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Bobkova NV, Chuvakova LN, Kovalev VI, Zhdanova DY, Chaplygina AV, Rezvykh AP, Evgen'ev MB. A Mouse Model of Sporadic Alzheimer's Disease with Elements of Major Depression. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-04346-7. [PMID: 38980563 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04346-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
After olfactory bulbectomy, animals are often used as a model of major depression or sporadic Alzheimer's disease and, hence, the status of this model is still disputable. To elucidate the nature of alterations in the expression of the genome after the operation, we analyzed transcriptomes of the cortex, hippocampus, and cerebellum of the olfactory bulbectomized (OBX) mice. Analysis of the functional significance of genes in the brain of OBX mice indicates that the balance of the GABA/glutamatergic systems is disturbed with hyperactivation of the latter in the hippocampus, leading to the development of excitotoxicity and induction of apoptosis in the background of severe mitochondrial dysfunction and astrogliosis. On top of this, the synthesis of neurotrophic factors decreases leading to the disruption of the cytoskeleton of neurons, an increase in the level of intracellular calcium, and the activation of tau protein hyperphosphorylation. Moreover, the acetylcholinergic system is deficient in the background of the hyperactivation of acetylcholinesterase. Importantly, the activity of the dopaminergic, endorphin, and opiate systems in OBX mice decreases, leading to hormonal dysfunction. On the other hand, genes responsible for the regulation of circadian rhythms, cell migration, and innate immunity are activated in OBX animals. All this takes place in the background of a drastic downregulation of ribosomal protein genes in the brain. The obtained results indicate that OBX mice represent a model of Alzheimer's disease with elements of major depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- N V Bobkova
- Institute of Cell Biophysics of the Russian Academy of Sciences-Federal Research Center, Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290, Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - L N Chuvakova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - V I Kovalev
- Institute of Cell Biophysics of the Russian Academy of Sciences-Federal Research Center, Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290, Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - D Y Zhdanova
- Institute of Cell Biophysics of the Russian Academy of Sciences-Federal Research Center, Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290, Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - A V Chaplygina
- Institute of Cell Biophysics of the Russian Academy of Sciences-Federal Research Center, Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290, Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - A P Rezvykh
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - M B Evgen'ev
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991, Moscow, Russia.
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Pańczyszyn-Trzewik P, Stachowicz K, Misztak P, Nowak G, Sowa-Kućma M. Repeated Sulforaphane Treatment Reverses Depressive-like Behavior and Exerts Antioxidant Effects in the Olfactory Bulbectomy Model in Mice. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:762. [PMID: 38931429 PMCID: PMC11206991 DOI: 10.3390/ph17060762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence suggests that activators of nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-like 2 (Nrf2), such as sulforaphane, may represent promising novel pharmacological targets for conditions related to oxidative stress, including depressive disorder. Therefore, we conducted a study to explore the behavioral and biochemical effects of repeated (14 days) sulforaphane (SFN) treatment in the olfactory bulbectomy (OB) animal model of depression. An open field test (OFT), splash test (ST), and spontaneous locomotor activity test (LA) were used to assess changes in depressive-like behavior and the potential antidepressant-like activity of SFN. The OB model induced hyperactivity in mice during the OFT and LA as well as a temporary loss of self-care and motivation in the ST. The repeated administration of SFN (10 mg/kg) effectively reversed these behavioral changes in OB mice across all tests. Additionally, a biochemical analysis revealed that SFN (10 mg/kg) increased the total antioxidant capacity in the frontal cortex and serum of the OB model. Furthermore, SFN (10 mg/kg) significantly enhanced superoxide dismutase activity in the serum of OB mice. Overall, the present study is the first to demonstrate the antidepressant-like effects of repeated SFN (10 mg/kg) treatment in the OB model and indicates that these benefits may be linked to improved oxidative status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrycja Pańczyszyn-Trzewik
- Department of Human Physiology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Medical College of Rzeszow University, Kopisto 2a, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland;
| | - Katarzyna Stachowicz
- Department of Neurobiology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smetna 12, 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| | - Paulina Misztak
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20-900 Monza, Italy
| | - Gabriel Nowak
- Department of Neurobiology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smetna 12, 31-343 Krakow, Poland
- Department of Pharmacobiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krakow, Poland
| | - Magdalena Sowa-Kućma
- Department of Human Physiology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Medical College of Rzeszow University, Kopisto 2a, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland;
- Centre for Innovative Research in Medical and Natural Sciences, Medical College of Rzeszow University, Warzywna 1A, 35-310 Rzeszow, Poland
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Fattore L, Amchova P, Fadda P, Ruda-Kucerova J. Olfactory Bulbectomy Model of Depression Lowers Responding for Food in Male and Female Rats: The Modulating Role of Caloric Restriction and Response Requirement. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2481. [PMID: 37760922 PMCID: PMC10525806 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11092481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Depression is a psychiatric disorder characterized by a marked decrease in reward sensitivity. By using the olfactory bulbectomy (OBX) model of depression, it was shown that OBX rats display enhanced drug-taking and seeking behaviors in a self-administration paradigm than sham-operated (SHAM) controls, and sex is an important regulating factor. To reveal potential strain effects, we compared the operant behavior of male and female Sprague-Dawley and Wistar OBX and SHAM rats trained to self-administer palatable food pellets. Results showed that Sprague-Dawley OBX rats of both sexes exhibited lower operant responding rates and food intake than SHAM controls. Food restriction increased responding in both OBX and SHAM groups. Female rats responded more than males, but the OBX lesion abolished this effect. In Wistar rats, bulbectomy lowered food self-administration only during the last training days. Food self-administration was not significantly affected in Wistar rats by sex. In summary, this study showed that bulbectomy significantly reduces operant responding and food intake in male and female Sprague-Dawley rats while inducing a mild reducing effect only in the Wistar strain. Strain-dependent effects were also observed in the modulating role of sex and food restriction on operant responding and palatable food intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liana Fattore
- CNR Institute of Neuroscience-Cagliari, National Research Council, 09042 Monserrato, CA, Italy; (L.F.); (P.F.)
| | - Petra Amchova
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic;
| | - Paola Fadda
- CNR Institute of Neuroscience-Cagliari, National Research Council, 09042 Monserrato, CA, Italy; (L.F.); (P.F.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, CA, Italy
| | - Jana Ruda-Kucerova
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic;
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Tan HE. The microbiota-gut-brain axis in stress and depression. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1151478. [PMID: 37123352 PMCID: PMC10140437 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1151478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Humans and animals are evolved to have instinctive physiological responses to threats. The perception of threat by the brain triggers a multitude of changes across the brain and body. A large body of research have demonstrated that our hardwired survival instinct, the stress response, can become maladaptive and promote major depressive disorders and other neuropsychiatric impairments. However, gaps in our understanding of how chronic stress contributes to depression and mental disorders suggest that we also need to consider factors beyond the biology of the host. The unravelling of the structure and function of microorganisms that humans and animals are host to have driven a paradigm shift in understanding the individual as a collective network composed of the host plus microbes. Well over 90% of bacteria in the body reside in the large intestines, and these microbes in the lower gut function almost like an organ in the body in the way it interacts with the host. Importantly, bidirectional interactions between the gut microbiota and the brain (i.e., the two-way microbiota-gut-brain axis) have been implicated in the pathophysiology of mental disorders including depression. Here, in summarizing the emerging literature, we envisage that further research particularly on the efferent brain-gut-microbiota axis will uncover transformative links in the biology of stress and depression.
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Pavlova I, Drazanova E, Kratka L, Amchova P, Macicek O, Starcukova J, Starcuk Z, Ruda-Kucerova J. Laterality in functional and metabolic state of the bulbectomised rat brain detected by ASL and 1H MRS: A pilot study. World J Biol Psychiatry 2022; 24:414-428. [PMID: 36102141 DOI: 10.1080/15622975.2022.2124450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Pilot study validating the animal model of depression - the bilateral olfactory bulbectomy in rats - by two nuclear magnetic resonance methods, indirectly detecting the metabolic state of the brain. Furthermore, the study focussed on potential differences in brain laterality. METHODS Arterial spin labelling assessed cerebral brain flow in prefrontal, sensorimotor, and piriform cortices, nucleus accumbens, hippocampus, thalamus, circle of Willis, and whole brain. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy provided information about relative metabolite concentrations in the cortex and hippocampus. RESULTS Arterial spin labelling found no differences in cerebral perfusion in the group comparison but revealed lateralisation in the thalamus of the control group and the sensorimotor cortex of the bulbectomized rats. Lower Cho/tCr and Cho/NAA levels were found in the right hippocampus in bulbectomized rats. The differences in lateralisation were shown in the hippocampus: mI/tCr in the control group, Cho/NAA, NAA/tCr, Tau/tCr in the model group, and in the cortex: NAA/tCr, mI/tCr in the control group. CONCLUSION Olfactory bulbectomy affects the neuronal and biochemical profile of the rat brain laterally and, as a model of depression, was validated by two nuclear magnetic resonance methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iveta Pavlova
- Institute of Scientific Instruments of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Drazanova
- Institute of Scientific Instruments of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Kratka
- Institute of Scientific Instruments of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Amchova
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Macicek
- Institute of Scientific Instruments of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Starcukova
- Institute of Scientific Instruments of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zenon Starcuk
- Institute of Scientific Instruments of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Ruda-Kucerova
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
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Eltokhi A, Sommer IE. A Reciprocal Link Between Gut Microbiota, Inflammation and Depression: A Place for Probiotics? Front Neurosci 2022; 16:852506. [PMID: 35546876 PMCID: PMC9081810 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.852506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Depression is a severe mental disorder that places a significant economic burden on public health. The reciprocal link between the trillions of bacteria in the gut, the microbiota, and depression is a controversial topic in neuroscience research and has drawn the attention of public interest and press coverage in recent years. Mounting pieces of evidence shed light on the role of the gut microbiota in depression, which is suggested to involve immune, endocrine, and neural pathways that are the main components of the microbiota-gut-brain axis. The gut microbiota play major roles in brain development and physiology and ultimately behavior. The bidirectional communication between the gut microbiota and brain function has been extensively explored in animal models of depression and clinical research in humans. Certain gut microbiota strains have been associated with the pathophysiology of depression. Therefore, oral intake of probiotics, the beneficial living bacteria and yeast, may represent a therapeutic approach for depression treatment. In this review, we summarize the findings describing the possible links between the gut microbiota and depression, focusing mainly on the inflammatory markers and sex hormones. By discussing preclinical and clinical studies on probiotics as a supplementary therapy for depression, we suggest that probiotics may be beneficial in alleviating depressive symptoms, possibly through immune modulation. Still, further comprehensive studies are required to draw a more solid conclusion regarding the efficacy of probiotics and their mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Eltokhi
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Iris E Sommer
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
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Młynarska E, Gadzinowska J, Tokarek J, Forycka J, Szuman A, Franczyk B, Rysz J. The Role of the Microbiome-Brain-Gut Axis in the Pathogenesis of Depressive Disorder. Nutrients 2022; 14:1921. [PMID: 35565888 PMCID: PMC9105444 DOI: 10.3390/nu14091921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of gut microbiota and its association with the central nervous system via the microbiome-brain-gut axis has been widely discussed in the literature. The aim of this review is to investigate the impact of gut microbiota on the development of depression and underlying molecular mechanisms. There are two possible pathways in which this interaction might occur. The first one suggests that depressive disorder could lead to dysbiosis and one of the causes may be the influence on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. The second one considers if changes in the composition of gut microbiota might cause depressive disorder. The mechanisms that could be responsible for this interaction include the secretion of neurotransmitters, gut peptides and the activation of the immune system. However, current knowledge on this topic does not allow for us to state an unambiguous conclusion, and future studies that take into consideration more precise stress-measurement methods are needed to further explore direct mechanisms of the interaction between gut microbiota and mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Młynarska
- Department of Nephrology, Hypertension and Family Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, ul. Żeromskiego 113, 90-549 Lodz, Poland; (J.G.); (J.T.); (J.F.); (A.S.); (B.F.); (J.R.)
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Zhu H, Wang W, Sha C, Guo W, Li C, Zhao F, Wang H, Jiang W, Tian J. Pharmacological Characterization of Toludesvenlafaxine as a Triple Reuptake Inhibitor. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:741794. [PMID: 34594228 PMCID: PMC8476831 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.741794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Toludesvenlafaxine hydrochloride dihydrate is a novel chemical entity and a potential triple monoamine reuptake inhibitor. This study characterized the in vitro triple reuptake inhibition activity, antidepressant-like activity in animals, and pharmacokinetic profiles in rats of toludesvenlafaxine. Binding affinity was determined using human serotonin transporter (SERT) protein, norepinephrine transporter (NET) protein and dopamine transporter (DAT) protein, and the reuptake inhibition was determined using Chinese hamster ovary cells expressing human SERT, NET and DAT. The antidepressant-like activity was examined in rat chronic unpredictable mild stress model and olfactory bulbectomized model. In rats, the tissue distribution and pharmacokinetic parameters were determined. Toludesvenlafaxine had high binding affinity on SERT, NET and DAT, and significantly inhibited the reuptake of serotonin (IC50 = 31.4 ± 0.4 nM), norepinephrine (IC50 = 586.7 ± 83.6 nM) and dopamine (IC50 = 733.2 ± 10.3 nM) in vitro. Toludesvenlafaxine demonstrated significant antidepressant-like effects in rat models at 8-16 mg/kg. In addition, toludesvenlafaxine significantly reduced serum corticosterone and significantly increased testosterone levels in rats. Toludesvenlafaxine was quickly absorbed and converted to O-desvenlafaxine (ODV) after oral administration, both of which were selectively distributed into the hypothalamus with high concentration. Plasma ODV exposure was proportionally related to the doses after oral dosing. These results suggest that toludesvenlafaxine is a triple reuptake inhibitor with relatively fast-acting antidepressant-like activity and good therapeutic profile including improvement of anhedonia and sexual function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, China
| | - Wenyan Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, China
| | - Chunjie Sha
- State Key Laboratory of Long-acting and Targeting Drug Delivery System, R&D of Luye Pharmaceutical Group, Yantai, China
| | - Wei Guo
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, China
| | - Chunmei Li
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, China
| | - Fengjuan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Long-acting and Targeting Drug Delivery System, R&D of Luye Pharmaceutical Group, Yantai, China
| | - Hongbo Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, China
| | - Wanglin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Long-acting and Targeting Drug Delivery System, R&D of Luye Pharmaceutical Group, Yantai, China
| | - Jingwei Tian
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, China.,State Key Laboratory of Long-acting and Targeting Drug Delivery System, R&D of Luye Pharmaceutical Group, Yantai, China
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Machado DG, Lara MVS, Dobler PB, Almeida RF, Porciúncula LO. Caffeine prevents neurodegeneration and behavioral alterations in a mice model of agitated depression. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2020; 98:109776. [PMID: 31707092 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2019.109776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Longitudinal and some experimental studies have showed the potential of caffeine to counteract some depressive behaviors and synaptic dysfunctions. In this study, we investigated the potential of caffeine in preventing behavioral outcomes, neurodegeneration and synaptic proteins alterations in a mice model of agitated depression by bilateral olfactory bulbectomy (OB). For this purpose, bulbectomized mice received caffeine (0.3 g/L and 1.0 g/L, drinking water), during the active cycle, for seven weeks (two before the surgery and throughout five weeks after OB). Caffeine prevented OB-induced hyperactivity and recognition memory impairment and rescue self care and motivational behavior. In the frontal cortex, bulbectomized mice presented increase in the adenosine A1 receptors (A1R) and GFAP, while adenosine A2A receptors (A2AR) increased in the hippocampus and striatum and SNAP-25 was decreased in frontal cortex and striatum. Caffeine increased A1R in the striatum of bulbectomized mice and in SHAM-water group caffeine increased A2AR in the striatum and decreased SNAP-25 in the frontal cortex. Astrogliosis observed in the polymorphic layer of the dentate gyrus of OB mice was prevented by caffeine as well as the neurodegeneration in the striatum and piriform cortex. Based on these behavioral and neurochemical evidences, caffeine confirms its efficacy in preventing neurodegeneration associated with memory impairment and may be considered as a promising therapeutic tool in the prophylaxis and/or treatment of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Guilhermano Machado
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Departamento de Bioquímica, Porto Alegre, RS 90035 003, Brazil.
| | - Marcus Vinicius Soares Lara
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Departamento de Bioquímica, Porto Alegre, RS 90035 003, Brazil
| | - Paula Bruna Dobler
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Departamento de Bioquímica, Porto Alegre, RS 90035 003, Brazil
| | - Roberto Farina Almeida
- Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Centro de Pesquisa em Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil
| | - Lisiane O Porciúncula
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Departamento de Bioquímica, Porto Alegre, RS 90035 003, Brazil.
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Flux MC, Lowry CA. Finding intestinal fortitude: Integrating the microbiome into a holistic view of depression mechanisms, treatment, and resilience. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 135:104578. [PMID: 31454550 PMCID: PMC6995775 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2019.104578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Depression affects at least 322 million people globally, or approximately 4.4% of the world's population. While the earnestness of researchers and clinicians to understand and treat depression is not waning, the number of individuals suffering from depression continues to increase over and above the rate of global population growth. There is a sincere need for a paradigm shift. Research in the past decade is beginning to take a more holistic approach to understanding depression etiology and treatment, integrating multiple body systems into whole-body conceptualizations of this mental health affliction. Evidence supports the hypothesis that the gut microbiome, or the collective trillions of microbes inhabiting the gastrointestinal tract, is an important factor determining both the risk of development of depression and persistence of depressive symptoms. This review discusses recent advances in both rodent and human research that explore bidirectional communication between the gut microbiome and the immune, endocrine, and central nervous systems implicated in the etiology and pathophysiology of depression. Through interactions with circulating inflammatory markers and hormones, afferent and efferent neural systems, and other, more niche, pathways, the gut microbiome can affect behavior to facilitate the development of depression, exacerbate current symptoms, or contribute to treatment and resilience. While the challenge of depression may be the direst mental health crisis of our age, new discoveries in the gut microbiome, when integrated into a holistic perspective, hold great promise for the future of positive mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Flux
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
| | - Christopher A Lowry
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Center for Neuroscience, and Center for Microbial Exploration, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA; Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation and Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Veterans Health Administration, Rocky Mountain Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Rocky Mountain Regional Veterans Affairs Medical Center (RMRVAMC), Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Military and Veteran Microbiome: Consortium for Research and Education (MVM-CoRE), Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Senior Fellow, VIVO Planetary Health, Worldwide Universities Network (WUN), West New York, NJ 07093, USA.
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11
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Burke NN, Li Y, Deaver DR, Finn DP, Roche M, Eyerman DJ, Sanchez C, Kelly JP. Chronic administration of buprenorphine in combination with samidorphan produces sustained effects in olfactory bulbectomised rats and Wistar-Kyoto rats. J Psychopharmacol 2019; 33:1620-1627. [PMID: 31512988 DOI: 10.1177/0269881119872203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The combination of buprenorphine, a partial mu-opioid receptor agonist and a functional kappa-opioid receptor antagonist, with samidorphan, a functional mu-opioid receptor antagonist, is being developed as an adjunct therapy for major depressive disorder, in order to harness the mood-enhancing effects of opioids without unwanted side-effects such as a risk of addiction. Acute and subacute administration of the combination of buprenorphine and samidorphan is effective in reducing forced swim immobility in the Wistar-Kyoto rat, but the chronic effects have not been examined. AIMS AND METHODS The purpose of this study was to assess if chronic (14-day) administration of buprenorphine (0.1 mg/kg, subcutaneous) alone or in combination with samidorphan (0.3 mg/kg, subcutaneous) maintains antidepressant-like activity in the olfactory bulbectomised rat model and the Wistar-Kyoto rat, two models that exhibit ongoing behavioural deficits in tests commonly used to study effects of antidepressants. RESULTS Olfactory bulbectomised-induced hyperactivity was attenuated by chronic administration of buprenorphine alone and in combination with samidorphan, to that of sham control activity levels. Neither buprenorphine nor samidorphan altered stress-associated defecation in sham or olfactory bulbectomised rats in the open field. In Wistar-Kyoto rats, buprenorphine alone significantly reduced forced swim immobility and increased locomotor activity three hours post-final dosing. Buprenorphine plus samidorphan significantly reduced forced swim immobility without changing locomotor activity at this time point. Buprenorphine alone also significantly reduced forced swim immobility 24 h post-final dosing. CONCLUSION Chronic treatment of buprenorphine alone or buprenorphine plus samidorphan is effective in reversing behavioural deficits in distinct non-clinical paradigms. These non-clinical results complement the antidepressant effect of this combination observed in clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita N Burke
- Pharmacology and Therapeutics, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Yan Li
- Alkermes Inc., Waltham, MA, USA
| | | | - David P Finn
- Pharmacology and Therapeutics, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Michelle Roche
- Physiology, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | | | | | - John P Kelly
- Pharmacology and Therapeutics, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
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Co-expression network modeling identifies key long non-coding RNA and mRNA modules in altering molecular phenotype to develop stress-induced depression in rats. Transl Psychiatry 2019; 9:125. [PMID: 30944317 PMCID: PMC6447569 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-019-0448-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have recently emerged as one of the critical epigenetic controllers, which participate in several biological functions by regulating gene transcription, mRNA splicing, protein interaction, etc. In a previous study, we reported that lncRNAs may play a role in developing depression pathophysiology. In the present study, we have examined how lncRNAs are co-expressed with gene transcripts and whether specific lncRNA/mRNA modules are associated with stress vulnerability or resiliency to develop depression. Differential regulation of lncRNAs and coding RNAs were determined in hippocampi of three group of rats comprising learned helplessness (LH, depression vulnerable), non-learned helplessness (NLH, depression resilient), and tested controls (TC) using a single-microarray-based platform. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) was conducted to correlate the expression status of protein-coding transcripts with lncRNAs. The associated co-expression modules, hub genes, and biological functions were analyzed. We found signature co-expression networks as well as modules that underlie normal as well as aberrant response to stress. We also identified specific hub and driver genes associated with vulnerability and resilience to develop depression. Altogether, our study provides evidence that lncRNA associated complex trait-specific networks may play a crucial role in developing depression.
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13
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Jastrzębska-Więsek M, Gdula-Argasińska J, Siwek A, Partyka A, Szewczyk B, Kołaczkowski M, Wesołowska A. Chronic antidepressant-like effect of EMD386088, a partial 5-HT 6 receptor agonist, in olfactory bulbectomy model may be connected with BDNF and/or CREB signalling pathway. Pharmacol Rep 2018; 70:1047-1056. [PMID: 30292720 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2018.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The removal of the olfactory bulbs has been attributed to behavioral changes and neuroplasticity manifesting themselves among others like increases in brain neurotrophin expression and neurogenesis. Earlier data presented that EMD386088, a 5-HT6 receptor partial agonist, exerts antidepressant-like properties after chronic administration in olfactory bulbectomy (OB) model as was it compared with amitriptyline (AMI). The aim of this study was to compare acute and chronic biochemical effects of EMD386088, administered in its antidepressant active (2.5mg/kg) and non-active (1.25mg/kg) doses, found in the open field test in OB rats, with those of AMI (10mg/kg). The levels of 5-HT6 receptor protein and selected neurotrophins in prefrontal cortex (PFC) and hippocampus (Hp) of rats have been examined. METHODS 5-HT6 receptor protein and selected neurotrophins: brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), cAMP-response element binding protein (CREB), the product of the immediate early gene c-fos (cFos) protein levels were assessed using a Western blot analysis in PFC and Hp of bulbectomized rats after acute or chronic (14-day) EMD386088 or AMI intraperitoneal (ip) treatment. RESULTS The acute treatment with EMD386088 caused significant increases in CREB and BDNF protein levels in PFC, and an increase in BDNF in Hp of OB rats, while AMI injection decreased CREB and did not change BDNF levels. After the chronic administration of EMD386088, the increasing levels of BDNF and CREB were still observed in PFC and Hp. CONCLUSIONS The antidepressant-like effect of EMD386088 may be associated with the neuroplasticity activation in PFC and Hp in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Agata Siwek
- Department of Pharmacobiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Anna Partyka
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Bernadeta Szewczyk
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Marcin Kołaczkowski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland; Adamed Ltd. Pienków 149, Czosnów, Poland
| | - Anna Wesołowska
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
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14
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Ruda-Kucerova J, Zanda MT, Amchova P, Fratta W, Fattore L. Sex and Feeding Status Differently Affect Natural Reward Seeking Behavior in Olfactory Bulbectomized Rats. Front Behav Neurosci 2018; 12:255. [PMID: 30425627 PMCID: PMC6218565 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Substance abuse and depression are common psychiatric disorders with a high rate of comorbidity. Both conditions affect differently men and women and preclinical research has showed many sex differences in drug addiction and depression. The most common approach for modeling depression-addiction comorbidity is the combination of the intravenous drug self-administration and the olfactory bulbectomy (OBX) models in rats. Such a combination has revealed enhanced drug-taking and drug-seeking behaviors in OBX rats, but no study has investigated so far potential sex differences in operant responding and motivation for natural reinforcers in OBX rats. This study investigated for the first time operant self-administration of palatable food pellets in male and female OBX rats under different feeding status, i.e., ad libitum vs. restricted food, and schedules of reinforcement, i.e., a continuous ratio schedule fixed ratio 1 (FR1) vs. a complex (FR5(x)) second order schedule of reinforcement. In the FR1 experiment, OBX rats of both sexes exhibited lower operant responding and intake of palatable food pellets than sham-operated controls, with food restriction leading to increased operant responding in both OBX and SHAM groups. Female rats showed higher responding than males but this effect was abolished by the OBX lesion. Similarly, in the (FR5(x)) second order schedule of reinforcement both male and female OBX rats showed lower responding and food intake, with SHAM and OBX females showing higher operant responding than corresponding male groups. Overall, our findings showed that: (i) responding for food was lower in OBX than in SHAM rats under both FR1 and (FR5(x)) schedules of reinforcement; (ii) sex and food restriction affect operant responding for palatable food; and (iii) the suppressing effect of OBX lesion on food intake was consistently present in both sexes and represents the most robust factor in the analysis. This may represent anhedonia which is associated with depressive-like phenotype and palatable food self-administration may serve as a robust behavioral index of anhedonia in the OBX model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Ruda-Kucerova
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Mary Tresa Zanda
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Petra Amchova
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Walter Fratta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy.,Center of Excellence "Neurobiology of Addiction", University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Liana Fattore
- Center of Excellence "Neurobiology of Addiction", University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy.,CNR Institute of Neuroscience-Cagliari, National Research Council, Rome, Italy
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15
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Keenan RJ, Chan J, Donnelly PS, Barnham KJ, Jacobson LH. The social defeat/overcrowding murine psychosocial stress model results in a pharmacologically reversible body weight gain but not depression - related behaviours. Neurobiol Stress 2018; 9:176-187. [PMID: 30450383 PMCID: PMC6234278 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2018.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Depression is a highly prevalent psychiatric disorder, yet its etiology is not well understood. The validation of animal models is therefore a critical step towards advancing knowledge about the neurobiology of depression. Psychosocial stress has been promoted as a prospective animal model of depression, however, different protocols exist with variable responses, and further investigations are therefore required. We aimed to characterise the behavioural and body weight responses to the social defeat/overcrowding (SD/OC) model and to explore the effects of the antidepressant fluoxetine and the peroxynitrite scavenger, CuII(atsm), therein. Male C57BL/6JArc mice were exposed to a 19 day SD/OC protocol at two levels of aggression, determined by terminating SD bouts after one, or approximately five social defeat postures. This was followed by a battery of behavioural tests including social interaction test (SIT), locomotor activity (LMA), light-dark box test (LDB), saccharin preference test (SPT) and the forced swim test (FST). Mice were dosed daily with vehicle, fluoxetine (20 mg/kg) or CuII(atsm) (30 mg/kg) throughout the protocol. SD/OC increased body weight compared to controls, which was abolished by fluoxetine and attenuated by CuII(atsm). Weight gain specifically peaked during OC sessions but was not affected by either drug treatment. Fluoxetine reduced the number of defeat postures during fight bouts on some days. SD/OC otherwise failed to elicit depression- or anxiety-like behaviour in the tests measured. These data raise questions over the SD/OC model as an etiological model of depression-related behaviours but highlight the potential of this model for investigations into mechanisms regulating binge eating and weight gain under conditions of chronic social stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J Keenan
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Jacky Chan
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Paul S Donnelly
- School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia.,Bio21 Molecular Science & Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Kevin J Barnham
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia.,Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Laura H Jacobson
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia.,Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
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16
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Winter G, Hart RA, Charlesworth RP, Sharpley CF. Gut microbiome and depression: what we know and what we need to know. Rev Neurosci 2018; 29:629-643. [DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2017-0072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Gut microbiome diversity has been strongly associated with mood-relating behaviours, including major depressive disorder (MDD). This association stems from the recently characterised bi-directional communication system between the gut and the brain, mediated by neuroimmune, neuroendocrine and sensory neural pathways. While the link between gut microbiome and depression is well supported by research, a major question needing to be addressed is the causality in the connection between the two, which will support the understanding of the role that the gut microbiota play in depression. In this article, we address this question by examining a theoretical ‘chronology’, reviewing the evidence supporting two possible sequences of events. First, we discuss that alterations in the gut microbiota populations of specific species might contribute to depression, and secondly, that depressive states might induce modification of specific gut microbiota species and eventually contribute to more severe depression. The feasibility of both sequences is supported by pre-clinical trials. For instance, research in rodents has shown an onset of depressive behaviour following faecal transplantations from patients with MDD. On the other hand, mental induction of stress and depressive behaviour in rodents resulted in reduced gut microbiota richness and diversity. Synthesis of these chronology dynamics raises important research directions to further understand the role that gut microbiota play in mood-relating behaviours, which holds substantial potential clinical outcomes for persons who experience MDD or related depressive disorders.
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17
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Depression, Olfaction, and Quality of Life: A Mutual Relationship. Brain Sci 2018; 8:brainsci8050080. [PMID: 29734670 PMCID: PMC5977071 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci8050080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Olfactory dysfunction has been well studied in depression. Common brain areas are involved in depression and in the olfactory process, suggesting that olfactory impairments may constitute potential markers of this disorder. Olfactory markers of depression can be either state (present only in symptomatic phases) or trait (persistent after symptomatic remission) markers. This study presents the etiology of depression, the anatomical links between olfaction and depression, and a literature review of different olfactory markers of depression. Several studies have also shown that olfactory impairment affects the quality of life and that olfactory disorders can affect daily life and may be lead to depression. Thus, this study discusses the links between olfactory processing, depression, and quality of life. Finally, olfaction is an innovative research field that may constitute a new therapeutic tool for the treatment of depression.
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18
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The recent progress in animal models of depression. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2017; 77:99-109. [PMID: 28396255 PMCID: PMC5605906 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Major depression disorder (MDD) is a debilitating mental illness with significant morbidity and mortality. Despite the growing number of studies that have emerged, the precise underlying mechanisms of MDD remain unknown. When studying MDD, tissue samples like peripheral blood or post-mortem brain samples are used to elucidate underlying mechanisms. Unfortunately, there are many uncontrollable factors with such samples such as medication history, age, time after death before post-mortem tissue was collected, age, sex, race, and living conditions. Although these factors are critical, they introduce confounding variables that can influence the outcome profoundly. In this regard, animal models provide a crucial approach to examine neural circuitry and molecular and cellular pathways in a controlled environment. Further, manipulations with pharmacological agents and gene editing are accepted methods of studying depression in animal models, which is impossible to employ in human patient studies. Here, we have reviewed the most widely used animal models of depression and delineated the salient features of each model in terms of behavioral and neurobiological outcomes. We have also illustrated the current challenges in using these models and have suggested strategies to delineate the underlying mechanism associated with vulnerability or resilience to developing depression.
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19
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McIntosh AL, Gormley S, Tozzi L, Frodl T, Harkin A. Recent Advances in Translational Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Animal Models of Stress and Depression. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:150. [PMID: 28596724 PMCID: PMC5442179 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a valuable translational tool that can be used to investigate alterations in brain structure and function in both patients and animal models of disease. Regional changes in brain structure, functional connectivity, and metabolite concentrations have been reported in depressed patients, giving insight into the networks and brain regions involved, however preclinical models are less well characterized. The development of more effective treatments depends upon animal models that best translate to the human condition and animal models may be exploited to assess the molecular and cellular alterations that accompany neuroimaging changes. Recent advances in preclinical imaging have facilitated significant developments within the field, particularly relating to high resolution structural imaging and resting-state functional imaging which are emerging techniques in clinical research. This review aims to bring together the current literature on preclinical neuroimaging in animal models of stress and depression, highlighting promising avenues of research toward understanding the pathological basis of this hugely prevalent disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shane Gormley
- Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College DublinDublin, Ireland
| | - Leonardo Tozzi
- Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College DublinDublin, Ireland
| | - Thomas Frodl
- Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College DublinDublin, Ireland.,Universitätsklinikum A.ö.R, Universitätsklinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Medizinische Fakultät, Otto von Guericke UniversitätMagdeburg, Germany
| | - Andrew Harkin
- Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College DublinDublin, Ireland.,School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical sciences, Trinity College DublinDublin, Ireland
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20
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Sherwin E, Sandhu KV, Dinan TG, Cryan JF. May the Force Be With You: The Light and Dark Sides of the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis in Neuropsychiatry. CNS Drugs 2016; 30:1019-1041. [PMID: 27417321 PMCID: PMC5078156 DOI: 10.1007/s40263-016-0370-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The role of the gut microbiota in health and disease is becoming increasingly recognized. The microbiota-gut-brain axis is a bi-directional pathway between the brain and the gastrointestinal system. The bacterial commensals in our gut can signal to the brain through a variety of mechanisms, which are slowly being resolved. These include the vagus nerve, immune mediators and microbial metabolites, which influence central processes such as neurotransmission and behaviour. Dysregulation in the composition of the gut microbiota has been identified in several neuropsychiatric disorders, such as autism, schizophrenia and depression. Moreover, preclinical studies suggest that they may be the driving force behind the behavioural abnormalities observed in these conditions. Understanding how bacterial commensals are involved in regulating brain function may lead to novel strategies for development of microbiota-based therapies for these neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eoin Sherwin
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Kiran V Sandhu
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Timothy G Dinan
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - John F Cryan
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Western Gateway Building, Cork, Ireland.
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21
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Khil L, Rahe C, Wellmann J, Baune BT, Wersching H, Berger K. Association between major depressive disorder and odor identification impairment. J Affect Disord 2016; 203:332-338. [PMID: 27318533 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2016.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is evidence of olfactory deficits in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) but causes and mechanisms are largely unknown. METHODS We compared 728 patients with current MDD and 555 non-depressed controls regarding odor identification impairment taking into account the severity of acute symptoms and of the disease course. We assessed current symptom severity with the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, and disease course severity based on admission diagnosis (ICD-10, F32/F33) and self-reported hospitalization frequency, defined as infrequent (<2) and frequent (≥2) depression-related hospitalizations under constant disease duration. A score of <10 on the Sniffin' Sticks-Screen-12 test determined the presence of odor identification impairment. RESULTS Compared to non-depressed controls patients with frequent (rapidly recurring) hospitalizations had an elevated chance of odor identification impairment, even after adjustment for smell-influencing factors, such as age and smoking, (OR=1.7; 95% CI 1.0-2.9). Patients with recurrent MDD (F33) also had an elevated odds of odor identification impairment compared to those with a first-time episode (F32, OR=1.5; 95% CI 1.0-2.4). In patients with a first-time episode the chance of odor identification impairment increased by 7% with each point increase in the Hamilton Score. LIMITATIONS Cross-sectional study. Variation in the use of psychotropic medication is a potential bias. CONCLUSION Odor identification impairment was evident in MDD patients with first-time high symptom severity and in patients with a severe disease course. Whether odor identification impairment is a marker or mediator of structural and functional brain changes associated with acute or active MDD requires further investigations in longitudinal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Khil
- Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
| | - Corinna Rahe
- Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Jürgen Wellmann
- Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Bernhard T Baune
- Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Heike Wersching
- Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Klaus Berger
- Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
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22
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Chang XR, Wang L, Li J, Wu DS. Analysis of anti-depressant potential of curcumin against depression induced male albino wistar rats. Brain Res 2016; 1642:219-225. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2016] [Revised: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/05/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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23
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Franks KH, Chuah MI, King AE, Vickers JC. Connectivity of Pathology: The Olfactory System as a Model for Network-Driven Mechanisms of Alzheimer's Disease Pathogenesis. Front Aging Neurosci 2015; 7:234. [PMID: 26696886 PMCID: PMC4678206 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2015.00234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) has been postulated to preferentially impact specific neural networks in the brain. The olfactory system is a well-defined network that has been implicated in early stages of the disease, marked by impairment in olfaction and the presence of pathological hallmarks of the disease, even before clinical presentation. Discovering the cellular mechanisms involved in the connectivity of pathology will provide insight into potential targets for treatment. We review evidence from animal studies on sensory alteration through denervation or enrichment, which supports the notion of using the olfactory system to investigate the implications of connectivity and activity in the spread of pathology in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine H Franks
- Faculty of Health, Wicking Dementia Research and Education Centre, University of Tasmania , Hobart, TAS , Australia
| | - Meng Inn Chuah
- Faculty of Health, Wicking Dementia Research and Education Centre, University of Tasmania , Hobart, TAS , Australia
| | - Anna E King
- Faculty of Health, Wicking Dementia Research and Education Centre, University of Tasmania , Hobart, TAS , Australia
| | - James C Vickers
- Faculty of Health, Wicking Dementia Research and Education Centre, University of Tasmania , Hobart, TAS , Australia
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24
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Tromelin
- CNRS; UMR6265 Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation; F-21000 Dijon France
- INRA; UMR1324 Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation; F-21000 Dijon France
- Université de Bourgogne; UMR Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation; F-21000 Dijon France
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25
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Ruda-Kucerova J, Amchova P, Havlickova T, Jerabek P, Babinska Z, Kacer P, Syslova K, Sulcova A, Sustkova-Fiserova M. Reward related neurotransmitter changes in a model of depression: An in vivo microdialysis study. World J Biol Psychiatry 2015; 16:521-35. [PMID: 26444572 DOI: 10.3109/15622975.2015.1077991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The self-medication hypothesis assumes that symptoms related to potential monoaminergic deficits in depression may be relieved by drug abuse. The aim of this study was to elucidate the neurotransmitter changes in a rat model of depression by measuring their levels in the nucleus accumbens shell, which is typically involved in the drug of abuse acquisition mechanism. METHODS Depression was modelled by the olfactory bulbectomy (OBX) in Wistar male rats. In vivo microdialysis was performed, starting from the baseline and following after a single methamphetamine injection and behaviour was monitored. The determination of neurotransmitters and their metabolites was performed by high-performance liquid chromatography combined with mass spectrometry. RESULTS OBX animals had lower basal levels of dopamine and serotonin and their metabolites. However, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate levels were increased. The methamphetamine injection induced stronger dopamine and serotonin release in the OBX rats and lower release of glutamate in comparison with sham-operated rats; GABA levels did not differ significantly. CONCLUSIONS This study provides an evidence of mesolimbic neurotransmitter changes in the rat model of depression which may elucidate mechanisms underlying intravenous self-administration studies in which OBX rats were demonstrated to have higher drug intake in comparison to intact controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Ruda-Kucerova
- a Experimental and Applied Neuropsychopharmacology Research Group , CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University , Brno , Czech Republic .,b Department of Pharmacology , Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University , Brno , Czech Republic
| | - Petra Amchova
- a Experimental and Applied Neuropsychopharmacology Research Group , CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University , Brno , Czech Republic .,b Department of Pharmacology , Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University , Brno , Czech Republic
| | - Tereza Havlickova
- c Department of Pharmacology , Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University , Prague , Czech Republic , and
| | - Pavel Jerabek
- c Department of Pharmacology , Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University , Prague , Czech Republic , and
| | - Zuzana Babinska
- a Experimental and Applied Neuropsychopharmacology Research Group , CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University , Brno , Czech Republic .,b Department of Pharmacology , Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University , Brno , Czech Republic
| | - Petr Kacer
- d Laboratory of Medicinal Diagnostics, Department of Organic Technology ICT , Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Kamila Syslova
- d Laboratory of Medicinal Diagnostics, Department of Organic Technology ICT , Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Alexandra Sulcova
- a Experimental and Applied Neuropsychopharmacology Research Group , CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University , Brno , Czech Republic
| | - Magdalena Sustkova-Fiserova
- c Department of Pharmacology , Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University , Prague , Czech Republic , and
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26
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Antidepressant-like activity of EMD 386088, a 5-HT6 receptor partial agonist, following systemic acute and chronic administration to rats. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2015; 388:1079-88. [DOI: 10.1007/s00210-015-1141-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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27
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Type 4 phosphodiesterase enzyme inhibitor, rolipram rescues behavioral deficits in olfactory bulbectomy models of depression: Involvement of hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis, cAMP signaling aspects and antioxidant defense system. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2015; 132:20-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2015.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Revised: 02/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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28
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Revisiting the Serotonin Hypothesis: Implications for Major Depressive Disorders. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:2778-2786. [PMID: 25823514 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9152-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a heritable neuropsychiatric disease associated with severe changes at cellular and molecular levels. Its diagnosis mainly relies on the characterization of a wide range of symptoms including changes in mood and behavior. Despite the availability of antidepressant drugs, 10 to 30 % of patients fail to respond after a single or multiple treatments, and the recurrence of depression among responsive patients is very high. Evidence from the past decades suggests that the brain neurotransmitter serotonin (5-HT) is incriminated in MDD, and that a dysfunction of 5-HT receptors may play a role in the genesis of this disease. The 5-HT membrane transporter protein (SERT), which helps regulate the serotonergic transmission, is also implicated in MDD and is one of the main targets of antidepressant therapy. Although a number of behavioral tests and animal models have been developed to study depression, little is known about the neurobiological bases of MDD. Understanding the role of the serotonergic pathway will significantly help improve our knowledge of the pathophysiology of depression and may open up avenues for the development of new antidepressant drugs. The overarching goal of this review is to present recent findings from studies examining the serotonergic pathway in MDD, with a focus on SERT and the serotonin 1A (5-HT1A), serotonin 1B (5-HT1B), and serotonin 2A (5-HT2A) receptors. This paper also describes some of the main molecules involved in the internalization of 5-HT receptors and illustrates the changes in 5-HT neurotransmission in knockout mice and animal model of depression.
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Pochwat B, Sowa-Kucma M, Kotarska K, Misztak P, Nowak G, Szewczyk B. Antidepressant-like activity of magnesium in the olfactory bulbectomy model is associated with the AMPA/BDNF pathway. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2015; 232:355-67. [PMID: 25027582 PMCID: PMC4297308 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-014-3671-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 06/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Numerous studies suggest agents that act on glutamatergic transmission as potential antidepressants. Preclinical and clinical evidence suggests that magnesium, an N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor blocker, may be useful in the treatment of depression. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of magnesium on behavior; protein levels of GluN2A, GluN2B [N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) subunits], GluA1 [α-amino-3-hydroxy-5 methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) subunit], phospho-Ser-831-GluA1 (P-S831), phospho-Ser-845-GluA1 (P-S845), and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF); and messenger RNA (mRNA) levels of GluN2A and GluN2B in different brain areas in the olfactory bulbectomy (OB) model of depression in rats. METHODS Magnesium was administered once daily for 14 days at three doses (10, 15, and 20 mg/kg, intraperitoneal) to sham and OB rats. Following treatment, open field and passive avoidance tests were performed in the sham and OB rats. After 24 h, the hippocampus, the prefrontal cortex (PFC), and the amygdala of rats treated with the most active dose (15 mg/kg) were harvested, and the protein and mRNA levels were determined. RESULTS Chronic administration of magnesium (15 and 20 mg/kg) reduced the number of trials required to learn passive avoidance and reduced the OB-induced hyperactivity. OB increased the P-S845 level in the hippocampus, which was reduced by magnesium treatment. Magnesium significantly increased the levels of BDNF, GluN2B, P-S831, and P-S845 protein (and mRNA) primarily in the PFC and the hippocampus in OB rats. CONCLUSION For the first time, the present results demonstrate the antidepressant-like activity of magnesium in the OB animal model of depression and indicate the potential involvement of the AMPA/BDNF pathway in this activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartlomiej Pochwat
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smetna 12, 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| | - Magdalena Sowa-Kucma
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smetna 12, 31-343 Krakow, Poland ,Centre of Applied Biotechnology and Basic Sciences, University of Rzeszów, Rejtana 16c, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kotarska
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smetna 12, 31-343 Krakow, Poland ,Department of Genetics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Paulina Misztak
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smetna 12, 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| | - Gabriel Nowak
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smetna 12, 31-343 Krakow, Poland ,Department of Pharmacobiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krakow, Poland
| | - Bernadeta Szewczyk
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smetna 12, 31-343 Krakow, Poland
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Olfactory Deprivation Hastens Alzheimer-Like Pathologies in a Human Tau-Overexpressed Mouse Model via Activation of cdk5. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 53:391-401. [PMID: 25465240 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-9007-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Olfactory dysfunction is a recognized risk factor for the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), while the mechanisms are still not clear. Here, we applied bilateral olfactory bulbectomy (OBX), an olfactory deprivation surgery to cause permanent anosmia, in human tau-overexpressed mice (htau mice) to investigate changes of AD-like pathologies including aggregation of abnormally phosphorylated tau and cholinergic neuron loss. We found that tau phosphorylation in hippocampus was increased at Thr-205, Ser-214, Thr-231, and Ser-396 after OBX. OBX also increased the level of sarkosyl-insoluble Tau at those epitopes and accelerated accumulation of somatodendritic tau. Moreover, OBX resulted in the elevation of calpain activity accompanied by an increased expression of the cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (cdk5) neuronal activators, p35 and p25, in hippocampus. Furthermore, OBX induces the loss of the cholinergic neurons in medial septal. Administration of cdk5 pharmacological inhibitor roscovitine into lateral ventricles suppressed tau hyperphosphorylation and mislocalization and restored the cholinergic neuron loss. These findings suggest that olfactory deprivation by OBX hastens tau pathology and cholinergic system impairment in htau mice possibly via activation of cdk5.
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Neurosteroid, GABAergic and hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis regulation: what is the current state of knowledge in humans? Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2014; 231:3619-34. [PMID: 24756763 PMCID: PMC4135030 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-014-3572-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE A robust epidemiological literature suggests an association between chronic stress and the development of affective disorders. However, the precise biological underpinnings of this relationship remain elusive. Central to the human response and adaptation to stress, activation and inhibition of the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis involves a multi-level, multi-system, neurobiological stress response which is as comprehensive in its complexity as it is precarious. Dysregulation in this complex system has implications for human stress related illness. OBJECTIVES The pioneering research of Robert Purdy and colleagues has laid the groundwork for advancing our understanding of HPA axis regulation by stress-derived steroid hormones and their neuroactive metabolites (termed neurosteroids), which are potent allosteric modulators of GABAA receptor function in the central nervous system. This review will describe what is known about neurosteroid modulation of the HPA axis in response to both acute and chronic stress, particularly with respect to the current state of our knowledge of this process in humans. RESULTS Implications of this research to the development of human stress-related illness are discussed in the context of two human stress-related psychiatric disorders - major depressive disorder and premenstrual dysphoric disorder. CONCLUSIONS Neurosteroid-mediated HPA axis dysregulation is a potential pathophysiologic mechanism which may cross traditional psychiatric diagnostic classifications. Future research directions are identified.
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Characterisation of the antidepressant properties of nitric oxide synthase inhibitors in the olfactory bulbectomised rat model of depression. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2014; 24:1349-61. [PMID: 24931298 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2014.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Revised: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitors possess antidepressant-like properties in preclinical tests and in the current investigation the brain penetrant NOS inhibitor N(ω)-nitro-L-arginine (l-NA) and the preferential inhibitor of neuronal NOS (nNOS) 1-(2-trifluoromethylphenyl) imidazole (TRIM) were assessed in the olfactory bulbectomised (OB) rat, a well-established animal model of depression. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was employed to assess regional brain volumes, blood perfusion and T1 and T2 relaxometry times both with and without drug treatment. l-NA (10 mg/kg, once daily p.o. for 10 days) attenuated OB-related hyperactivity in the "open field" test in a comparable fashion to the tricyclic antidepressant imipramine (20 mg/kg, once daily p.o. for 14 days) indicative of an antidepressant-like response in the model. Treatment with TRIM (50 mg/kg, once daily s.c.) attenuated OB-related hyperactivity following 7 days of treatment when compared to vehicle treated controls. OB is associated with enlarged ventricular volume, increased periventicular perfusion and a decrease in T2 relaxation times in cortical and hippocampal regions, with enhanced perfusion and reduced T2 times attenuated by L-NA treatment. L-NA treatment was also associated with an increase in T1 relaxation times in limbic and cortical regions and found to reduce resting state hippocampal blood perfusion in OB animals. Behavioural observations are consistent with an antidepressant action of NOS inhibitors where associated changes in perfusion and T2 relaxation times may be related to the antidepressant action of L-NA in the model.
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Islam M, Moriguchi S, Tagashira H, Fukunaga K. Rivastigmine improves hippocampal neurogenesis and depression-like behaviors via 5-HT1A receptor stimulation in olfactory bulbectomized mice. Neuroscience 2014; 272:116-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.04.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Revised: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Kluge W, Alsaif M, Guest PC, Schwarz E, Bahn S. Translating potential biomarker candidates for schizophrenia and depression to animal models of psychiatric disorders. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2014; 11:721-33. [DOI: 10.1586/erm.11.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Mahar I, Bambico FR, Mechawar N, Nobrega JN. Stress, serotonin, and hippocampal neurogenesis in relation to depression and antidepressant effects. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2013; 38:173-92. [PMID: 24300695 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 417] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2013] [Revised: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Chronic stressful life events are risk factors for developing major depression, the pathophysiology of which is strongly linked to impairments in serotonin (5-HT) neurotransmission. Exposure to chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) has been found to induce depressive-like behaviours, including passive behavioural coping and anhedonia in animal models, along with many other affective, cognitive, and behavioural symptoms. The heterogeneity of these symptoms represents the plurality of corticolimbic structures involved in mood regulation that are adversely affected in the disorder. Chronic stress has also been shown to negatively regulate adult hippocampal neurogenesis, a phenomenon that is involved in antidepressant effects and regulates subsequent stress responses. Although there exists an enormous body of data on stress-induced alterations of 5-HT activity, there has not been extensive exploration of 5-HT adaptations occurring presynaptically or at the level of the raphe nuclei after exposure to CUS. Similarly, although hippocampal neurogenesis is known to be negatively regulated by stress and positively regulated by antidepressant treatment, the role of neurogenesis in mediating affective behaviour in the context of stress remains an active area of investigation. The goal of this review is to link the serotonergic and neurogenic hypotheses of depression and antidepressant effects in the context of stress. Specifically, chronic stress significantly attenuates 5-HT neurotransmission and 5-HT1A autoreceptor sensitivity, and this effect could represent an endophenotypic hallmark for mood disorders. In addition, by decreasing neurogenesis, CUS decreases hippocampal inhibition of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, exacerbating stress axis overactivity. Similarly, we discuss the possibility that adult hippocampal neurogenesis mediates antidepressant effects via the ventral (in rodents; anterior in humans) hippocampus' influence on the HPA axis, and mechanisms by which antidepressants may reverse chronic stress-induced 5-HT and neurogenic changes. Although data are as yet equivocal, antidepressant modulation of 5-HT neurotransmission may well serve as one of the factors that could drive neurogenesis-dependent antidepressant effects through these stress regulation-related mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Mahar
- McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Verdun, QC, Canada; Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | | | - Naguib Mechawar
- McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Verdun, QC, Canada; Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - José N Nobrega
- Behavioural Neurobiology Laboratory, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Pudell C, Vicente BA, Delattre AM, Carabelli B, Mori MA, Suchecki D, Machado RB, Zanata SM, Visentainer JV, de Oliveira Santos O, Lima MMS, Ferraz AC. Fish oil improves anxiety-like, depressive-like and cognitive behaviors in olfactory bulbectomised rats. Eur J Neurosci 2013; 39:266-74. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Revised: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Pudell
- Laboratório de Neurofisiologia; Departamento de Fisiologia; Universidade Federal do Paraná; 81.531-990 Curitiba PR Brazil
| | - Bianca A. Vicente
- Laboratório de Neurofisiologia; Departamento de Fisiologia; Universidade Federal do Paraná; 81.531-990 Curitiba PR Brazil
| | - Ana M. Delattre
- Laboratório de Neurofisiologia; Departamento de Fisiologia; Universidade Federal do Paraná; 81.531-990 Curitiba PR Brazil
| | - Bruno Carabelli
- Laboratório de Neurofisiologia; Departamento de Fisiologia; Universidade Federal do Paraná; 81.531-990 Curitiba PR Brazil
| | - Marco A. Mori
- Laboratório de Neurofisiologia; Departamento de Fisiologia; Universidade Federal do Paraná; 81.531-990 Curitiba PR Brazil
| | - Deborah Suchecki
- Departamento de Psicobiologia; Universidade Federal do São Paulo; São Paulo Brazil
| | - Ricardo B. Machado
- Departamento de Psicobiologia; Universidade Federal do São Paulo; São Paulo Brazil
| | - Sílvio M. Zanata
- Laboratório de Neurobiologia; Departamento de Patologia Básica; Universidade Federal do Paraná; Curitiba PR Brazil
| | - Jesuí V. Visentainer
- Laboratório de Química de Alimentos; Departamento de Química; Universidade Estadual de Maringá; Maringá PR Brazil
| | - Oscar de Oliveira Santos
- Laboratório de Química de Alimentos; Departamento de Química; Universidade Estadual de Maringá; Maringá PR Brazil
| | - Marcelo M. S. Lima
- Laboratório de Neurofisiologia; Departamento de Fisiologia; Universidade Federal do Paraná; 81.531-990 Curitiba PR Brazil
| | - Anete C. Ferraz
- Laboratório de Neurofisiologia; Departamento de Fisiologia; Universidade Federal do Paraná; 81.531-990 Curitiba PR Brazil
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Park AJ, Collins J, Blennerhassett PA, Ghia JE, Verdu EF, Bercik P, Collins SM. Altered colonic function and microbiota profile in a mouse model of chronic depression. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2013; 25:733-e575. [PMID: 23773726 PMCID: PMC3912902 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.12153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depression often coexists with the irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) which is characterized by alterations in gut function. There is emerging evidence that the microbial composition (microbiota) of the gut is altered in IBS, but the basis for this is poorly understood. The aim of this study was to determine whether the induction of chronic depression results in changes in the colonic function and in its microbial community, and to explore underlying mechanisms. METHODS Bilateral olfactory bulbectomy (OBx) was used to induce depression-like behavior in mice. Colonic function was assessed by measuring muscle contractility, pellet excretion, c-fos activity, and serotonin levels. Microbiota profiles were obtained using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). The hypothalamic-pituitary axis (HPA) was assessed by the hypothalamic expression of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH). In separate studies, mice without OBx received CRH via intracerebroventricular (ICV) infusion for 4 weeks prior to assessing colonic function and microbiota profiles. KEY RESULTS Olfactory bulbectomy mice demonstrated chronic depression- and anxiety-like behaviors associated with elevated central CRH expression and increases in c-Fos activity, serotonin levels, and motility in the colon. These changes were accompanied by an altered intestinal microbial profile. Central CRH administration produced similar changes in behavior and motility and altered the microbiota profile in the colon. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES The induction of chronic depression alters motor activity and the microbial profile in the colon likely via activation of the HPA. These findings provide a basis for linking the behavioral and gastrointestinal manifestations of IBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Park
- Department of Medicine, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster UniversityHamilton, Canada
| | - J Collins
- Department of Medicine, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster UniversityHamilton, Canada
| | - P A Blennerhassett
- Department of Medicine, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster UniversityHamilton, Canada
| | - J E Ghia
- Department of Medicine, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster UniversityHamilton, Canada
| | - E F Verdu
- Department of Medicine, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster UniversityHamilton, Canada
| | - P Bercik
- Department of Medicine, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster UniversityHamilton, Canada
| | - S M Collins
- Address for Correspondence, Stephen Collins, MBBS, FRCPC, Department of Medicine, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, HSC 2E16, Hamilton, ON, Canada L8N 3Z5., Tel: 905-525-9140 #22184; fax: 905 524 1346;, e-mail:
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Choi YJ, Kim JY, Jin WP, Kim YT, Jahng JW, Lee JH. Disruption of oral sensory relay to brain increased anxiety- and depression-like behaviours in rats. Arch Oral Biol 2013; 58:1652-8. [PMID: 24112731 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2013.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Revised: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Sensory information plays an important role to determine psycho-emotional behaviours of individuals. Lingual nerve can be damaged by dental surgery or trauma, such as physical irritation, radiation, chemotherapy, or viral infection. This study was conducted to examine the psycho-emotional effects of lingual nerve damage in which oral sensory relay to the brain is disrupted. DESIGN Male Sprague-Dawley rats were tested for anxiety and depression-related behaviours after bilateral transections of the lingual and chorda tympani nerves (Nx) or sham operation. Tissue contents of serotonin and its metabolite in the hippocampus, hypothalamus, and nucleus accumbens were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography. RESULTS Sucrose preference was reduced in Nx rats compared with sham rats, suggesting the development of anhedonia, decreased pleasure seeking behaviour, by the lingual nerves transection. Ambulatory activity was decreased, anxiety-related behaviours during the activity test increased, time spent in the open arms during elevated plus maze test decreased, and immobility duration during forced swim test increased in Nx rats compared with sham rats. Serotonin level in the hippocampus of Nx rats was decreased significantly compared with sham rats. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that aberration of oral sensory relay to brain may lead to the development of depression- and anxiety-related disorders, and decreased serotonergic neurotransmission in the hippocampus may play a role in its underlying mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Jun Choi
- Program in Craniofacial Structure and Functional Biology, Department of Dental Science, Graduate School, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Dental Center, School of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Olfaction and olfactory-mediated behaviour in psychiatric disease models. Cell Tissue Res 2013; 354:69-80. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-013-1617-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Yamamoto Y, Shioda N, Han F, Moriguchi S, Fukunaga K. Novel cognitive enhancer ST101 enhances acetylcholine release in mouse dorsal hippocampus through T-type voltage-gated calcium channel stimulation. J Pharmacol Sci 2013; 121:212-26. [PMID: 23449490 DOI: 10.1254/jphs.12233fp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently developed a novel cognitive enhancer, ST101 (spiro[imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine-3,2-indan]-2(3H)-one), that activates T-type voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCCs). Here, we address whether T-type VGCC activation with ST101 mediates its cognitive effects in vivo and the relevance of T-type VGCC activation to acetylcholine (ACh) release in the hippocampus. Acute intraperitoneal administration of ST101 (1 mg/kg, i.p.) improved memory-related behaviors in both olfactory bulbectomized (OBX) and scopolamine-treated mice. Effects of ST101 administration were abolished by both intraperitoneal and intracerebroventricular pre-administration of the T-type VGCC inhibitor mibefradil. Acute administration of ST101 enhanced basal and nicotine-induced ACh release in the dorsal hippocampus in both OBX and sham-treated mice. Enhanced ACh release was abolished by infusion with mibefradil (10 μM) but not with the L-type VGCC inhibitor nifedipine (10 μM). As expected, significantly reduced CaMKIIα, PKCα, and ERK phosphorylation was restored by acute ST101 administration in the OBX mouse hippocampal CA1 region. Enhancement of CaMKIIα and PKCα but not ERK phosphorylation was inhibited by mibefradil (20 mg/kg, i.p.) preadministration. Increased CaMKIIα and PKCα phosphorylation was confirmed by increased phosphorylation of GluR1, synapsin I, and NR1. Taken together, stimulation of T-type VGCCs is critical for the enhanced hippocampal ACh release and improved cognitive function seen following ST101 administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yui Yamamoto
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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Impaired structural hippocampal plasticity is associated with emotional and memory deficits in the olfactory bulbectomized rat. Neuroscience 2013; 236:233-43. [PMID: 23357118 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Revised: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Disturbances in olfactory circuitry have been associated with depression in humans. The olfactory bulbectomized (OBX lesion) has been largely used as a model of depression-like behavior in the rat. However, quantitative neuronal rearrangements in key brain regions in this animal model have not been evaluated yet. Accordingly, we investigated changes in hippocampal plasticity as well as behavioral deficits in this animal model. OBX-induced behavioral deficits were studied in a battery of tests, namely the open field test (OFT), forced swim test (FST), and spatial memory disturbances in the Morris water maze (MWM). To characterize the neuronal remodeling, neuroanatomical rearrangements were investigated in the CA1 hippocampus and piriform cortex (PirC), brain regions receiving inputs from the olfactory bulbs and associated with emotional or olfactory processes. Additionally, cell proliferation and survival of newborn cells in the adult dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampus were also determined. OBX induced hyperlocomotion and enhanced rearing and grooming in the OFT, increased immobility in the FST as well as required a longer time to find the hidden platform in the MWM. OBX also induced dendritic atrophy in the hippocampus and PirC. In addition, cell proliferation was decreased while the survival remained unchanged in the DG of these animals. These various features are also observed in depressed subjects, adding further support to the validity and usefulness of this model to evaluate potential novel antidepressants.
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Machado DG, Cunha MP, Neis VB, Balen GO, Colla A, Grando J, Brocardo PS, Bettio LEB, Capra JC, Rodrigues ALS. Fluoxetine reverses depressive-like behaviors and increases hippocampal acetylcholinesterase activity induced by olfactory bulbectomy. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2012; 103:220-9. [PMID: 22960127 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2012.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2011] [Revised: 08/21/2012] [Accepted: 08/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The olfactory bulbectomy (OB) is an animal model of depression that results in behavioral, neurochemical and neuroendocrinological changes, features comparable to those seen in depressive patients. This study investigated OB-induced alterations in locomotor activity and exploratory behavior in the open-field test, self-care and motivational behavior in the splash test, hyperactivity in the novel object test and novel cage test, and the influence of chronic treatment with fluoxetine (10mg/kg, p.o., once daily for 14days) on these parameters. Fluoxetine reversed OB-induced hyperactivity in the open-field test, locomotor hyperactivity and the increase in exploratory behavior induced by novelty in the novel object and novel cage tests, and the loss of self-care and motivational behavior in the splash test. Moreover, OB decreased the number of grooming and fecal boli in the open-field and novel cage tests, alterations that were not reversed by fluoxetine. OB caused an increase in hippocampal, but not in prefrontal acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity. Fluoxetine was able to reverse the increase in hippocampal AChE activity induced by OB. Serum corticosterone was increased in SHAM and bulbectomized mice treated with fluoxetine. In conclusion, OB mice exhibited depressive-like behaviors associated with an increase in hippocampal AChE activity, effects that were reversed by chronic treatment with fluoxetine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele G Machado
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário-Trindade - 88040-900, Florianópolis-SC, Brazil
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Machado DG, Cunha MP, Neis VB, Balen GO, Colla AR, Grando J, Brocardo PS, Bettio LEB, Dalmarco JB, Rial D, Prediger RD, Pizzolatti MG, Rodrigues ALS. Rosmarinus officinalis L. hydroalcoholic extract, similar to fluoxetine, reverses depressive-like behavior without altering learning deficit in olfactory bulbectomized mice. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2012; 143:158-169. [PMID: 22721880 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2012.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2012] [Revised: 05/28/2012] [Accepted: 06/11/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Rosemary, Rosmarinus officinalis L., has several therapeutic applications in folk medicine for the treatment of a wide range of diseases, including depression. AIM OF THE STUDY To evaluate the ability of Rosmarinus officinalis hydroalcoholic extract (ROHE), as compared to the positive control fluoxetine, to reverse behavioral (hyperactivity, anhedonic behavior and learning deficit in water maze) and biochemical alterations (serum glucose level and acetylcholinesterase, AChE, activity) induced by an animal model of depression, the olfactory bulbectomy (OB) in mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS Locomotor and exploratory behavior was assessed in the open-field, novel object and novel cage tests, anhedonic behavior was assessed in the splash test; cognitive deficits were evaluated in the water maze task. For the first set of experiments, ROHE (10-300 mg/kg) or fluoxetine (10mg/kg) was administered once daily (p.o.) for 14 days after OB and the behavioral tests were performed. For the second set of experiments, serum glucose and hippocampal and cerebrocortical AChE activity were determined in OB and SHAM-operated mice treated orally with ROHE (10mg/kg), fluoxetine (10mg/kg) or vehicle. RESULTS ROHE (10-300 mg/kg), similar to fluoxetine, reversed OB-induced hyperactivity, increased exploratory and anhedonic behavior. OB needed significantly more trials in the training session to acquire the spatial information, but they displayed a similar profile to that of SHAM mice in the test session (24h later), demonstrating a selective deficit in spatial learning, which was not reversed by ROHE or fluoxetine. A reduced serum glucose level and an increased hippocampal AChE activity were observed in bulbectomized mice; only the latter effect was reversed by fluoxetine, while both effects were reversed by ROHE. CONCLUSIONS ROHE exerted an antidepressant-like effect in bulbectomized mice and was able to abolish AchE alterations and hypoglycemia, but not spatial learning deficit induced by OB. Overall, results suggest the potential of Rosmarinus officinalis for the treatment of depression, validating the traditional use of this plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele G Machado
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário, Trindade, 88040-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
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Elbatsh MM, Moklas MAA, Marsden CA, Kendall DA. Antidepressant-like effects of Δ⁹-tetrahydrocannabinol and rimonabant in the olfactory bulbectomised rat model of depression. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2012; 102:357-65. [PMID: 22634064 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2012.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2011] [Revised: 05/08/2012] [Accepted: 05/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The endocannabinoid signalling system is widely accepted to play a role in controlling the affective state. Plant cannabinoids are well known to have behavioural effects in animals and humans and the cannabinoid CB(1) receptor antagonist rimonabant has recently been shown to precipitate depression-like symptoms in clinical trial subjects. The aim of the present study was to investigate the behavioural and neurochemical effects of chronic administration of Δ⁹-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and rimonabant on intact and olfactory bulbectomised (OB) rats used as a model of depression. As expected, OB rats were hyperactive in the open field. Repeated THC (2 mg/kg, i.p. once every 48 h for 21 days) and rimonabant (5 mg/kg, i.p. once every 48 h for 21 days) reduced this hyperactivity, which is typical of clinically effective antidepressant drugs. In intact animals, chronic THC increased brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression levels in the hippocampus and frontal cortex but rimonabant had no effect. Rimonabant increased the levels of phosphorylated extracellular signal regulated kinases (p-ERKs(1/2)) in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex and THC also increased expression in frontal cortex. OB did not affect BDNF or p-ERK(1/2) expression in the hippocampus or frontal cortex and in, contrast to the intact animals, neither THC nor rimonabant altered expression in the OB rats. These findings indicate antidepressant-like behavioural properties of both THC and rimonabant in OB rats although additional studies are required to clarify the relationship between the chronic effects of cannabinoids in other pre-clinical models and in human depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maha M Elbatsh
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK.
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SHIODA N, YAMAMOTO Y, HAN F, MORIGUCHI S, FUKUNAGA K. Neurochemical Mechanisms of a Novel Alzheimer's Disease Therapeutics on Improvement of Cognition and Depressive Behavior. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2011; 131:505-11. [DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.131.505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Norifumi SHIODA
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University
| | - Yui YAMAMOTO
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University
| | - Feng HAN
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University
| | - Shigeki MORIGUCHI
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University
| | - Kohji FUKUNAGA
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University
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Linck VM, da Silva AL, Figueiró M, Caramão EB, Moreno PRH, Elisabetsky E. Effects of inhaled Linalool in anxiety, social interaction and aggressive behavior in mice. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2010; 17:679-683. [PMID: 19962290 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2009.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Aromatherapy uses essential oils (EOs) for several medical purposes, including relaxation. The association between the use of aromas and a decrease in anxiety could be a valuable instrument in managing anxiety in an ever increasing anxiogenic daily life style. Linalool is a monoterpene commonly found as the major volatile component of EOs in several aromatic plant species. Adding to previously reported sedative effects of inhaled linalool, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of inhaled linalool on anxiety, aggressiveness and social interaction in mice. Additionally, we investigated the effects of inhaled linalool on the acquisition phase of a step-down memory task in mice. Inhaled linalool showed anxiolytic properties in the light/dark test, increased social interaction and decreased aggressive behavior; impaired memory was only seen the higher dose of linalool. These results strengthen the suggestion that inhaling linalool rich essential oils can be useful as a mean to attain relaxation and counteract anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- V M Linck
- Laboratório de Etnofarmacologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Wu WL, Lin YW, Min MY, Chen CC. Mice lacking Asic3 show reduced anxiety-like behavior on the elevated plus maze and reduced aggression. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2010; 9:603-14. [PMID: 20497234 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-183x.2010.00591.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Sensing external stimulation is crucial for central processing in the brain and subsequent behavioral expression. Although sensory alteration or deprivation may result in behavioral changes, most studies related to the control of behavior have focused on central mechanisms. Here we created a sensory deficit model of mice lacking acid-sensing ion channel 3 (Asic3(-/-)) to probe behavioral alterations. ASIC3 is predominately distributed in the peripheral nervous system. RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry used to examine the expression of Asic3 in the mouse brain showed near-background mRNA and protein levels of ASIC3 throughout the whole brain, except for the sensory mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus. Consistent with the expression results, Asic3 knockout had no effect on synaptic plasticity of the hippocampus and the behavioral tasks of motor function, learning and memory. In anxiety behavior tasks, Asic3(-/-) mice spent more time in the open arms of an elevated plus maze than did their wild-type littermates. Asic3(-/-) mice also displayed less aggressiveness toward intruders but more stereotypic repetitive behaviors during resident-intruder testing than did wild-type littermates. Therefore, loss of ASIC3 produced behavioral changes in anxiety and aggression in mice, which suggests that ASIC3-dependent sensory activities might relate to the central process of emotion modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- W-L Wu
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
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Abstract
Anticonvulsant drugs are widely used in psychiatric indications. This includes alcohol and benzodiazepine withdrawal symptoms, panic and anxiety disorders, dementia, schizophrenia, and to some extent personality disorders. Besides pain syndromes, their main domain outside epilepsy, however, is bipolar disorder. Carbamazepine, valproate, and lamotrigine are meanwhile recognized mood stabilizers, but several other antiepileptic drugs have also been tried out with diverging or inconclusive results. Understanding the mechanisms of action and identifying similarities between anticonvulsants effective in bipolar disorder may also enhance our understanding of the underlying pathophysiology of the disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heinz C R Grunze
- School of Neurology, Neurobiology and Psychiatry, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
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Shioda N, Yamamoto Y, Han F, Moriguchi S, Yamaguchi Y, Hino M, Fukunaga K. A Novel Cognitive Enhancer, ZSET1446/ST101, Promotes Hippocampal Neurogenesis and Ameliorates Depressive Behavior in Olfactory Bulbectomized Mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2010; 333:43-50. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.109.163535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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A novel 5-HT2A receptor antagonist exhibits antidepressant-like effects in a battery of rodent behavioural assays: Approaching early-onset antidepressants. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2010; 94:363-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2009.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2009] [Revised: 09/10/2009] [Accepted: 09/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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