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Lin CP, Levy PL, Alflen A, Apriamashvili G, Ligtenberg MA, Vredevoogd DW, Bleijerveld OB, Alkan F, Malka Y, Hoekman L, Markovits E, George A, Traets JJH, Krijgsman O, van Vliet A, Poźniak J, Pulido-Vicuña CA, de Bruijn B, van Hal-van Veen SE, Boshuizen J, van der Helm PW, Díaz-Gómez J, Warda H, Behrens LM, Mardesic P, Dehni B, Visser NL, Marine JC, Markel G, Faller WJ, Altelaar M, Agami R, Besser MJ, Peeper DS. Multimodal stimulation screens reveal unique and shared genes limiting T cell fitness. Cancer Cell 2024; 42:623-645.e10. [PMID: 38490212 PMCID: PMC11003465 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2024.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Genes limiting T cell antitumor activity may serve as therapeutic targets. It has not been systematically studied whether there are regulators that uniquely or broadly contribute to T cell fitness. We perform genome-scale CRISPR-Cas9 knockout screens in primary CD8 T cells to uncover genes negatively impacting fitness upon three modes of stimulation: (1) intense, triggering activation-induced cell death (AICD); (2) acute, triggering expansion; (3) chronic, causing dysfunction. Besides established regulators, we uncover genes controlling T cell fitness either specifically or commonly upon differential stimulation. Dap5 ablation, ranking highly in all three screens, increases translation while enhancing tumor killing. Loss of Icam1-mediated homotypic T cell clustering amplifies cell expansion and effector functions after both acute and intense stimulation. Lastly, Ctbp1 inactivation induces functional T cell persistence exclusively upon chronic stimulation. Our results functionally annotate fitness regulators based on their unique or shared contribution to traits limiting T cell antitumor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Pu Lin
- Division of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Pierre L Levy
- Division of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy Group, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Astrid Alflen
- Division of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University, 55131 Mainz, Germany; Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Georgi Apriamashvili
- Division of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Maarten A Ligtenberg
- Division of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - David W Vredevoogd
- Division of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Onno B Bleijerveld
- Proteomics Facility, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ferhat Alkan
- Division of Oncogenomics, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Yuval Malka
- Division of Oncogenomics, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Liesbeth Hoekman
- Proteomics Facility, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ettai Markovits
- Ella Lemelbaum Institute for Immuno-oncology and Melanoma, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan 52612, Israel; Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Austin George
- Division of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Joleen J H Traets
- Division of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Division of Tumor Biology and Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Oscar Krijgsman
- Division of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Alex van Vliet
- Division of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Joanna Poźniak
- Laboratory for Molecular Cancer Biology, VIB Center for Cancer Biology, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Laboratory for Molecular Cancer Biology, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Carlos Ariel Pulido-Vicuña
- Laboratory for Molecular Cancer Biology, VIB Center for Cancer Biology, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Laboratory for Molecular Cancer Biology, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Beaunelle de Bruijn
- Division of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Susan E van Hal-van Veen
- Division of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Julia Boshuizen
- Division of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Pim W van der Helm
- Division of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Judit Díaz-Gómez
- Division of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Hamdy Warda
- Division of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Leonie M Behrens
- Division of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Paula Mardesic
- Division of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Bilal Dehni
- Division of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Nils L Visser
- Division of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jean-Christophe Marine
- Laboratory for Molecular Cancer Biology, VIB Center for Cancer Biology, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Laboratory for Molecular Cancer Biology, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Gal Markel
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel; Davidoff Cancer Center and Samueli Integrative Cancer Pioneering Institute, Rabin Medical Center, Petach Tikva 4941492, Israel
| | - William J Faller
- Division of Oncogenomics, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Maarten Altelaar
- Proteomics Facility, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Reuven Agami
- Division of Oncogenomics, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Michal J Besser
- Ella Lemelbaum Institute for Immuno-oncology and Melanoma, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan 52612, Israel; Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel; Davidoff Cancer Center and Samueli Integrative Cancer Pioneering Institute, Rabin Medical Center, Petach Tikva 4941492, Israel; Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Daniel S Peeper
- Division of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Pathology, VU University Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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Venanzi FM, Gabai V, Mariotti F, Magi GE, Vullo C, Sufianov AA, Kolesnikov SI, Shneider A. p62-DNA-encoding plasmid reverts tumor grade, changes tumor stroma, and enhances anticancer immunity. Aging (Albany NY) 2019; 11:10711-10722. [PMID: 31754084 PMCID: PMC6914433 DOI: 10.18632/aging.102486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Previously, we reported that the administration of a p62/SQSTM1-encoding plasmid demonstrates high safety and signs of clinical benefits for human cancer patients. The treatment also suppressed tumor growth and metastasis in dogs and mouse models. Here we investigated some mechanistic aspects of these effects. In mammary tumors bearing-dogs, i.m. injections of p62 plasmid reduced tumor sizes and their aggressive potential in 5 out of 6 animals, with one carcinoma switching to adenoma. The treatment increased levels of smooth muscle actin in stroma cells and type III collagen in the extracellular matrix, which correlate with a good clinical prognosis. The p62 treatment also increased the abundance of intratumoral T-cells. Because of the role of adaptive immunity cannot be tested in dogs, we compared the protective effects of the p62 plasmid against B16 melanoma in wild type C57BL/6J mice versus their SCID counterpart lacking lymphocytes. The plasmid was only protective in the wild type strain. Also, p62 plasmid amplified the anti-tumor effect of T-cell transfer from tumor-bearing animals to animals challenged with the same tumors. We conclude that the plasmid acts via re-modeling of the tumor microenvironment, making it more favorable for increased anti-cancer immunity. Thus, the p62-encoding plasmid might be a new adjuvant for cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franco M. Venanzi
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
- CureLab Oncology, Inc, Deadham, MA 02026, USA
| | - Vladimir Gabai
- CureLab Oncology, Inc, Deadham, MA 02026, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Francesca Mariotti
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Gian Enrico Magi
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Cecilia Vullo
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Albert A. Sufianov
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
- Federal Center of Neurosurgery, Tyumen, Russia
| | - Sergey I. Kolesnikov
- Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- Research Center of Family Health and Reproduction Problems, Irkutsk, Russia
| | - Alexander Shneider
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
- CureLab Oncology, Inc, Deadham, MA 02026, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
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Kjaergaard J, Hatfield S, Jones G, Ohta A, Sitkovsky M. A 2A Adenosine Receptor Gene Deletion or Synthetic A 2A Antagonist Liberate Tumor-Reactive CD8 + T Cells from Tumor-Induced Immunosuppression. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 201:782-791. [PMID: 29802128 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Tumor hypoxia-driven accumulation of extracellular adenosine was shown to facilitate tumor evasion by engaging the immunosuppressive, intracellular cAMP-elevating A2 adenosine receptors (A2R) on tumor-reactive effector T cells, but there remains a need for careful evaluation of the limiting factors and properties of A2R blockade-enabled antitumor immunity. In studies of A2AR and/or A2BR gene-deficient mice, we found that A2AR deletion-but not A2BR deletion-liberates endogenous CD8+ T cell antitumor immunity against weakly immunogenic MCA205 sarcomas. Studies of adoptively transferred A2AR-/-, A2BR-/-, or A2AR-/-/A2BR-/- tumor-reactive T cells confirmed that immunosuppression in the tumor microenvironment was mediated by A2AR on CD8+ T cells. Treatment with A2AR antagonist mimicked A2AR gene deletion in adoptive T cell immunotherapy. This therapeutic benefit of targeting A2AR was independent of the anatomical location of tumor growth. The enhanced antitumor reactivity also led to the eradication of established intracranial tumors, which was associated with mouse survival and the maintenance of long-lasting, tumor-specific immunological memory. The blockade of the A2AR on adoptively transferred T cells by synthetic A2AR antagonist led to higher levels of IFN-γ secretion by tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T cells. These data clarify the mechanism of hypoxia-driven immunosuppression in the tumor microenvironment by A2AR on tumor-reactive CD8+ T cells and show that selective A2AR antagonists can be effective in improving the outcomes of T cell-based immunotherapies. Demonstration of the T cell dose dependency of tumor rejection points to a major limitation of current cancer immunotherapies, in which the presence of sufficient numbers of tumor-reactive T cells in a patient is not known.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorgen Kjaergaard
- New England Inflammation and Tissue Protection Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115; and
| | - Stephen Hatfield
- New England Inflammation and Tissue Protection Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115; and
| | - Graham Jones
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Akio Ohta
- New England Inflammation and Tissue Protection Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115; and
| | - Michail Sitkovsky
- New England Inflammation and Tissue Protection Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115; and
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Manrique SZ, Dominguez AL, Mirza N, Spencer CD, Bradley JM, Finke JH, Lee JJ, Pease LR, Gendler SJ, Cohen PA. Definitive activation of endogenous antitumor immunity by repetitive cycles of cyclophosphamide with interspersed Toll-like receptor agonists. Oncotarget 2018; 7:42919-42942. [PMID: 27341020 PMCID: PMC5189997 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Many cancers both evoke and subvert endogenous anti-tumor immunity. However, immunosuppression can be therapeutically reversed in subsets of cancer patients by treatments such as checkpoint inhibitors or Toll-like receptor agonists (TLRa). Moreover, chemotherapy can leukodeplete immunosuppressive host elements, including myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and regulatory T-cells (Tregs). We hypothesized that chemotherapy-induced leukodepletion could be immunopotentiated by co-administering TLRa to emulate a life-threatening infection. Combining CpG (ODN 1826) or CpG+poly(I:C) with cyclophosphamide (CY) resulted in uniquely well-tolerated therapeutic synergy, permanently eradicating advanced mouse tumors including 4T1 (breast), Panc02 (pancreas) and CT26 (colorectal). Definitive treatment required endogenous CD8+ and CD4+ IFNγ-producing T-cells. Tumor-specific IFNγ-producing T-cells persisted during CY-induced leukopenia, whereas Tregs were progressively eliminated, especially intratumorally. Spleen-associated MDSCs were cyclically depleted by CY+TLRa treatment, with residual monocytic MDSCs requiring only continued exposure to CpG or CpG+IFNγ to effectively attack malignant cells while sparing non-transformed cells. Such tumor destruction occurred despite upregulated tumor expression of Programmed Death Ligand-1, but could be blocked by clodronate-loaded liposomes to deplete phagocytic cells or by nitric oxide synthase inhibitors. CY+TLRa also induced tumoricidal myeloid cells in naive mice, indicating that CY+TLRa's immunomodulatory impacts occurred in the complete absence of tumor-bearing, and that tumor-induced MDSCs were not an essential source of tumoricidal myeloid precursors. Repetitive CY+TLRa can therefore modulate endogenous immunity to eradicate advanced tumors without vaccinations or adoptive T-cell therapy. Human blood monocytes could be rendered similarly tumoricidal during in vitro activation with TLRa+IFNγ, underscoring the potential therapeutic relevance of these mouse tumor studies to cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana L Dominguez
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic in Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | - Noweeda Mirza
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic in Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | | | - Judy M Bradley
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic in Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | - James H Finke
- Department of Immunology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - James J Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic in Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ, USA.,Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Mayo Clinic in Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | - Larry R Pease
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic in Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | - Sandra J Gendler
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic in Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic in Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ, USA.,Division of Hematology/Oncology, Mayo Clinic in Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | - Peter A Cohen
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic in Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ, USA.,Division of Hematology/Oncology, Mayo Clinic in Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
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Hatfield SM, Kjaergaard J, Lukashev D, Schreiber TH, Belikoff B, Abbott R, Sethumadhavan S, Philbrook P, Ko K, Cannici R, Thayer M, Rodig S, Kutok JL, Jackson EK, Karger B, Podack ER, Ohta A, Sitkovsky MV. Immunological mechanisms of the antitumor effects of supplemental oxygenation. Sci Transl Med 2016; 7:277ra30. [PMID: 25739764 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaa1260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 419] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Antitumor T cells either avoid or are inhibited in hypoxic and extracellular adenosine-rich tumor microenvironments (TMEs) by A2A adenosine receptors. This may limit further advances in cancer immunotherapy. There is a need for readily available and safe treatments that weaken the hypoxia-A2-adenosinergic immunosuppression in the TME. Recently, we reported that respiratory hyperoxia decreases intratumoral hypoxia and concentrations of extracellular adenosine. We show that it also reverses the hypoxia-adenosinergic immunosuppression in the TME. This, in turn, stimulates (i) enhanced intratumoral infiltration and reduced inhibition of endogenously developed or adoptively transfered tumor-reactive CD8 T cells, (ii) increased proinflammatory cytokines and decreased immunosuppressive molecules, such as transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), (iii) weakened immunosuppression by regulatory T cells, and (iv) improved lung tumor regression and long-term survival in mice. Respiratory hyperoxia also promoted the regression of spontaneous metastasis from orthotopically grown breast tumors. These effects are entirely T cell- and natural killer cell-dependent, thereby justifying the testing of supplemental oxygen as an immunological coadjuvant to combine with existing immunotherapies for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M Hatfield
- New England Inflammation and Tissue Protection Institute, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jorgen Kjaergaard
- New England Inflammation and Tissue Protection Institute, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Dmitriy Lukashev
- New England Inflammation and Tissue Protection Institute, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Taylor H Schreiber
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Bryan Belikoff
- New England Inflammation and Tissue Protection Institute, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Robert Abbott
- New England Inflammation and Tissue Protection Institute, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Shalini Sethumadhavan
- New England Inflammation and Tissue Protection Institute, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Phaethon Philbrook
- New England Inflammation and Tissue Protection Institute, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kami Ko
- New England Inflammation and Tissue Protection Institute, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ryan Cannici
- New England Inflammation and Tissue Protection Institute, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Molly Thayer
- New England Inflammation and Tissue Protection Institute, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Scott Rodig
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 20 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jeffrey L Kutok
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 20 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Edwin K Jackson
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Barry Karger
- Barnett Institute of Chemical and Biological Analysis, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Eckhard R Podack
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Akio Ohta
- New England Inflammation and Tissue Protection Institute, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Michail V Sitkovsky
- New England Inflammation and Tissue Protection Institute, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Cancer Vaccine Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Institutes of Medicine, 44 Binney Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Peng W, Ye Y, Rabinovich BA, Liu C, Lou Y, Zhang M, Whittington M, Yang Y, Overwijk WW, Lizée G, Hwu P. Transduction of tumor-specific T cells with CXCR2 chemokine receptor improves migration to tumor and antitumor immune responses. Clin Cancer Res 2010; 16:5458-68. [PMID: 20889916 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-10-0712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE One of the most important rate-limiting steps in adoptive cell transfer (ACT) is the inefficient migration of T cells to tumors. Because melanomas specifically express the chemokines CXCL1 and CXCL8 that are known to facilitate the CXCR2-dependent migration by monocytes, our aim is to evaluate whether introduction of the CXCR2 gene into tumor-specific T cells could further improve the effectiveness of ACT by enhancing T-cell migration to tumor. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN In this study, we used transgenic pmel-1 T cells, which recognize gp100 in the context of H-2Db, that were transduced with luciferase gene to monitor the migration of transferred T cells in vivo. To visualize luciferase-expressing T cells within a tumor, a nonpigmented tumor is required. Therefore, we used the MC38 tumor model, which naturally expresses CXCL1. RESULTS Mice bearing MC38/gp100 tumor cells treated with CXCR2/luciferase-transduced pmel-1 T cells showed enhanced tumor regression and survival compared with mice receiving control luciferase-transduced pmel-1 T cells. We also observed preferential accumulation of CXCR2-expressing pmel-1 T cells in the tumor sites of these mice using bioluminescence imaging. A similar enhancement in tumor regression and survival was observed when CXCR2-transduced pmel-1 T cells were transferred into mice bearing CXCL1-transduced B16 tumors compared with mice treated with control pmel-1 T cells. CONCLUSIONS These results implicate that the introduction of the CXCR2 gene into tumor-specific T cells can enhance their localization to tumors and improve antitumor immune responses. This strategy may ultimately enable personalization of cancer therapies based on chemokine expression by tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyi Peng
- Departments of Melanoma Medical Oncology and Experimental Diagnostic Imaging, The Center for Cancer Immunology Research, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Srinivas M, Turner MS, Janjic JM, Morel PA, Laidlaw DH, Ahrens ET. In vivo cytometry of antigen-specific t cells using 19F MRI. Magn Reson Med 2009; 62:747-53. [PMID: 19585593 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.22063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Noninvasive methods to image the trafficking of phenotypically defined immune cells are paramount as we attempt to understand adaptive immunity. A (19)F MRI-based methodology for tracking and quantifying cells of a defined phenotype is presented. These methods were applied to a murine inflammation model using antigen-specific T cells. The T cells that were intracellularly labeled ex vivo with a perfluoropolyether (PFPE) nanoemulsion and cells were transferred to a host receiving a localized inoculation of antigen. Longitudinal (19)F MRI over 21 days revealed a dynamic accumulation and clearance of T cells in the lymph node (LN) draining the antigen. The apparent T-cell numbers were calculated in the LN from the time-lapse (19)F MRI data. The effect of in vivo T-cell division on the (19)F MRI cell quantification accuracy was investigated using fluorescence assays. Overall, in vivo cytometry using PFPE labeling and (19)F MRI is broadly applicable to studies of whole-body cell biodistribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mangala Srinivas
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Science, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands
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Thomas DL, Kim M, Bowerman NA, Narayanan S, Kranz DM, Schreiber H, Roy EJ. Recurrence of Intracranial Tumors following Adoptive T Cell Therapy Can Be Prevented by Direct and Indirect Killing Aided by High Levels of Tumor Antigen Cross-Presented on Stromal Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 183:1828-37. [PMID: 19592642 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0802322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Elimination of peripheral tumors by adoptively transferred tumor-specific T cells may require killing of cancer cells and tumor stromal cells. Tumor Ags are cross-presented on stromal cells, resulting in direct cytotoxic T cell (CTL) killing of both Ag-expressing cancer cells and stromal cells. Indirect killing of Ag loss variant cells also occurs. We show here that similar processes occur in a brain tumor stromal environment. We used murine cancer cell lines that express high or low levels of a peptide Ag, SIYRYYGL (SIY), recognized by transgenic 2C CD8(+) T cells. The two cell lines are killed with equivalent efficiency by 2C T cells in vitro. Following adoptive transfer of 2C T cells into mice with established SIY-Hi or SIY-Lo brain tumors, tumors of both types regressed, but low-Ag-expressing tumors recurred. High-Ag-expressing tumors contained CD11b(+) cells cross-presenting SIY peptide and were completely eliminated by 2C T cells. To further test the role of cross-presentation, RAG1(-/-) H-2(b) mice were infused with H-2(k) tumor cells expressing high levels of SIY peptide. Adoptively transferred 2C T cells are able to kill cross-presenting H-2(b) stromal cells but not H-2(k) tumor cells. In peripheral models, this paradigm led to a small static tumor. In the brain, activated 2C T cells were able to kill cross-presenting CD11b(+) cells and completely eliminate the H-2(k) tumors in most mice. Targeting brain tumor stroma or increasing Ag shedding from tumor cells to enhance cross-presentation may improve the clinical success of T cell adoptive therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana L Thomas
- University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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Watanabe S, Deguchi K, Zheng R, Tamai H, Wang LX, Cohen PA, Shu S. Tumor-induced CD11b+Gr-1+ myeloid cells suppress T cell sensitization in tumor-draining lymph nodes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 181:3291-300. [PMID: 18714001 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.5.3291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Suppression of tumor-specific T cell sensitization is a predominant mechanism of tumor escape. To identify tumor-induced suppressor cells, we transferred spleen cells from mice bearing progressive MCA205 sarcoma into sublethally irradiated mice. These mice were then inoculated subdermally with tumor cells to stimulate T cell response in the tumor-draining lymph-node (TDLN). Tumor progression induced splenomegaly with a dramatic increase (22.1%) in CD11b(+)Gr-1(+) myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) compared with 2.6% of that in normal mice. Analyses of therapeutic effects by the adoptive immunotherapy revealed that the transfer of spleen cells from tumor-bearing mice severely inhibited the generation of tumor-immune T cells in the TDLN. We further identified MDSC to be the dominant suppressor cells. However, cells of identical phenotype from normal spleens lacked the suppressive effects. The suppression was independent of CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T cells. Intracellular IFN-gamma staining revealed that the transfer of MDSC resulted in a decrease in numbers of tumor-specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells. Transfer of MDSC from MCA207 tumor-bearing mice also suppressed the MCA205 immune response indicating a lack of immunologic specificity. Further analyses demonstrated that MDSC inhibited T cell activation that was triggered either by anti-CD3 mAb or by tumor cells. However, MDSC did not suppress the function of immune T cells in vivo at the effector phase. Our data provide the first evidence that the systemic transfer of MDSC inhibited and interfered with the sensitization of tumor-specific T cell responses in the TDLN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Watanabe
- Center for Surgery Research, Department of Immunology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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10
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Effective treatment of spontaneous metastases derived from a poorly immunogenic murine mammary carcinoma by combined dendritic–tumor hybrid vaccination and adoptive transfer of sensitized T cells. Clin Immunol 2008; 127:66-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2007.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2007] [Revised: 10/26/2007] [Accepted: 12/05/2007] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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11
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Lizée G, Cantu MA, Hwu P. Less yin, more yang: confronting the barriers to cancer immunotherapy. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 13:5250-5. [PMID: 17875752 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-07-1722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Clinical trials involving T cell-based immunotherapy for the treatment of human cancer have shown limited degrees of success. In cancer vaccine trials conducted at multiple centers worldwide, immunization has often resulted in the robust elicitation of T cells that specifically recognize antigens expressed on the surface of tumor cells. However, to date, objective clinical responses resulting from these approaches have remained relatively rare. By contrast, adoptive transfer of laboratory-expanded T cells into patients has had more success, producing impressive clinical regressions in a subset of advanced metastatic melanoma patients. The failure of activated T cells to consistently induce clinical responses in many other patients has pushed us toward a deeper understanding of natural immunoregulatory mechanisms that are directly responsible for diminishing tumor-specific T-cell activation, migration, and effector function in vivo. Such immunosuppressive factors likely evolved to prevent autoimmunity, but are frequently co-opted by tumors to evade tumor-specific immune responses. With this knowledge, it now becomes imperative to develop specific clinical interventions capable of eliminating tumor-specific immunosuppression, with the goal of shifting the balance to favor effector T-cell function and tumor cell killing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Lizée
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
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Ishida A, Tanaka H, Hiura T, Miura S, Watanabe S, Matsuyama K, Kuriyama H, Tanaka J, Kagamu H, Gejyo F, Yoshizawa H. Generation of anti-tumour effector T cells from naïve T cells by stimulation with dendritic/tumour fusion cells. Scand J Immunol 2007; 66:546-54. [PMID: 17953530 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2007.02012.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Tumour-draining lymph node T cells are an excellent source of effector T cells that can be used in adoptive tumour immunotherapy because they have already been sensitized to tumour-associated antigens in vivo. However, such tumour-specific immune cells are not readily obtained from the host due to poor immunogenicity of tumours and reduced host immune responses. One obstacle in implementation of adoptive immunotherapy has been insufficient sensitization and expansion of tumour-specific effector cells. In this study, we aim to improve adoptive immunotherapy by generating anti-tumour effector T cells from naïve T lymphocytes. We attempted to achieve this by harnessing the advantages of dendritic cell (DC)-based anti-cancer vaccine strategies. Electrofusion was routinely employed to produce fusion cells with 30-40% efficiency by using the poorly immunogenic murine B16/F10 cell line, D5 cells, and DC generated from bone marrow cells. CD62L-positive T cells from spleens of naïve mice and the fusion cells were cocultured with a low concentration of IL-2. After 9 days of culture, the antigen-specific T cells were identified with an upregulation of CD25 and CD69 expression and a downregulation of CD62L expression. These cells secreted IFN-gamma upon stimulation with irradiated tumour cells. Moreover, when transferred into mice with 3-day established pulmonary metastases, these cells with coadministration of IL-2 exhibited anti-tumour efficacy. In contrast, naïve T cells cocultured with a mixture of unfused DC and irradiated tumour cells did not exhibit anti-tumour efficacy. Our strategy provides the basis for a new approach in adoptive T cell immunotherapy for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ishida
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Homeostatic Regulation and Development, Course for Biological Functions and Medical Control, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
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Wang LX, Shu S, Disis ML, Plautz GE. Adoptive transfer of tumor-primed, in vitro-activated, CD4+ T effector cells (TEs) combined with CD8+ TEs provides intratumoral TE proliferation and synergistic antitumor response. Blood 2007; 109:4865-76. [PMID: 17284532 PMCID: PMC1885514 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2006-09-045245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of CD4+ Th1 cells during the effector phase of the antitumor response has been overshadowed by emphasis on CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). To determine their respective functions, we purified antigen-primed T cells from tumor-draining lymph nodes and separately activated CD4+ and CD8+ subsets in vitro. Adoptive transfer of CD4+ T effector cells (T(E)s) combined with CD8+ T(E)s provided synergistic therapy for mice bearing subcutaneous, intracranial, or advanced pulmonary metastases. CD4+ T(E)s augmented IFN-gamma production by CD8+ T(E)s when cells were stimulated by tumor digest-containing antigen-presenting cells (APCs). CD4+ T(E)s infiltrated and proliferated extensively in pulmonary tumors, while also stimulating tumor antigen-specific CD8+ T cells. By contrast, CD8+ T(E)s showed minimal intratumoral proliferation in the absence of CD4+ cells or when systemically transferred CD4+ cells were prevented from infiltrating pulmonary tumors by pretreatment with pertussis toxin. Irradiation of CD4+ T cells immediately prior to adoptive transfer abrogated their intratumoral proliferation and direct antitumor efficacy but did not block their capacity to stimulate intratumoral CD8+ T(E) proliferation or tumor regression. These results highlight the importance of cross-presentation of tumor antigens during the effector phase of immunotherapy and suggest that approaches to stimulate CD4+ T(E) function and boost APC cross-presentation within tumors will augment cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Xin Wang
- Center for Surgery Research, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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14
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Lizée G, Radvanyi LG, Overwijk WW, Hwu P. Improving antitumor immune responses by circumventing immunoregulatory cells and mechanisms. Clin Cancer Res 2006; 12:4794-803. [PMID: 16914564 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-06-0944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Although numerous immunotherapeutic strategies have been studied in patients with cancer, consistent induction of clinical responses remains a formidable challenge. Cancer vaccines are often successful at generating elevated numbers of tumor-specific T lymphocytes in peripheral blood, however, despite this, tumors usually continue to grow unabated. Recent evidence suggests that endogenous regulatory cells, known to play a major role in the induction of immune tolerance to self and prevention of autoimmunity, as well as suppressive myeloid cells invoked in the tumor-bearing state, may be largely responsible for preventing effective antitumor immune responses. This review will focus on the major regulatory cell subtypes, including CD4(+)CD25(+) T-regulatory cells, type 1 regulatory T cells, natural killer T cells, and immature myeloid cells. Studies in humans and in animal models have shown a role for all of these cells in tumor progression, although the mechanisms by which they act to suppress immunity remain largely undefined. Elucidation of the dominant molecular mechanisms mediating immune suppression in vivo will allow more precise targeting of the relevant regulatory cell populations, as well as the development of novel strategies and clinical reagents that will directly block molecules that induce the suppression of antitumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Lizée
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
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Yang Q, Goding S, Hagenaars M, Carlos T, Albertsson P, Kuppen P, Nannmark U, Hokland ME, Basse PH. Morphological appearance, content of extracellular matrix and vascular density of lung metastases predicts permissiveness to infiltration by adoptively transferred natural killer and T cells. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2006; 55:699-707. [PMID: 16047144 PMCID: PMC11030991 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-005-0043-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2005] [Accepted: 06/09/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We have recently shown that adoptively transferred, IL-2-activated natural killer (A-NK) cells are able to eliminate well-established B16-F10.P1 melanoma lung metastases. However, some B16-F10.P1 lung metastases were resistant to infiltration by the A-NK cells and also resistant to the A-NK cell treatment. The infiltration-resistant (I-R) B16-F10.P1 metastases had a unique "compact" morphology compared to the "loose" morphology of the infiltration-permissive (I-P) metastases. Here, we show that I-P loose tumors and I-R compact tumors are also found in lung metastases of mouse Lewis lung carcinoma (3LL), MCA-102 sarcoma, and MC38 colon carcinoma as well as rat MADB106 mammary carcinoma origin. Furthermore, the infiltration resistance of the compact tumors is not restricted to A-NK cells, since PHA and IL-2 stimulated CD8+ T-cells (T-LAK cells) also infiltrated the compact tumors poorly. Analyses of tumors for extracellular matrix (ECM) components and PECAM-1(+) vasculature, revealed that the I-R lesions are hypovascularized and contain very little laminin, collagen and fibronectin. In contrast, the I-P loose tumors are well-vascularized and they contain high amounts of ECM components. Interestingly, the distribution pattern of ECM components in the I-P loose tumors is almost identical to that of the normal lung tissue, indicating that these tumors develop around the alveolar walls which provide the loose tumors with both a supporting tissue and a rich blood supply. In conclusion, tumor infiltration by activated NK and T cells correlates with the presence of ECM components and PECAM-1(+) vasculature in the malignant tissue. Thus, analysis of the distribution of ECM and vasculature in tumor biopsies may help select patients most likely to benefit from cellular adoptive immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q. Yang
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Hillman Cancer Center G17a, University of Pittsburgh, 5117 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
| | - S. Goding
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Hillman Cancer Center G17a, University of Pittsburgh, 5117 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
| | | | - T. Carlos
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Hillman Cancer Center G17a, University of Pittsburgh, 5117 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
| | - P. Albertsson
- Department of Oncology, Sahlgren University Hospital, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - P. Kuppen
- University of Leiden, Leiden, Holland
| | | | - M. E. Hokland
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - P. H. Basse
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Hillman Cancer Center G17a, University of Pittsburgh, 5117 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
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Wang LX, Shu S, Plautz GE. Host lymphodepletion augments T cell adoptive immunotherapy through enhanced intratumoral proliferation of effector cells. Cancer Res 2005; 65:9547-54. [PMID: 16230420 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-1175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
T-cell adoptive immunotherapy for stringent murine tumor models, such as intracranial, s.c., or advanced pulmonary metastases, routinely uses lymphodepletive conditioning regimens before T-cell transfer, like recent clinical protocols. In this study, we examined whether host lymphodepletion is an obligatory component of curative T-cell therapy; we also examined the mechanism by which it augments therapy. Mice bearing intracranial, s.c., or 10-day pulmonary metastases of MCA 205 received total body irradiation conditioning or were nonirradiated before i.v. transfer of tumor-reactive T cells. Total body irradiation was not required for immunologically specific curative therapy and induction of memory provided that a 3- to 12-fold higher T-cell dose was administered. The mechanism involved enhanced intratumoral proliferation of T-effector cells in total body irradiation-conditioned recipients. In this tumor model, intratumoral T(reg) cells were not detected; consequently, intratumoral T-effector cells produced identical amounts of IFN-gamma upon ex vivo antigen stimulation irrespective of total body irradiation conditioning. Thus, host lymphodepletion augments T-cell immunotherapy through enhanced antigen-driven proliferation of T-effector cells, but curative therapy can be achieved in nonconditioned hosts by escalation of T-cell dose. These data provide a rationale for dose escalation of T-effector cells in situations where single or repeated lymphodepletion regimens are contraindicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Xin Wang
- Center for Surgery Research, Division of Surgery, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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Kjaergaard J, Wang LX, Kuriyama H, Shu S, Plautz GE. Active immunotherapy for advanced intracranial murine tumors by using dendritic cell-tumor cell fusion vaccines. J Neurosurg 2005; 103:156-64. [PMID: 16121986 DOI: 10.3171/jns.2005.103.1.0156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECT Immunotherapy for malignant brain tumors by active immunization or adoptive transfer of tumor antigen-specific T lymphocytes has the potential to make up for some of the limitations of current clinical therapy. In this study, the authors tested whether active immunotherapy is curative in mice bearing advanced, rapidly progressive intracranial tumors. METHODS Tumor vaccines were created through electrofusion of dendritic cells (DCs) and irradiated tumor cells to form multinucleated heterokaryons that retained the potent antigen processing and costimulatory function of DCs as well as the entire complement of tumor antigens. Murine hosts bearing intracranial GL261 glioma or MCA 205 fibrosarcoma were treated with a combination of local cranial radiotherapy, intrasplenic vaccination with DC/tumor fusion cells, and anti-OX40R (CD134) monoclonal antibody (mAb) 7 days after tumor inoculation. Whereas control mice had a median survival of approximately 20 days, the treated mice underwent complete tumor regression that was immunologically specific. Seven days after vaccination treated mice demonstrated robust infiltration of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, which was exclusively confined to the tumor without apparent neurological toxicity. Cured mice survived longer than 120 days with no evidence of tumor recurrence and resisted intracranial tumor challenge. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate a strategy to achieve an antitumor response against tumors in the central nervous system that is highly focused from both immunological and anatomical perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorgen Kjaergaard
- Center for Surgery Research, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
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18
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Rüttinger D, Li R, Urba WJ, Fox BA, Hu HM. Regression of bone metastases following adoptive transfer of anti-CD3-activated and IL-2-expanded tumor vaccine draining lymph node cells. Clin Exp Metastasis 2004; 21:305-12. [PMID: 15554386 DOI: 10.1023/b:clin.0000046139.59515.4e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
As many as 80% of patients with breast, prostate, or lung cancer develop bone metastases during the course of their illness. However, thus far, no attempts have been made to explore the potential value of adoptive immunotherapy with antigen-specific T lymphocytes specifically for the treatment of skeletal metastases. Here, we demonstrate tumor regression in a preclinical model of bone metastases from the murine B16BL6 melanoma following adoptive transfer of effector T lymphocytes obtained from tumor vaccine draining lymph nodes. The antitumor effect required transfer of high number of effector cells, which was dependent on CD8+ cells as demonstrated by in vivo depletion of different T cell subsets, and was magnified if effector cells were administered to the arterial supply of the bone/bone marrow. Using flow cytometric analysis, CFSE-labelled Thy1.1+ donor T cells were isolated from the bone marrow of tumor-bearing mice at 24 h and 6 days following adoptive transfer. At the latter time point cell division of the transferred effector cells was detectable. Currently, no curative treatment is known for skeletal metastases in clinical practice. Considering the promising early findings in the present study, further studies exploring the therapeutic potential of adoptive immunotherapy for metastatic disease to the skeleton are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Rüttinger
- Robert W Franz Cancer Research Center, Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, Oregon 97213, USA
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