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Abstract
Purpose of Review Recent Findings Summary
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Affiliation(s)
- Kajal Patel
- Occupational Dermatology Research and Education Centre, Skin Health Institute, Level 1/80 Drummond Street, Carlton, 3053 Australia
| | - Rosemary Nixon
- Occupational Dermatology Research and Education Centre, Skin Health Institute, Level 1/80 Drummond Street, Carlton, 3053 Australia
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Clinical Manifestations, Treatment, and Prevention of Acute Irritant Contact Dermatitis Caused by 2,4-Dichloro-5-Methylpyrimidine. Dermatitis 2021; 32:63-67. [PMID: 31688132 PMCID: PMC7813440 DOI: 10.1097/der.0000000000000540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Background There are no reported cases of 2,4-dichloro-5-methylpyrimidine (DCP)–induced irritant contact dermatitis (ICD). Objective The aim of the study was to summarize the clinical features, treatment, and protective measures for DCP-induced ICD. Methods We retrospectively reviewed the clinical data from 64 patients with DCP-induced ICD and the protective measures in a DCP manufacturing factory. Results Disease onset occurred 1 to 10 minutes after DCP single exposure in all 64 patients. The contact site developed edematous erythematous skin lesions with clear boundaries. Other symptoms included a burning sensation (n = 48), pruritus (n = 16), headache (n = 4), nausea/vomiting (n = 3), and syncope (n = 1). Ten patients developed pruritic rash over the whole body 1 to 4 days after contacting DCP. Histopathologic examination of the lesions was performed in 8 patients; all 8 showed manifestations of ICD. A patch test with 1% DCP ethanol solution was performed in 7 patients. One patient withdrew because of pruritus and massive erythema over the whole body. Four patients had a strong reaction, and 2 patients had a very strong reaction. All patients were cured. Positive-pressure inflatable protective clothing protected workers from the outside environment to prevent DCP-induced ICD. Conclusions 2,4-Dichloro-5-methylpyrimidine exposure induces acute ICD and a delayed allergic reaction in some patients (15.6%). Positive-pressure inflatable protective clothing prevents DCP-induced ICD.
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da Silva LP, Borges BA, Veloso MP, Chagas-Paula DA, Gonçalves RV, Novaes RD. Impact of sesquiterpene lactones on the skin and skin-related cells? A systematic review of in vitro and in vivo evidence. Life Sci 2020; 265:118815. [PMID: 33278385 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Although anti-inflammatory properties are attributed to sesquiterpene lactones (SL), cutaneous hypersensitivity reactions are proposed as limitations for SL-based therapies. Thus, the impact of SL on the skin and skin-related cells was systematically reviewed. Studies indexed in electronic databases were screened from the PRISMA strategy. The risk of bias in all studies was verified from the SYRCLE's tool. Thirty original studies were recovered and analyzed. Mice and guinea pig, keratinocytes and fibroblasts were predominantly investigated from in vivo and in vitro studies, respectively. In vivo studies indicated that most SL induced contact dermatitis associated with edema, erythema, and inflammatory infiltrate. Conversely, in vitro evidence was consistent with a dose-dependent anti-inflammatory effect of SL in response to reduced cytokines, 5-LOX, and COX-2 levels or activity in keratinocytes, fibroblasts, macrophages and dendritic cells; which are events potentially triggered by downregulation of gene expression and/or inhibition of the NF-κB signaling pathway. In vivo studies presented uncertain to high-risk of bias mainly associated with underreporting of randomization and experimental blinding. The current evidence supports potent cutaneous immunomodulatory properties of SL. Although in vitro and in vivo studies indicate opposite anti- or proinflammatory effects, this contradiction exhibits a dose-dependent component. In addition, the anti-inflammatory pathways activated by SL are better understood from in vitro evidence. However, additional studies are required to elucidating specific anti-inflammatory and proinflammatory mechanisms triggered by SL in vivo. Thus, controlling the sources of bias described in this review can contribute to improving the quality of the evidence in further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laíla Pereira da Silva
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Structural Biology, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas 37130-001, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Bruno Arantes Borges
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas 37130-001, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Marcia Paranho Veloso
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas 37130-001, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Daniela Aparecida Chagas-Paula
- Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas 37130-001, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Rômulo Dias Novaes
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Structural Biology, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas 37130-001, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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Seweryn A. Interactions between surfactants and the skin - Theory and practice. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2018; 256:242-255. [PMID: 29685575 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2018.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
One of the primary causes of skin irritation is the use of body wash cosmetics and household chemicals, since they are in direct contact with the skin, and they are widely available and frequently used. The main ingredients of products of this type are surfactants, which may have diverse effects on the skin. The skin irritation potential of surfactants is determined by their chemical and physical properties resulting from their structure, and specific interactions with the skin. Surfactants are capable of interacting both with proteins and lipids in the stratum corneum. By penetrating through this layer, surfactants are also able to affect living cells in deeper regions of the skin. Further skin penetration may result in damage to cell membranes and structural components of keratinocytes, releasing proinflammatory mediators. By causing irreversible changes in cell structure, surfactants can often lead to their death. The paper presents a critical review of literature on the effects of surfactants on the skin. Aspects discussed in the paper include the skin irritation potential of surfactants, mechanisms underlying interactions between compounds of this type and the skin which have been proposed over the years, and verified methods of reducing the skin irritation potential of surfactant compounds. Basic research conducted in this field over many years translate into practical applications of surfactants in the cosmetic and household chemical industries. This aspect is also emphasized in the present study.
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Koppes SA, Ljubojević Hadžavdić S, Jakasa I, Franceschi N, Riethmüller C, Jurakić Tončic R, Marinovic B, Raj N, Rawlings AV, Voegeli R, Lane ME, Haftek M, Frings‐Dresen MH, Rustemeyer T, Kezic S. Effect of allergens and irritants on levels of natural moisturizing factor and corneocyte morphology. Contact Dermatitis 2017; 76:287-295. [PMID: 28295421 PMCID: PMC5836858 DOI: 10.1111/cod.12770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Revised: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The irritant sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) is known to cause a decrease in the stratum corneum level of natural moisturizing factor (NMF), which in itself is associated with changes in corneocyte surface topography. OBJECTIVE To explore this phenomenon in allergic contact dermatitis. METHODS Patch testing was performed on patients with previously positive patch test reactions to potassium dichromate (Cr), nickel sulfate (Ni), methylchloroisothiazolinone (MCI)/methylisothiazolinone (MI), or p-phenylenediamine. Moreover, a control (pet.) patch and an irritant (SLS) patch were applied. After 3 days, the stratum corneum from tested sites was collected, and NMF levels and corneocyte morphology, expressed as the amount of circular nanosize objects, quantified according to the Dermal Texture Index (DTI), were determined. RESULTS Among allergens, only MCI/MI reduced NMF levels significantly, as did SLS. Furthermore, only MCI/MI caused remarkable changes at the microscopic level; the corneocytes were hexagonal-shaped with pronounced cell borders and a smoother surface. The DTI was increased after SLS exposure but not after allergen exposure. CONCLUSIONS MCI/MI significantly decreased NMF levels, similarly to SLS. The altered corneocyte morphology suggests that skin barrier damage plays a role in the pathogenesis of MCI/MI contact allergy. The DTI seems to differentiate reactions to SLS from those to the allergens tested, as SLS was the only agent that caused a DTI increase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sjors A. Koppes
- Academic Medical Center, Department: Coronel institute of Occupational HealthAmsterdam Public Health Research Institute1105 AZ AmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Department of Dermatology‐AllergologyVU University Medical Centre1081 HV AmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Suzana Ljubojević Hadžavdić
- Department of Dermatology and VenereologyUniversity Hospital Centre Zagreb and University of Zagreb School of Medicine10000ZagrebCroatia
| | - Ivone Jakasa
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, Laboratory for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of Zagreb10000ZagrebCroatia
| | - Nika Franceschi
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, University Clinical Hospital Centre ‘Sestre Milosrdnice’10000ZagrebCroatia
| | - Christoph Riethmüller
- Centre for Nanotechnology, Serend‐ip GmbHCentre for Nanotechnology48149MünsterGermany
| | - Ružica Jurakić Tončic
- Department of Dermatology and VenereologyUniversity Hospital Centre Zagreb and University of Zagreb School of Medicine10000ZagrebCroatia
| | - Branka Marinovic
- Department of Dermatology and VenereologyUniversity Hospital Centre Zagreb and University of Zagreb School of Medicine10000ZagrebCroatia
| | - Nidhin Raj
- Skin Research Laboratory, Department of PharmaceuticsUniversity College LondonWC1N 1AXLondonUK
| | - Anthony V. Rawlings
- Skin Research Laboratory, Department of PharmaceuticsUniversity College LondonWC1N 1AXLondonUK
| | | | - Majella E. Lane
- Skin Research Laboratory, Department of PharmaceuticsUniversity College LondonWC1N 1AXLondonUK
| | - Marek Haftek
- Laboratory of Tissue Biology and Therapeutic EngineeringCNRS and University of LyonUMR 5305LyonFrance
| | - Monique H.W. Frings‐Dresen
- Academic Medical Center, Department: Coronel institute of Occupational HealthAmsterdam Public Health Research Institute1105 AZ AmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Thomas Rustemeyer
- Department of Dermatology‐AllergologyVU University Medical Centre1081 HV AmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Sanja Kezic
- Academic Medical Center, Department: Coronel institute of Occupational HealthAmsterdam Public Health Research Institute1105 AZ AmsterdamThe Netherlands
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Igielska-Kalwat J, Gościańska J, Witkowska B, Nowak I. In vivo studies of substances used in the cosmetic industry. Postepy Dermatol Alergol 2016; 33:163-9. [PMID: 27512349 PMCID: PMC4969411 DOI: 10.5114/ada.2016.60607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cosmetic producers are obliged to guarantee the safety and stability of their products. The current legal regulations are based on the European Union Directive (1223/2009) of 30 November 2009. The main aim of the directive is to formulate criteria of safety of a cosmetic product and requirements that it must meet to be placed on the market. A new cosmetic product is subjected to thorough investigation prior to its introduction on the market. It should be studied not only with respect to its safety, but also with respect to its effectiveness declared by the producer. The studies are performed in vivo, by the contact or epidermal patch tests on the human skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Igielska-Kalwat
- Faculty of Chemistry, Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland
| | - Joanna Gościańska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland
| | - Beata Witkowska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland
| | - Izabela Nowak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland
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Ale IS, Maibach HI. Irritant contact dermatitis. REVIEWS ON ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 2014; 29:195-206. [PMID: 25274939 DOI: 10.1515/reveh-2014-0060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Irritant contact dermatitis (ICD) is the most common form of contact dermatitis. It represents the cutaneous response to the toxic/physical effects of a wide variety of environmental agents. Nowadays, it is recognized that irritancy does not represent a single monomorphous entity but rather a complex biologic syndrome with diverse pathophysiology and clinical manifestations. The clinical presentation is highly variable depending on several factors, including properties and strength of the irritant, dose, duration and frequency of exposure, environmental factors, and skin susceptibility. The pathophysiological mechanism depends on activation of the innate immune system and involves skin barrier disruption, cellular changes, and release of proinflammatory mediators that directly recruit and activate T lymphocytes. The diagnosis of irritant contact dermatitis is often clinical, and involves a comprehensive history and examination, as well as the exclusion of allergic contact dermatitis with patch testing. Recent advances in understanding the pathogenesis as well as better awareness of the clinical significance of ICD will lead to a improved care for our patients.
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Poppe H, Poppe LM, Bröcker EB, Trautmann A. Do-it-yourself cement work: the main cause of severe irritant contact dermatitis requiring hospitalization. Contact Dermatitis 2012; 68:111-5. [PMID: 22900492 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0536.2012.02156.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are myriads of potentially irritant agents causing acute irritant contact dermatitis. In the large majority of cases, dermatitis is mild to moderate, and patients do not need hospitalization. However, some agents or special circumstances may cause severe dermatitis requiring more intensive therapy. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to evaluate causative agents of severe acute irritant contact dermatitis requiring hospitalization. METHODS In this single-centre observational cohort study, we included 54 consecutive patients presenting with signs and symptoms of acute irritant contact dermatitis for which hospitalization was necessary. The severity of dermatitis was graded (grade I-IV) according to intensity, and details related to the skin irritation (irritant agent, area of exposure, time interval to onset of symptoms, and duration of hospitalization) were determined. RESULTS All cases with severe ulcerative dermatitis (grade IV) were caused by wet cement, owing to prolonged skin contact. These cement burns are clearly associated with amateur work, younger age, male preponderance, and leg localization. CONCLUSIONS The study data provide clear-cut evidence that wet cement is a severely irritant substance that regularly causes the most severe form of acute irritant contact dermatitis. The main causative prerequisite for these cement burns is do-it-yourself work with poor protective measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heiko Poppe
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology, and Allergology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
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Almogren A, Shakoor Z, GadEl Rab MO, Adam MH. Pattern of patch test reactivity among patients with clinical diagnosis of contact dermatitis: a hospital-based study. Ann Saudi Med 2012; 32:404-7. [PMID: 22705612 PMCID: PMC6081020 DOI: 10.5144/0256-4947.2012.404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Contact allergy is associated with a significant morbidity all over the world. This study was performed to investigate the pattern of sensitization by contact allergens in the local population. DESIGN AND SETTING Retrospective study to investigate patch test reactivity among patients with clinical diagnosis of contact dermatitis who were referred to the allergy clinic at the King Khalid University Hospital, Riyadh, between April 2008 and March 2010. PATIENTS AND METHODS Of the 196 patients referred to the allergy clinic over the 2-year period, 91 (46.4%) patients reacted to one or more patch test allergens, and these patients were included in this study. The study group included 82 (91.1%) of Saudi nationality and 9 (8.9%) patients of other nationalities. The patch test was performed using the T.R.U.E TEST, containing 24 allergens/allergen mixes. RESULTS Of the 91 cases who reacted positively to one or more allergens, 67 (73.6%) were females with a mean age of 37 (8.3 years) and 24 (26.4%) were males with a mean age of 34 (11.6 years). Thirty-three (36.2%) patients reacted to nickel sulfate, 14 (15.3%) to p-phenylenediamine, 13 (14.2%) to p-tert-butylphenol-formaldehyde resin, 13 (14.2%) to thimerosal, and 9 (9.8%) to colophony. Reactivity against the rest of the allergens was not remarkable. A significantly higher percentage of females reacted to nickel sulfate (84.8% vs 15.2% in males;P=.0001), p-tert-butylphenol-formaldehyde resin (92.3% vs 7.7%; P=.0001), and thimerosal (76.9% vs 23.1%;P=.03). CONCLUSIONS Patch test reactivity to nickel sulfate was high. The pattern of contact allergy observed in this study indicates the need for large-scale investigations to identify local allergens responsible for contact allergy and for formulation of policies directed towards avoidance of exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adel Almogren
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine and University Hospitals, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Xu XY, Liu YF, Lu LW, Ke YB, Mao JY, Mao KL. Altered expression of hepatic metabolic enzyme and apoptosis-related gene transcripts in human hepatocytes treated with trichloroethylene. Hum Exp Toxicol 2012; 31:861-7. [DOI: 10.1177/0960327112444935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Trichloroethylene (TCE) is a common organic solvent that has been widely used in industrial applications. Hundred cases of allergic reactions occurred after the workers were occupationally exposed to TCE in China in the past decade, but the underlying effector mechanisms of TCE remain unclear. The purpose of the present study is to examine the alteration of hepatic metabolic enzyme gene and apoptosis-related gene messenger RNA (mRNA) expression in L02 human hepatocytes (L02 cells) after treatment with TCE. L02 cells were cultured either with various doses of TCE (0.25, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mmol/L) for 24 h or with a single dose of TCE (1.0 mmol/L) for different time intervals, whereas samples treated with dimethyl sulfoxide served as control. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis was performed to detect the mRNA expression of hepatic metabolic enzyme genes ( CYP1A2, CYP3A4 and CYP2E1) and apoptosis-related genes ( BAX and BAD). It was found that the transcript levels of hepatic metabolic enzyme genes and apoptosis genes including BAX and BAD were significantly increased after TCE treatment at various doses for 24 h when compared with controls. Additionally, when the cells were treated with a single dose of TCE (1.0 mmol/L) for different periods of time (3, 6, 12 and 24 h), the mRNA expression of these genes also increased significantly compared with control ( p < 0.05 or p < 0.01). The conclusion of the study is that TCE could induce alteration of mRNA expression of hepatic metabolic enzyme genes and apoptosis genes, which might be implicated in the effector mechanisms of TCE cytotoxicity in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- XY Xu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - YF Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - LW Lu
- Department of Pathology and Center of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - YB Ke
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - JY Mao
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - KL Mao
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
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Davis JA, Visscher MO, Wickett RR, Hoath SB. Influence of tumour necrosis factor-α polymorphism-308 and atopy on irritant contact dermatitis in healthcare workers. Contact Dermatitis 2010; 63:320-32. [PMID: 20731689 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0536.2010.01778.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic irritant hand dermatitis is an issue for healthcare workers and may negatively impact infection control. OBJECTIVES We examined the effects of a G to A transition at position -308 on the tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) gene on chronically damaged skin of healthcare workers during exposure and recovery from repetitive hand hygiene, after intensive treatment, and on the irritant response in normal skin. PATIENTS/MATERIALS/METHODS In 68 healthcare workers with irritant hand dermatitis, we genotyped TNF-α-308 and measured the epidermal response via quantitative digital imaging, erythema, dryness, and barrier integrity. RESULTS Excess hand erythema decreased with hand hygiene exposure and increased during time off for AA/GA genotypes, but had opposite effects for GG. AA/GA had smaller reductions in dryness with lotion treatment and larger reductions in excess erythema than GG. The atopic diathesis and heightened neurosensory irritation resulting from water and lactic acid significantly influenced the responses. Repeated exposure to water and sodium lauryl sulfate (0.05, 0.1%) produced higher erythema in normal skin for AA/GA than for GG. CONCLUSIONS This study provides evidence that the TNF-α polymorphism at -308 and an atopic history impact the severity of irritation and recovery from exposure and response to treatment for common hand skin products in both chronic irritant hand dermatitis and normal skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Davis
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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Watkins SA, Maibach HI. The hardening phenomenon in irritant contact dermatitis: an interpretative update. Contact Dermatitis 2009; 60:123-30. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0536.2009.01507.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Lundberg K, Lindstedt M, Larsson K, Dexlin L, Wingren C, Ohlin M, Greiff L, Borrebaeck CA. Augmented Phl p 5-specific Th2 response after exposure of dendritic cells to allergen in complex with specific IgE compared to IgG1 and IgG4. Clin Immunol 2008; 128:358-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2008.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2007] [Revised: 04/24/2008] [Accepted: 04/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Heras-Mendaza F, Casado-Fariñas I, Paredes-Gascón M, Conde-Salazar L. Erythema multiforme-like eruption due to an irritant contact dermatitis from a glyphosate pesticide. Contact Dermatitis 2008; 59:54-6. [PMID: 18598308 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0536.2007.01307.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Heras-Mendaza
- Department of Occupational Dermatology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Pabellón 8, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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Shen T, Zhu QX, Yang S, Wu CH, Zhang HF, Zhou CF, Zhang XJ. Trichloroethylene induced cutaneous irritation in BALB/c hairless mice: Histopathological changes and oxidative damage. Toxicology 2008; 248:113-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2008.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2008] [Accepted: 03/17/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Meller S, Lauerma AI, Kopp FM, Winterberg F, Anthoni M, Müller A, Gombert M, Haahtela A, Alenius H, Rieker J, Dieu-Nosjean MC, Kubitza RC, Gleichmann E, Ruzicka T, Zlotnik A, Homey B. Chemokine responses distinguish chemical-induced allergic from irritant skin inflammation: Memory T cells make the difference. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2007; 119:1470-80. [PMID: 17337293 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2006.12.654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2006] [Revised: 11/22/2006] [Accepted: 12/12/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As clinical and histological features of allergic and irritant contact dermatitis share common characteristics, the differentiation between them in the preclinical and clinical evaluations of chemicals remains difficult. OBJECTIVE To identify the differences in the underlying immunological mechanisms of chemical-induced allergic or irritant skin responses. METHODS We systematically studied the involvement of chemokines in both diseases by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction in mice and humans. The cellular origin of relevant chemokines and receptors was determined using immunohistochemistry; functional relevance was demonstrated in vitro by transwell chemotaxis and in vivo by adoptive transfer experiments using a model of hapten-induced murine contact hypersensitivity. RESULTS Independent of overall skin inflammation, chemical-induced allergic and irritant skin responses showed distinct molecular expression profiles. In particular, chemokine genes predominantly regulated by T-cell effector cytokines demonstrated differential upregulation in hapten-specific skin inflammation. Notably, the expression of CXCR3 ligands, such as CXCL9 (Mig) and CXCL10 (IP-10), was upregulated in chemical-induced allergic skin responses when compared with irritant skin responses. Furthermore, we showed that inflammatory chemokines such as CXCL10 prime leukocytes to respond to CXCL12 (SDF-1), increasing their recruitment both in vitro and in vivo. CONCLUSION We provide important insights into the molecular basis of chemical-induced allergic and irritant contact dermatitis, identify novel markers suitable for their differentiation, and demonstrate the cooperation of inflammatory and homeostatic chemokines in the recruitment of pathogenic leukocyte subsets. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS Molecular differences between both diseases represent the basis for new approaches to diagnostics and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Meller
- Department of Dermatology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Burkhart CG. Irritant-induced enhancement of induction and elicitation of sensitization for the treatment of seborrheic keratoses. Int J Dermatol 2006; 45:1240-2. [PMID: 17040452 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-4632.2006.02846.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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De Jongh CM, Verberk MM, Withagen CET, Jacobs JJL, Rustemeyer T, Kezic S. Stratum corneum cytokines and skin irritation response to sodium lauryl sulfate. Contact Dermatitis 2006; 54:325-33. [PMID: 16787454 DOI: 10.1111/j.0105-1873.2006.00848.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about cytokines involved in chronic irritant contact dermatitis. Individual cytokine profiles might explain at least part of the differences in the individual response to irritation. Our objective was to investigate the relation between baseline stratum corneum (SC) cytokine levels and the skin response to a single and a repeated irritation test. This study also aimed to determine changes in SC cytokine levels after repeated irritation. Transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and erythema were measured in 20 volunteers after single 24-hr exposure to 1% sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), and during and after repeated exposure to 0.1% SLS over a 3-week period. SC cytokine levels were measured from an unexposed skin site and from the repeatedly exposed site. Interleukin (IL)-1alpha decreased by 30% after repeated exposure, while IL-1RA increased 10-fold and IL-8 increased fourfold. Baseline IL-1RA and IL-8 values were predictors of TEWL and erythema after single exposure (r = 0.55-0.61). 6 subjects showed barrier recovery during repeated exposure. Baseline IL-1RA and IL-8 levels are likely to be indicators of higher skin irritability after single exposure to SLS. Barrier repair in some of the subjects might explain the lack of agreement between the TEWL response after single and repeated irritation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy M De Jongh
- Academic Medical Center, Universiteit van Amsterdam, Coronel Institute of Occupational Health, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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de Jongh CM, Jakasa I, Verberk MM, Kezic S. Variation in barrier impairment and inflammation of human skin as determined by sodium lauryl sulphate penetration rate. Br J Dermatol 2005; 154:651-7. [PMID: 16536807 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2005.06989.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skin irritability after a brief exposure to the model skin irritant, sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS), is known to vary considerably between individuals. A difference in the skin barrier to SLS may contribute to this variation. To date, no human in vivo data have been available on SLS penetration into the skin. OBJECTIVES We studied whether the SLS penetration rate into the stratum corneum (SC) is related to impairment of the water barrier function and inflammation of the skin. METHODS The penetration of SLS into the SC was assessed using a noninvasive tape-stripping procedure in 20 volunteers after a 4-h exposure to 1% SLS. Additionally, the effect of a 24-h exposure to 1% SLS on the skin water barrier function was assessed by measuring the transepidermal water loss (TEWL). The accompanying inflammation was quantified by measuring erythema. RESULTS The mean +/- SD diffusivity of SLS (D) and the SLS permeability coefficient (Kp) were 1.4 +/- 0.6 x 10(-8) cm2 h(-1) and 1.5 +/- 0.7 x 10(-3) cm h(-1), respectively. A multiple regression analysis showed that the baseline TEWL, SC thickness and SLS penetration parameters K (SC/water partition coefficient) and D clearly influenced the increase in TEWL after the 24-h irritation test (explained variance: r2 = 0.80). Change in erythema was mainly influenced by SC thickness. CONCLUSIONS We found that variation in the barrier impairment and inflammation of human skin depends on the SLS penetration rate, which was mainly determined by SC thickness.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M de Jongh
- Coronel Institute for Occupational and Environmental Health, AmCOGG, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 22660, 1100 DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Spiekstra SW, Toebak MJ, Sampat-Sardjoepersad S, van Beek PJ, Boorsma DM, Stoof TJ, von Blomberg BME, Scheper RJ, Bruynzeel DP, Rustemeyer T, Gibbs S. Induction of cytokine (interleukin-1alpha and tumor necrosis factor-alpha) and chemokine (CCL20, CCL27, and CXCL8) alarm signals after allergen and irritant exposure. Exp Dermatol 2005; 14:109-16. [PMID: 15679580 DOI: 10.1111/j.0906-6705.2005.00226.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The immune system is called into action by alarm signals generated from injured tissues. We examined the nature of these alarm signals after exposure of skin residential cells to contact allergens (nickel sulfate and potassium dichromate) and a contact irritant [sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)]. Nickel sulfate, potassium dichromate, and SDS were applied topically to the stratum corneum of human skin equivalents. A similar concentration-dependent increase in chemokine (CCL20, CCL27, and CXCL8) secretion was observed for all three chemicals. Exposure to nickel sulfate and SDS was investigated in more detail: similar to chemokine secretion, no difference was observed in the time- and concentration-dependent increase in pro-inflammatory cytokine [interleukin-1alpha (IL-1alpha) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha)] secretion. Maximal increase in IL-1alpha secretion occurred within 2 h after exposure to both nickel sulfate and SDS and prior to increased chemokine secretion. TNF-alpha secretion was detectable 8 h after chemical exposure. After allergen or irritant exposure, increased CCL20 and CXCL8, but not CCL27, secretion was inhibited by neutralizing human antibodies to either IL-1alpha or TNF-alpha. Our data show that alarm signals consist of primary and secondary signals. IL-1alpha and TNF-alpha are released as primary alarm signals, which trigger the release of secondary chemokine (CCL20 and CXCL8) alarm signals. However, some chemokines, for example, CCL27 can be secreted in an IL-1alpha and TNF-alpha independent manner. Our data suggest that skin residential cells respond to both allergen and irritant exposure by releasing mediators that initiate infiltration of immune responsive cells into the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- S W Spiekstra
- Department of Dermatology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Eberhard Y, Ortiz S, Ruiz Lascano A, Kuznitzky R, Serra HM. Up-regulation of the chemokine CCL21 in the skin of subjects exposed to irritants. BMC Immunol 2004; 5:7. [PMID: 15109401 PMCID: PMC419342 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2172-5-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2003] [Accepted: 04/26/2004] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Expression of murine CCL21 by dermal lymphatic endothelial cells (LEC) has been demonstrated to be one of the most important steps in Langerhans cell emigration from skin. Previously, our group and others have found that this chemokine is up-regulated in different human inflammatory skin diseases mediated by diverse specific immune responses. This study was carried out to investigate the involvement of CCL21 in human skin after challenge with irritant agents responsible for inducing Irritant Contact Dermatitis (ICD). RESULTS Eleven normal individuals were challenged with different chemical or physical irritants. Two patients with Allergic Contact Dermatitis (ACD) were also challenged with the relevant antigen in order to have a positive control for CCL21 expression. Macroscopic as well as microscopic responses were evaluated. We observed typical ICD responses with mostly mononuclear cells in perivascular areas, but a predominance of polymorphonuclear cells away from the inflamed blood vessels and in the epidermis at 24 hours. Immunohistochemical studies showed up-regulation of CCL21 by lymphatic endothelial cells in all the biopsies taken from ICD and ACD lesions compared to normal skin. Kinetic study at 10, 48, 96 and 168 hours after contact with a classical irritant (sodium lauryl sulphate) showed that the expression of CCL21 was increased in lymphatic vessels at 10 hours, peaked at 48 hours, and then gradually declined. There was a strong correlation between CCL21 expression and the macroscopic response (r = 0.69; p = 0.0008), but not between CCL21 and the number of infiltrating cells in the lesions. CONCLUSIONS These results provide new evidence for the role of CCL21 in inflammatory processes. Since the up-regulation of this chemokine was observed in ICD and ACD, it is tempting to speculate that this mechanism operates independently of the type of dermal insult, facilitating the emigration of CCR7+ cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanina Eberhard
- Immunology, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Chemical Science, National University of Cordoba, Argentina
| | - Susana Ortiz
- Pathological Anatomy, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Chemical Science, National University of Cordoba, Argentina
| | | | | | - Horacio Marcelo Serra
- Immunology, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Chemical Science, National University of Cordoba, Argentina
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Corsini E, Viviani B, Zancanella O, Lucchi L, Visioli F, Serrero G, Bartesaghi S, Galli CL, Marinovich M. Induction of adipose differentiation related protein and neutral lipid droplet accumulation in keratinocytes by skin irritants. J Invest Dermatol 2003; 121:337-44. [PMID: 12880426 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1747.2003.12371.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Keratinocytes play an important role in skin irritation. In an attempt to investigate mechanistic bases of human skin irritation response, we recently identified the upregulation by skin irritants of adipose differentiation related protein (ADRP) in reconstituted human epidermis. ADRP is a lipid-storage-droplet-associated protein, governing deposition and release of lipids from droplets. The purpose of this study was to characterize, in a human keratinocyte cell line (NCTC 2544), sodium-dodecyl-sulfate-induced ADRP expression, to identify the biochemical events that lead to ADRP expression, and to understand its function in sodium dodecyl sulfate cytotoxicity. Sodium dodecyl sulfate induced a concentration- and time-related production of ADRP that was associated with lipid droplet accumulation. Lipid accumulation following sodium dodecyl sulfate treatment was due to intracellular redistribution rather than lipid neosynthesis, as indicated by equivalent 14C-oleate and 14C-acetate incorporations. Other skin irritants, namely benzalkonium chloride, tributyltin, and 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate, also induce lipid droplet accumulation. Sodium-dodecyl-sulfate-induced ADRP expression and lipid droplet accumulation were modulated by the calcium chelator BAPTA, indicating a role of calcium in ADRP induction. Decrease of sodium-dodecyl-sulfate-induced ADRP expression by specific ADRP antisense oligonucleotide resulted in increased cytotoxicity, indicating a protective role of ADRP and lipid accumulation in the process of cell damage induced by skin irritants. ADRP expression was also induced in vivo following treatment with sodium dodecyl sulfate in an experimental model of skin irritation, indicating that the in vitro model represents irritation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuela Corsini
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Pharmacological Sciences, University of Milan, Italy.
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