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Ajibo DN, Orish CN, Ruggieri F, Bocca B, Battistini B, Frazzoli C, Orish FC, Orisakwe OE. An Update Overview on Mechanistic Data and Biomarker Levels in Cobalt and Chromium-Induced Neurodegenerative Diseases. Biol Trace Elem Res 2024; 202:3538-3564. [PMID: 38017235 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-023-03965-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that the imbalance of metals as cobalt (Co) and chromium (Cr) may increase the risk of development and progression of neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs). The human exposure to Co and Cr is derived mostly from industry, orthopedic implants, and polluted environments. Neurological effects of Co and Cr include memory deficit, olfactory dysfunction, spatial disorientation, motor neuron disease, and brain cancer. Mechanisms of Co and Cr neurotoxicity included DNA damage and genomic instability, epigenetic changes, mitochondrial disturbance, lipid peroxidation, oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis. This paper seeks to overview the Co and Cr sources, the mechanisms by which these metals induce NDDs, and their levels in fluids of the general population and patients affected by NDDs. To this end, evidence of Co and Cr unbalance in the human body, mechanistic data, and neurological symptoms were collected using in vivo mammalian studies and human samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doris Nnena Ajibo
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Port Harcourt, PMB, 5323, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria
| | - Chinna Nneka Orish
- Department of Anatomy, College of Health Sciences University of Port Harcourt, PMB, 5323, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria
| | - Flavia Ruggieri
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore Di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Beatrice Bocca
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore Di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Beatrice Battistini
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore Di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Frazzoli
- Department for Cardiovascular, Endocrine-Metabolic Diseases, and Aging, Istituto Superiore Di Sanità, Rome Viale Regina Elena, 29900161, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Orish E Orisakwe
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Port Harcourt, PMB, 5323, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria.
- African Centre of Excellence for Public Health and Toxicological Research (ACE-PUTOR), University of Port Harcourt, PMB, 5323, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria.
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2
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A tiered approach to investigate the inhalation toxicity of cobalt substances. Tier 2 b: Reactive cobalt substances induce oxidative stress in ToxTracker and activate hypoxia target genes. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2022; 129:105120. [PMID: 35038485 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2022.105120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cobalt metal and cobalt sulfate are carcinogenic in rodents following inhalation exposure. The pre-carcinogenic effects associated with exposure to these cobalt substances include oxidative stress and genotoxicity. Some, but not all, cobalt substances induce in vitro clastogenicity or an increase in micronuclei. As a result, these substances are classified genotoxic carcinogens, having major impacts on their risk assessment, e.g. assumption of a non-thresholded dose response. Here, we investigated the potential of nine cobalt substances to cause genotoxicity and oxidative stress using the ToxTracker assay, with an extension to measure biomarkers of hypoxia. None of the nine tested substances activated the DNA damage markers in ToxTracker, and five substances activated the oxidative stress response reporters. The same five substances also activated the expression of several hypoxia target genes. Consistent with the lower tier of testing found in the preceding paper of this series, these compounds can be grouped based on their ability to release bioavailable cobalt ion and to trigger subsequent key events.
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3
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Carcinogenic hazard assessment of cobalt-containing alloys in medical devices: Review of in vivo studies. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2021; 122:104910. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2021.104910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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4
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Lee JN, Park J, Kim SG, Kim MS, Lim JY, Choe SK. 3-Aminotriazole protects against cobalt (II) chloride-induced cytotoxicity by inhibiting reactive oxygen species formation and preventing mitochondrial damage in HepG2 cells. Mol Cell Toxicol 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s13273-017-0013-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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5
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Lin CY, Hsiao WC, Huang CJ, Kao CF, Hsu GSW. Heme oxygenase-1 induction by the ROS–JNK pathway plays a role in aluminum-induced anemia. J Inorg Biochem 2013; 128:221-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2013.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Revised: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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6
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Paustenbach DJ, Tvermoes BE, Unice KM, Finley BL, Kerger BD. A review of the health hazards posed by cobalt. Crit Rev Toxicol 2013; 43:316-62. [DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2013.779633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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7
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Zaksas N, Gluhcheva Y, Sedykh S, Madzharova M, Atanassova N, Nevinsky G. Effect of CoCl(2) treatment on major and trace elements metabolism and protein concentration in mice. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2013; 27:27-30. [PMID: 22944586 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2012.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2011] [Revised: 06/01/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Cobalt (Co) is a transition metal and an essential trace element, required for vitamin B(12) biosynthesis, enzyme activation and other biological processes, but toxic in high concentrations. There is lack of data for the effect of long-term Co(II) treatment on the concentrations of other trace elements. We estimate the influence of cobalt chloride (CoCl(2)) on the relative content of different metals in mouse plasma using two-jet arc plasmatron atomic emission and on the total protein content. On average, the content of different elements in the plasma of 2-month-old balb/c mice (control group) decreased in the order: Ca>Mg>Si>Fe>Zn>Cu≥Al≥B. The treatment of mice for 60 days with CoCl(2) (daily dose 125 mg/kg) did not appreciably change the relative content of Ca, Cu, and Zn, while a 2.4-fold statistically significant decrease in the content of B and significant increase in the content of Mg (1.4-fold), Al and Fe (2.0-fold) and Si (3.2-fold) was found. A detectable amount of Mo was observed only for two control mice, while the plasma of 9 out of 16 mice of the treated group contained this metal. The administration of Co made its concentration detectable in the plasma of all mice of the treated group, but the relative content varied significantly. The treatment led to a 2.2-fold decrease in the concentration of the total plasma protein. Chronic exposure to CoCl(2) affects homeostasis as well as the concentrations and metabolism of other essential elements, probably due to competition of Co ions for similar binding sites within cells, altered signal transduction and protein biosynthesis. Long-term treatment also leads to significant weight changes and reduces the total protein concentration. The data may be useful for an understanding of Co toxicity, its effect on the concentration of other metal ions and different physiological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataliya Zaksas
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Siberian Division of Russian Academy of Sciences, 10 Lavrentieva Ave., Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
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8
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Legostaeva GA, Zaksas NP, Gluhcheva YG, Sedykh SE, Madzharova ME, Atanassova NN, Buneva VN, Nevinsky GA. Effect of CoCl2on the content of different metals and a relative activity of DNA-hydrolyzing abzymes in the blood plasma of mice. J Mol Recognit 2012; 26:10-22. [DOI: 10.1002/jmr.2217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2012] [Revised: 07/09/2012] [Accepted: 07/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Galina A. Legostaeva
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine; Siberian Division of Russian Academy of Sciences; 8 Lavrentiev Ave.; Novosibirsk; 630090; Russia
| | - Nataliya P. Zaksas
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry; Siberian Division of Russian Academy of Sciences; 10 Lavrentiev Ave.; Novosibirsk; 630090; Russia
| | - Yordanka G. Gluhcheva
- Institute of Experimental Morphology; Pathology and Anthropology with Museum-BAS; Acad. G. Bonchev, Str., Bl. 25; 1113; Sofia; Bulgaria
| | - Sergey E. Sedykh
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine; Siberian Division of Russian Academy of Sciences; 8 Lavrentiev Ave.; Novosibirsk; 630090; Russia
| | - Maria E. Madzharova
- Institute of Experimental Morphology; Pathology and Anthropology with Museum-BAS; Acad. G. Bonchev, Str., Bl. 25; 1113; Sofia; Bulgaria
| | - Nina N. Atanassova
- Institute of Experimental Morphology; Pathology and Anthropology with Museum-BAS; Acad. G. Bonchev, Str., Bl. 25; 1113; Sofia; Bulgaria
| | - Valentina N. Buneva
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine; Siberian Division of Russian Academy of Sciences; 8 Lavrentiev Ave.; Novosibirsk; 630090; Russia
| | - Georgy A. Nevinsky
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine; Siberian Division of Russian Academy of Sciences; 8 Lavrentiev Ave.; Novosibirsk; 630090; Russia
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Saxena S, Shukla D, Saxena S, Khan YA, Singh M, Bansal A, Sairam M, Jain SK. Hypoxia preconditioning by cobalt chloride enhances endurance performance and protects skeletal muscles from exercise-induced oxidative damage in rats. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2010; 200:249-63. [PMID: 20384596 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.2010.02136.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
AIM Training under hypoxia has several advantages over normoxic training in terms of enhancing the physical performance. Therefore, we tested the protective effect of hypoxia preconditioning by hypoxia mimetic cobalt chloride against exercise-induced oxidative damage in the skeletal muscles and improvement of physical performance. METHOD Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups (n=8), namely control, cobalt-supplemented, training and cobalt with training. The red gastrocnemius muscle was examined for all measurements, viz. free radical generation, lipid peroxidation, muscle damage and antioxidative capacity. RESULTS Hypoxic preconditioning with cobalt along with training significantly increased physical performance (33%, P<0.01) in rats compared with training-only rats. Cobalt supplementation activated cellular oxygen sensing system in rat skeletal muscle. It also protected against training-induced oxidative damage as observed by an increase in the GSH/GSSG ratio (36%, P<0.001; 28%, P<0.01 respectively) and reduced lipid peroxidation (15%, P<0.01; 31%, P<0.01 respectively) in both trained and untrained rats compared with their respective controls. Cobalt supplementation along with training enhanced the expression of antioxidant proteins haem oxygenase-1 (HO-1; 1.2-fold, P<0.05) and metallothionein (MT; 4.8-fold, P<0.001) compared with training only. A marked reduction was observed in exercise-induced muscle fibre damage as indicated by decreased necrotic muscle fibre, decreased lipofuscin content of muscle and plasma creatine kinase level (16%, P<0.01) in rats preconditioned with cobalt. CONCLUSION Our study provides strong evidence that hypoxic preconditioning with cobalt chloride enhances physical performance and protects muscle from exercise-induced oxidative damage via GSH, HO-1 and MT-mediated antioxidative capacity.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antioxidants/metabolism
- Cell Hypoxia
- Cobalt/pharmacology
- Creatine Kinase, MM Form/blood
- Cytoprotection
- Disease Models, Animal
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Glutathione/metabolism
- Heme Oxygenase (Decyclizing)/metabolism
- Lactic Acid/blood
- Lipid Peroxidation/drug effects
- Lipofuscin/metabolism
- Male
- Metallothionein/metabolism
- Mitochondria, Muscle/drug effects
- Mitochondria, Muscle/metabolism
- Mitochondrial Proteins/metabolism
- Muscle, Skeletal/drug effects
- Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism
- Muscle, Skeletal/pathology
- Muscle, Skeletal/physiopathology
- Muscular Diseases/etiology
- Muscular Diseases/metabolism
- Muscular Diseases/pathology
- Muscular Diseases/physiopathology
- Muscular Diseases/prevention & control
- Necrosis
- Oxidative Stress/drug effects
- Physical Endurance/drug effects
- Physical Exertion
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- S Saxena
- Experimental Biology Division, Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences, Delhi, India
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10
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Abstract
Heme oxygenase (HO), the rate limiting enzyme in the breakdown of heme into carbon monoxide (CO), iron and bilirubin, has recently received overwhelming research attention. To date three mammalian HO isozymes have been identified, and the only inducible form is HO-1 while HO-2 and HO-3 are constitutively expressed. Advances in unveiling signal transduction network indicate that a battery of redox-sensitive transcription factors, such as activator protein-1 (AP-1), nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappaB) and nuclear factor E2-related factor-2 (Nrf2), and their upstream kinases including mitogen-activated protein kinases play an important regulatory role in HO-1 gene induction. The products of the HO-catalyzed reaction, particularly CO and biliverdin/bilirubin have been shown to exert protective effects in several organs against oxidative and other noxious stimuli. In this context, it is interesting to note that induction of HO-1 expression contributes to protection against liver damage induced by several chemical compounds such as acetaminophen, carbon tetrachloride and heavy metals, suggesting HO-1 induction as an important cellular endeavor for hepatoprotection. The focus of this review is on the significance of targeted induction of HO-1 as a potential therapeutic strategy to protect against chemically-induced liver injury as well as hepatocarcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebenezer Olatunde Farombi
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
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Gonzales S, Polizio AH, Erario MA, Tomaro ML. Glutamine is highly effective in preventing in vivo cobalt-induced oxidative stress in rat liver. World J Gastroenterol 2005; 11:3533-8. [PMID: 15962369 PMCID: PMC4315955 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v11.i23.3533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To evaluate the in vivo effect of glutamine on cobalt-generated oxidative stress and (HO-1) induction in rat liver.
METHODS: Fasted female Wistar rats received a single injection of cobalt chloride (375 µmol/kg body weight) and then were killed at different times. Lipid peroxidation and soluble and enzymatic antioxidant defense system (reduced glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and superoxide dismutase (SOD)) were measured in liver homogenates. Ferritin and ferritin iron contents as well as heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) activity and expression were also determined. The antioxidant properties of glutamine (Gln) were also evaluated.
RESULTS: Cobalt chloride increased lipid peroxidation (50% over control values) 1 h after treatment. GSH reached a minimum at 3 h (40%) increasing thereafter. Twelve hours after CoCl2 injection, the antioxidant enzymes CAT, GSH-Px and SOD also diminished by about 30%. Heme oxygenase-1 induction was observed 6 h after treatment reaching a maximum value of 14-fold over the controls, 12 h after cobalt treatment. A 1.7-fold increase in ferritin and ferritin-bound iron 24 h after treatment were also obtained. Administration of glutamine (300 mg/kg body weight) by gavage 24 h before CoCl2 treatment entirely prevented the increase in thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) content, the decrease in GSH levels, and partially reverted heme oxygenase-1 induction.
CONCLUSION: These results suggested that a natural product such as glutamine prevents glutathione depletion and consequently heme oxygenase induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soledad Gonzales
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquimica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junin 956, Buenos Aires, 1113, Argentina
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Hristov K, Altankova I, Gagov H, Bolton T, Boev KK, Duridanova D. Calcium-dependent changes in potassium currents in guinea-pig coronary artery smooth muscle cells after acute cobalt loading in vivo. Pflugers Arch 2004; 449:16-25. [PMID: 15340849 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-004-1292-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to determine whether cobalt poisoning induces haem oxidase isoenzyme-1 (HO-1) in coronary artery smooth muscle, or accounts for any changes in coronary smooth muscle cell (SMCs) membrane ionic currents that could result from this type of heavy metal poisoning. In SMCs isolated from cobalt-treated guinea-pig coronaries, K+ channel currents (IK) were much smaller than those in cells isolated from non-treated animals. Haemin (HO substrate) increased IK concentration dependently. This effect was mimicked by 1% CO and was abolished by pretreatment of cells with a competitive HO inhibitor, by inhibitors of guanylyl cyclase, protein kinase G or phospholipase C, as well as by blocking inositol trisphosphate-dependent Ca release, or sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca-ATPase, or by bathing cells in Ca-free external solution. Expression of the Na/Ca exchanger-1 (NCX-1) protein was reduced substantially in SMCs from coronary arteries of cobalt-treated animals. No expression of HO-1 was detected. It is concluded that acute cobalt poisoning in vivo depresses Ca-sensitive K currents via CO-dependent modulation of intracellular calcium availability, most probably by suppressing the expression of NCX-1 protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiril Hristov
- Department of Membrane Ion Channels, Institute of Biophysics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. Georgi Bonchev Str., Bldg. 21, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
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Alves AA, Pereira da Silva L, Macedo DV, Kubota LT. Amperometric sensor for glutathione reductase activity determination in erythrocyte hemolysate. Anal Biochem 2003; 323:33-8. [PMID: 14622956 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2003.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The development of an amperometric sensor for glutathione reductase (GR) activity in erythrocyte hemolysate to contribute to oxidative stress evaluation is presented. In this assay, the reduced form of glutathione, the product of the GR reaction, reacts with 5,5(')-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid), producing GSTNB, which is easily reduced in the electrode surface. The current was recorded during 180 s after the sample addition, applying a potential of -300 mV. The sensor presented a suitable sensitivity, a good operational range, and precision. The effects of pH variations and specific uncompetitive inhibitor (safranin-O) in the enzyme activity were also evaluated. The GR activity determination in human erythrocyte hemolysate using this method has provided results that are statistically equal to those obtained by the classical spectrophotometric method, with 95% of confidence. The advantages of this method are the saved time, reagents, and samples and the possibility of its use in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Alves
- Labex, Laboratory of Biochemistry of Exercise, Departamento Bioquímica, IB-UNICAMP, Campinas, 13083-971 Sao Paulo, Brazil
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