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The roles of epigenetics in cancer progression and metastasis. Biochem J 2021; 478:3373-3393. [PMID: 34520519 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20210084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Cancer metastasis remains a major clinical challenge for cancer treatment. It is therefore crucial to understand how cancer cells establish and maintain their metastatic traits. However, metastasis-specific genetic mutations have not been identified in most exome or genome sequencing studies. Emerging evidence suggests that key steps of metastasis are controlled by reversible epigenetic mechanisms, which can be targeted to prevent and treat the metastatic disease. A variety of epigenetic mechanisms were identified to regulate metastasis, including the well-studied DNA methylation and histone modifications. In the past few years, large scale chromatin structure alterations including reprogramming of the enhancers and chromatin accessibility to the transcription factors were shown to be potential driving force of cancer metastasis. To dissect the molecular mechanisms and functional output of these epigenetic changes, it is critical to use advanced techniques and alternative animal models for interdisciplinary and translational research on this topic. Here we summarize our current understanding of epigenetic aberrations in cancer progression and metastasis, and their implications in developing new effective metastasis-specific therapies.
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Friedman JR, Richbart SD, Merritt JC, Brown KC, Denning KL, Tirona MT, Valentovic MA, Miles SL, Dasgupta P. Capsaicinoids: Multiple effects on angiogenesis, invasion and metastasis in human cancers. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 118:109317. [PMID: 31404777 PMCID: PMC6759410 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer progression is a complex multistep process comprising of angiogenesis of the primary tumor, its invasion into the surrounding stroma and its migration to distant organs to produce metastases. Nutritional compounds of the "capsaicinoid" family regulate angiogenesis, invasion and metastasis of tumors. Capsaicinoids display robust anti-angiogenic activity in both cell culture and mice models. However, conflicting reports exist about the effect of capsaicinoids on invasion of metastasis of cancers. While some published reports have described an anti-invasive and anti-metastatic role for capsaicinoids, others have argued that capsaicinoids stimulate invasion and metastasis of cancers. The present review article summarizes these findings involving the bioactivity of capsaicin in angiogenesis, invasion and metastasis of cancer. A survey of literature indicate that they are several articles summarizing the growth-inhibitory activity of capsaicinoids but few describe its effects on angiogenesis, invasion and metastasis in detail. Our review article fills this gap of knowledge. The discovery of a second generation of natural and synthetic capsaicin analogs (with anti-tumor activity) will pave the way to improved strategies for the treatment of several human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie R Friedman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, 1 John Marshall Drive, WV 25755, United States
| | - Stephen D Richbart
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, 1 John Marshall Drive, WV 25755, United States
| | - Justin C Merritt
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, 1 John Marshall Drive, WV 25755, United States
| | - Kathleen C Brown
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, 1 John Marshall Drive, WV 25755, United States
| | - Krista L Denning
- Department of Pathology, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, 1 John Marshall Drive, WV 25755, United States
| | - Maria T Tirona
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Edwards Cancer Center, Cabell Huntington Hospital, 1400 Hal Greer Boulevard, Huntington, WV 25701, United States
| | - Monica A Valentovic
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, 1 John Marshall Drive, WV 25755, United States
| | - Sarah L Miles
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, 1 John Marshall Drive, WV 25755, United States
| | - Piyali Dasgupta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, 1 John Marshall Drive, WV 25755, United States.
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3
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Koyama N, Iwai Y, Nagai Y, Aoshiba K, Nakamura H. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis in small cell lung cancer as a predictive factor for poor clinical outcome and risk of its exacerbation. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0221718. [PMID: 31442290 PMCID: PMC6707562 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Lung cancer frequently co-exists with idiopathic interstitial pneumonia (IIP), which can be subdivided into idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and IIP other than IPF (other IIP). Although chemotherapy in small cell lung cancer (SCLC) patients with IIP may result in the exacerbation of IIP, these patients commonly receive chemotherapy. This study aimed to assess the risks and benefits of chemotherapy in SCLC patients with IIP. Methods We retrospectively analyzed the medical records of 122 patients with SCLC who received chemotherapy. Patients with secondary interstitial lung disease (ILD) of known etiology were excluded. Eligible patients were divided into two groups: SCLC with and without IIP. The former group was subdivided into those with IPF and other IIP. Results Of the 47 (39.2%) SCLC patients with IIP, 20 had IPF and 27 had other IIP. The frequency of chemotherapy-induced ILD development or IIP exacerbation was higher in patients with IPF (40.0%) than in those with other IIP (3.7%) and non-IIP (1.4%). Logistic regression analysis demonstrated that ILD development or IIP exacerbation was independently associated with IPF (P = 0.007). Time to treatment failure (P < 0.001) and overall survival (P = 0.001) were different among the groups., Cox proportional hazard model revealed that IPF was independently associated with time to treatment failure (P = 0,017) and overall survival (P = 0.006). Other IIP had no impact on time to treatment failure or overall survival. Development of ILD or exacerbation of IIP independently reduced time to treatment failure and overall survival. Conclusions Comorbid IPF can be an independent, negative prognostic indicator and at high risk of ILD development or IIP exacerbation in SCLC patients. Early diagnosis and intervention for chemotherapy-induced IIP exacerbation will be beneficial for SCLC patients with IPF, who need close monitoring for its onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyuki Koyama
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Tokyo Medical University Ibaraki Medical Center, Ibaraki, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Yuki Iwai
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tokyo Medical University Ibaraki Medical Center, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Nagai
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Kazutetsu Aoshiba
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tokyo Medical University Ibaraki Medical Center, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nakamura
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tokyo Medical University Ibaraki Medical Center, Ibaraki, Japan
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4
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Subtype-specific secretomic characterization of pulmonary neuroendocrine tumor cells. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3201. [PMID: 31324758 PMCID: PMC6642156 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11153-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary neuroendocrine (NE) cancer, including small cell lung cancer (SCLC), is a particularly aggressive malignancy. The lineage-specific transcription factors Achaete-scute homolog 1 (ASCL1), NEUROD1 and POU2F3 have been reported to identify the different subtypes of pulmonary NE cancers. Using a large-scale mass spectrometric approach, here we perform quantitative secretome analysis in 13 cell lines that signify the different NE lung cancer subtypes. We quantify 1,626 proteins and identify IGFBP5 as a secreted marker for ASCL1High SCLC. ASCL1 binds to the E-box elements in IGFBP5 and directly regulates its transcription. Knockdown of ASCL1 decreases IGFBP5 expression, which, in turn, leads to hyperactivation of IGF-1R signaling. Pharmacological co-targeting of ASCL1 and IGF-1R results in markedly synergistic effects in ASCL1High SCLC in vitro and in mouse models. We expect that this secretome resource will provide the foundation for future mechanistic and biomarker discovery studies, helping to delineate the molecular underpinnings of pulmonary NE tumors. Secreted proteins present a rich resource of potential cancer biomarkers. Here, the authors use mass spectrometry to analyze secretome remodeling in pulmonary neuroendocrine lung cancer cell lines and validate potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets in vitro and in mouse models.
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Jiang C, Cui C, Zhong W, Li G, Li L, Shao Y. Tumor proliferation and diffusion on percolation clusters. J Biol Phys 2016; 42:637-658. [PMID: 27678112 DOI: 10.1007/s10867-016-9427-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
We study in silico the influence of host tissue inhomogeneity on tumor cell proliferation and diffusion by simulating the mobility of a tumor on percolation clusters with different homogeneities of surrounding tissues. The proliferation and diffusion of a tumor in an inhomogeneous tissue could be characterized in the framework of the percolation theory, which displays similar thresholds (0.54, 0.44, and 0.37, respectively) for tumor proliferation and diffusion in three kinds of lattices with 4, 6, and 8 connecting near neighbors. Our study reveals the existence of a critical transition concerning the survival and diffusion of tumor cells with leaping metastatic diffusion movement in the host tissues. Tumor cells usually flow in the direction of greater pressure variation during their diffusing and infiltrating to a further location in the host tissue. Some specific sites suitable for tumor invasion were observed on the percolation cluster and around these specific sites a tumor can develop into scattered tumors linked by some advantage tunnels that facilitate tumor invasion. We also investigate the manner that tissue inhomogeneity surrounding a tumor may influence the velocity of tumor diffusion and invasion. Our simulation suggested that invasion of a tumor is controlled by the homogeneity of the tumor microenvironment, which is basically consistent with the experimental report by Riching et al. as well as our clinical observation of medical imaging. Both simulation and clinical observation proved that tumor diffusion and invasion into the surrounding host tissue is positively correlated with the homogeneity of the tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongming Jiang
- School of Physics, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China.,BGI-Research in Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China
| | - Chunyan Cui
- Department of Medical Imaging, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Weirong Zhong
- Siyuan Laboratory, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Vacuum Coating Technologies and New Energy Materials, Department of Physics, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Gang Li
- School of Physics, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Medical Imaging, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Yuanzhi Shao
- School of Physics, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China.
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Taromi S, Kayser G, von Elverfeldt D, Reichardt W, Braun F, Weber WA, Zeiser R, Burger M. An orthotopic mouse model of small cell lung cancer reflects the clinical course in patients. Clin Exp Metastasis 2016; 33:651-60. [PMID: 27380917 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-016-9808-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is a highly aggressive subtype of lung cancer with very poor prognosis due to early metastatic spread and development of chemoresistance. In the last 30 years the study of SCLC has been constrained by a lack of primary human tumor specimen thus highlighting the need of a suitable mouse model. In this article we present the establishment of an orthotopic xenograft mouse model which accurately reproduced the clinical course of SCLC. Orthotopic implantation enabled engraftment of primary lung tumors in all injected mice. Furthermore, immunodeficiency of mice allowed formation of spontaneous metastases in characteristic organs. Bioluminescence Imaging, Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Positron emission tomography were applied to monitor engraftment, metabolism and the exact growth of tumors over time. In order to mimic the extensive disease stage, mice were injected with aggressive human chemoresistant cells leading to development of chemoresistant tumors and early metastatic spread. As a proof of concept treatment of tumor-bearing mice with conventional chemotherapeutics reduced tumor volumes, but a complete regression of tumors was not achieved. By mimicking the extensive disease stage our mouse model can facilitate the study of mechanisms contributing to chemoresistance and metastasis formation, as well as drug screening and evaluation of new treatment strategies for SCLC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanaz Taromi
- Department of Hematology/Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Medical Center, Hugstetter Str. 55, 70106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Gian Kayser
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Wilfried Reichardt
- Department of Radiology Medical Physics, University Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Friederike Braun
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang A Weber
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA.,Institute of Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Robert Zeiser
- Department of Hematology/Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Medical Center, Hugstetter Str. 55, 70106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Meike Burger
- Department of Hematology/Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Medical Center, Hugstetter Str. 55, 70106, Freiburg, Germany. .,Faculty of Medical and Life Sciences, University Futwangen, Campus Schwenningen, Jakob-Kienzle-Str. 17, 78054, Villingen-Schwenningen, Germany.
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Oh AY, Jung YS, Kim J, Lee JH, Cho JH, Chun HY, Park S, Park H, Lim S, Ha NC, Park JS, Park CS, Song GY, Park BJ. Inhibiting DX2-p14/ARF Interaction Exerts Antitumor Effects in Lung Cancer and Delays Tumor Progression. Cancer Res 2016; 76:4791-804. [PMID: 27302160 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-1025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aminoacyl tRNA synthetase complex-interacting multifunctional protein 2 (AIMP2) splice variant designated DX2 is induced by cigarette smoke carcinogens and is often detected in human lung cancer specimens. However, the function of DX2 in lung carcinogenesis is obscure. In this study, we found that DX2 expression was induced by oncogenes in human lung cancer tissues and cells. DX2 prevented oncogene-induced apoptosis and senescence and promoted drug resistance by directly binding to and inhibiting p14/ARF. Through chemical screening, we identified SLCB050, a novel compound that blocks the interaction between DX2 and p14/ARF in vitro and in vivo SLCB050 reduced the viability of human lung cancer cells, especially small cell lung cancer cells, in a p14/ARF-dependent manner. Moreover, in a mouse model of K-Ras-driven lung tumorigenesis, ectopic expression of DX2 induced small cell and non-small cell lung cancers, both of which could be suppressed by SLCB050 treatment. Taken together, our findings show how DX2 promotes lung cancer progression and how its activity may be thwarted as a strategy to treat patients with lung cancers exhibiting elevated DX2 levels. Cancer Res; 76(16); 4791-804. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ah-Young Oh
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea (South)
| | - Youn Sang Jung
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea (South)
| | - Jiseon Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea (South)
| | - Jee-Hyun Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea (South)
| | - Jung-Hyun Cho
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea (South)
| | - Ho-Young Chun
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea (South)
| | - Soyoung Park
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea (South)
| | - Hyunchul Park
- Forensic DNA Division, National Forensic Service, Wonju, Republic of Korea (South)
| | - Sikeun Lim
- Forensic DNA Division, National Forensic Service, Wonju, Republic of Korea (South)
| | - Nam-Chul Ha
- Program in Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea (South)
| | - Jong Sook Park
- Division of Allergy and Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon, Gyeonggi Do, Republic of Korea (South)
| | - Choon-Sik Park
- Division of Allergy and Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon, Gyeonggi Do, Republic of Korea (South)
| | - Gyu-Yong Song
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea (South).
| | - Bum-Joon Park
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea (South).
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Estrela JM, Ortega A, Mena S, Sirerol JA, Obrador E. Glutathione in metastases: From mechanisms to clinical applications. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2016; 53:253-67. [DOI: 10.3109/10408363.2015.1136259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- José M. Estrela
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology and
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Angel Ortega
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Salvador Mena
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - J. Antoni Sirerol
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Elena Obrador
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology and
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Ogino H, Hanibuchi M, Kakiuchi S, Saijo A, Tezuka T, Toyoda Y, Tobiume M, Otsuka K, Sakaguchi S, Goto H, Arisawa K, Nishioka Y. Analysis of the Prognostic Factors of Extensive Disease Small-Cell Lung Cancer Patients in Tokushima University Hospital. THE JOURNAL OF MEDICAL INVESTIGATION 2016; 63:286-93. [DOI: 10.2152/jmi.63.286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hirokazu Ogino
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University
| | - Masaki Hanibuchi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University
| | - Soji Kakiuchi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University
- Department of Oncology, Tokushima Municipal Hospital
| | - Atsuro Saijo
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University
| | - Toshifumi Tezuka
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University
| | - Yuko Toyoda
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University
| | - Makoto Tobiume
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University
| | - Kenji Otsuka
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University
| | - Satoshi Sakaguchi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tokushima Prefectural Central Hospital
| | - Hisatsugu Goto
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University
| | - Kokichi Arisawa
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University
| | - Yasuhiko Nishioka
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University
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The comparative pathology of genetically engineered mouse models for neuroendocrine carcinomas of the lung. J Thorac Oncol 2015; 10:553-64. [PMID: 25675280 DOI: 10.1097/jto.0000000000000459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Because small-cell lung carcinomas (SCLC) are seldom resected, human materials for study are limited. Thus, genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs) for SCLC and other high-grade lung neuroendocrine (NE) carcinomas are crucial for translational research. METHODS The pathologies of five GEMMs were studied in detail and consensus diagnoses reached by four lung cancer pathology experts. Hematoxylin and Eosin and immunostained slides of over 100 mice were obtained from the originating and other laboratories and digitalized. The GEMMs included the original Rb/p53 double knockout (Berns Laboratory) and triple knockouts from the Sage, MacPherson, and Jacks laboratories (double knockout model plus loss of p130 [Sage laboratory] or loss of Pten [MacPherson and Jacks laboratories]). In addition, a GEMM with constitutive co-expression of SV40 large T antigen and Ascl1 under the Scgb1a1 promoter from the Linnoila laboratory were included. RESULTS The lung tumors in all of the models had common as well as distinct pathological features. All three conditional knockout models resulted in multiple pulmonary tumors arising mainly from the central compartment (large bronchi) with foci of in situ carcinoma and NE cell hyperplasia. They consisted of inter- and intra-tumor mixtures of SCLC and large-cell NE cell carcinoma in varying proportions. Occasional adeno- or large-cell carcinomas were also seen. Extensive vascular and lymphatic invasion and metastases to the mediastinum and liver were noted, mainly of SCLC histology. In the Rb/p53/Pten triple knockout model from the MacPherson and Jacks laboratories and in the constitutive SV40/T antigen model many peripherally arising non-small-cell lung carcinoma tumors having varying degrees of NE marker expression were present (non-small-cell lung carcinoma-NE tumors). The resultant histological phenotypes were influenced by the introduction of specific genetic alterations, by inactivation of one or both alleles of specific genes, by time from Cre activation and by targeting of lung cells or NE cell subpopulations. CONCLUSION The five GEMM models studied are representative for the entire spectrum of human high-grade NE carcinomas and are also useful for the study of multistage pathogenesis and the metastatic properties of these tumors. They represent one of the most advanced forms of currently available GEMM models for the study of human cancer.
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Kim J, Sato M, Choi JW, Kim HW, Yeh BI, Larsen JE, Minna JD, Cha JH, Jeong Y. Nuclear Receptor Expression and Function in Human Lung Cancer Pathogenesis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0134842. [PMID: 26244663 PMCID: PMC4526668 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is caused by combinations of diverse genetic mutations. Here, to understand the relevance of nuclear receptors (NRs) in the oncogene-associated lung cancer pathogenesis, we investigated the expression profile of the entire 48 NR members by using QPCR analysis in a panel of human bronchial epithelial cells (HBECs) that included precancerous and tumorigenic HBECs harboring oncogenic K-rasV12 and/or p53 alterations. The analysis of the profile revealed that oncogenic alterations accompanied transcriptional changes in the expression of 19 NRs in precancerous HBECs and 15 NRs according to the malignant progression of HBECs. Amongst these, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), a NR chosen as a proof-of-principle study, showed increased expression in precancerous HBECs, which was surprisingly reversed when these HBECs acquired full in vivo tumorigenicity. Notably, PPARγ activation by thiazolidinedione (TZD) treatment reversed the increased expression of pro-inflammatory cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2) in precancerous HBECs. In fully tumorigenic HBECs with inducible expression of PPARγ, TZD treatments inhibited tumor cell growth, clonogenecity, and cell migration in a PPARγ-sumoylation dependent manner. Mechanistically, the sumoylation of liganded-PPARγ decreased COX2 expression and increased 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase expression. This suggests that ligand-mediated sumoylation of PPARγ plays an important role in lung cancer pathogenesis by modulating prostaglandin metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihye Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Lifestyle Medicine, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
- Nuclear Receptor Research Consortium, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Mitsuo Sato
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Jong-Whan Choi
- Department of Biochemistry, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Won Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Il Yeh
- Department of Biochemistry, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jill E. Larsen
- The Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - John D. Minna
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- The Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jeong-Heon Cha
- Department of Oral Biology, Oral Cancer Research Institute, Oral Science Research Center, BK21 Project, Research Center for Orofacial Hard Tissue Regeneration, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (YJ); (JHC)
| | - Yangsik Jeong
- Department of Biochemistry, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Lifestyle Medicine, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
- Nuclear Receptor Research Consortium, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (YJ); (JHC)
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Abstract
A few human tumor types have been modeled in mice using genetic or chemical tools. The final goal of these efforts is to establish models that mimic not only the location and cellular origin of human cancers but also their genetic aberrations and morphologic appearances. The latter has been neglected by most investigators, and comparative histopathology of human versus mouse cancers is not readily available. This issue is exacerbated by the fact that some human malignancies comprise a whole spectrum of cancer subtypes that differ molecularly and morphologically. Lung cancer is a paradigm that appears not only as non-small cell and small-cell lung cancer but comprises a plethora of subtypes with distinct morphologic features. This review discusses species-specific and common morphological features of non-small cell lung cancer in mice and humans. Potential inconsistencies and the need for refined genetic tools are discussed in the context of a comparative analysis between commonly employed RAS-induced mouse tumors and human lung cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helmut H Popper
- Institute of Pathology, Research Unit Molecular Lung & Pleura Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 25, 8036, Graz, Austria,
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13
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Singh S, Chellappan S. Lung cancer stem cells: Molecular features and therapeutic targets. Mol Aspects Med 2014; 39:50-60. [PMID: 24016594 PMCID: PMC3949216 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2013.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Revised: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancers are highly heterogeneous and resistant to available therapeutic agents, with a five year survival rate of less than 15%. Despite significant advances in our knowledge of the genetic alterations and aberrations in signaling pathways, it has been difficult to determine the basis of lung cancer heterogeneity and drug resistance. Cancer stem cell model has attracted a significant amount of attention in recent years as a viable explanation for the heterogeneity, drug resistance, dormancy and recurrence and metastasis of various tumors. At the same time, cancer stem cells have been relatively less characterized in lung cancers. This review summarizes the current understanding of lung cancer stem cells, including their molecular features and signaling pathways that drive their stemness. This review also discusses the potential startegies to inhibit the signaling pathways driving stemness, in an effort to eradicate these cells to combat lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Singh
- National Institute of Biomedical Genomics (NIBMG), TB Hospital Building, 2nd floor, Kalyani, West Bengal, India
| | - Srikumar Chellappan
- Department of Tumor Biology, H. Lee Moffitt cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL 33612, United States.
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Yamaguchi F, Kugawa S, Tateno H, Kokubu F, Fukuchi K. Analysis of EGFR, KRAS and P53 mutations in lung cancer using cells in the curette lavage fluid obtained by bronchoscopy. Lung Cancer 2012; 78:201-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2012.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2012] [Revised: 08/16/2012] [Accepted: 08/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Kuramoto T, Goto H, Mitsuhashi A, Tabata S, Ogawa H, Uehara H, Saijo A, Kakiuchi S, Maekawa Y, Yasutomo K, Hanibuchi M, Akiyama SI, Sone S, Nishioka Y. Dll4-Fc, an Inhibitor of Dll4-Notch Signaling, Suppresses Liver Metastasis of Small Cell Lung Cancer Cells through the Downregulation of the NF-κB Activity. Mol Cancer Ther 2012; 11:2578-87. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-12-0640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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16
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The pre-metastatic niche: is metastasis random? BONEKEY REPORTS 2012; 1:80. [PMID: 27127624 DOI: 10.1038/bonekey.2012.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2012] [Accepted: 03/27/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The metastasis of solid tumours is a vastly complex, dynamic and systemic process involving both primary tumour cells as well as a wide array of stromal and vascular cells. The recruitment and activation of host cells by tumours at both the primary and metastatic sites is crucial for successful metastatic dissemination highlighting the systemic nature of disease progression. The appropriation of distant metastatic sites by primary tumours and the generation of so-called pre-metastatic niches have gained much interest in the last decade complementing the century old 'seed and soil' hypothesis. The idea that tumours are capable of pre-defining future sites of metastasis is both exciting and terrifying as we try to understand the dynamic networks associated with solid tumour metastasis. Exactly how a tumour cell can alter the distant metastatic microenvironment is of great importance and will unlock novel strategies for successfully targeting these processes.
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Calbo J, van Montfort E, Proost N, van Drunen E, Beverloo HB, Meuwissen R, Berns A. A functional role for tumor cell heterogeneity in a mouse model of small cell lung cancer. Cancer Cell 2011; 19:244-56. [PMID: 21316603 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2010.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 264] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2010] [Revised: 08/25/2010] [Accepted: 11/17/2010] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is the lung neoplasia with the poorest prognosis, due to its high metastatic potential and chemoresistance upon relapse. Using the previously described mouse model for SCLC, we found that the tumors are often composed of phenotypically different cells with either a neuroendocrine or a mesenchymal marker profile. These cells had a common origin because they shared specific genomic aberrations. The transition from neuroendocrine to mesenchymal phenotype could be achieved by the ectopic expression of oncogenic Ras(V12). Crosstalk between mesenchymal and neuroendocrine cells strongly influenced their behavior. When engrafted as a mixed population, the mesenchymal cells endowed the neuroendocrine cells with metastatic capacity, illustrating the potential relevance of tumor cell heterogeneity in dictating tumor properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquim Calbo
- Division of Molecular Genetics and Center of Biomedical Genetics, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Mandal CC, Ghosh-Choudhury T, Yoneda T, Choudhury GG, Ghosh-Choudhury N. Fish oil prevents breast cancer cell metastasis to bone. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010; 402:602-7. [PMID: 20971068 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.10.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2010] [Accepted: 10/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The data derived from epidemiological and animal models confirm a beneficial effect of fish oil (rich in ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids) in the amelioration of tumor growth and progression, including breast cancer. The breast cancer patients often develop bone metastasis evidenced by osteolytic lesions, leading to severe pain and bone fracture. Using a mouse model of MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cell metastasis to bone, here we show that fish oil diet enriched in DHA (docosahexaenoic acid) and EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid) prevents the formation of osteolytic lesions in bone, indicating suppression of cancer cell metastasis to bone. These results are supported by our data showing both DHA and EPA significantly attenuate the migration/invasion of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells in culture. The mechanism that limits breast cancer cells to selective metastasis to bone remains hitherto unexplored. Aberrant increased expression of CD44 is associated with generation of cancer stem cells, which contribute to metastasis of breast cancer cells. We demonstrate that DHA and EPA significantly inhibit the expression of CD44 protein and mRNA by a transcriptional mechanism. Furthermore, we show markedly reduced levels of CD44 mRNA and protein in the tumors of mice, which were fed fish oil diet than those in control diet. Our data provide the first evidence for a salutary effect of fish oil on breast cancer metastasis to bone. Our results identify a novel function of the fish oil active components, DHA and EPA, which target the cell-intrinsic pro-metastatic molecule CD44 to inhibit migration/invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandi Charan Mandal
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Texas, USA
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Brown KC, Witte TR, Hardman WE, Luo H, Chen YC, Carpenter AB, Lau JK, Dasgupta P. Capsaicin displays anti-proliferative activity against human small cell lung cancer in cell culture and nude mice models via the E2F pathway. PLoS One 2010; 5:e10243. [PMID: 20421925 PMCID: PMC2857654 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2010] [Accepted: 03/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is characterized by rapid progression and low survival rates. Therefore, novel therapeutic agents are urgently needed for this disease. Capsaicin, the active ingredient of chilli peppers, displays anti-proliferative activity in prostate and epidermoid cancer in vitro. However, the anti-proliferative activity of capsaicin has not been studied in human SCLCs. The present manuscript fills this void of knowledge and explores the anti-proliferative effect of capsaicin in SCLC in vitro and in vivo. Methodology/Principal Findings BrdU assays and PCNA ELISAs showed that capsaicin displays robust anti-proliferative activity in four human SCLC cell lines. Furthermore, capsaicin potently suppressed the growth of H69 human SCLC tumors in vivo as ascertained by CAM assays and nude mice models. The second part of our study attempted to provide insight into molecular mechanisms underlying the anti-proliferative activity of capsaicin. We found that the anti-proliferative activity of capsaicin is correlated with a decrease in the expression of E2F-responsive proliferative genes like cyclin E, thymidylate synthase, cdc25A and cdc6, both at mRNA and protein levels. The transcription factor E2F4 mediated the anti-proliferative activity of capsaicin. Ablation of E2F4 levels by siRNA methodology suppressed capsaicin-induced G1 arrest. ChIP assays demonstrated that capsaicin caused the recruitment of E2F4 and p130 on E2F-responsive proliferative promoters, thereby inhibiting cell proliferation. Conclusions/Significance Our findings suggest that the anti-proliferative effects of capsaicin could be useful in the therapy of human SCLCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen C. Brown
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Toxicology, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia, United States of America
| | - Ted R. Witte
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia, United States of America
| | - W. Elaine Hardman
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia, United States of America
| | - Haitao Luo
- Department of Biology, Alderson-Broaddus College, Phillipi, West Virginia, United States of America
| | - Yi C. Chen
- Department of Biology, Alderson-Broaddus College, Phillipi, West Virginia, United States of America
| | - A. Betts Carpenter
- Department of Anatomy and Pathology, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia, United States of America
| | - Jamie K. Lau
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Toxicology, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia, United States of America
| | - Piyali Dasgupta
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Toxicology, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Oxidative and nitrosative stress in the metastatic microenvironment. Cancers (Basel) 2010; 2:274-304. [PMID: 24281071 PMCID: PMC3835079 DOI: 10.3390/cancers2020274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2010] [Revised: 03/02/2010] [Accepted: 03/25/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastases that are resistant to conventional therapies are the main cause of most cancer-related deaths in humans. Tumor cell heterogeneity, which associates with genomic and phenotypic instability, represents a major problem for cancer therapy. Additional factors, such as the attack of immune cells or organ-specific microenvironments, also influence metastatic cell behavior and the response to therapy. Interaction of cancer and endothelial cells in capillary beds, involving mechanical contact and transient adhesion, is a critical step in the initiation of metastasis. This interaction initiates a cascade of activation pathways that involves cytokines, growth factors, bioactive lipids and reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS and RNS) produced by either the cancer cell or the endothelium. Vascular endothelium-derived NO and H2O2 are cytotoxic for the cancer cells, but also help to identify some critical molecular targets that appear essential for survival of invasive metastatic cell subsets. Surviving cancer cells that extravasate and start colonization of an organ or tissue can still be attacked by macrophages and be influenced by specific intraorgan microenvironment conditions. At all steps; from the primary tumor until colonization of a distant organ; metastatic cells undergo a dynamic process of constant adaptations that may lead to the survival of highly resistant malignant cell subsets. In this sequence of molecular events both ROS and RNS play key roles.
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21
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Dey A, Lane DP, Verma CS. Modulating the p53 pathway. Semin Cancer Biol 2010; 20:3-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2010.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2010] [Accepted: 02/23/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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22
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Buckle T, van Leeuwen FWB. Validation of intratracheal instillation of lung tumour cells in mice using single photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography imaging. Lab Anim 2009; 44:40-5. [PMID: 19854758 DOI: 10.1258/la.2009.009030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In search of better predictive animal models for evaluating treatment response in lung cancer, orthotopic lung tumour models are a great step forward over traditional subcutaneous models. Crucial in the development of such orthotopic models is a reliable and reproducible instillation method. Because cells are instilled inside the thorax, the accuracy of the instillation and visualization of tumour growth demands the use of non-invasive imaging methods. We used a minimally invasive intratracheal intubation method to instill bioluminescent lung tumour cells in the lung parenchyma. Adaptation of the cell containing medium provides the possibility of tracing the exact location of the injection by means of single photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography (CT) imaging. The transplantation medium was also optimized to prevent migration of the injected substance. This results in the outgrowth of single and well-defined lung tumours at the instillation site. Finally, tumour growth was validated and longitudinally monitored with a combination of CT and bioluminescence imaging. The reported transplantation procedure enables the assessment of injection accuracy and provides a good approach for the generation of orthotopic lung tumour models for future response imaging studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessa Buckle
- Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine at the Netherlands Cancer Institute - Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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23
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Abstract
Metastasis to distant organs is an ominous feature of most malignant tumours but the natural history of this process varies in different cancers. The cellular origin, intrinsic properties of the tumour, tissue affinities and circulation patterns determine not only the sites of tumour spread, but also the temporal course and severity of metastasis to vital organs. Striking disparities in the natural progression of different cancers raise important questions about the evolution of metastatic traits, the genetic determinants of these properties and the mechanisms that lead to the selection of metastatic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Don X Nguyen
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021, USA
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Yagui-Beltrán A, He B, Jablons DM. The role of cancer stem cells in neoplasia of the lung: past, present and future. Clin Transl Oncol 2009; 10:719-25. [PMID: 19015068 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-008-0278-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Through the identification and subsequent targeting of an exquisitely unique and phenotypically defined cancer stem-cell population exhibiting discrete therapeutic vulnerabilities (a potential source of tumor recurrence) better survival rates for these patients may be achieved. It is this impetus that is making the field of pulmonary stem cell biology a growing field in biomedicine. These efforts are leading to the steady identification of multi-potent, self-renewing and proliferative progenitor cell populations throughout the bronchopulmonary tree. These cells give rise to both transiently amplifying (TA) and terminally differentiated (TD) cells, which (like in many other organs) are crucial for tissue homeostasis. In leukemia, it has been shown that partially committed cells, which are normally responsible for tissue maintenance after trauma, may undergo transformation via mutations resulting in the selective expression of genes that accentuate and perpetuate these cells' self-renewal capabilities. It is therefore perhaps legitimate to consider stem cells as protumorigenic. It is when these cells undergo genetic mutations which make them acquire the ability to metastasize, that cancer occurs, rendering the concept of "cancer stem cells" a rather attractive one indeed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Yagui-Beltrán
- Department of Surgery, UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, USA
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Ogino H, Yano S, Kakiuchi S, Muguruma H, Ikuta K, Hanibuchi M, Uehara H, Tsuchida K, Sugino H, Sone S. Follistatin Suppresses the Production of Experimental Multiple-Organ Metastasis by Small Cell Lung Cancer Cells in Natural Killer Cell–Depleted SCID Mice. Clin Cancer Res 2008; 14:660-7. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-07-1221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose: Follistatin (FST), an inhibitor of activin, regulates a variety of biological functions, including cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. However, the role of FST in cancer metastasis is still unknown. Previous research established a multiple-organ metastasis model of human small cell lung cancer in natural killer cell–depleted SCID mice. In this model, i.v. inoculated tumor cells produced metastatic colonies in multiple organs including the lung, liver, and bone. The purpose of this study is to determine the role of FST in multiple-organ metastasis using this model.
Experimental Design: A human FST gene was transfected into the small cell lung cancer cell lines SBC-3 and SBC-5 and established transfectants secreting biologically active FST. The metastatic potential of the transfectants was evaluated using the metastasis model.
Results: FST-gene transfection did not affect the cell proliferation, motility, invasion, or adhesion to endothelial cells in vitro. I.v. inoculated SBC-3 or SBC-5 cells produced metastatic colonies into multiple organs, including the lung, liver, and bone in the natural killer cell–depleted SCID mice. FST transfectants produced significantly fewer metastatic colonies in these organs when compared with their parental cells or vector control clones. Immunohistochemical analyses of the liver metastases revealed that the number of proliferating tumor cells and the tumor-associated microvessel density were significantly less in the lesions produced by FST transfectants.
Conclusions: These results suggest that FST plays a critical role in the production of multiple-organ metastasis, predominantly by inhibiting the angiogenesis. This is the first report to show the role of FST in metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirokazu Ogino
- 1Internal Medicine and Molecular Therapeutics; Department of
| | - Seiji Yano
- 1Internal Medicine and Molecular Therapeutics; Department of
- 5Division of Medical Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | | | | | - Kenji Ikuta
- 1Internal Medicine and Molecular Therapeutics; Department of
| | | | - Hisanori Uehara
- 3Molecular and Environmental Pathology, Institute of Health Biosciences, University of Tokushima Graduate School
| | - Kunihiro Tsuchida
- 4Institute for Enzyme Research, University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
- 6Institute for Comprehensive Medical Science, Fujita Health University, Aichi, Japan; and
| | - Hiromu Sugino
- 4Institute for Enzyme Research, University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
- 7National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology Organ Development Research Laboratory, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Saburo Sone
- 1Internal Medicine and Molecular Therapeutics; Department of
- 2Medical Oncology and
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Andreu-Vieyra C, Chen R, Matzuk MM. Effects of granulosa cell-specific deletion of Rb in Inha-alpha null female mice. Endocrinology 2007; 148:3837-49. [PMID: 17510234 DOI: 10.1210/en.2006-1590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Our laboratory is interested in the gonadal growth regulatory properties of inhibins, members of the TGFbeta superfamily. We have previously shown that female mice lacking inhibins (Inha(-/-)) develop granulosa cell tumors and that concurrent loss of p27 accelerates tumor development. It has also been shown that the retinoblastoma protein RB regulates the G(1) to S phase transition of the cell cycle by controlling the activity of transcription factors and stabilizing the levels of the cell cycle inhibitor P27. Based on these data, we hypothesized that concurrent loss of Rb and inhibins in the ovary will exacerbate tumor formation. To test this hypothesis, we generated an ovarian granulosa cell conditional knockout (cKO) of Rb using the Cre/lox recombination system in the background of Inha(-/-) mice. Inha(-/-)/Rb cKO females show a modest increase in mortality rates compared with Inha(-/-) females. Although histologically similar to Inha(-/-) ovarian tumors, tumors from Inha(-/-)/Rb cKO females show increased number of mitotic figures and apoptotic rates. Interestingly, P27 levels are decreased in Inha(-/-)/Rb cKO ovarian tumors, likely due to the combined effect of Rb loss and increased Skp2 expression, which targets P27 to the proteosome. We propose that Rb loss may cause cell cycle delay or arrest, followed by apoptosis and that increases in p107 and p130 levels may compensate for Rb loss. These findings confirm the importance of P27 as a cell cycle regulator in granulosa cells and suggest functional compensation between RB-like proteins in ovarian tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Andreu-Vieyra
- Baylor College of Medicine, Department of Pathology, One Baylor Plaza, Smith Building S217, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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27
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Sommer P, Le Rouzic P, Gillingham H, Berry A, Kayahara M, Huynh T, White A, Ray DW. Glucocorticoid receptor overexpression exerts an antisurvival effect on human small cell lung cancer cells. Oncogene 2007; 26:7111-21. [PMID: 17496926 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1210524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is an aggressive tumour with an abysmal prognosis. These cancers are characteristically resistant to glucocorticoid (Gc) action, owing to impaired expression of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR). We identified reduced GR expression in human SCLC cell lines, compared to a non-SCLC cell line. The SCLC cells also showed no Gc inhibition of proliferation, in contrast to non-SCLC cells. Retroviral overexpression of GR resulted in significantly increased cell death, which was partially blocked by the GR antagonist, RU486. Indeed, in cells sorted for GR expression, there was rapid, near complete loss of live cells by 72 h, in contrast to control cells that proliferated as expected. Flow cytometry using Annexin V revealed that cell death was by apoptosis. In addition, confocal analysis of fixed cells showed that cells overexpressing GR displayed a significant increase in fragmenting apoptotic nuclei. Microarray studies showed that transgenic GR expression upregulated the proapoptotic genes, BAD and BAX. We have, therefore, identified a profound apoptotic effect of GR in SCLC cells, which may explain the low levels of endogenous GR in SCLC cells. Understanding how GR overexpression leads to apoptotic cell death in SCLC cells may uncover new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Sommer
- Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, Department of Medicine, Centre for Molecular Medicine and Endocrine Sciences Research Group, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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Giangreco A, Groot KR, Janes SM. Lung cancer and lung stem cells: strange bedfellows? Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2006; 175:547-53. [PMID: 17158280 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200607-984pp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is a significant disease with survival rates remaining poor despite numerous therapeutic advances during the last 30 years. Understanding lung cancer pathogenesis through murine modeling may improve future human therapies, and new data indicate that mutations within different endogenous stem cells situated throughout airways can drive cancer formation. Airway stem cells maintain prototumorigenic characteristics, including high proliferative capacity, multipotent differentiation, and a long lifespan relative to other cells. These cells localize to proximal airway submucosal glands/intercartilagenous rings, neuroepithelial bodies, and terminal bronchioles/bronchoalveolar duct junctions. Recent studies suggest that endogenous stem cell signaling and differentiation pathways are maintained within distinct cancer types, and that destabilization of this signaling machinery may initiate region-specific lung cancers. A better understanding of this relationship among stem cell regulation, cellular mutation, and lung cancer oncogenesis is critical for developing the next wave of lung cancer therapies.
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Kucherlapati MH, Nguyen AA, Bronson RT, Kucherlapati RS. Inactivation of conditional Rb by Villin-Cre leads to aggressive tumors outside the gastrointestinal tract. Cancer Res 2006; 66:3576-83. [PMID: 16585182 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-2699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We have crossed mice carrying the conditional Rb(tm2Brn) allele with a constitutive Villin-Cre transgenic mouse. The Villin promoter in these animals is highly expressed in adult intestine and kidney proximal tubules and is expressed in the gut and nephros anlagen during embryogenesis. We report here that these mice develop tumors between 12 and 17 months old outside the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. A high penetrance of pituitary tumors and medullar carcinoma of the thyroid is observed with a lower incidence of hyperplasia of pulmonary neuroendocrine cells and aggressive liver, bile duct, stomach, oral cavity tumors, and lipomas. Rb rearrangement due to ectopic Villin promoter activity in neural crest or neural crest stem cells during embryogenesis is most likely responsible for the medullar carcinoma of the thyroid phenotype. The aggressive nature of the medullar carcinoma of the thyroid and its ability to metastasize to unusual sites make the model suitable for the study of tumor progression and mechanism of metastasis. Observed sites of metastasis include the stomach, small intestine, liver, lung, kidney, pancreas, spleen, bone marrow, salivary gland, fat, lymph nodes, and dorsal root ganglion. Because the Villin promoter is highly active throughout the GI and in the nephros anlagen during development, we find that Rb inactivation is not sufficient to initiate tumorigenesis in the GI or kidneys in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie H Kucherlapati
- Harvard-Partners Center for Genetics and Genomics, Harvard Medical School, New Research Building 160B, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Henderson LJ, Coe BP, Lee EHL, Girard L, Gazdar AF, Minna JD, Lam S, MacAulay C, Lam WL. Genomic and gene expression profiling of minute alterations of chromosome arm 1p in small-cell lung carcinoma cells. Br J Cancer 2005; 92:1553-60. [PMID: 15785753 PMCID: PMC2362006 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6602452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic alterations occurring on human chromosome arm 1p are common in many types of cancer including lung, breast, neuroblastoma, pheochromocytoma, and colorectal. The identification of tumour suppressors and oncogenes on this arm has been limited by the low resolution of current technologies for fine mapping. In order to identify genetic alterations on 1p in small-cell lung carcinoma, we developed a new resource for fine mapping segmental DNA copy number alterations. We have constructed an array of 642 ordered and fingerprint-verified bacterial artificial chromosome clones spanning the 120 megabase (Mb) 1p arm from 1p11.2 to p36.33. The 1p arm of 15 small-cell lung cancer cell lines was analysed at sub-Mb resolution using this arm-specific array. Among the genetic alterations identified, two regions of recurrent amplification emerged. They were detected in at least 45% of the samples: a 580 kb region at 1p34.2–p34.3 and a 270 kb region at 1p11.2. We further defined the potential importance of these genomic amplifications by analysing the RNA expression of the genes in these regions with Affymetrix oligonucleotide arrays and semiquantitative reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction. Our data revealed overexpression of the genes HEYL, HPCAL4, BMP8, IPT, and RLF, coinciding with genomic amplification.
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Affiliation(s)
- L-J Henderson
- British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1L3, Canada.
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