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Zhang M, Ou X, Shi H, Huang W, Song L, Zhu J, Yu R. Isolation, structures and biological activities of medicinal glycoproteins from natural resources: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2023:125406. [PMID: 37327918 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, natural resources have proven to be tremendous sources of glycoproteins. As biological macromolecules, glycoproteins are essential to the growth and development of organisms, and have attracted increasing attention around the world. This review summarized and discussed the development of glycoproteins from natural resources, including isolation methods, purification processes, structural features and biological activities. Generally, the vast majority of glycoproteins can be isolated by hot water extraction followed by purification through gel filtration chromatography. Combined with component analysis, the physicochemical properties of glycoproteins are studied by using several spectroscopic techniques such as ultraviolet-visible (UV-Visible), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Moreover, natural glycoproteins possess various remarkable biological activities, including anti-tumor, anti-oxidant, anti-coagulant and anti-microbial activities. The content of this review will provide a theoretical basis for the research on related glycoproteins and give a perspective on the use of these medical resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Zhang
- Biotechnological Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Jinan University, 601 Huangpu Avenue West, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xiaozheng Ou
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, 601 Huangpu Avenue West, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Hui Shi
- Biotechnological Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Jinan University, 601 Huangpu Avenue West, Guangzhou 510632, China; Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine Postdoctoral Research Station, Jinan University, 601 Huangpu Avenue West, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Weijuan Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, 601 Huangpu Avenue West, Guangzhou 510632, China; Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine Postdoctoral Research Station, Jinan University, 601 Huangpu Avenue West, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Liyan Song
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, 601 Huangpu Avenue West, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Jianhua Zhu
- Biotechnological Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Jinan University, 601 Huangpu Avenue West, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Rongmin Yu
- Biotechnological Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Jinan University, 601 Huangpu Avenue West, Guangzhou 510632, China; Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine Postdoctoral Research Station, Jinan University, 601 Huangpu Avenue West, Guangzhou 510632, China.
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Son YO, Kook SH, Lee JC. Glycoproteins and Polysaccharides are the Main Class of Active Constituents Required for Lymphocyte Stimulation and Antigen-Specific Immune Response Induction by Traditional Medicinal Herbal Plants. J Med Food 2017; 20:1011-1021. [PMID: 28816630 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2017.3943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Traditional herbal remedies stimulate and modulate the immune system, and it is thought that their glycoproteins and polysaccharides are responsible for this activity. We prepared crude water, protein, and polysaccharide extracts from Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz, Helianthus annuus L., Scutellaria barbata D. Don, and Hedyotis diffusa Willd, respectively, and compared their immune-stimulating activities in vitro and in vivo. All protein and polysaccharide samples of the plants led to greater lymphocyte proliferation and TNF-α and IL-6 production in cultured splenocytes than did the crude water extracts at the same concentrations tested. In addition, the protein and polysaccharide samples did not contain lectin- or lipopolysaccharide-like molecules, so glycoproteins were deduced to be responsible for the lymphocyte stimulation. Oral administration with each of the samples enhanced the hen egg-white lysozyme (HEL)-specific humoral immune and lymphocyte proliferative responses in HEL low-responder C57BL/6 mice. Splenocytes from the mice fed the samples showed significantly greater increases in the level of IFN-γ, but not IL-4, after stimulation with HEL compared with that from the untreated control. However, higher increases in HEL-specific IgG1, IgG2b, and IgG3 rather than IgG2a were found in the mice fed the samples. These results indicate that the sample-mediated enhancement of anti-HEL-specific humoral immune responses was due to the stimulation of B lymphocytes rather than a selective priming of helper T cell populations. Collectively, we suggest that glycoproteins and/or polysaccharides of traditional herbal remedies enhance cellular and humoral immune response induction and thus could be useful for patients who need enhanced immune function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Ok Son
- 1 Cell Dynamics Research Center and School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology , Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Sung-Ho Kook
- 2 Research Center of Bioactive Materials, Chonbuk National University , Jeonju, South Korea .,3 Institute of Oral Biosciences and School of Dentistry, Chonbuk National University , Jeonju, South Korea
| | - Jeong-Chae Lee
- 2 Research Center of Bioactive Materials, Chonbuk National University , Jeonju, South Korea .,3 Institute of Oral Biosciences and School of Dentistry, Chonbuk National University , Jeonju, South Korea
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A homogalacturonan from the radix of Platycodon grandiflorum and the anti-angiogenesis activity of poly-/oligogalacturonic acids derived therefrom. Carbohydr Res 2011; 346:1930-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2011.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2010] [Revised: 05/11/2011] [Accepted: 05/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Licciardi PV, Underwood JR. Plant-derived medicines: A novel class of immunological adjuvants. Int Immunopharmacol 2011; 11:390-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2010.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2010] [Revised: 10/17/2010] [Accepted: 10/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Xu Y, Dong Q, Qiu H, Cong R, Ding K. Structural Characterization of an Arabinogalactan from Platycodon grandiflorum Roots and Antiangiogenic Activity of Its Sulfated Derivative. Biomacromolecules 2010; 11:2558-66. [DOI: 10.1021/bm100402n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuxia Xu
- Glycobiology and Glycochemistry Laboratory, Joint Laboratory for The Research of Chinese Herbal Polysaccharides, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Infinitus, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Qun Dong
- Glycobiology and Glycochemistry Laboratory, Joint Laboratory for The Research of Chinese Herbal Polysaccharides, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Infinitus, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Hong Qiu
- Glycobiology and Glycochemistry Laboratory, Joint Laboratory for The Research of Chinese Herbal Polysaccharides, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Infinitus, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Renhuai Cong
- Glycobiology and Glycochemistry Laboratory, Joint Laboratory for The Research of Chinese Herbal Polysaccharides, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Infinitus, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Kan Ding
- Glycobiology and Glycochemistry Laboratory, Joint Laboratory for The Research of Chinese Herbal Polysaccharides, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Infinitus, Shanghai 201203, China
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Kim SH, Jung HN, Lee KY, Kim J, Lee JC, Jang YS. Suppression of TH2-Type Immune Response-Mediated Allergic Diarrhea Following Oral Administration of Traditional Korean Medicine:Atractylodes MacrocephalaKoidz. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2008; 27:331-43. [PMID: 16114514 DOI: 10.1081/iph-200067950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz (AMK) is well-known as a digestive and tonic material and is widely used in traditional Korean herbal medicines. Previously, we found that protein samples obtained from the medicines could induce a preferential stimulation of type 1, rather than type 2, helper T lymphocytes (Th) immune responses in vitro. Since immune response induction is controlled by the balanced activation between Th1- and Th2-type immune responses, we tested to see whether or not the AMK protein sample could inhibit the ovalbumin (OVA)-mediated allergic diarrhea, whose induction has been known to be mediated by the Th2-type immune responses. The sample treatment markedly stimulated lymphocyte proliferation, antibody production, and cytokine secretion in vitro, showing a preferential stimulation of Th1-type immune responses. In particular, oral administration of the AMK sample suppressed the OVA-mediated allergic diarrhea in mice. The sample treatment also suppressed the OVA-mediated enhanced levels of total immunoglobulin (Ig) E, as well as OVA-specific IgE, which are closely associated with Th2 cell stimulation in mice. Furthermore, the oral treatment of the sample significantly increased gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) production by lymphocytes, isolated from spleen and large intestine of the mice, that had been systematically challenged with OVA. Consequently, the oral administration of AMK protein sample suppressed the OVA-mediated allergic diarrhea by preferential stimulation of the Th1-type immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sae-Hae Kim
- Division of Biological Sciences and Research Center of Bioactive Materials, Chonbuk National University, Chonju, Korea
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Zhao Y, Son YO, Kim SS, Jang YS, Lee JC. Antioxidant and Anti-hyperglycemic Activity of Polysaccharide Isolated from Dendrobium chrysotoxum Lindl. BMB Rep 2007; 40:670-7. [DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2007.40.5.670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Lee JC, Lee KY, Son YO, Choi KC, Kim J, Kim SH, Chung GH, Jang YS. Stimulating effects on mouse splenocytes of glycoproteins from the herbal medicine Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2007; 14:390-5. [PMID: 17084605 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2006.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
A traditional herbal medicine, Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz. (AMK), has long been used as a digestive and tonic. Recent investigations have suggested its potential ability in stimulating immune responses, although a scientific basis for this activity has not yet been elucidated. Based on previous results showing that the activity might be due to proteins, we purified protein samples from an original sample preparation of AMK and examined the stimulating ability of the protein samples on mouse splenocytes. The sample treatment markedly stimulated lymphocyte proliferation, antibody production, and cytokine secretion in mouse splenocytes. In particular, the samples showed the ability to induce the preferential stimulation of Th1 type, rather than Th2 type T lymphocytes. Stimulating activity of the samples was associated closely with glycoprotein(s) with molecular weights of around 30 kDa, especially with carbohydrate moiety rather than with protein residues of the glycoprotein(s). Our findings suggest that the glycoprotein(s) might play critical roles in modulating immune-response induction, and could potentially be used as medicinal and pharmacological agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-C Lee
- Laboratory of Cell Biology in Department of Orthodontics, Chonbuk National University, Chonju 561-756, Korea
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Lee JC, Lee KY, Jung HN, Kim JG, Jang YS. Glycoproteins Contained within Soamsan, a Traditional Oriental Medicine, are the Main Class of Active Ingredients Responsible for the Medicine-induced Immune Stimulation. BMB Rep 2005; 38:253-7. [PMID: 15826506 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2005.38.2.253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In our previous study, Soamsan, a traditional Oriental medicine, was shown to enhance the induction of antigen-specific immune responses, and it was speculated that the enhancing activity might be closely associated with glycoproteins contained within the medicine. To elucidate this speculation, protein samples from each component, used in the preparation of Soamsan, were obtained and their immune stimulating activities were tested with mouse splenocytes. All the samples markedly enhanced the lymphocyte proliferation and cytokine secretion by the mouse splenocytes. In particular, the enhancement was significantly higher with the protein sample treatments than with those of the original crude sample. Furthermore, the pronase E- and NaIO4-mediated inhibition of splenocyte-stimulation activity of the protein samples clearly supported that glycoproteins are the main class of active ingredients responsible for the lymphocyte stimulating activity of the samples. Consequently, our findings suggest that glycoproteins might have a pivotal role in Soamsan-mediated immune modulation, although the in vivo effect of the glycoproteins should be further elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Chae Lee
- Bank for Cytokine Research and The Institute for Molecular Biology and Genetics, Chonju 561-756, Korea
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Yoon YD, Kang JS, Han SB, Park SK, Lee HS, Kang JS, Kim HM. Activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases and AP-1 by polysaccharide isolated from the radix of Platycodon grandiflorum in RAW 264.7 cells. Int Immunopharmacol 2004; 4:1477-87. [PMID: 15351317 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2004.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2004] [Revised: 06/28/2004] [Accepted: 06/30/2004] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The root of Platycodon grandiflorum has been widely used for the treatment of various diseases in oriental medicine. Our previous study showed that the PG, a polysaccharide isolated from P. grandiflorum, activates macrophages via Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). However, the associated biological mechanisms are not fully understood. To elucidate the molecular mechanism responsible for the macrophage activation, we investigated the effect of PG on the activity of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and activator protein-1 (AP-1) in RAW 264.7 cells, a murine macrophage cell line. Treatment of RAW 264.7 cells with PG produced a marked induction of AP-1 DNA binding activity. Moreover, all three MAPKs were activated by PG, and PG-induced activation of MAPKs was abrogated by the treatment of PD98059, curcumin, and SB203580, specific inhibitors of MEK-1/2, stress-activated protein kinases/jun N-terminal kinase (SAPK/JNK), and p38 MAP kianse, respectively. The induction of AP-1 DNA binding activity by PG was also inhibited by these MAPK inhibitors. Moreover, supershift analysis identified that JunB and Fra-1 are major components involved in the PG-mediated induction of AP-1 DNA binding. Additionally, curcumin and SB203580 suppressed PG-induced production of nitric oxide (NO) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), whereas PD98059 showed an inhibitory effect only on the TNF-alpha production. Taken together, these results suggest that macrophage activation by PG is mediated, at least in part, by MAPKs and AP-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeo Dae Yoon
- Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Biopotency Evaluation Center, 52 Oun-dong, Yusong-gu, Taejon, 305-333, South Korea
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Bae JL, Lee JG, Kang TJ, Jang HS, Jang YS, Yang MS. Induction of antigen-specific systemic and mucosal immune responses by feeding animals transgenic plants expressing the antigen. Vaccine 2003; 21:4052-8. [PMID: 12922142 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(03)00360-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A report from that the presence of lactogenic immunity in pigs protected suckling piglets from porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) infection suggested that inducing mucosal immune responses in lactating pigs is an effective way of protecting swine from PEDV infection. In this study, we developed transgenic tobacco plants that express the antigen protein corresponding to the neutralizing epitope of PEDV spike protein, and tested whether feeding the plants to pigs induced an effective immune response against PEDV infection. First, we confirmed the immunogenicity of the plant-derived antigen by using a plaque reduction neutralization assay with serum obtained after injecting mice with protein extracted from the transgenic plants. Feeding the transgenic plants to mice induced both systemic and mucosal immune responses against the antigen. The induced antibodies inhibited virus infection in the plaque reduction neutralization assay. These results suggest that feeding animals transgenic plants carrying antigen genes is an effective strategy to induce protective immune responses against PEDV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Lye Bae
- Division of Biological Sciences, Institute for Molecular Biology and Genetics, Chonbuk National University, Chonju Dukjindiong 664-14, Chonju 561-756, South Korea
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Lee JC, Jung HN, Kim J, Woo WH, Jeong WY, Chung GH, Jang YS. Selective priming of Th1-mediated antigen-specific immune responses following oral administration of mixed prescriptions of traditional Korean medicines. Clin Chim Acta 2003; 329:133-42. [PMID: 12589976 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-8981(03)00014-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In previous studies, we showed that oral administration of traditional Korean medicines, Soamsan (SA) and Bo-yang-hwan-o-tang (BHT), modulated antigen-specific immune responses in mice. METHODS We attempted to strengthen cell-mediated immune responses in mice using two mixed prescriptions composed mainly of components used in SA and/or BHT. The effect of oral administration of the medicines on the induction of antigen-specific immune responses was investigated using hen egg-white lysozyme (HEL) as a model antigen system. RESULTS Following oral administration, HEL-specific cellular immune responses were enhanced in HEL low-responder mice, and the concentrations of gamma interferon (IFN-gamma), but not interleukin (IL)-4, increased significantly. In addition, the prescriptions decreased the level of HEL-specific antibodies of the immunoglobulin (Ig)G1 subtype, which is associated with helper T lymphocyte (Th2) cell stimulation. Moreover, the presence of the medicines in vitro significantly increased IFN-gamma production from mouse splenocytes, and the magnitude of the increase was closely associated with glycoprotein concentrations. CONCLUSIONS The Korean prescriptions enhanced anti-HEL-specific cellular immune responses by selectively priming specific subtypes of the helper T cell population. Consequently, they might be useful therapy for patients who need enhanced Th1, or to suppress Th2 immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Chae Lee
- Division of Biological Sciences and Research Center of Bioactive Materials, Chonbuk National University, Chonju, South Korea
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