standardized way of patterns' interpretation. The gold-standard technique for autoantibodies' identification in SSc is still considered immunoprecipitation, for its high sensitivity and specificity, but other assays have been widely used in routine practice. The identification of SSc autoantibodies with high diagnostic specificity and high predictive value is mandatory for early diagnosis, a specific follow-up and the possible definition of the best therapy for every SSc subsets. In addition, the validation of novel autoantibodies is mandatory in wider cohorts in order to restrict the gap of so-called seronegative SSc patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Cavazzana
- Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology Unit, ASST Spedali Civili, piazzale Spedali Civili 1, Brescia, 25123, Italy.
| | - Tamara Vojinovic
- Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology Unit, ASST Spedali Civili, piazzale Spedali Civili 1, Brescia, 25123, Italy
| | - Paolo Airo'
- Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology Unit, ASST Spedali Civili, piazzale Spedali Civili 1, Brescia, 25123, Italy
| | - Micaela Fredi
- Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology Unit, ASST Spedali Civili, piazzale Spedali Civili 1, Brescia, 25123, Italy.,Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Angela Ceribelli
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Humanitas Research Hospital IRCCS, Rozzano, Milan, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy
| | - Eleonora Pedretti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Lazzaroni
- Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology Unit, ASST Spedali Civili, piazzale Spedali Civili 1, Brescia, 25123, Italy.,Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Emirena Garrafa
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.,Department of Laboratory Diagnostics, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - Franco Franceschini
- Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology Unit, ASST Spedali Civili, piazzale Spedali Civili 1, Brescia, 25123, Italy.,Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
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3
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Raza A, Asif Rasheed M, Raza S, Tariq Navid M, Afzal A, Jamil F. Prediction and analysis of multi epitope based vaccine against Newcastle disease virus based on haemagglutinin neuraminidase protein. Saudi J Biol Sci 2022; 29:3006-3014. [PMID: 35531218 PMCID: PMC9073007 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2022.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Newcastle disease virus (NDV), an avian orthoavulavirus, is a causative agent of Newcastle disease named (NDV), and can cause even the epidemics when disease is not treated. Previously several vaccines based on attenuated and inactivated viruses have been reported which are rendered useless with the passage of time due to versatile changes in viral genome. Therefore, we aimed to develop an effective multi-epitope vaccine against the haemagglutinin neuraminidase (HN) protein of 26 NDV strains from Pakistan through a modern immunoinformatic approaches. As a result, a vaccine chimaera was constructed by combining T-cell and B-cell epitopes with the appropriate linkers and adjuvant. The designed vaccine was highly immunogenic, non-allergen and antigenic; therefore, the potential 3D-structureof multi epitope vaccine was constructed, refined and validated. A molecular docking study of a multiepitope vaccine candidate with the chicken Toll-like receptor-4 indicated successful binding. An In silico immunological simulation was used to evaluate the candidate vaccine's ability to elicit an effective immune response. According to the computational studies, the proposed multiepitope vaccine is physically stable and may induce immune responses whichsuggested it a strong candidate against 26 Newcastle disease virus strains from Pakistan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adnan Raza
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Sahiwal Campus, Sahiwal, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Asif Rasheed
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Sahiwal Campus, Sahiwal, Pakistan
| | - Sohail Raza
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Tariq Navid
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Medical sciences, Rawalpindi 46000, Pakistan
| | - Amna Afzal
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Sahiwal Campus, Sahiwal, Pakistan
| | - Farrukh Jamil
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Sahiwal Campus, Sahiwal, Pakistan
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4
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Brevet P, Lattard C, Guillou C, Rottenberg P, Fardellone P, Le-Loët X, Lequerré T, Cosette P, Boyer O, Fréret M, Vittecoq O. Anti-Carbamylated Fibrinogen Antibodies Might Be Associated With a Specific Rheumatoid Phenotype and Include a Subset Recognizing In Vivo Epitopes of Its γ Chain One of Which Is Not Cross Reactive With Anti-Citrullinated Protein Antibodies. Front Immunol 2021; 12:733511. [PMID: 34691039 PMCID: PMC8529038 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.733511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
To identify the targets recognized by anti-carbamylated protein antibodies (anti-CarP) in patients with early Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA), to study the cross-reactivity between anti-CarP and anti-citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPA) and to evaluate their prognostic value. 331 patients (184 RA and 147 other rheumatisms) from the Very Early Arthritis (VErA) French cohort were analyzed. We performed mass spectrometry analysis of RA sera displaying anti-CarP activity and epitope mapping of the carbamylated fibrinogen γ chain to identify immunodominant peptides. The specificity of these targets was studied using competition assays with the major antigens recognized by ACPA. The prognostic value of anti-carbamylated fibrinogen IgG antibodies (ACa-Fib IgG) was compared to that of anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies (anti-CCP) and anti-CarP using an in-house ELISA. Besides the α chain, the γ chain of fibrinogen, particularly one immunodominant epitope that has a specific reactivity, was identified as a circulating carbamylated target in sera. The prevalence of ACa-Fib was 37% at baseline and 10.9% for anti-CCP-negative RA. In anti-CCP-negative patients, ACa-Fib positivity was associated with a more inflammatory and erosive disease at baseline but not with rapid radiological progression, which remains strongly related to anti-CCP antibodies. Fibrinogen seems to be one of the antigens recognized in vivo by the anti-CarP response, particularly 2 epitopes of the γ chain, one of which is not cross reactive with ACPA. This specificity might be associated with a distinct clinical phenotype since ACa-Fib IgG were shown to be linked to systemic inflammation in very early RA but not to rapid radiological progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Brevet
- Rouen University Hospital, Department of Rheumatology & CIC-CRB1404, Rouen, France.,Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSERM, U1234, Rouen, France
| | - Claire Lattard
- Rouen University Hospital, Department of Rheumatology & CIC-CRB1404, Rouen, France.,Rouen University Hospital, Department of Pharmacology, Rouen, France
| | - Clément Guillou
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN, PISSARO Proteomics Facility & PBS-UMR6270 CNRS, IRIB, Rouen, France
| | - Pascal Rottenberg
- Rouen University Hospital, Department of Rheumatology & CIC-CRB1404, Rouen, France
| | | | - Xavier Le-Loët
- Rouen University Hospital, Department of Rheumatology & CIC-CRB1404, Rouen, France
| | - Thierry Lequerré
- Rouen University Hospital, Department of Rheumatology & CIC-CRB1404, Rouen, France.,Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSERM, U1234, Rouen, France
| | - Pascal Cosette
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN, PISSARO Proteomics Facility & PBS-UMR6270 CNRS, IRIB, Rouen, France
| | - Olivier Boyer
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSERM, U1234, Rouen, France.,Rouen University Hospital, Department of Immunology, Rouen, France
| | - Manuel Fréret
- Rouen University Hospital, Department of Rheumatology & CIC-CRB1404, Rouen, France.,Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSERM, U1234, Rouen, France
| | - Olivier Vittecoq
- Rouen University Hospital, Department of Rheumatology & CIC-CRB1404, Rouen, France.,Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSERM, U1234, Rouen, France
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5
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Mahler M, Kim G, Roup F, Bentow C, Fabien N, Goncalves D, Palterer B, Fritzler MJ, Villalta D. Evaluation of a novel particle-based multi-analyte technology for the detection of anti-fibrillarin antibodies. Immunol Res 2021; 69:239-248. [PMID: 33913080 PMCID: PMC8266783 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-021-09197-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a heterogeneous autoimmune disease associated with several anti-nuclear antibodies (ANA), including those in the classification criteria (anti-centromere, anti-topoisomerase I (Scl-70), anti-RNA Pol III). However, the presence of less common antibodies such as anti-fibrillarin (U3-RNP) that generate a clumpy nucleolar pattern by HEp-2 indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA, ICAP AC-9) are considered disease specific and are with clinical subsets of SSc, therefore playing a role in diagnosis and prognosis. A specific and sensitive anti-fibrillarin assay would be an important addition to serological diagnosis and evaluation of SSc. The goal of this study was to evaluate a new particle-based multi-analyte technology (PMAT) for the measurement of anti-fibrillarin antibodies. A total of 149 patient samples were collected including 47 samples from France (Lyon and Paris, n = 32) and Italy (Careggi Hospital, Florence, n = 15) selected based on AC-9 HEp-2 IFA staining (> 1:640, clumpy nucleolar pattern) and 102 non-SSc controls (inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) n = 20, Sjögren's syndrome (SjS) n = 20, infectious disease (ID) n = 7, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) n = 17, rheumatoid arthritis (RA) n = 17, and healthy individuals (HI) n = 21). All samples were tested on the anti-fibrillarin PMAT assay (research use only, Inova Diagnostics, USA). Additionally, the 47 anti-fibrillarin positive samples were also tested on PMAT assays for detecting other autoantibodies in ANA-associated rheumatic diseases (AARD). Anti-fibrillarin antibody data performed by fluorescence enzyme immunoassay (FEIA, Thermo Fisher, Germany) was available for 34 samples. The anti-fibrillarin PMAT assay was positive in 31/32 (96.9%, France) and 12/15 (80.0%, Italy) of samples preselected based on the AC-9 IIF pattern (difference p = 0.09). Collectively, the PMAT assay showed 91.5% (95% confidence interval (CI): 80.1-96.6%) sensitivity with 100.0% (95% CI: 96.4-100.0%) specificity in non-SSc controls. Strong agreement was found between PMAT and FEIA with 100.0% positive qualitative agreement (34/34) and quantitative agreement (Spearman's rho = 0.89, 95% CI: 0.77.9-0.95%, p < 0.0001). Although most anti-fibrillarin positive samples were mono-specific (69.8%), some expressed additional antibodies (namely Scl-70, centromere, dsDNA, Ro52, Ro60, SS-B, Ribo-P, DFS70, and EJ). In conclusion, this first study on anti-fibrillarin antibodies measured using a novel PMAT assay shows promising results where the new PMAT assay had high level of agreement to FEIA for the detection of anti-fibrillarin antibodies. The availability of novel AFA assays such as PMAT might facilitate the clinical deployment, additional studies, standardization efforts, and potentially consideration of AFA for next generations of the classification criteria.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Antibodies, Antinuclear/blood
- Antibodies, Antinuclear/immunology
- Antibodies, Antinuclear/isolation & purification
- Case-Control Studies
- Child
- Chromosomal Proteins, Non-Histone/immunology
- Diagnosis, Differential
- Feasibility Studies
- Female
- Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect/instrumentation
- Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect/methods
- Healthy Volunteers
- Humans
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Prognosis
- Reagent Kits, Diagnostic
- Scleroderma, Systemic/blood
- Scleroderma, Systemic/diagnosis
- Scleroderma, Systemic/immunology
- Young Adult
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Mahler
- Research and Development, Inova Diagnostics, San Diego, CA, 92131, USA
| | - Grace Kim
- Research and Development, Inova Diagnostics, San Diego, CA, 92131, USA
| | - Fabrece Roup
- Research and Development, Inova Diagnostics, San Diego, CA, 92131, USA.
| | - Chelsea Bentow
- Research and Development, Inova Diagnostics, San Diego, CA, 92131, USA
| | - Nicole Fabien
- Immunology Department, Lyon-Sud Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Claude Bernard, Pierre-Benite, France
| | - David Goncalves
- Immunology Department, Lyon-Sud Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Claude Bernard, Pierre-Benite, France
- University Lyon I, University of Lyon, Pierre-Benite, France
| | - Boaz Palterer
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Unit of Allergology and Clinical Immunology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Marvin J Fritzler
- Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N4N1, Canada
| | - Danilo Villalta
- Immunologia E Allergologia, Ospedale S. Maria degli Angeli, Pordenone, Italy
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6
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Choi MY, FitzPatrick RD, Buhler K, Mahler M, Fritzler MJ. A review and meta-analysis of anti-ribosomal P autoantibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus. Autoimmun Rev 2020; 19:102463. [PMID: 31927088 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2020.102463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of autoantibodies to ribosomal proteins (anti-RibP) dates back more than fifty years when antibodies to ribosomes were identified in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) sera. Over the years, anti-RibP autoantibodies have been the subject of extensive study and became known as a highly specific biomarker for the diagnosis of SLE and were associated with neuropsychiatric SLE (NPSLE), lupus nephritis (LN) and hepatitis (LH). As demonstrated by studies on cultured human cells and of murine models, there is evidence to suggest that anti-RibP may have a pathogenic role in LN and NPSLE. Despite a wealth of evidence, in comparison to other SLE autoantibodies such as anti-Sm and anti-dsDNA, anti-RibP has not been included in classification criteria for SLE. A significant challenge is the variability of assays used to detect anti-RibP, including the antigens and diagnostic platforms employed. This may account for the marked variation in frequencies (10-47%) in SLE and its association with clinical and demographic features reported in SLE cohorts. We performed a systematic literature review and meta-analysis to help clarify its prevalence, various clinical and serological associations in SLE based on the different RibP antigens and assay platforms used.
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Affiliation(s)
- May Y Choi
- Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Dr. NW, Calgary, AB T2N4N1, Canada
| | - Rachael D FitzPatrick
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Katherine Buhler
- Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Dr. NW, Calgary, AB T2N4N1, Canada
| | - Michael Mahler
- Inova Diagnostics, San Diego, CA, United States of America
| | - Marvin J Fritzler
- Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Dr. NW, Calgary, AB T2N4N1, Canada.
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7
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Zhang Y, Lu S, Alahdal M, Gao H, Shen Y, Pan Y, Wu J, Xing Y, Jin L. Novel mutant P277 peptide VP to ameliorate atherogenic side-effects and to preserve anti-diabetic effects in NOD mice. Exp Cell Res 2018; 371:399-408. [PMID: 30179603 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2018.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
P277 is a 24 amino-acids peptide, residues 437-460 of human heat shock protein 60 (HSP60). P277 or sequence repeated 6 × P277 was previously found showing potency preventive and therapeutic anti-diabetes functions in NOD mice, but aroused atherosclerosis due to the induction of anti-HSP65 autoantibodies as reported. To determine the intrinsic B epitope sequence, we screened P277 with pepscan method and then proved by detection of sera IgG from peptide fragments vaccinated mouse and rabbits. Results indicated HSP60 443-448 (ALLRCI) is potential intrinsic B epitope sequence of P277. We modified P277 by deleting the former three amino acids of ALLRCI (VP) or replacing these six with alanine (AP). The detection of serum lipid parameter in NOD mice and aorta endothelial damage levels in high-cholesterol diets fed rabbits demonstrated that VP induced higher anti-diabetes efficacy and caused less arteriosclerosis-liked diseases separately. With less TLR2/4 activation of dendritic cells and macrophages, VP treatment reduced Th1 related P277 specific pro-inflammatory cytokines production and increased regulatory immune responses both in vivo and in vitro. These results indicated that optimized VP peptide might serve as a promising candidate for mouse type 1 diabetes therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, Minigene Pharmacy Laboratory, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, China
| | - Shiping Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, Minigene Pharmacy Laboratory, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, China
| | - Murad Alahdal
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, Minigene Pharmacy Laboratory, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, China
| | - Huashan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, Minigene Pharmacy Laboratory, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, China
| | - Yumeng Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, Minigene Pharmacy Laboratory, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, China
| | - Yi Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, Minigene Pharmacy Laboratory, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, China
| | - Jie Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, Minigene Pharmacy Laboratory, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, China; Minigene Pharmacy Laboratory, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, China
| | - Yun Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, Minigene Pharmacy Laboratory, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, China
| | - Liang Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, Minigene Pharmacy Laboratory, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, China.
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8
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Fritzler MJ, Hudson M, Choi MY, Mahler M, Wang M, Bentow C, Milo J, Baron M. Bicaudal D2 is a novel autoantibody target in systemic sclerosis that shares a key epitope with CENP-A but has a distinct clinical phenotype. Autoimmun Rev 2018; 17:267-275. [PMID: 29369808 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2018.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We studied the clinical correlations and epitopes of autoantibodies directed to a novel autoantigen, Bicaudal D (BICD2), in systemic sclerosis (SSc) and reviewed its relationship to centromere protein A (CENP-A). 451 SSc sera were tested for anti-BICD2 using a paramagnetic bead immunoassay and then univariate and multivariate logistic regression was used to study the association between anti-BICD2 and demographic and clinical parameters as well as other SSc-related autoantibodies. Epitope mapping was performed on solid phase matrices. 25.7% (116/451) SSc sera were anti-BICD2 positive, of which 19.0% had single specificity anti-BICD2 and 81.0% had other autoantibodies, notably anti-CENP (83/94; 88.3%). Compared to anti-BICD2 negative subjects (335/451), single specificity anti-BICD2 subjects were more likely to have an inflammatory myopathy (IM; 31.8% vs. 9.6%, p=.004) and interstitial lung disease (ILD; 52.4% vs. 29.0%, p=.024). Epitope mapping revealed a serine- and proline-rich nonapeptide SPSPGSSLP comprising amino acids 606-614 of BICD2, shared with CENP-A but not CENP-B. We observed that autoantibodies to BICD2 represent a new biomarker as they were detected in patients without other SSc-specific autoantibodies and were the second most common autoantibody identified in this SSc cohort. Our data indicate that the major cross-reactive epitope is associated with anti-CENP-A but, unlike anti-CENP, single specificity anti-BICD2 antibodies associate with ILD and IM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marvin J Fritzler
- Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Dr NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N4N1, Canada.
| | - Marie Hudson
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Division of Rheumatology, Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, Quebec, Canada.
| | - May Y Choi
- Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Dr NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N4N1, Canada.
| | - Michael Mahler
- Inova Diagnostics, Division of Research, San Diego, CA, USA.
| | - Mianbo Wang
- Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, Quebec, Canada.
| | - Chelsea Bentow
- Inova Diagnostics, Division of Research, San Diego, CA, USA.
| | - Jay Milo
- Inova Diagnostics, Division of Research, San Diego, CA, USA.
| | - Murray Baron
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Division of Rheumatology, Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, Quebec, Canada.
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9
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Dam CE, Houen G, Hansen PR, Trier NH. Identification and fine mapping of a linear B cell epitope of human vimentin. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 2014; 74:506-14. [PMID: 24792370 DOI: 10.3109/00365513.2014.908474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Knowledge about antibody-antigen interactions is important for the understanding of the immune system mechanisms and for supporting development of drugs and biomarkers. A tool for identification of these antigenic epitopes of specific antibodies is epitope mapping. In this study, a modified enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was applied for epitope mapping of a mouse monoclonal vimentin antibody using overlapping resin-bound peptides covering the entire vimentin protein. The minimal epitope required for binding was identified as the LDSLPLVD sequence using N- and C-terminally truncated peptides. The peptide sequence LDSLPLVDTH was identified as the complete epitope, corresponding to amino acids 428-437 in the C-terminal end of the human vimentin protein. Alanine scanning and functionality scanning applying substituted peptides were used to identify amino acids essential for antibody reactivity. In particular, the two aspartate residues were found to be essential for antibody reactivity since these amino acids could not be substituted without a reduction in antibody reactivity. The majority of the remaining amino acids could be substituted without reducing antibody reactivity notably. These results confirm that charged amino acids are essential for antibody reactivity and that the vimentin antibody is dependent on side-chain interactions in combination with backbone interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catharina E Dam
- Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark , Kongens Lyngby , Denmark
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10
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Behnert A, Fritzler MJ, Teng B, Zhang M, Bollig F, Haller H, Skoberne A, Mahler M, Schiffer M. An anti-phospholipase A2 receptor quantitative immunoassay and epitope analysis in membranous nephropathy reveals different antigenic domains of the receptor. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61669. [PMID: 23637879 PMCID: PMC3639255 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2012] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The phospholipase A2 receptor (PLA2R) was recently discovered as a target autoantigen in patients with idiopathic membranous nephropathy (IMN). Published evidence suggests that the autoantibodies directed towards a conformation dependent epitope are currently effectively detected by a cell based assay (CBA) utilizing indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) on tissue culture cells transfected with the PLA2R cDNA. Limitations of such IIF-CBA assays include observer dependent subjective evaluation of semi-quantitative test results and the protocols are not amenable to high throughput diagnostic testing. We developed a quantitative, observer independent, high throughput capture immunoassay for detecting PLA2R autoantibodies on an addressable laser bead immunoassay (ALBIA) platform. Since reactive domains of PLA2R (i.e. epitopes) could be used to improve diagnostic tests by using small peptides in various high throughput diagnostic platforms, we identified PLA2R epitopes that bound autoantibodies of IMN patients. These studies confirmed that inter-molecular epitope spreading occurs in IMN but use of the cognate synthetic peptides in immunoassays was unable to conclusively distinguish between IMN patients and normal controls. However, combinations of these peptides were able to effectively absorb anti-PLA2R reactivity in IIF-CBA and an immunoassay that employed a lysate derived from HEK cells tranfected with and overexpressing PLA2R. While we provide evidence of intermolecular epitope spreading, our data indicates that in addition to conformational epitopes, human anti-PLA2R reactivity in a commercially available CBA and an addressable laser bead immunoassay is significantly absorbed by peptides representing epitopes of PLA2R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Behnert
- Division of Nephrology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Beina Teng
- Division of Nephrology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Meifeng Zhang
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Frank Bollig
- Division of Nephrology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Hermann Haller
- Division of Nephrology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Andrej Skoberne
- Division of Nephrology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Michael Mahler
- INOVA Diagnostics, INC., San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Mario Schiffer
- Division of Nephrology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- * E-mail:
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11
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Amrutkar SD, Trier NH, Hansen PR, Houen G. Fine mapping of a monoclonal antibody to the N-Methyl D-aspartate receptor reveals a short linear epitope. Biopolymers 2013. [PMID: 23203762 DOI: 10.1002/bip.22165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Anti-N-Methyl D-aspartate receptor encephalitis is an autoimmune disease in which autoantibodies are produced against extracellular regions of the N-Methyl D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR). In this study, we used resin-bound peptides equipped with a base labile linker to map the epitope of a monoclonal NMDAR antibody against the NMDAR NR1 subunit. The antigenicity of the synthesized resin-bound peptides was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Distinct reactivity was found to two extracellular overlapping peptides (amino acids, 658-687). Using N- and C-terminally truncated resin-bound peptides, the minimum functional epitope was identified as the NPSDK sequence. The peptide sequence RNPSDK (amino acids, 673-678) was identified as the complete epitope, which was found to be located in the extracellular S2 domain of the NR1 subunit. Especially, the N-terminal arginine residue was found to be essential for reactivity, whereas the remaining amino acids could be replaced with amino acids of similar side-chain functionality, indicating the importance of backbone interaction in antibody reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surekha Dipak Amrutkar
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Immunology and Genetics, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen S 2300, Denmark
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12
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Patronov A, Doytchinova I. T-cell epitope vaccine design by immunoinformatics. Open Biol 2013; 3:120139. [PMID: 23303307 PMCID: PMC3603454 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.120139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccination is generally considered to be the most effective method of preventing infectious diseases. All vaccinations work by presenting a foreign antigen to the immune system in order to evoke an immune response. The active agent of a vaccine may be intact but inactivated ('attenuated') forms of the causative pathogens (bacteria or viruses), or purified components of the pathogen that have been found to be highly immunogenic. The increased understanding of antigen recognition at molecular level has resulted in the development of rationally designed peptide vaccines. The concept of peptide vaccines is based on identification and chemical synthesis of B-cell and T-cell epitopes which are immunodominant and can induce specific immune responses. The accelerating growth of bioinformatics techniques and applications along with the substantial amount of experimental data has given rise to a new field, called immunoinformatics. Immunoinformatics is a branch of bioinformatics dealing with in silico analysis and modelling of immunological data and problems. Different sequence- and structure-based immunoinformatics methods are reviewed in the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Irini Doytchinova
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
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13
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Mehra S, Walker J, Patterson K, Fritzler MJ. Autoantibodies in systemic sclerosis. Autoimmun Rev 2013; 12:340-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2012.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2012] [Accepted: 05/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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14
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Linnebacher M, Lorenz P, Koy C, Jahnke A, Born N, Steinbeck F, Wollbold J, Latzkow T, Thiesen HJ, Glocker MO. Clonality characterization of natural epitope-specific antibodies against the tumor-related antigen topoisomerase IIa by peptide chip and proteome analysis: a pilot study with colorectal carcinoma patient samples. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 403:227-38. [PMID: 22349330 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-5781-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2011] [Revised: 01/16/2012] [Accepted: 01/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Linnebacher
- Department of General Surgery, Molecular Oncology and Immunotherapy, Medical Faculty, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
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Mahler M, You D, Baron M, Taillefer SS, Hudson M, Fritzler MJ. Anti-centromere antibodies in a large cohort of systemic sclerosis patients: Comparison between immunofluorescence, CENP-A and CENP-B ELISA. Clin Chim Acta 2011; 412:1937-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2011.06.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2011] [Revised: 06/18/2011] [Accepted: 06/27/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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16
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Iobagiu C, Magyar A, Nogueira L, Cornillet M, Sebbag M, Arnaud J, Hudecz F, Serre G. The antigen specificity of the rheumatoid arthritis-associated ACPA directed to citrullinated fibrin is very closely restricted. J Autoimmun 2011; 37:263-72. [PMID: 21872430 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2011.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2011] [Revised: 07/21/2011] [Accepted: 07/28/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The major targets of the disease-specific autoantibodies to citrullinated proteins (ACPA) in synovium of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients are borne by the citrullinated α- and β-chains of fibrin. We demonstrated that ACPA target a limited set of citrullinated fibrin peptides and particularly four multicitrullinated peptides which present the major epitopes. In this study, we established the clear immunodominance of the peptides α36-50Cit(38,42) and β60-74Cit(60,72,74) which were recognised by 51/81 (63%) and 61/81 (75%) of ACPA-positive patients, respectively, more than 90% recognising one, the other or both peptides. We also identified the citrullyl residues αCit(42), βCit(72) and βCit(74) as essential for antigenicity, and at a lesser degree αCit(38). Then, we assayed on overlapping 7-mer peptides encompassing the sequences of the two peptides, 3 series of sera recognising either α36-50Cit(38,42) or β60-74Cit(60,72,74) or both peptides. In each series, the reactivity profiles of the sera, largely superimposable, allowed identification of the two 4/5-mer overlapping epitopes (α: VECit(42)HQ and α': Cit(38)VVE), and the single 5-mer epitope (β: GYCit(72)ACit(74)), all located to a flexible globular domain of fibrin on a topological 3D model. In conclusion, we demonstrated that only 3 immunodominant epitopes are targeted by ACPA on citrullinated fibrin stressing their actual oligoclonality. However, the reactivity to the 3 epitopes distinguishes three subgroups of patients. The closely restricted antigen specificity suggests that the autoimmune reaction to citrullinated fibrin is antigen-driven. The accessibility of the epitopes reinforces the hypothesis of a pathogenic role for ACPA via immune complexe formation in the synovial tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Iobagiu
- Laboratory of "Epidermis Differentiation and Rheumatoid Autoimmunity", UMR 5165 CNRS-Toulouse III University, Purpan Hospital, Place du Dr Baylac, TSA 40031, 31059 Toulouse cedex 9, France.
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17
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Autoantibodies to intracellular antigens: Generation and pathogenetic role. Autoimmun Rev 2011; 10:503-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2011.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2011] [Accepted: 03/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Preparation and identification of the lipopolysaccharide binding protein mimic epitope peptide vaccine that prevents endotoxin-induced acute lung injury in mice. Vaccine 2011; 29:4162-72. [PMID: 21473948 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.03.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2010] [Revised: 02/12/2011] [Accepted: 03/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to detect the immunogenicity of a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) binding protein (LBP) mimic epitope peptide vaccine and evaluate its effect on controlling excessive and uncontrolled inflammatory reactions in mice with acute lung injury. The vaccine was prepared by mixing self-made LBP mimic epitope multiple antigen peptide (MAP) and Freund adjuvants in a proper proportion. Healthy mice were inoculated with the vaccine and the dynamic changes of anti-MAP antibody were measured using ELISA. Anti-MAP antibody was prepared from the immune serum of the mice based on the standard antibody preparation program. Western blot assay was used to identify LBP specificity of anti-MAP antibody. Anti-MAP antibody bioactivity was analyzed using in vitro binding activity test. Following the vaccine inoculation, the mice were injected with LPS to induce acute lung injury. Anti-MAP antibody prepared was also used to immune the mice with LPS-induced acute lung injury. TNF-α and IL-1β contents in serum and lung tissue homogenate were measured using double antibody sandwiched ELISA at different time-points after LPS challenge. At 8h time-point, total white blood cell counts, polymorphonuclear leucocyte count and protein content in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were measured and pulmonary morphological changes were evaluated. The antibody titer was gradually rising, reaching to its peak at 8th week and lasting to the tenth week. The antibody possessed strong immunogenicity, high specificity and favorable biologic activity. Whole range inoculation of LBP mimic epitope peptide vaccine or anti-MAP antibody intervention partly eliminates LPS-mediated acute lung injury. In conclusion, LBP mimic epitope peptide vaccine successfully induced highly specific antibody with high bioactivity in mice. LBP mimic epitope peptide vaccine and anti-MAP antibody inhibited excessive and uncontrolled inflammatory reactions from LPS-mediated acute lung injury in mice.
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Fast and efficient characterization of an anti-gliadin monoclonal antibody epitope related to celiac disease using resin-bound peptides. J Immunol Methods 2011; 365:174-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2010.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2010] [Revised: 12/08/2010] [Accepted: 12/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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20
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Sato T, Fujii T, Yokoyama T, Fujita Y, Imura Y, Yukawa N, Kawabata D, Nojima T, Ohmura K, Usui T, Mimori T. Anti-U1 RNP antibodies in cerebrospinal fluid are associated with central neuropsychiatric manifestations in systemic lupus erythematosus and mixed connective tissue disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 62:3730-40. [DOI: 10.1002/art.27700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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21
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Abstract
The multiple inter-dependent post-translational modifications of histones represent fine regulators of chromatin dynamics. These covalent modifications, including phosphorylation, acetylation, ubiquitination, deimination, and methylation, affect therefore the numerous processes involving chromatin, such as replication, repair, transcription, genome stability, and cell death. Specific enzymes introducing modified residues in histones are precisely regulated, and a single amino acid residue can be subjected to a single or several, independent modifications. Disruption of histone post-translational modifications perturbs the pattern of gene expression, which may result in disease manifestations. It has become evident in recent years that apoptosis-modified histones exert a central role in the induction of autoimmunity, for example in systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis. Certain histone post-translational modifications are linked to cell death (apoptotic and non-apoptotic cell death) and might be involved in lupus in the activation of normally tolerant lymphocyte subpopulations. In this review, we discuss how these modifications can affect the antigenicity and immunogenicity of histones with potential consequences in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases.
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Feng YK, Yang QH, Liu YS, Xu JC, Qian GS, Wang YH. The localization of two mimic epitopes of lipopolysaccharide binding protein and the preparation of their tandem multiple antigen peptide. J Immunol Methods 2010; 362:60-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2010.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2010] [Revised: 08/20/2010] [Accepted: 09/01/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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23
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Mahler M, Maes L, Blockmans D, Westhovens R, Bossuyt X, Riemekasten G, Schneider S, Hiepe F, Swart A, Gürtler I, Egerer K, Fooke M, Fritzler MJ. Clinical and serological evaluation of a novel CENP-A peptide based ELISA. Arthritis Res Ther 2010; 12:R99. [PMID: 20487535 PMCID: PMC2911886 DOI: 10.1186/ar3029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2009] [Revised: 02/11/2010] [Accepted: 05/20/2010] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Anti-centromere antibodies (ACA) are useful biomarkers in the diagnosis of systemic sclerosis (SSc). ACA are found in 20 to 40% of SSc patients and, albeit with lower prevalence, in patients with other systemic autoimmune rheumatic diseases. Historically, ACA were detected by indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) on HEp-2 cells and confirmed by immunoassays using recombinant CENP-B. The objective of this study was to evaluate a novel CENP-A peptide ELISA. Methods Sera collected from SSc patients (n = 334) and various other diseases (n = 619) and from healthy controls (n = 175) were tested for anti-CENP-A antibodies by the novel CENP-A enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Furthermore, ACA were determined in the disease cohorts by IIF (ImmunoConcepts, Sacramento, CA, USA), CENP-B ELISA (Dr. Fooke), EliA® CENP (Phadia, Freiburg, Germany) and line-immunoassay (LIA, Mikrogen, Neuried, Germany). Serological and clinical associations of anti-CENP-A with other autoantibodies were conducted in one participating centre. Inhibition experiments with either the CENP-A peptide or recombinant CENP-B were carried out to analyse the specificity of anti-CENP-A and -B antibodies. Results The CENP-A ELISA results were in good agreement with other ACA detection methods. According to the kappa method, the qualitative agreements were: 0.73 (vs. IIF), 0.81 (vs. LIA), 0.86 (vs. CENP-B ELISA) and 0.97 (vs. EliA® CENP). The quantitative comparison between CENP-A and CENP-B ELISA using 265 samples revealed a correlation value of rho = 0.5 (by Spearman equation). The receiver operating characteristic analysis indicated that the discrimination between SSc patients (n = 131) and various controls (n = 134) was significantly better using the CENP-A as compared to CENP-B ELISA (P < 0.0001). Modified Rodnan skin score was significantly lower in the CENP-A negative group compared to the positive patients (P = 0.013). Inhibition experiments revealed no significant cross reactivity of anti-CENP-A and anti-CENP-B antibodies. Statistically relevant differences for gender ratio (P = 0.0103), specific joint involvement (Jaccoud) (P = 0.0006) and anti-phospholipid syndrome (P = 0.0157) between ACA positive SLE patients and the entire SLE cohort were observed. Conclusions Anti-CENP-A antibodies as determined by peptide ELISA represent a sensitive, specific and independent marker for the detection of ACA and are useful biomarkers for the diagnosis of SSc. Our data suggest that anti-CENP-A antibodies are a more specific biomarker for SSc than antibodies to CENP-B. Furthers studies are required to verify these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Mahler
- Dr. Fooke Laboratorien, Mainstrasse 85, 41469 Neuss, Germany
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Braun S, Berg C, Buck S, Gregor M, Klein R. Catalytic domain of PDC-E2 contains epitopes recognized by antimitochondrial antibodies in primary biliary cirrhosis. World J Gastroenterol 2010; 16:973-81. [PMID: 20180236 PMCID: PMC2828602 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v16.i8.973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To search for further immunodominant peptides of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex E2-component (PDC-E2) recognized by antimitochondrial antibodies (AMA) in primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC).
METHODS: Sera from 95 patients with PBC were tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay against 33 synthetic overlapping peptides (25 amino acids; aa) covering the entire length of the E2-subunit of PDC-E2. Furthermore, the inner lipoyl peptide 167-184 was used in an unlipoylated and a lipoylated form as well as coupled to ovalbumin. Sera from 11 AMA negative/ANA positive PBC patients, 63 patients with other liver disorders and 22 healthy blood donors served as controls.
RESULTS: Of the 95 PBC-sera, 74% reacted with the peptide 475-499 and 58% with the peptide 407-431 located within the catalytic domain of PDC-E2. Patients with other disorders or healthy controls were positive in only up to 18%. Antibodies to the unlipoylated and lipoylated peptide 167-184 within the inner lipoyl domain were found in only 5% and 11% of the PBC sera, respectively; using ovalbumin-coupled peptides, the incidence increased up to 57% (unlipoylated form).
CONCLUSION: Peptides within the catalytic site of PDC-E2 rather than the previously reported lipoyl binding peptide 167-184 may represent major immunodominant epitopes recognized by AMA in PBC.
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Mahler M, Fritzler MJ. Epitope specificity and significance in systemic autoimmune diseases. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2010; 1183:267-87. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05127.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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26
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Knittelfelder R, Riemer AB, Jensen-Jarolim E. Mimotope vaccination--from allergy to cancer. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2010; 9:493-506. [PMID: 19344285 DOI: 10.1517/14712590902870386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mimotopes are peptides mimicking protein, carbohydrates or lipid epitopes and can be generated by phage display technology. When selected by antibodies, they represent exclusively B-cell epitopes and are devoid of antigen/allergen-specific T-cell epitopes. Coupled to carriers or presented in a multiple antigenic peptide form mimotopes achieve immunogenicity and induce epitope-specific antibody responses upon vaccination. OBJECTIVE/METHODS In allergy IgG antibodies may block IgE binding to allergens, whereas other IgG antibody specificities enhance this and support the anaphylactic reaction. In cancer, inhibitory antibody specificities prevent growth signals derived from overexpressed oncogenes, whereas growth-promoting specificities enhance signalling and proliferation. Therefore, the mimotope concept is applicable to both fields for epitope-specific vaccination and analysis of conformational B-cell epitopes for the allergen/antigen. RESULTS/CONCLUSIONS Mimotope technology is a relatively young theme in allergology and oncology. Still, proof of concept studies testing allergen and tumour mimotope vaccines suggest that mimotopes are ready for clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Knittelfelder
- Medical University of Vienna, Department of Pathophysiology, Center of Physiology, Pathophysiology and Immunology Waehringer Guertel 18-20, Vienna, Austria
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Mahler M, Fritzler MJ. PM1-Alpha ELISA: The assay of choice for the detection of anti-PM/Scl autoantibodies? Autoimmun Rev 2009; 8:373-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2008.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2008] [Accepted: 12/02/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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28
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Camacho CJ, Katsumata Y, Ascherman DP. Structural and thermodynamic approach to peptide immunogenicity. PLoS Comput Biol 2008; 4:e1000231. [PMID: 19023401 PMCID: PMC2577884 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2008] [Accepted: 10/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In the conventional paradigm of humoral immunity, B cells recognize their cognate antigen target in its native form. However, it is well known that relatively unstable peptides bearing only partial structural resemblance to the native protein can trigger antibodies recognizing higher-order structures found in the native protein. On the basis of sound thermodynamic principles, this work reveals that stability of immunogenic proteinlike motifs is a critical parameter rationalizing the diverse humoral immune responses induced by different linear peptide epitopes. In this paradigm, peptides with a minimal amount of stability (ΔGX<0 kcal/mol) around a proteinlike motif (X) are capable of inducing antibodies with similar affinity for both peptide and native protein, more weakly stable peptides (ΔGX>0 kcal/mol) trigger antibodies recognizing full protein but not peptide, and unstable peptides (ΔGX>8 kcal/mol) fail to generate antibodies against either peptide or protein. Immunization experiments involving peptides derived from the autoantigen histidyl-tRNA synthetase verify that selected peptides with varying relative stabilities predicted by molecular dynamics simulations induce antibody responses consistent with this theory. Collectively, these studies provide insight pertinent to the structural basis of immunogenicity and, at the same time, validate this form of thermodynamic and molecular modeling as an approach to probe the development/evolution of humoral immune responses. In the current paradigm of immune system recognition, T cell receptors bind to relatively short peptide sequences complexed with major histocompatibility complex proteins on the surface of antigen presenting cells, while B cell receptors recognize unprocessed protein structures. Yet, ample data exist showing that peptide immunization can trigger B cell responses targeting both the immunizing peptide and peptidelike motifs contained within intact protein—despite the fact that the folding stability of such peptides is often quite low. Using thermodynamic modeling and the technique of molecular dynamics simulations, this work provides a cogent framework for understanding the relative capacity of inherently unstable peptide structures to faithfully trigger B cell antibody production against specific conformational motifs found in native/intact proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos J. Camacho
- Department of Computational Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail: (CJC); (DPA)
| | - Yasuhiro Katsumata
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Dana P. Ascherman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail: (CJC); (DPA)
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Carotenuto A, Alcaro MC, Saviello MR, Peroni E, Nuti F, Papini AM, Novellino E, Rovero P. Designed Glycopeptides with Different β-Turn Types as Synthetic Probes for the Detection of Autoantibodies as Biomarkers of Multiple Sclerosis. J Med Chem 2008; 51:5304-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jm800391y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Carotenuto
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Chemistry, University of Naples “Federico II”, via D. Montesano 49, I-80131 Naples, Italy, and Departments of Organic Chemistry “Ugo Schiff” and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Laboratory of Peptide and Protein Chemistry and Biology, University of Florence, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Maria Claudia Alcaro
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Chemistry, University of Naples “Federico II”, via D. Montesano 49, I-80131 Naples, Italy, and Departments of Organic Chemistry “Ugo Schiff” and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Laboratory of Peptide and Protein Chemistry and Biology, University of Florence, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Saviello
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Chemistry, University of Naples “Federico II”, via D. Montesano 49, I-80131 Naples, Italy, and Departments of Organic Chemistry “Ugo Schiff” and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Laboratory of Peptide and Protein Chemistry and Biology, University of Florence, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Elisa Peroni
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Chemistry, University of Naples “Federico II”, via D. Montesano 49, I-80131 Naples, Italy, and Departments of Organic Chemistry “Ugo Schiff” and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Laboratory of Peptide and Protein Chemistry and Biology, University of Florence, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Francesca Nuti
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Chemistry, University of Naples “Federico II”, via D. Montesano 49, I-80131 Naples, Italy, and Departments of Organic Chemistry “Ugo Schiff” and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Laboratory of Peptide and Protein Chemistry and Biology, University of Florence, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Papini
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Chemistry, University of Naples “Federico II”, via D. Montesano 49, I-80131 Naples, Italy, and Departments of Organic Chemistry “Ugo Schiff” and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Laboratory of Peptide and Protein Chemistry and Biology, University of Florence, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Ettore Novellino
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Chemistry, University of Naples “Federico II”, via D. Montesano 49, I-80131 Naples, Italy, and Departments of Organic Chemistry “Ugo Schiff” and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Laboratory of Peptide and Protein Chemistry and Biology, University of Florence, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Paolo Rovero
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Chemistry, University of Naples “Federico II”, via D. Montesano 49, I-80131 Naples, Italy, and Departments of Organic Chemistry “Ugo Schiff” and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Laboratory of Peptide and Protein Chemistry and Biology, University of Florence, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
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Breithaupt C, Schäfer B, Pellkofer H, Huber R, Linington C, Jacob U. Demyelinating Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein-Specific Autoantibody Response Is Focused on One Dominant Conformational Epitope Region in Rodents. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 181:1255-63. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.2.1255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Mahler M, Raijmakers R. Novel aspects of autoantibodies to the PM/Scl complex: Clinical, genetic and diagnostic insights. Autoimmun Rev 2007; 6:432-7. [PMID: 17643929 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2007.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2006] [Accepted: 01/21/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A characteristic feature of patients suffering from connective tissue diseases such as polymyositis (PM), dermatomyositis, systemic sclerosis (scleroderma, SSc, Scl), systemic lupus erythematosus or overlap syndromes thereof are anti-nuclear antibodies and anti-nucleolar antibodies. Antibodies to the PM/Scl complex, also known as the human exosome complex, belong to the anti-nucleolar antibodies and are mainly found in patients with PM/SSc overlap syndrome and related diseases. Until recently, the detection of anti-PM/Scl antibodies was laborious and relied largely on indirect immunofluorescence and immunodiffusion techniques. With the identification and characterization of the autoantigens, especially PM/Scl-75, PM/Scl-100 and a synthetic peptide (PM1-Alpha) thereof, newly developed assays based on recombinant proteins and peptides have allowed the development of a new generation of anti-PM/Scl tests with high sensitivity and specificity. These novel assays (i.e. ELISA, line immunoassays and protein arrays) enable testing for anti-PM/Scl in modern, automated, multi-parametric assay settings. The present review focuses on recent insights on anti-PM/Scl autoantibodies with special emphasis on clinical, genetic and diagnostic aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Mahler
- Dr. Fooke Laboratorien GmbH, Mainstr.85, 41469 Neuss, Germany.
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Loureiro ME, Marino VJ, Mathieu PA, Duhalde M, Roguin LP, Peña C, Retegui LA. Properties of cryptic epitopes and their corresponding antibodies as indicated by the study of human and ovine growth hormones. Immunol Invest 2007; 36:159-74. [PMID: 17365017 DOI: 10.1080/08820130600941179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies (Ab) directed to hidden antigenic determinants (cryptotopes) are undesirable because they are not neutralizing. Additionally, we have previously demonstrated a close association between the extent of Ab to cryptic determinants and the expression of autoantibodies (autoAb) under some experimental conditions. Thus, the first objective of this work was to establish the physicochemical characteristics of Ab to cryptotopes and the second one was to examine the structural features of cryptic epitopes themselves. Using human and ovine growth hormones (hGH and oGH) as antigenic models and competition ELISA under different conditions of temperature, pH or ionic strength, we did not find any difference between the binding properties of anti-cryptic epitope antibodies (Ab) and anti-native epitope Ab. Then, using synthetic peptides and tryptic digests and direct and competition ELISAs we studied the structures of cryptic hGH and oGH epitopes. Isolated peptides either in solution or adsorbed on microplates failed to react. Partially digested hGH was recognized only when insolubilized on microplates, and anti-oGH Ab only reacted with a large fragment of the hormone either in solution or insolubilized. These results indicate that, at least in the case of hGH and oGH, cryptic epitopes are not simple linear sequences, as commonly referred without any evidence, but new exposed conformational structures different from those found in the native antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Loureiro
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (UBA-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Xiong Z, Liu E, Yan Y, Silver RT, Yang F, Chen IH, Chen Y, Verstovsek S, Wang H, Prchal J, Yang XF. An unconventional antigen translated by a novel internal ribosome entry site elicits antitumor humoral immune reactions. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 177:4907-16. [PMID: 16982933 PMCID: PMC3902139 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.7.4907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Self-tumor Ags that elicit antitumor immune responses in responses to IFN-alpha stimulation remain poorly defined. We screened a human testis cDNA library with sera from three polycythemia vera patients who responded to IFN-alpha and identified a novel Ag, MPD6. MPD6 belongs to the group of cryptic Ags without conventional genomic structure and is encoded by a cryptic open reading frame located in the 3'-untranslated region of myotrophin mRNA. MPD6 elicits IgG Ab responses in a subset of polycythemia vera patients, as well as patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia and prostate cancer, suggesting that it is broadly immunogenic. The expression of myotrophin-MPD6 transcripts was up-regulated in some tumor cells, but only slightly increased in K562 cells in response to IFN-alpha treatment. By using bicistronic reporter constructs, we showed that the translation of MPD6 was mediated by a novel internal ribosome entry site (IRES) upstream of the MPD6 reading frame. Furthermore, the MPD6-IRES-mediated translation, but not myotrophin-MPD6 transcription, was significantly up-regulated in response to IFN-alpha stimulation. These findings demonstrate that a novel IRES-mediated mechanism may be responsible for the translation of unconventional self-Ag MPD6 in responsive to IFN-alpha stimulation. The eliciting antitumor immune response against unconventional Ag MPD6 in patients with myeloproliferative diseases suggests MPD6 as a potential target of novel immunotherapy.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Antigens, Neoplasm/chemistry
- Antigens, Neoplasm/physiology
- Antigens, Neoplasm/ultrastructure
- Blotting, Northern
- Blotting, Western
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Gene Library
- Humans
- Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/genetics
- Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/immunology
- Interferon-gamma/immunology
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/immunology
- Male
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Polycythemia Vera/immunology
- Prostatic Neoplasms/immunology
- Protein Biosynthesis
- Protein Structure, Secondary
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Ribosomes/chemistry
- Ribosomes/genetics
- Ribosomes/ultrastructure
- Testis/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeyu Xiong
- Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140
| | - Enli Liu
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Yan Yan
- Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140
| | - Richard T. Silver
- Department of Medicine, New York Presbyterian-Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY 10021
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140
| | - Irene H. Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140
| | - Yangyang Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140
| | - Srdan Verstovsek
- Department of Leukemia, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140
| | - Josef Prchal
- Department of Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Xiao-Feng Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140
- Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Xiao-Feng Yang, Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, 3420 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140.
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Sebbag M, Moinard N, Auger I, Clavel C, Arnaud J, Nogueira L, Roudier J, Serre G. Epitopes of human fibrin recognized by the rheumatoid arthritis-specific autoantibodies to citrullinated proteins. Eur J Immunol 2006; 36:2250-63. [PMID: 16838278 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200535790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Formation of the epitopes recognized by the rheumatoid arthritis (RA)-specific autoantibodies to citrullinated proteins (ACPA) on filaggrin and on the alpha- and beta-chains of fibrin, their synovial target, requires conversion of their arginyl residues into citrullyl residues, but is also affected by their amino-acyl environment. Using competition with five citrullinated filaggrin-derived peptides bearing major ACPA epitopes, we confirmed the close cross-reactivity between filaggrin and citrullinated fibrin. To identify the sequential epitopes recognized on fibrin by ACPA, 71 citrullinated 15-mer peptides derived from all the sites of the alpha- and beta-chains of fibrin harboring arginyl residues were tested by ELISA using ACPA-positive RA sera exhibiting different reactivity profiles to the five filaggrin peptides. We identified 18 fibrin-derived peptides bearing ACPA epitopes. Regarding the ability of fibrinogen arginyl residues to be citrullinated in vitro, 11 of the peptides likely correspond to in vivo targeted epitopes. Two out of them bear major epitopes and are located in the central globular domain of the protein. In the synovial tissue, fibrin citrullination and ACPA binding could impair fibrin degradation by plasmin. The immunological conflict between ACPA and fibrin could therefore sustain synovial inflammation not only via pro-inflammatory effector mechanisms but also via impairment of fibrinolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireille Sebbag
- Laboratory of "Epidermis Differentiation and Rheumatoid Autoimmunity", UMR 5165 CNRS-Toulouse III University, IFR30 (CNRS-INSERM-Université Paul Sabatier-CHU de Toulouse), Toulouse, France
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35
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Yang F, Chen IH, Xiong Z, Yan Y, Wang H, Yang XF. Model of stimulation-responsive splicing and strategies in identification of immunogenic isoforms of tumor antigens and autoantigens. Clin Immunol 2006; 121:121-33. [PMID: 16890493 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2006.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2006] [Revised: 06/13/2006] [Accepted: 06/15/2006] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
We recently proposed a novel model of stimulation-responsive splicing for the selection of autoantigens and self-tumor antigens. Our model theorizes that the significantly higher rates of alternative splicing of autoantigen and self-tumor antigen transcripts that occur in response to stimuli could induce extra-thymic expression of untolerized antigen epitopes for elicitation of autoimmune and anti-tumor responses. To facilitate the identification of immunogenic isoforms of antigens, we have developed strategies using improved SEREX in conjunction with database-mining and immunogenic isoform mapping. Identification of immunogenic isoforms of autoantigens and self-tumor antigens is very important for the development of novel therapeutics and diagnostic tools for autoimmune diseases and tumors, such as: (1) autoantigen isoform microarrays for disease diagnosis and prognosis; (2) autoantigen isoform-specific tolerizing vaccines and splicing-redirection therapies, as well as (3) immunogenic antigen isoform-specific immunotherapy for tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, 3420 North Broad Street, Medical Research Building, Suite 300, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.
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Xiong Z, Shaibani A, Li YP, Yan Y, Zhang S, Yang Y, Yang F, Wang H, Yang XF. Alternative splicing factor ASF/SF2 is down regulated in inflamed muscle. J Clin Pathol 2006; 59:855-61. [PMID: 16574722 PMCID: PMC1860460 DOI: 10.1136/jcp.2005.032961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/11/2005] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In our recent studies, alternative splicing has been shown to have a major role in inflammation and autoimmune muscle diseases. AIM To examine the novel hypothesis that the expression of an essential alternative splicing factor, alternative splicing factor 2 (ASF/SF2), is modulated in muscle inflammation. METHODS ASF/SF2 expression in muscle biopsy samples from eight patients with inflammatory myopathy and six non-myositic controls was determined by using western blot with anti-ASF/SF2 antibodies. To further elucidate the mechanism of reduced ASF/SF2 expression in inflamed muscle, differentiated C2C12 myotubes were stimulated with proinflammatory cytokine tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha), followed by western blot analysis of ASF/SF2 expression. RESULTS ASF/SF2 expression in the muscle biopsy samples from patients with inflammatory myopathy was found to be lower (mean of relative densitometric units 41.1 (2SD 20.7)) than that of the non-myositic controls (mean of relative densitometric units 76.7 (39.6); p<0.05). In addition to this, ASF/SF2 expression was seen to be significantly down regulated (sevenfold) in C2C12 myotubes compared with expression variations in the beta-actin control (0.62-fold; mean 1.22 (0.40); p<0.05). CONCLUSION Collectively, it is shown, for the first time, that alternative splicing factor ASF/SF2 is down regulated in autoimmune inflammatory myositis-potentially via a TNFalpha-mediated pathway. The development of (1) novel autoantigen isoform microarrays for disease diagnosis and prognosis; (2) novel autoantigen-tolerising treatments for autoimmune diseases; and (3) novel splicing-redirection treatments can be facilitated by the ongoing study of alternative splicing of autoantigen transcripts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Xiong
- Laboratory of Immunopathology, Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, USA
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Wolin SL, Reinisch KM. The Ro 60 kDa autoantigen comes into focus: interpreting epitope mapping experiments on the basis of structure. Autoimmun Rev 2005; 5:367-72. [PMID: 16890888 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2005.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2005] [Accepted: 10/02/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A conserved RNA-binding protein, the Ro 60 kDa (Ro60) autoantigen, is a major target of autoantibodies in patients suffering from the rheumatic diseases Sjogren's syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus, subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus and neonatal lupus erythematosus. In both mice and certain bacteria, Ro60 is important for cell survival following ultraviolet irradiation. Although the function of Ro60 was mysterious for many years, recent experiments have demonstrated that this protein binds misfolded noncoding RNAs in vertebrate cells and likely functions in a pathway by which defective RNAs are recognized and targeted for degradation. Recent structural studies have revealed that Ro60 is shaped like a doughnut with an inner hole. Noncoding RNAs called Y RNAs bind on the outer surface of the ring, while the single-stranded ends of misfolded RNAs likely bind within the hole. Comparison of the Ro60 structure with the results of epitope-mapping studies reveals that many of the currently identified epitopes recognized by patient sera overlap regions of Ro60 that function in RNA binding. Moreover, in some patients with anti-Ro60 antibodies, the initial antigenic epitope corresponds to a loop involved in binding single-stranded RNA in the central cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra L Wolin
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, United States.
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38
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Goto N, Sugiura K, Ogawa Y, Watanabe A, Onouchi H, Tomita Y, Muro Y. Anti-p80 coilin autoantibodies react with a conserved epitope and are associated with anti-DFS70/LEDGF autoantibodies. J Autoimmun 2005; 26:42-51. [PMID: 16246523 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2005.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2005] [Revised: 08/17/2005] [Accepted: 09/05/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
p80 coilin is a nuclear autoantigen that strongly accumulates in Cajal bodies (CB) and is considered a marker for CBs. No clear clinical features have been associated with anti-p80 autoantibodies, and the epitopes recognized by these antibodies are entirely unknown. We determined the epitope specificity for 34 anti-p80 coilin-positive sera from Japanese patients to better understand its clinical significance. Western blotting and immunoprecipitation analysis revealed that the autoepitope of p80 coilin was restricted to a single region encompassing amino acid residues 421-576 from the C-terminus of p80 coilin. Additionally, sera from 30 of 34 (88%) patients with anti-p80 coilin antibody titers were also positive for anti-DFS70/LEDGF antibody. This autoantibody is sometimes found in patients with some allergic diseases but rarely in patients with connective tissue disease (CTD). Other similar characteristics between these two autoantibodies were also noted. In contrast, few anti-p80 coilin positive patients were positive for CTD-marker antibodies, such as anti-Sm, anti-dsDNA, and anti-SS-A. We conclude that the presence of anti-p80 coilin autoantibodies is not associated with any particular clinical syndromes nor is it diagnostic of any conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoya Goto
- Division of Connective Tissue Disease and Autoimmunity, Department of Dermatology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
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Ogawa Y, Sugiura K, Watanabe A, Kunimatsu M, Mishima M, Tomita Y, Muro Y. Autoantigenicity of DFS70 is restricted to the conformational epitope of C-terminal alpha-helical domain. J Autoimmun 2005; 23:221-31. [PMID: 15501393 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2004.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2004] [Revised: 06/29/2004] [Accepted: 07/13/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Autoantibodies against DFS70 (Dense Fine Speckles 70) are found in 30% of Japanese atopic dermatitis patients, and less frequently in patients with other diseases. We have recently reported that they are also seen in 11% of hospital workers, but in only approximately 2% of patients with systemic rheumatic disease. In this study, in order to investigate the possible pathological role of anti-DFS70 antibodies, fine epitope mapping was carried out using 93 anti-DFS70 autoantibody-positive sera. Immunoblotting using overlapping peptides failed to reveal major linear epitopes. Western blotting using various truncated proteins showed a strikingly uniform epitope distribution on a suspected tertiary structure expressed by DFS70(349-435). Some sera showed reactivity only in an immunoprecipitation assay using an in vitro translated DFS70. Circular dichroism analysis revealed that DFS(349-435) contains an approximately 40% alpha-helical conformation, while an overlapping, non-antigenic peptide is composed of random coiled structures. The skewed single major epitope enabled us to establish a highly quantitative ELISA for the epitope region. Antibody titers showed no significant differences between the diseased group and healthy individuals. We propose that anti-DFS70 antibody may be a natural autoantibody, which might modify or reflect the inflammatory process of various disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasushi Ogawa
- Division of Connective Tissue Disease & Autoimmunity, Department of Dermatology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
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Mahler M, Raijmakers R, Dähnrich C, Blüthner M, Fritzler MJ. Clinical evaluation of autoantibodies to a novel PM/Scl peptide antigen. Arthritis Res Ther 2005; 7:R704-13. [PMID: 15899056 PMCID: PMC1174964 DOI: 10.1186/ar1729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2005] [Revised: 02/22/2005] [Accepted: 03/04/2005] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Anti-PM/Scl antibodies represent a specific serological marker for a subset of patients with scleroderma (Scl) and polymyositis (PM), and especially with the PM/Scl overlap syndrome (PM/Scl). Anti-PM/Scl reactivity is found in 24% of PM/Scl patients and is found in 3–10% of Scl and PM patients. The PM/Scl autoantigen complex comprises 11–16 different polypeptides. Many of those proteins can serve as targets of the anti-PM/Scl B-cell response, but most frequently the PM/Scl-100 and PM/Scl-75 polypeptides are targeted. In the present study we investigated the clinical relevance of a major alpha helical PM/Scl-100 epitope (PM1-α) using a newly developed peptide-based immunoassay and compared the immunological properties of this peptide with native and recombinant PM/Scl antigens. In a technical comparison, we showed that an ELISA based on the PM1-α peptide is more sensitive than common techniques to detect anti-PM/Scl antibodies such as immunoblot, indirect immunofluorescence on HEp-2 cells and ELISA with recombinant PM/Scl polypeptides. We found no statistical evidence of a positive association between anti-PM1-α and other antibodies, with the exception of known PM/Scl components. In our cohort a negative correlation could be found with anti-Scl-70 (topoisomerase I), anti-Jo-1 (histidyl tRNA synthetase) and anti-centromere proteins. In a multicenter evaluation we demonstrated that the PM1-α peptide represents a sensitive and reliable substrate for the detection of a subclass of anti-PM/Scl antibodies. In total, 22/40 (55%) PM/Scl patients, 27/205 (13.2%) Scl patients and 3/40 (7.5%) PM patients, but only 5/288 (1.7%) unrelated controls, tested positive for the anti-PM1-α peptide antibodies. These data indicate that anti-PM1-α antibodies appear to be exclusively present in sera from PM/Scl patients, from Scl patients and, to a lesser extent, from PM patients. The anti-PM1-α ELISA thus offers a new serological marker to diagnose and discriminate different systemic autoimmune disorders.
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Ng B, Yang F, Huston DP, Yan Y, Yang Y, Xiong Z, Peterson LE, Wang H, Yang XF. Increased noncanonical splicing of autoantigen transcripts provides the structural basis for expression of untolerized epitopes. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2005; 114:1463-70. [PMID: 15577853 PMCID: PMC3902068 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2004.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alternative splicing is important for increasing the complexity of the human proteome from a limited genome. Previous studies have shown that for some autoantigens, there is differential immunogenicity among alternatively spliced isoforms. OBJECTIVES Herein, we tested the hypothesis that alternative splicing is a common feature for transcripts of autologous proteins that are autoantigens. The corollary hypothesis tested was that nonautoantigen transcripts have a lower frequency of alternative splicing. METHODS The extent of alternative splicing within 45 randomly selected self-proteins associated with autoimmune diseases was compared with 9554 randomly selected proteins in the human genome by using bioinformatics analyses. Isoform-specific regions that resulted from alternative splicing were studied for their potential to be epitopes for antibodies or T-cell receptors. RESULTS Alternative splicing occurred in 100% of the autoantigen transcripts. This was significantly higher than the approximately 42% rate of alternative splicing observed in the 9554 randomly selected human gene transcripts ( P < .001). Within the isoform-specific regions of the autoantigens, 92% and 88% encoded MHC class I and class II-restricted T-cell antigen epitopes, respectively, and 70% encoded antibody binding domains. Furthermore, 80% of the autoantigen transcripts underwent noncanonical alternative splicing, which is also significantly higher than the less than 1% rate in randomly selected gene transcripts ( P < .001). CONCLUSION These studies suggest that noncanonical alternative splicing may be an important mechanism for the generation of untolerized epitopes that may lead to autoimmunity. Furthermore, the product of a transcript that does not undergo alternative splicing is unlikely to be a target antigen in autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Ng
- Biology of Inflammation Center, Baylor College of Medicine
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine
| | - Fan Yang
- Biology of Inflammation Center, Baylor College of Medicine
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine
| | - David P. Huston
- Biology of Inflammation Center, Baylor College of Medicine
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine
- Department of Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine
| | - Yan Yan
- Biology of Inflammation Center, Baylor College of Medicine
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine
| | - Yu Yang
- Biology of Inflammation Center, Baylor College of Medicine
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine
| | - Zeyu Xiong
- Biology of Inflammation Center, Baylor College of Medicine
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine
| | - Leif E. Peterson
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Baylor College of Medicine
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine
| | - Xiao-Feng Yang
- Biology of Inflammation Center, Baylor College of Medicine
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine
- Department of Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine
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Schmetzer O, Moldenhauer G, Riesenberg R, Pires JR, Schlag P, Pezzutto A. Quality of Recombinant Protein Determines the Amount of Autoreactivity Detected against the Tumor-Associated Epithelial Cell Adhesion Molecule Antigen: Low Frequency of Antibodies against the Natural Protein. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 174:942-52. [PMID: 15634917 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.2.942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The human epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) is expressed on normal epithelial cells and is overexpressed in most carcinomas. EpCAM-targeted immunotherapy has been tried in several clinical studies. High titers of autoantibodies against EpCAM have been reported by different authors. We have generated large amounts of purified protein in S2 Drosophila cells (S2-EpCAM) with a purity of >96%. In contrast, the protein produced in baculovirus-dependent systems (baculo-EpCAM) that has been used in previous studies shows a purity of 79%. (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum of S2-EpCAM is typical of folded protein, whereas the baculo-EpCAM sample shows a spectrum corresponding to a partially unfolded protein. Using S2-EpCAM, denatured S2-EpCAM, and baculo-EpCAM, we measured EpCAM Abs of different isotypes in the serum of healthy controls and cancer patients. We found Ab titers against EpCAM in a much lower percentage of sera as published previously, and support the hypothesis that Ab reactivity in some published studies might be due to reactivity against denatured protein, to contaminating proteins in the baculovirus preparations, and to reactivity with BSA. Tetanus toxoid-reactive IgG Abs are present in 1000-fold higher titers compared with EpCAM-reactive Abs. Only IgA Abs were found in higher proportions and in higher concentrations than tetanus toxoid-specific Abs. Our study shows that EpCAM only rarely induces autoantibodies against native protein and emphasizes the importance of using extremely purified Ag preparations when evaluating Abs against tumor-associated Ags.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Schmetzer
- Molecular Immunotherapy, Max Delbrück Centrum for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany.
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43
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Wagner S, Hafner C, Allwardt D, Jasinska J, Ferrone S, Zielinski CC, Scheiner O, Wiedermann U, Pehamberger H, Breiteneder H. Vaccination with a Human High Molecular Weight Melanoma-Associated Antigen Mimotope Induces a Humoral Response Inhibiting Melanoma Cell Growth In Vitro. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 174:976-82. [PMID: 15634921 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.2.976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Peptide mimics of a conformational epitope that is recognized by a mAb with antitumor activity are promising candidates for formulations of anticancer vaccines. These mimotope vaccines are able to induce a polyclonal Ab response focused to the determinant of the mAb. Such attempts at cancer immunotherapy are of special interest for malignant melanoma that is highly resistant to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. In this study, we describe for the first time the design and immunogenicity of a vaccine containing a mimotope of the human high m.w. melanoma-associated Ag (HMW-MAA) and the biological potential of the induced Abs. Mimotopes were selected from a pVIII-9mer phage display peptide library with the anti-HMW-MAA mAb 225.28S. The mimotope vaccine was then generated by coupling the most suitable candidate mimotope to tetanus toxoid as an immunogenic carrier. Immunization of rabbits with this vaccine induced a specific humoral immune response directed toward the epitope recognized by the mAb 225.28S on the native HMW-MAA. The induced Abs inhibited the in vitro growth of the melanoma cell line 518A2 up to 62%. In addition, the Abs mediated 26% lysis of 518A2 cells in Ab-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. Our results indicate a possible application of this mimotope vaccine as a novel immunotherapeutic agent for the treatment of malignant melanoma.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antibodies, Anti-Idiotypic/immunology
- Antibodies, Anti-Idiotypic/metabolism
- Antibodies, Neoplasm/biosynthesis
- Antibodies, Neoplasm/metabolism
- Antibody Specificity
- Antibody-Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity/immunology
- Antigens, Neoplasm
- Binding Sites, Antibody
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Epitopes/administration & dosage
- Epitopes/immunology
- Epitopes/metabolism
- Growth Inhibitors/administration & dosage
- Growth Inhibitors/immunology
- Growth Inhibitors/metabolism
- Humans
- Melanoma/immunology
- Melanoma/pathology
- Melanoma/prevention & control
- Melanoma-Specific Antigens
- Molecular Mimicry/immunology
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Molecular Weight
- Neoplasm Proteins/administration & dosage
- Neoplasm Proteins/immunology
- Peptide Library
- Rabbits
- Tetanus Toxin/administration & dosage
- Tetanus Toxin/immunology
- Tetanus Toxin/metabolism
- Vaccines, Subunit/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Subunit/immunology
- Vaccines, Subunit/metabolism
- Viral Proteins/immunology
- Viral Proteins/metabolism
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Hafner C, Wagner S, Jasinska J, Allwardt D, Scheiner O, Wolff K, Pehamberger H, Wiedermann U, Breiteneder H. Epitope-Specific Antibody Response to Mel-CAM Induced by Mimotope Immunization. J Invest Dermatol 2005; 124:125-31. [PMID: 15654965 DOI: 10.1111/j.0022-202x.2004.23515.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Peptide mimotopes of tumor antigen epitopes have been proposed as components of tumor vaccines. In this study, we determined the immunogenicity of melcam mim1 and melcam mim2, peptide mimics of an epitope of the melanoma cell-adhesion molecule (Mel-CAM). BALB/c mice were vaccinated either with mimotopes or mimotopes coupled to tetanus toxoid (TT). The antibody responses of mice to melcam mim1, melcam mim2, and recombinant Mel-CAM were analyzed by an ELISA and immunoblot analyses. TT-coupled mimotopes led to high titers of IgG mainly of the IgG2a subclass to melcam mim1 and melcam mim2. Immunization with each of the mimotope formulations induced antibodies that cross-reacted with recombinant Mel-CAM. Uncoupled mimotopes induced lymphocyte proliferation and cytokine production in spleen cell cultures indicating that both peptide mimotopes also contained T cell epitopes. TT-coupled mimotopes induced T helper (Th)1 (interleukin (IL)-2, interferon-gamma) and Th2 (IL-4, IL-5) cytokines, whereas uncoupled mimotopes induced a Th1-biased T cell response. Our results suggest that mimotopes potentially represent a novel vaccine approach to induce a tumor antigen-specific humoral and cellular response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Hafner
- Department of Dermatology, Division of General Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
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Mahler M, Fritzler MJ, Blüthner M. Identification of a SmD3 epitope with a single symmetrical dimethylation of an arginine residue as a specific target of a subpopulation of anti-Sm antibodies. Arthritis Res Ther 2004; 7:R19-29. [PMID: 15642139 PMCID: PMC1064884 DOI: 10.1186/ar1455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2004] [Revised: 08/31/2004] [Accepted: 10/01/2004] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Anti-Sm antibodies, identified in 1966 by Tan and Kunkel, are highly specific serological markers for systemic lupus erythrematosus (SLE). Anti-Sm reactivity is found in 5-30% of SLE patients, depending on the autoantibody detection system and the racial background of the SLE population. The Sm autoantigen complex comprises at least nine different polypeptides. All of these core proteins can serve as targets of the anti-Sm B-cell response, but most frequently the B and D polypeptides are involved. Because the BB'Sm proteins share cross-reactive epitopes (PPPGMRPP) with U1 specific ribonucleoproteins, which are more frequently targeted by antibodies that are present in patients with mixed connective tissue disease, the SmD polypeptides are regarded as the Sm autoantigens that are most specific to SLE. It was recently shown that the polypeptides D1, D3 and BB' contain symmetrical dimethylarginine, which is a component of a major autoepitope within the carboxyl-terminus of SmD1. In one of those studies, a synthetic dimethylated peptide of SmD1 (amino acids 95-119) exhibited significantly increased immunoreactivity as compared with unmodified SmD1 peptide. Using immobilized peptides, we confirmed that the dimethylated arginine residues play an essential role in the formation of major SmD1 and SmD3 autoepitopes. Moreover, we demonstrated that one particular peptide of SmD3 represents a more sensitive and more reliable substrate for the detection of a subclass of anti-Sm antibodies. Twenty-eight out of 176 (15.9%) SLE patients but only one out of 449 (0.2%) control individuals tested positive for the anti-SmD3 peptide (SMP) antibodies in a new ELISA system. These data indicate that anti-SMP antibodies are exclusively present in sera from SLE patients. Thus, anti-SMP detection using ELISA represents a new serological marker with which to diagnose and discriminate between systemic autoimmune disorders.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Antibodies, Antinuclear/classification
- Antibodies, Antinuclear/immunology
- Antibody Specificity
- Antigen-Antibody Reactions
- Arginine/analogs & derivatives
- Arginine/analysis
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/blood
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/immunology
- Autoantigens/chemistry
- Autoantigens/immunology
- Autoimmune Diseases/blood
- Autoimmune Diseases/immunology
- Cross Reactions
- DNA/immunology
- Dermatomyositis/blood
- Dermatomyositis/immunology
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Epitope Mapping
- Epitopes/chemistry
- Epitopes/immunology
- Epstein-Barr Virus Nuclear Antigens/chemistry
- Epstein-Barr Virus Nuclear Antigens/immunology
- Female
- Humans
- Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/diagnosis
- Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/immunology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Mixed Connective Tissue Disease/blood
- Mixed Connective Tissue Disease/immunology
- Polymyositis/blood
- Polymyositis/immunology
- Reference Standards
- Ribonucleoproteins, Small Nuclear/chemistry
- Ribonucleoproteins, Small Nuclear/immunology
- Scleroderma, Systemic/blood
- Scleroderma, Systemic/immunology
- Sensitivity and Specificity
- Sjogren's Syndrome/blood
- Sjogren's Syndrome/immunology
- snRNP Core Proteins
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Mahler
- Director Development and Production, Dr. Fooke Laboratorien GmbH, Neuss, Germany
| | - Marvin J Fritzler
- Professor of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Martin Blüthner
- Vice Director of Autoimmune Diagnostics, Laboratory of Prof. Seelig and colleagues, Karlsruhe, Germany
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Sweier DG, Shelburne CE, Cameron J, Lopatin DE. Localizing antibody-defined immunoreactivity in Porphyromonas gingivalis HtpG recognized by human serum utilizing selective protein expression. J Immunol Methods 2004; 285:165-70. [PMID: 14980431 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2003.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2003] [Revised: 11/19/2003] [Accepted: 11/24/2003] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Earlier studies suggested that specific immunoreactive domains of the prokaryotic homologue of Hsp90, HtpG, might contribute to the virulence of the periodontal pathogen, Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg) [J. Periodontol. 70 (1999) 1185]. Since serum antibodies to this protein appeared to be associated with oral health, we developed a rapid epitope-mapping system that could be tailored to detect antibodies against specific immunoreactive regions of the Pg HtpG protein. This paper describes the use of Caulobacter crescentus (Cc) and the creation of a Cc RsaA fusion protein library that defined specific regions of the Pg HtpG protein. The fusion protein library was used to identify immunoreactive regions in the Pg HtpG dominant in patient and control sera. The development of methods to rapidly localize dominant immunoreactive regions in protein antigens may prove useful for the development of screening tests, vaccines and therapeutics in periodontal and other infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenica G Sweier
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, The University of Michigan, 1011 North University Avenue, Campus Box 1078, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1078, USA.
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Routsias JG, Tzioufas AG, Moutsopoulos HM. The clinical value of intracellular autoantigens B-cell epitopes in systemic rheumatic diseases. Clin Chim Acta 2004; 340:1-25. [PMID: 14734193 DOI: 10.1016/j.cccn.2003.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A hallmark of autoimmune diseases is the production of autoantibodies against intracellular autoantigens. Although their pathogenetic and their etiologic relationship are not fully understood, these autoantibodies are important tools for establishing the diagnosis, classification and prognosis of autoimmune diseases. Systemic rheumatic diseases are among the most complex disorders because their clinical presentation and constellation of findings are in part reflected by the wide spectrum of autoantibodies found in the sera of patients suffering from these disorders. These autoantibodies usually target large complexes consisting of protein antigens noncovalently associated with (ribo)-nucleic acid(s), like the spliceosome or Ro/La-RNPs. In this review, we first address the main characteristics and the clinical value of several autoantibodies, with respect to their diagnostic sensitivity and specificity. Subsequently, we provide a brief overview of the antigenic determinant types that have been identified on the corresponding autoantigens. The antibody targets of autontigens include primary, secondary, tertiary and quarternary structure epitopes, as well as cryptotopes, neoepitopes and mimotopes. We next focus on antigenic structures corresponding to B-cell epitopes with high disease specificity and sensitivity for all the major autoantigens in systemic autoimmunity including the Ro/La and U1 ribonucleoprotein complexes and the Ku70/80, ribosomal P, DNA topoisomerase I, filaggrin, Jo-1 and PM/SCl-100 autoantigens. These epitopes, defined at the peptide level, can be chemically synthesized and engineered for the development of new inexpensive and easier to perform assays and the improvement of the methods for autoantibody detection. Specific examples of newly developed assays that incorporate (i) epitopes with high disease specificity and sensitivity, (ii) modified epitopes, (iii) conformational epitopes and (iv) complementary epitopes are discussed in detail. Finally, we examine the potential of combining these synthetic epitopes for future development of multiplex diagnostic tests based on miniaturized autoantigen arrays.
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Affiliation(s)
- John G Routsias
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, University of Athens, 75, M Asias St., 11527 Athens, Greece
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Eystathioy T, Chan EKL, Takeuchi K, Mahler M, Luft LM, Zochodne DW, Fritzler MJ. Clinical and serological associations of autoantibodies to GW bodies and a novel cytoplasmic autoantigen GW182. J Mol Med (Berl) 2003; 81:811-8. [PMID: 14598044 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-003-0495-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2003] [Accepted: 09/08/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A novel autoantigen named GW182 was recently identified when the serum from a patient with a sensory ataxic polyneuropathy was used to immunoscreen a HeLa cDNA library. Unique features of the GW182 protein include 39 repeats of glycine (G) and tryptophan (W) residues, binding to a subset of messenger RNA and localization to unique structures within the cytoplasm that were designated GW bodies (GWBs). The goal of the present study was to identify the clinical features of patients with anti-GW182 antibodies and to characterize the B cell anti-GW182 response by defining the epitopes bound by human autoantibodies. The most common clinical diagnosis of patients with anti-GW182 antibodies was Sjögren's syndrome followed by mixed motor/sensory neuropathy, and systemic lupus erythematosus. Of interest, 5 (28%), 9 (50%), and 3 (17%) of the 18 sera that react with GWBs had autoantibodies to the GW182 and the 52 kDa and 60 kDa SS-A/Ro autoantigens, respectively. Epitopes bound by the human autoantibodies were mapped to the GW-rich middle part of the protein, the non-GW rich region, and the C-terminus of GW182 protein. None of the GW182 epitopes had significant sequence similarities to other known proteins. GW182 represents a new category of ribonucleoprotein autoantigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theophany Eystathioy
- Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Dr. N.W., Calgary, AB, T2N-4N1, Canada
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