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An origin of carotid vasodilation extends along the full extent of the parasympathetic parvicellular reticular region in the rat brainstem. Auton Neurosci 2021; 232:102786. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2021.102786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Rouine J, Kelly ME, Jennings-Murphy C, Duffy P, Gorman I, Gormley S, Kerskens CM, Harkin A. Investigation of the mechanisms mediating MDMA "Ecstasy"-induced increases in cerebro-cortical perfusion determined by btASL MRI. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2015; 232:1501-13. [PMID: 25366875 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-014-3790-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Acute administration of the recreational drug of abuse 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; Ecstasy) has previously been shown to increase cerebro-cortical perfusion as determined by bolus-tracking arterial spin labelling (btASL) MRI. OBJECTIVES The purpose of the current study was to assess the mechanisms mediating these changes following systemic administration of MDMA to rats. METHODS Pharmacological manipulation of serotonergic, dopaminergic and nitrergic transmission was carried out to determine the mechanism of action of MDMA-induced increases in cortical perfusion using btASL MRI. RESULTS Fenfluramine (10 mg/kg), like MDMA (20 mg/kg), increased cortical perfusion. Increased cortical perfusion was not obtained with the 5-HT2 receptor agonist 2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenyl-aminopropane hydrochloride (DOI) (1 mg/kg). Depletion of central 5-HT following systemic administration of the tryptophan hydroxylase inhibitor para-chlorophenylalanine (pCPA) produced effects similar to those observed with MDMA. Pre-treatment with the 5-HT receptor antagonist metergoline (4 mg/kg) or with the 5-HT reuptake inhibitor citalopram (30 mg/kg), however, failed to produce any effect alone or influence the response to MDMA. Pre-treatment with the dopamine D1 receptor antagonist SCH 23390 (1 mg/kg) failed to influence the changes in cortical perfusion obtained with MDMA. Treatment with the neuronal nitric oxide (NO) synthase inhibitor 7-nitroindazole (7-NI) (25 mg/kg) provoked no change in cerebral perfusion alone yet attenuated the MDMA-related increase in cortical perfusion. CONCLUSIONS Cortical 5-HT depletion is associated with increases in perfusion although this mechanism alone does not account for MDMA-related changes. A role for NO, a key regulator of cerebrovascular perfusion, is implicated in MDMA-induced increases in cortical perfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Rouine
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin, 2, Ireland
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Gong CL, Leung YM, Wang MR, Lin NN, Lee TJF, Kuo JS. Neurochemicals involved in medullary control of common carotid blood flow. Curr Neuropharmacol 2014; 11:513-20. [PMID: 24403875 PMCID: PMC3763759 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x113119990044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2012] [Revised: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The common carotid artery (CCA) supplies intra- and extra-cranial vascular beds. An area in the medulla controlling CCA blood flow is defined as the dorsal facial area (DFA) by Kuo et al. in 1987. In the DFA, presynaptic nitrergic and/or glutamatergic fibers innervate preganglionic nitrergic and/or cholinergic neurons which give rise to the preganglionic fibers of the parasympathetic 7th and 9th cranial nerves. Released glutamate from presynaptic nitrergic and/or glutamatergic fibers can activate N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid (AMPA) receptors on preganglionic nitrergic and/or cholinergic neurons. By modulating this glutamate release, several neurochemicals including serotonin, arginine, nitric oxide, nicotine, choline and ATP in the DFA regulate CCA blood flow. Understanding the neurochemical regulatory mechanisms can provide important insights of the physiological roles of the DFA, and may help develop therapeutic strategies for diseases involving CCA blood flow, such as migraine, hypertensive disease, Alzheimer’s disease and cerebral ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Li Gong
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taiwan
| | - Yuk-Man Leung
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taiwan; ; Graduate Institute of Neural and Cognitive Sciences, China Medical University, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Ren Wang
- Yuhing Junior College of Health Care and Management, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Nai-Nu Lin
- Department of Education and Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Tony Jer-Fu Lee
- Neuro-Medical Scientific Center and Center for Vascular Medicine, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital and Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan; ; Department of Medical Research, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital and Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Jon-Son Kuo
- Neuro-Medical Scientific Center and Center for Vascular Medicine, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital and Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan; ; Department of Medical Research, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital and Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan; ; Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
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Nicotine activation of neuronal nitric oxide synthase and guanylyl cyclase in the medulla increases blood flow of the common carotid artery in cats. Neurosci Lett 2010; 486:122-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2010.08.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2010] [Revised: 07/30/2010] [Accepted: 08/25/2010] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Nicotine stimulation of the medulla increases blood flow of the common carotid artery in cats. Auton Neurosci 2010; 152:49-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2009.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2009] [Revised: 08/28/2009] [Accepted: 08/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Kuo JS, Huang YP, Chiu YT, Lin NN, Cheng CC, Hung YW, Lee TJF, Gong CL. Glutamate release upon purinergic action in the dorsal facial area of the medulla increases blood flow in the common carotid artery in cats. Neuroscience 2009; 163:898-908. [PMID: 19559757 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.06.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2009] [Revised: 05/22/2009] [Accepted: 06/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Interactions of glutamatergic and purinergic actions in the medulla regulate important cardiovascular functions. The glutamatergic action in dorsal facial area (DFA) of the medulla increases blood flow of common carotid artery (CCA) in cats. We hypothesized that interactions of glutamatergic and purinergic actions in the DFA may regulate the CCA blood flow. Purinergic and glutamatergic agonists and antagonists were microinjected into the DFA through a four-barrel tubing in anesthetized cats. Drug effects were evaluated by changes in the CCA blood flow. Microinjection with 20 nmol ATP or alpha,beta-methyleneATP (alpha,beta-MeATP, a P2 purinergic receptor agonist) induced an increase of the CCA blood flow. This increase was dose-dependently reduced by prior administration with 1,3-dipropyl-8-p-sulfophenylxanthine (DPSPX, a specific P1 purinergic receptor antagonist), or pyridoxalphosphate-6-azophenyl-2',4'-disulfonic acid (PPADS, a selective P2 purinergic receptor antagonist) as well as with MK-801 (a non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonist) or glutamate diethyl ester (GDEE, a competitive AMPA/kainate receptor antagonist). It was almost completely blocked by administrations with combined maximal doses of P1 and P2 receptor antagonists as well as NMDA and AMPA receptor antagonists. Nevertheless, P1 receptor agonist induced only mild and poorly reproducible increase in the CCA blood flow. In conclusion, prominent P2 and minor P1 purinergic receptors appear to be present in the DFA; the purinergic activation can mediate a release of glutamate that stimulates NMDA and AMPA to induce the increase of the CCA blood flows. These findings may provide important information for developing therapeutic strategy for diseases involving the CCA blood flow, such as hypertensive disease and cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-S Kuo
- Neuro-Medical Scientific Center and Center for Vascular Medicine, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital and Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
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Kuo JS, Lee TJF, Chiu YT, Li HT, Lin NN, Tsai TT, Gong CL. Nitric oxide and glutamate in the dorsal facial area regulate common carotid blood flow in the cat. Eur J Pharmacol 2008; 594:55-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2008.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2008] [Revised: 06/30/2008] [Accepted: 07/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Gong CL, Chiu YT, Lin NN, Cheng CC, Li HT, Kuo JS. Regulation of common carotid arterial blood flow by nitrergic neurons in the medulla of cats. Eur J Pharmacol 2006; 556:84-8. [PMID: 17156775 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2006.10.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2006] [Revised: 10/15/2006] [Accepted: 10/19/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Glutamate stimulation of the dorsal facial area, an area located dorsal to the facial nucleus, increases common carotid arterial blood flow. Nitrergic neurons are important in cardiovascular regulatory areas. We investigated whether the nitrergic neurons might be present and play a role in the dorsal facial area to regulate the arterial blood flow. Injections of L-arginine (an NO precursor) and sodium nitroprusside (an NO donor) into the area caused dose-dependent increases in the arterial blood flow. Injection of N(G)-nitro-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME, an NO synthase inhibitor) or methylene blue (a guanylate cyclase inhibitor) decreased the arterial blood flow. Nitrergic neurons and fibers were found in the dorsal facial area by histochemical staining of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) diaphorase, a maker of NO synthase. In conclusion, nitrergic neurons are present in the dorsal facial area and appear to release NO tonically in stimulating the area to cause increase in common carotid arterial blood flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Li Gong
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
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Oskutyte D, Ishizuka K, Satoh Y, Murakami T. Rostral parvicellular reticular formation neurons projecting to rostral ventrolateral medulla receive cardiac inputs in anesthetized rats. Neurosci Lett 2006; 405:236-40. [PMID: 16890351 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2006.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2006] [Revised: 07/04/2006] [Accepted: 07/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The rostral parvicellular reticular formation (rRFp) was explored electrophysiologically in urethane-chloralose anesthetized rats. Spontaneously-active neurons that exhibited a pulse-related activity were recorded and tested for their projections to the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM). About one-third (10/29) of the rRFp neurons that exhibited a pulse-related activity were antidromically activated by RVLM stimulation with conduction velocities between 0.2-4.4m/s and fell within the B and C fibre range. A majority (8/10) of these neurons had a low (<10spikes/s) mean firing rate, whereas a small proportion (2/10) had a high (>15spikes/s) mean firing rate. These findings suggest a direct pathway from the rRFp to the RVLM and suggest that neurons projecting to the RVLM receive cardiac inputs and can modulate RVLM neuronal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Oskutyte
- Department of Physiology, The Nippon Dental University School of Life Dentistry at Niigata, 1-8 Hamaura-cho, Niigata 951-8580, Japan
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Gong CL, Chiu YT, Lin NN, Cheng CC, Lin SZ, Lee TJF, Kuo JS. Regulation of the common carotid arterial blood flow by nicotinic receptors in the medulla of cats. Br J Pharmacol 2006; 149:206-14. [PMID: 16894347 PMCID: PMC2013800 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0706844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Actions of glutamate and serotonin on their respective receptors in the dorsal facial area (DFA) of the medulla are known to regulate common carotid arterial (CCA) blood flow in cats. Less is known about acetylcholine action on its nicotinic receptor (nAChR) subtypes in the DFA for regulation of CCA blood flow and this aspect was investigated. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Nicotinic and muscarinic agonists and antagonists were microinjected into the DFA through a three-barrel tubing in anesthetized cats. RESULTS CCA blood flow was dose-dependently increased by nicotine (a non-selective nAChR agonist) and choline (a selective alpha7-nAChR agonist). These effects of nicotine were attenuated by alpha-bungarotoxin (an alpha7-nAChR antagonist), methyllycaconitine (an alpha7-nAChR antagonist), mecamylamine (a relatively selective alpha3beta4-nAChR antagonist) and dihydro-beta-erythroidine (a relatively selective alpha4beta2-nAChR antagonist). The choline-induced flow increase was attenuated by alpha-bungarotoxin and mecamylamine, but not by dihydro-beta-erythroidine. Muscarinic agonists (muscarine and methacholine) and antagonist (atropine) affected neither the basal nor the nicotine-induced increase in the CCA blood flow. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Functional alpha7, alpha4beta2, and alpha3beta4 subunits of the nAChR appear to be present on the DFA neurons. Activations of these receptors increase the CCA blood flow. The present findings do not preclude the presence of other nAChRs subunits. Muscarinic receptors, if any, on the DFA are not involved in regulation of the CCA blood flow. Various subtypes of nAChRs in the DFA may mediate regulation of the CCA and cerebral blood flows.
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Affiliation(s)
- C-L Gong
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, China Medical University Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Y-T Chiu
- Department of Education and Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital Taichung, Taiwan
| | - N-N Lin
- Department of Education and Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University Taichung, Taiwan
| | - C-C Cheng
- Department of Education and Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University Taichung, Taiwan
| | - S-Z Lin
- Neuro-Medical Scientific Center and Center for Vascular Medicine, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital and Tzu Chi University Hualien, Taiwan
| | - T J-F Lee
- Neuro-Medical Scientific Center and Center for Vascular Medicine, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital and Tzu Chi University Hualien, Taiwan
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Tzu Chi University Hualien, Taiwan
- Department of Pharmacology, Southern Illinois University, School of Medicine Springfield, IL, USA
| | - J-S Kuo
- Neuro-Medical Scientific Center and Center for Vascular Medicine, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital and Tzu Chi University Hualien, Taiwan
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Tzu Chi University Hualien, Taiwan
- Author for correspondence:
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Gong CL, Chiu YT, Lin NN, Lin SZ, Cheng FC, Kuo JS. Inhibitory actions of serotonin on glutamate release in dorsal medulla suppress systemic arterial pressure of cats. Neurosci Lett 2004; 355:73-6. [PMID: 14729238 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2003.10.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The role of serotonin and glutamate release in dorsal medulla (DM) for regulation of systemic arterial pressure (SAP) was examined with microdialysis and high performance liquid chromatograph in anesthetized cats. KCl-perfusion in DM increased serotonin and glutamate concentrations in DM. Perfusion of serotonin resulted in decreases in glutamate concentration and SAP. Perfusion of alaproclate, a serotonin reuptake inhibitor that produced an increase in serotonin concentration in DM, had the same results as perfusion of serotonin. In conclusion, serotonin and glutamate appeared to be tonically and endogenously released from nerve terminals in DM, and the decrease in SAP could be attributed to the decreased glutamate release resulting from inhibitory action of serotonin in DM. The putative roles of serotonin and glutamate in DM may be important in SAP regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Li Gong
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
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