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Abbasi F, Shawrang P, Sadeghi M, Majidi-Zahed H. Effect of gamma-irradiated honey bee venom on blood parameter and histopathological observations of liver and kidney in a mice animal model. Res Vet Sci 2023; 165:105050. [PMID: 37856942 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2023.105050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Honey bee venom is a valuable product with a wide range of biological effects, whose use is rapidly increasing in apitherapy. In this study, the effect of gamma-irradiated honey bee venom (doses of 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 kGy, volume of 0.1 ml, and concentration of 0.2 mg/ml) was evaluated on median lethal dose (LD50) determinations, liver and kidney histology, biochemical marker level, and serum protein analyses. Hence, the LD50 induced by the honey bee venom irradiated at 4, 6, and 8 kGy was increased, compared with the one at 0 and 2 kGy. Normal histology was observed in the liver and kidney of the mice receiving the honey bee venom irradiated at 4, 6, and 8 kGy. The serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and all serum proteins were reduced at 4, 6, and 8 kGy compared with 0 and 2 kGy. Therefore, gamma irradiation at 4, 6, and 8 kGy had no negative effect on LD50, liver and kidney tissues, ALT, and serum protein levels by decreasing the allergen compounds of the honey bee venom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Abbasi
- Nuclear Agriculture Research School, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, P. O. Box 31485-498, Karaj, Iran
| | - Parvin Shawrang
- Nuclear Agriculture Research School, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, P. O. Box 31485-498, Karaj, Iran.
| | - Maryam Sadeghi
- University of Tehran, College of Agriculture & Natural Resources, Karaj, Iran
| | - Hamed Majidi-Zahed
- Nuclear Agriculture Research School, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, P. O. Box 31485-498, Karaj, Iran
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2
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Cerni F, Oliveira I, Cordeiro F, Bordon K, Ferreira I, Monteiro W, Arantes E, Cunha T, Pucca M. The nociceptive response induced by different classes of Tityus serrulatus neurotoxins: The important role of Ts5 in venom-induced nociception. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011057. [PMID: 36716327 PMCID: PMC9886245 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Scorpion sting envenomations (SSE) are feared by the intense pain that they produce in victims. Pain from SSE is triggered mainly by the presence of neurotoxins in the scorpion venom that modulates voltage-gated ion channels. In Brazil, SSE is mostly caused by Tityus serrulatus, popularly known as yellow scorpion. Here, we evaluated experimental spontaneous nociception induced by T. serrulatus venom as well as its isolated neurotoxins Ts1, Ts5, Ts6, Ts8, and Ts19 frag II, evidencing different degrees of pain behavior in mice. In addition, we developed a mice-derived polyclonal antibody targeting Ts5 able to neutralize the effect of this neurotoxin, showing that Ts5 presents epitopes capable of activating the immune response, which decreased considerably the nociception produced by the whole venom. This is the pioneer study to explore nociception using different classes of T. serrulatus neurotoxins on nociception (α-NaTx, β-NaTx, α-KTx, and β-KTx), targeting potassium and sodium voltage-gated channels, besides demonstrating that Ts5 plays an important role in the scorpion sting induced-pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Cerni
- Health and Sciences Postgraduate Program, Federal University of Roraima, Boa Vista, Roraima, Brazil
| | - Isadora Oliveira
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Francielle Cordeiro
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Karla Bordon
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Isabela Ferreira
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Wuelton Monteiro
- Department of Teaching and Research, Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado Tropical Medicine Foundation, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil,Department of Medicine and Nursing, School of Health Sciences, Amazonas State University, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Eliane Arantes
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thiago Cunha
- Center for Research in Inflammatory Diseases (CRID), Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Manuela Pucca
- Health and Sciences Postgraduate Program, Federal University of Roraima, Boa Vista, Roraima, Brazil,Medical School, Federal University of Roraima, Boa Vista, Roraima, Brazil,* E-mail:
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3
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Ryan RYM, Seymour J, Loukas A, Lopez JA, Ikonomopoulou MP, Miles JJ. Immunological Responses to Envenomation. Front Immunol 2021; 12:661082. [PMID: 34040609 PMCID: PMC8141633 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.661082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Venoms are complex mixtures of toxic compounds delivered by bite or sting. In humans, the consequences of envenomation range from self-limiting to lethal. Critical host defence against envenomation comprises innate and adaptive immune strategies targeted towards venom detection, neutralisation, detoxification, and symptom resolution. In some instances, venoms mediate immune dysregulation that contributes to symptom severity. This review details the involvement of immune cell subtypes and mediators, particularly of the dermis, in host resistance and venom-induced immunopathology. We further discuss established venom-associated immunopathology, including allergy and systemic inflammation, and investigate Irukandji syndrome as a potential systemic inflammatory response. Finally, this review characterises venom-derived compounds as a source of immune modulating drugs for treatment of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael Y. M. Ryan
- Division of Tropical Health and Medicine, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health & Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
- School of Environment and Sciences, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia
| | - Jamie Seymour
- Division of Tropical Health and Medicine, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health & Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
| | - Alex Loukas
- Division of Tropical Health and Medicine, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health & Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
| | - J. Alejandro Lopez
- School of Environment and Sciences, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Maria P. Ikonomopoulou
- Translational Venomics Group, Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies (IMDEA) in Food, CEI UAM+CSIC, Madrid, Spain
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - John J. Miles
- Division of Tropical Health and Medicine, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health & Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
- Centre for Tropical Bioinformatics and Molecular Biology, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
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4
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Azevedo E, Figueiredo RG, Pinto RV, Ramos TDCF, Sampaio GP, Bulhosa Santos RP, Guerreiro MLDS, Biondi I, Trindade SC. Evaluation of systemic inflammatory response and lung injury induced by Crotalus durissus cascavella venom. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0224584. [PMID: 32084665 PMCID: PMC7035002 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0224584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the systemic inflammatory response and mechanism of pulmonary lesions induced by Crotalus durissus cascavella venom in murine in the state of Bahia. In order to investigate T helper Th1, Th2 and Th17 lymphocyte profiles, we measured interleukin (IL) -2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interferon gamma (IFN-γ) levels in the peritoneal fluid and macerated lungs of mice and histopathological alterations at the specific time windows of 1h, 3h, 6h, 12h, 24h and 48h after inoculation with Crotalus durissus cascavella venom. The data demonstrated an increase of acute-phase cytokines (IL-6 and TNF) in the first hours after inoculation, with a subsequent increase in IL-10 and IL-4, suggesting immune response modulation for the Th2 profile. The histopathological analysis showed significant morphological alterations, compatible with acute pulmonary lesions, with polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) infiltration, intra-alveolar edema, congestion, hemorrhage and atelectasis. These findings advance our understanding of the dynamics of envenomation and contribute to improve clinical management and antiophidic therapy for individuals exposed to venom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elen Azevedo
- Laboratory of Venomous Animals and Herpetology, Biology Department, State University of Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, State University of Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Gassmann Figueiredo
- Pulmonology Division, Department of Health, State University of Feira de Santana–UEFS, Feira de Santana, Brazil
| | - Roberto Vieira Pinto
- Pathological Anatomy Laboratory–LABSEAP, Cardiopulmonary Clinic, Novo Mundo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Marcos Lázaro da Silva Guerreiro
- Laboratory of Venomous Animals and Herpetology, Biology Department, State University of Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, Brazil
| | - Ilka Biondi
- Laboratory of Venomous Animals and Herpetology, Biology Department, State University of Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, Brazil
- * E-mail: (SCT); (IB)
| | - Soraya Castro Trindade
- Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, State University of Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, Brazil
- Department of Health, Feira de Santana State University, Feira de Santana, Bahia, Brazil
- * E-mail: (SCT); (IB)
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5
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Reis MB, Zoccal KF, Gardinassi LG, Faccioli LH. Scorpion envenomation and inflammation: Beyond neurotoxic effects. Toxicon 2019; 167:174-179. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2019.06.219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Bitencourt MAO, Torres-Rêgo M, de Souza Lima MCJ, Furtado AA, de Azevedo EP, do Egito EST, da Silva-Júnior AA, Zucolotto SM, Fernandes-Pedrosa MDF. Protective effect of aqueous extract, fractions and phenolic compounds of Hancornia speciosa fruits on the inflammatory damage in the lungs of mice induced by Tityus serrulatus envenomation. Toxicon 2019; 164:1-9. [PMID: 30902683 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2019.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Scorpion envenomation has been considered a public health issue around the world. Tityus serrulatus represents a specie of major medical importance in Brazil due to mortality rates of approximately 1% among children and elderly populations. The aim of this work was to evaluate the in vivo anti-inflammatory potential of aqueous extract from Hancornia speciosa fruits, its fractions and its phenolic compounds against T. serrulatus envenomation. After receiving the T. serrulatus venom (TsV, 0.8 mg/kg) intraperitoneally, the animals were treated intravenously with the aqueous extract (20, 30 and 40 mg/kg), the arachnid antivenom (50 μL/animal), the dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and n-butanol fractions (20 mg/kg) as well as rutin and chlorogenic acid (2, 2.5 and 5 mg/kg). The treatment with the aqueous extract, fractions and phenolic compounds decreased the migration of leukocytes to the peritoneal cavity and reduced the levels of IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-12. Moreover, the pulmonary histopathologic analysis showed a reduction in both interstitial and alveolar edema, as well as in the leukocytes infiltration and vascular ectasia in the mice's lungs, which evidences a protective effect attributed to H. speciosa. This is the first study that demonstrates the inhibitory potential of the aqueous extract from H. speciosa fruits against inflammation induced by TsV. These findings suggest that the bioactive compounds from the aqueous extract, especially chlorogenic acid and rutin, are responsible for the reported anti-inflammatory activity of H. speciosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Angélica Oliveira Bitencourt
- Laboratory of Technology and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (Tecbiofar), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Rua General Gustavo Cordeiro de Farias, S/N, Petrópolis, Natal, 59012-570, Brazil; Graduate Program of Biotechnology, Potiguar University (UnP), Avenida Senador Salgado Filho, 1610, Lagoa Nova, Natal, 59056-000, Brazil.
| | - Manoela Torres-Rêgo
- Laboratory of Technology and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (Tecbiofar), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Rua General Gustavo Cordeiro de Farias, S/N, Petrópolis, Natal, 59012-570, Brazil.
| | - Maíra Conceição Jerônimo de Souza Lima
- Laboratory of Technology and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (Tecbiofar), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Rua General Gustavo Cordeiro de Farias, S/N, Petrópolis, Natal, 59012-570, Brazil; Department of Veterinary Medicine, Potiguar University (UnP), Avenida Senador Salgado Filho, 1610, Lagoa Nova, Natal, 59056-000, Brazil.
| | - Allanny Alves Furtado
- Laboratory of Technology and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (Tecbiofar), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Rua General Gustavo Cordeiro de Farias, S/N, Petrópolis, Natal, 59012-570, Brazil.
| | - Eduardo Pereira de Azevedo
- Graduate Program of Biotechnology, Potiguar University (UnP), Avenida Senador Salgado Filho, 1610, Lagoa Nova, Natal, 59056-000, Brazil.
| | - Eryvaldo Sócrates Tabosa do Egito
- Laboratory of Dispersed Systems (LaSiD), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Rua General Gustavo Cordeiro de Farias, S/N, Petrópolis, 59012-570, Natal, Brazil.
| | - Arnóbio Antônio da Silva-Júnior
- Laboratory of Technology and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (Tecbiofar), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Rua General Gustavo Cordeiro de Farias, S/N, Petrópolis, Natal, 59012-570, Brazil.
| | - Silvana Maria Zucolotto
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy (PNBio), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Rua General Gustavo Cordeiro de Farias, S/N, Petrópolis, Natal, 59012-570, Brazil.
| | - Matheus de Freitas Fernandes-Pedrosa
- Laboratory of Technology and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (Tecbiofar), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Rua General Gustavo Cordeiro de Farias, S/N, Petrópolis, Natal, 59012-570, Brazil.
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Ait Laaradia M, Oufquir S, El Hidan MA, Marhoume F, Laadraoui J, Bezza K, El Gabbas Z, Aboufatima R, Boumezzough A, Chait A. Assessment of the relationship between the amount of scorpion venom in the central nervous system and the severity of scorpion envenomation in rats. TOXIN REV 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/15569543.2019.1573198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Ait Laaradia
- Laboratory of Pharmacology Neurobiology and Behavior Department of Biology Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech, Morocco
| | - Sara Oufquir
- Laboratory of Pharmacology Neurobiology and Behavior Department of Biology Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech, Morocco
| | | | - Fatimazahra Marhoume
- Laboratory of Pharmacology Neurobiology and Behavior Department of Biology Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech, Morocco
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Neurosciences Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University Hassan 1er, Settat, Morocco
| | - Jawad Laadraoui
- Laboratory of Pharmacology Neurobiology and Behavior Department of Biology Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech, Morocco
| | - Kenza Bezza
- Laboratory of Pharmacology Neurobiology and Behavior Department of Biology Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech, Morocco
| | - Zineb El Gabbas
- Laboratory of Pharmacology Neurobiology and Behavior Department of Biology Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech, Morocco
| | - Rachida Aboufatima
- Laboratory of Genie Biology, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, Béni Mellal, Morocco
| | - Ali Boumezzough
- Laboratory of Ecology and Environment (L2E) Department of Biology Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech, Morocco
| | - Abderrahman Chait
- Laboratory of Pharmacology Neurobiology and Behavior Department of Biology Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech, Morocco
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Ait Laaradia M, El Hidan MA, Marhoume F, Bouimeja B, Oufquir S, Sokar Z, Boumezzough A, Chait A. Buthus lienhardi venom and pathophysiological effects at the histological, hematological, biochemical and motor skills levels. Toxicon 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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9
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Miyamoto JG, Andrade FB, Ferraz CR, Cândido DM, Knysak I, Venancio ÉJ, Verri WA, Landgraf MA, Landgraf RG, Kwasniewski FH. A comparative study of pathophysiological alterations in scorpionism induced by Tityus serrulatus and Tityus bahiensis venoms. Toxicon 2018; 141:25-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2017.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Souza Lima MCJD, Oliveira Bitencourt MA, Furtado AA, Torres-Rêgo M, Siqueira EMDS, Oliveira RM, Oliveira Rocha HA, Ferreira Rocha KB, Silva-Júnior AAD, Zucolotto SM, Fernandes-Pedrosa MDF. Aspidosperma pyrifolium Has Anti-Inflammatory Properties: An Experimental Study in Mice with Peritonitis Induced by Tityus serrulatus Venom or Carrageenan. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E2248. [PMID: 29137120 PMCID: PMC5713218 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18112248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Scorpions of the genus Tityus are responsible for the majority of envenomation in Brazil, the Tityus serrulatus species being the most common and dangerous in South America. In this approach, we have investigated the ability of the aqueous extract from the leaves of Aspidosperma pyrifolium in reducing carrageenan-induced inflammation and the inflammation induced by T. serrulatus envenomation in mice. We also evaluated the cytotoxic effects of this extract, using the 3-(4,5-dimethythiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium (MTT) assay and the results revealed that the extract is safe. Analysis by High Performance Liquid Chromatography coupled with Diode Array Detector (HPLC-DAD) and Liquid Chromatography Coupled with Mass Spectrometry with Diode Array Detection (LC-DAD-MS) showed one major chemical component, the flavonoid rutin and phenolics compounds. For in vivo studies in carrageenan-induced peritonitis model, mice received extracts, dexamethasone, rutin or saline, before administration of carrageenan. For venom-induced inflammation model, animals received T. serrulatus venom and were, simultaneously, treated with extracts, antivenom, rutin or saline. The extract and rutin showed a reduction in the cell migration into the peritoneal cavity, and in the same way the envenomated animals also showed reduction of edema, inflammatory cell infiltration and vasodilation in lungs. This is an original study revealing the potential action of A. pyrifolium against inflammation caused by Tityus serrulatus venom and carrageenan, revealing that this extract and its bioactive molecules, specifically rutin, may present potential anti-inflammatory application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maíra Conceição Jerônimo de Souza Lima
- Laboratory of Technology and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (Tecbiofar), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Rua General Gustavo Cordeiro de Farias, S/N, Petrópolis 59012-570, Natal, Brazil.
| | - Mariana Angélica Oliveira Bitencourt
- Laboratory of Technology and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (Tecbiofar), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Rua General Gustavo Cordeiro de Farias, S/N, Petrópolis 59012-570, Natal, Brazil.
| | - Allanny Alves Furtado
- Laboratory of Technology and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (Tecbiofar), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Rua General Gustavo Cordeiro de Farias, S/N, Petrópolis 59012-570, Natal, Brazil.
| | - Manoela Torres-Rêgo
- Laboratory of Technology and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (Tecbiofar), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Rua General Gustavo Cordeiro de Farias, S/N, Petrópolis 59012-570, Natal, Brazil.
| | - Emerson Michell da Silva Siqueira
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy (PNBio), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Rua General Gustavo Cordeiro de Farias, S/N, Petrópolis 59012-570, Natal, Brazil.
| | - Ruth Medeiros Oliveira
- Laboratory of Biotechnology of Natural Biopolymers, Department of Biochemistry, Bioscience Center, Campus Universitário, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Avenida Senador Salgado Filho, 3000, Lagoa Nova 59072-970, Natal, Brazil.
| | - Hugo Alexandre Oliveira Rocha
- Laboratory of Biotechnology of Natural Biopolymers, Department of Biochemistry, Bioscience Center, Campus Universitário, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Avenida Senador Salgado Filho, 3000, Lagoa Nova 59072-970, Natal, Brazil.
| | - Keyla Borges Ferreira Rocha
- Laboratory of Pathology, Departament of Pathology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Rua General Gustavo Cordeiro de Farias, S/N, Petrópolis 59012-570, Natal, Brazil.
| | - Arnóbio Antônio da Silva-Júnior
- Laboratory of Technology and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (Tecbiofar), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Rua General Gustavo Cordeiro de Farias, S/N, Petrópolis 59012-570, Natal, Brazil.
| | - Silvana Maria Zucolotto
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy (PNBio), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Rua General Gustavo Cordeiro de Farias, S/N, Petrópolis 59012-570, Natal, Brazil.
| | - Matheus de Freitas Fernandes-Pedrosa
- Laboratory of Technology and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (Tecbiofar), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Rua General Gustavo Cordeiro de Farias, S/N, Petrópolis 59012-570, Natal, Brazil.
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Expanding biological activities of Ts19 Frag-II toxin: Insights into IL-17 production. Toxicon 2017; 134:18-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2017.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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12
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Lodovicho ME, Costa TR, Bernardes CP, Menaldo DL, Zoccal KF, Carone SE, Rosa JC, Pucca MB, Cerni FA, Arantes EC, Tytgat J, Faccioli LH, Pereira-Crott LS, Sampaio SV. Investigating possible biological targets of Bj-CRP, the first cysteine-rich secretory protein (CRISP) isolated from Bothrops jararaca snake venom. Toxicol Lett 2017; 265:156-169. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2016.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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13
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de Oliveira GH, Cerni FA, Cardoso IA, Arantes EC, Pucca MB. Tityus serrulatus envenoming in non-obese diabetic mice: a risk factor for severity. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2016; 22:26. [PMID: 27660634 PMCID: PMC5027101 DOI: 10.1186/s40409-016-0081-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Brazil, accidents with venomous animals are considered a public health problem. Tityus serrulatus (Ts), popularly known as the yellow scorpion, is most frequently responsible for the severe accidents in the country. Ts envenoming can cause several signs and symptoms classified according to their clinical manifestations as mild, moderate or severe. Furthermore, the victims usually present biochemical alterations, including hyperglycemia. Nevertheless, Ts envenoming and its induced hyperglycemia were never studied or documented in a patient with diabetes mellitus (DM). Therefore, this is the first study to evaluate the glycemia during Ts envenoming using a diabetic animal model (NOD, non-obese diabetic). METHODS Female mice (BALB/c or NOD) were challenged with a non-lethal dose of Ts venom. Blood glucose level was measured (tail blood using a glucose meter) over a 24-h period. The total glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels were measured 30 days after Ts venom injection. Moreover, the insulin levels were analyzed at the glycemia peak. RESULTS The results demonstrated that the envenomed NOD animals presented a significant increase of glycemia, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and insulin levels compared to the envenomed BALB/c control group, corroborating that DM victims present great risk of developing severe envenoming. Moreover, the envenomed NOD animals presented highest risk of death and sequelae. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated that the diabetic victims stung by Ts scorpion should be always considered a risk group for scorpion envenoming severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Honda de Oliveira
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Av. do Café, s/n, 14040-903 Ribeirão Preto, SP Brazil
| | - Felipe Augusto Cerni
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Av. do Café, s/n, 14040-903 Ribeirão Preto, SP Brazil
| | - Iara Aimê Cardoso
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Av. do Café, s/n, 14040-903 Ribeirão Preto, SP Brazil
| | - Eliane Candiani Arantes
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Av. do Café, s/n, 14040-903 Ribeirão Preto, SP Brazil
| | - Manuela Berto Pucca
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Av. do Café, s/n, 14040-903 Ribeirão Preto, SP Brazil
- Medical School of Roraima, Federal University of Roraima (UFRR), Av. Capitão Ene Garcez, 2413, Boa Vista, RR 69310-000 Brazil
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Rigoni VLS, Kwasniewski FH, Vieira RP, Linhares IS, da Silva JLV, Nogueira-Pedro A, Zamuner SR. Human bronchial epithelial cells injury and cytokine production induced by Tityus serrulatus scorpion venom: An in vitro study. Toxicon 2016; 120:22-8. [PMID: 27452928 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2016.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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15
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Pucca MB, Cerni FA, Pinheiro-Junior EL, Zoccal KF, Bordon KDCF, Amorim FG, Peigneur S, Vriens K, Thevissen K, Cammue BPA, Júnior RBM, Arruda E, Faccioli LH, Tytgat J, Arantes EC. Non-disulfide-bridged peptides from Tityus serrulatus venom: Evidence for proline-free ACE-inhibitors. Peptides 2016; 82:44-51. [PMID: 27221550 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2016.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 05/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The present study purifies two T. serrulatus non-disulfide-bridged peptides (NDBPs), named venom peptides 7.2 (RLRSKG) and 8 (KIWRS) and details their synthesis and biological activity, comparing to the synthetic venom peptide 7.1 (RLRSKGKK), previously identified. The synthetic replicate peptides were subjected to a range of biological assays: hemolytic, antifungal, antiviral, electrophysiological, immunological and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition activities. All venom peptides neither showed to be cytolytic nor demonstrated significant antifungal or antiviral activities. Interestingly, peptides were able to modulate macrophages' responses, increasing IL-6 production. The three venom peptides also demonstrated potential to inhibit ACE in the following order: 7.2>7.1>8. The ACE inhibition activity was unexpected, since peptides that display this function are usually proline-rich peptides. In attempt to understand the origin of such small peptides, we discovered that the isolated peptides 7.2 and 8 are fragments of the same molecule, named Pape peptide precursor. Furthermore, the study discusses that Pape fragments could be originated from a post-splitting mechanism resulting from metalloserrulases and other proteinases cleavage, which can be seen as a clever mechanism used by the scorpion to enlarge its repertoire of venom components. Scorpion venom remains as an interesting source of bioactive proteins and this study advances our knowledge about three NDBPs and their biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Berto Pucca
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Felipe Augusto Cerni
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Ernesto Lopes Pinheiro-Junior
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Karina Furlani Zoccal
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Toxicology and Food Science, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Karla de Castro Figueiredo Bordon
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Gobbi Amorim
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Steve Peigneur
- Toxicology and Pharmacology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kim Vriens
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, University of Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Karin Thevissen
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, University of Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Bruno Philippe Angelo Cammue
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, University of Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium; Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 927, 9052 Gent, Belgium
| | | | - Eurico Arruda
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Lúcia Helena Faccioli
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Toxicology and Food Science, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Jan Tytgat
- Toxicology and Pharmacology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Eliane Candiani Arantes
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
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16
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Malvar DDC, Aguiar FA, Vaz ADLL, Assis DCR, de Melo MCC, Jabor VAP, Kalapothakis E, Ferreira SH, Clososki GC, de Souza GEP. Dipyrone metabolite 4-MAA induces hypothermia and inhibits PGE2 -dependent and -independent fever while 4-AA only blocks PGE2 -dependent fever. Br J Pharmacol 2016; 171:3666-79. [PMID: 24712707 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Revised: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The antipyretic and hypothermic prodrug dipyrone prevents PGE2 -dependent and -independent fever induced by LPS from Escherichia coli and Tityus serrulatus venom (Tsv) respectively. We aimed to identify the dipyrone metabolites responsible for the antipyretic and hypothermic effects. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Male Wistar rats were treated i.p. with indomethacin (2 mg·kg(-1) ), dipyrone, 4-methylaminoantipyrine (4-MAA), 4-aminoantipyrine (4-AA) (60-360 mg·kg(-1) ), 4-formylaminoantipyrine, 4-acethylaminoantipyrine (120-360 mg·kg(-1) ) or vehicle 30 min before i.p. injection of LPS (50 μg·kg(-1) ), Tsv (150 μg·kg(-1) ) or saline. Rectal temperatures were measured by tele-thermometry and dipyrone metabolite concentrations determined in the plasma, CSF and hypothalamus by LC-MS/MS. PGE2 concentrations were determined in the CSF and hypothalamus by elisa. KEY RESULTS In contrast to LPS, Tsv-induced fever was not followed by increased PGE2 in the CSF or hypothalamus. The antipyretic time-course of 4-MAA and 4-AA on LPS-induced fever overlapped with the period of the highest concentrations of 4-MAA and 4-AA in the hypothalamus, CSF and plasma. These metabolites reduced LPS-induced fever and the PGE2 increase in the plasma, CSF and hypothalamus. Only 4-MAA inhibited Tsv-induced fever. The higher doses of dipyrone and 4-MAA also induced hypothermia. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS The presence of 4-MAA and 4-AA in the CSF and hypothalamus was associated with PGE2 synthesis inhibition and a decrease in LPS-induced fever. 4-MAA was also shown to be an antipyretic metabolite for PGE2 -independent fever induced by Tsv suggesting that it is responsible for the additional antipyretic mechanism of dipyrone. Moreover, 4-MAA is the hypothermic metabolite of dipyrone.
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Affiliation(s)
- David do C Malvar
- Laboratório de Farmacologia, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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Zoccal KF, Sorgi CA, Hori JI, Paula-Silva FWG, Arantes EC, Serezani CH, Zamboni DS, Faccioli LH. Opposing roles of LTB4 and PGE2 in regulating the inflammasome-dependent scorpion venom-induced mortality. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10760. [PMID: 26907476 PMCID: PMC4766425 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Tityus serrulatus sting causes thousands of deaths annually worldwide. T. serrulatus-envenomed victims exhibit local or systemic reaction that culminates in pulmonary oedema, potentially leading to death. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying T. serrulatus venom (TsV) activity remain unknown. Here we show that TsV triggers NLRP3 inflammasome activation via K(+) efflux. Mechanistically, TsV triggers lung-resident cells to release PGE2, which induces IL-1β production via E prostanoid receptor 2/4-cAMP-PKA-NFκB-dependent mechanisms. IL-1β/IL-1R actions account for oedema and neutrophil recruitment to the lungs, leading to TsV-induced mortality. Inflammasome activation triggers LTB4 production and further PGE2 via IL-1β/IL-1R signalling. Activation of LTB4-BLT1/2 pathway decreases cAMP generation, controlling TsV-induced inflammation. Exogenous administration confirms LTB4 anti-inflammatory activity and abrogates TsV-induced mortality. These results suggest that the balance between LTB4 and PGE2 determines the amount of IL-1β inflammasome-dependent release and the outcome of envenomation. We suggest COX1/2 inhibition as an effective therapeutic intervention for scorpion envenomation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina F Zoccal
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Universidade de São Paulo (FCFRP/USP), Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Carlos A Sorgi
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Universidade de São Paulo (FCFRP/USP), Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Juliana I Hori
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Universidade de São Paulo (FMRP/USP), Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Francisco W G Paula-Silva
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Universidade de São Paulo (FCFRP/USP), Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Eliane C Arantes
- Departamento de Física e Química, Universidade de São Paulo (FCFRP/USP), Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Carlos H Serezani
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA
| | - Dario S Zamboni
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Universidade de São Paulo (FMRP/USP), Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Lúcia H Faccioli
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Universidade de São Paulo (FCFRP/USP), Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo 14040-903, Brazil
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Abstract
Tityus serrulatus (Ts) is the main scorpion species of medical importance in Brazil. Ts venom is composed of several compounds such as mucus, inorganic salts, lipids, amines, nucleotides, enzymes, kallikrein inhibitor, natriuretic peptide, proteins with high molecular mass, peptides, free amino acids and neurotoxins. Neurotoxins are considered the most responsible for the envenoming syndrome due to their pharmacological action on ion channels such as voltage-gated sodium (Nav) and potassium (Kv) channels. The major goal of this review is to present important advances in Ts envenoming research, correlating both the crude Ts venom and isolated toxins with alterations observed in all human systems. The most remarkable event lies in the Ts induced massive releasing of neurotransmitters influencing, directly or indirectly, the entire body. Ts venom proved to extremely affect nervous and muscular systems, to modulate the immune system, to induce cardiac disorders, to cause pulmonary edema, to decrease urinary flow and to alter endocrine, exocrine, reproductive, integumentary, skeletal and digestive functions. Therefore, Ts venom possesses toxins affecting all anatomic systems, making it a lethal cocktail. However, its low lethality may be due to the low venom mass injected, to the different venom compositions, the body characteristics and health conditions of the victim and the local of Ts sting. Furthermore, we also described the different treatments employed during envenoming cases. In particular, throughout the review, an effort will be made to provide information from an extensive documented studies concerning Ts venom in vitro, in animals and in humans (a total of 151 references).
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19
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Ahmed AE, Abdel-Baseer KA, Saad K, Hassan AF, El-Houfey AA. Endocrinological and biochemical changes of scorpionism in children in Upper Egypt. Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab 2015; 6:210-6. [PMID: 26445643 PMCID: PMC4579414 DOI: 10.1177/2042018815593034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study was to determine some endocrinological and biochemical changes of scorpionism in children in Upper Egypt. In addition, it aimed to find any possible relationship between these changes and the severity of scorpionism. PATIENTS AND METHODS The present study was carried out at two university hospitals in Upper Egypt and included 42 children with envenomation and 20 apparently healthy children as controls. In all subjects, levels were measured of noradrenaline, aldosterone, insulin and cortisol, and some biochemical parameters and electrolytes including nitric oxide (NO), creatine phosphokinase (CPK), Na+ and K+. RESULTS Na+, NO and CPK levels were significantly higher in children with envenomation compared with the controls. Also, there was a significant reduction in K+ in patients compared with controls. Children with severe envenomation had significantly higher levels of noradrenaline, cortisol and aldosterone compared with the controls and mild cases. However, insulin levels were significantly decreased in severe cases of scorpionism compared with mild ones. Moreover, hyperglycemia was detected in all patients with envenomation compared with controls, with significantly higher blood glucose levels among children with severe envenomation compared with mild cases. CONCLUSION Endocrinological changes were common in all children with scorpion envenomation and more obvious in cases of severe envenomation. The released mediators may account for several inflammatory manifestations such as pulmonary edema, myocardial failure, systemic inflammatory response syndrome and multiple organ failure. The use of insulin is recommended in cases of severe envenomation to improve the outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed E. Ahmed
- Department of Pediatrics, Qena Faculty of Medicine, South Valley University, Egypt
| | | | | | - Asmaa F. Hassan
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Amira A. El-Houfey
- Department of Community Health Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Assiut University, Egypt
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20
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Malaque CMSA, de Bragança AC, Sanches TR, Volpini RA, Shimizu MH, Hiyane MI, Câmara NOS, Seguro AC, Andrade L. The role of dexamethasone in scorpion venom-induced deregulation of sodium and water transport in rat lungs. Intensive Care Med Exp 2015; 3:28. [PMID: 26392398 PMCID: PMC4577493 DOI: 10.1186/s40635-015-0063-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe scorpion envenomation can evolve to lung injury and, in some cases, death. The lung injury could be attributed to acute left ventricular failure and increased pulmonary vascular permeability secondary to the release of inflammatory mediators. In clinical practice, corticosteroids have been administered to reduce the early side effects of the anti-venom. We propose to study the effects of Tityus serrulatus venom and dexamethasone on pulmonary expression of sodium and water transporters, as well as on the inflammatory response. METHODS Wistar rats were injected intraperitoneally with saline (control group), dexamethasone, and saline (2.0 mg/kg body weight-60 min before saline injection; dexamethasone + saline group), venom (T. serrulatus venom-3.8 mg/kg body weight), or dexamethasone and venom (2.0 mg/kg body weight-60 min before venom injection; dexamethasone + venom group). At 60 min after venom/saline injection, experiments were performed in ventilated and non-ventilated animals. We analyzed sodium transporters, water transporters, and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) by Western blotting, macrophage infiltration by immunohistochemistry, and serum interleukin (IL) by cytokine assay. RESULTS In the lung tissue of non-ventilated envenomed animals, protein expression of the epithelial sodium channel alpha subunit (α-ENaC) and aquaporin 5 (AQP5) were markedly downregulated whereas that of the Na-K-2Cl cotransporter (NKCC1) and TLR4 was elevated although expression of the Na,K-ATPase alpha 1 subunit was unaffected. Dexamethasone protected protein expression of α-ENaC, NKCC1, and TLR4 but not that of AQP5. We found that IL-6, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor alpha were elevated in the venom and dexamethasone + venom groups although CD68 expression in lung tissue was elevated only in the venom group. Among the ventilated animals, both envenomed groups presented hypotension at 50 min after injection, and the arterial oxygen tension/fraction of inspired oxygen ratio was lower at 60 min than at baseline. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that T. serrulatus venom and dexamethasone both regulate sodium transport in the lung and that T serrulatus venom regulates sodium transport via the TLR4 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ceila Maria Sant Ana Malaque
- Nephrology Department, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil. .,Vital Brazil Hospital, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | | | - Talita Rojas Sanches
- Nephrology Department, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | | | - Maria Heloisa Shimizu
- Nephrology Department, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Meire Ioshie Hiyane
- Immunology Department, Biomedical Sciences Institute IV, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | | | - Antonio Carlos Seguro
- Nephrology Department, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Lucia Andrade
- Nephrology Department, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Costal-Oliveira F, Guerra-Duarte C, Castro KLP, Tintaya B, Bonilla C, Silva W, Yarlequé A, Fujiwara R, Melo MM, Chávez-Olórtegui C. Serological, biochemical and enzymatic alterations in rodents after experimental envenomation with Hadruroides lunatus scorpion venom. Toxicon 2015; 103:129-34. [PMID: 26140842 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Revised: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Toxic effects of Peruvian Hadruroides lunatus scorpion venom on different biochemical and enzymatic parameters in blood serum of Wistar rats and Swiss mice were determined after experimental envenomation. An increase in enzymatic activities of Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST), Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) and levels of serum protein and albumin were observed while a decrease in creatinine level in serum was perceived after 30 min of envenomation. No alterations in urea levels and in kidney histology were detected in the envenomed rats. The global leukocytes count was diminished, with decrease in lymphocytes, eosinophils and neutrophils levels in the bloodstream, while no alterations were found in hematological parameters of red series in rats injected with H. lunatus venom. IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, INF-γ, TNF, IL-17A and IL-10 levels were evaluated 0.5, 3 and 6 h after experimental envenomation of mice with H. lunatus venom. From all the analyzed cytokines, only IL-6 showed an increase in serum levels. Taken together, these results point out that envenomation by H. lunatus can impair hematological and immunological parameters and therefore might be monitored in accidents involving this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Costal-Oliveira
- Departamentos de Bioquímica e Imunologia do Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - C Guerra-Duarte
- Departamentos de Bioquímica e Imunologia do Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - K L P Castro
- Departamentos de Bioquímica e Imunologia do Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - B Tintaya
- Instituto Nacional de Salud, Lima, Peru
| | - C Bonilla
- Instituto Nacional de Salud, Lima, Peru
| | - W Silva
- Instituto Nacional de Salud, Lima, Peru
| | - A Yarlequé
- Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
| | - R Fujiwara
- Departamento de Parasitologia do Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - M M Melo
- Escola de Veterinaria, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - C Chávez-Olórtegui
- Departamentos de Bioquímica e Imunologia do Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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Pucca MB, Peigneur S, Cologna CT, Cerni FA, Zoccal KF, Bordon KDCF, Faccioli LH, Tytgat J, Arantes EC. Electrophysiological characterization of the first Tityus serrulatus alpha-like toxin, Ts5: Evidence of a pro-inflammatory toxin on macrophages. Biochimie 2015; 115:8-16. [PMID: 25906692 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2015.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Tityus serrulatus (Ts) venom is composed of mainly neurotoxins specific for voltage-gated K(+) and Na(+) channels, which are expressed in many cells such as macrophages. Macrophages are the first line of defense invasion and they participate in the inflammatory response of Ts envenoming. However, little is known about the effect of Ts toxins on macrophage activation. This study investigated the effect of Ts5 toxin on different sodium channels as well as its role on the macrophage immunomodulation. The electrophysiological assays showed that Ts5 inhibits the rapid inactivation of the mammalian sodium channels Nav1.2, Nav1.3, Nav1.4, Nav1.5, Nav1.6 and Nav1.7. Interestingly, Ts5 also inhibits the inactivation of the insect Drosophila melanogaster sodium channel (DmNav1), and it is therefore classified as the first Ts α-like toxin. The immunological experiments on macrophages reveal that Ts5 is a pro-inflammatory toxin inducing the cytokine production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-6. On the basis of recent literature, our study also stresses a possible mechanism responsible for venom-associated molecular patterns (VAMPs) internalization and macrophage activation and moreover we suggest two main pathways of VAMPs signaling: direct and indirect. This work provides useful insights for a better understanding of the involvement of VAMPs in macrophage modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela B Pucca
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Steve Peigneur
- Toxicology and Pharmacology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Camila T Cologna
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Felipe A Cerni
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Karina F Zoccal
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Karla de C F Bordon
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Lucia H Faccioli
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Jan Tytgat
- Toxicology and Pharmacology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Eliane C Arantes
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
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Chaïr-Yousfi I, Laraba-Djebari F, Hammoudi-Triki D. Androctonus australis hector venom contributes to the interaction between neuropeptides and mast cells in pulmonary hyperresponsiveness. Int Immunopharmacol 2015; 25:19-29. [PMID: 25601496 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2015.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Revised: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Lung injury and respiratory distress syndrome are frequent symptoms observed in the most severe cases of scorpion envenomation. The uncontrolled transmigration of leukocyte cells into the lung interstitium and alveolar space and pulmonary edema may be the cause of death. Mast cells can release various inflammatory mediators known to be involved in the development of lung edema following scorpion venom injection. The present study was designed to determine the evidence of neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor and the involvement of mast cell activation to induce pulmonary edema and to increase vascular permeability after Androctonus australis hector (Aah) venom administration. To this end, mast cells were depleted using compound 48/80 (C48/80). Furthermore, the involvement of tachykinin NK1 receptors expressed on mast cell membranes was elucidated by their blocking with an antagonist. On the other hand, the ability of Aah venom to increase vascular permeability and to induce edema was also assessed by measuring the amount of Evans blue dye (EBD) extravasation in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid and in the lungs of mice. Pulmonary edema, as assessed by the levels of EBD extravasation, was completely inhibited in compound 48/80-treated animals. Depletion by stimuli non-immunological C48/80 component markedly reduced induced inflammatory response following the venom administration. The mast cells seem to play an important role in the development of lung injury and the increase of vascular permeability in mice following the subcutaneous administration of Aah scorpion venom through the NK1 receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imène Chaïr-Yousfi
- University of Sciences and Technology Houari Boumediene, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Fatima Laraba-Djebari
- University of Sciences and Technology Houari Boumediene, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Algiers, Algeria.
| | - Djelila Hammoudi-Triki
- University of Sciences and Technology Houari Boumediene, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Algiers, Algeria
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Maciel MC, Fialho EM, Guerra RN, Borges VM, Kwasniewski FH, Nascimento FR. Tityus serrulatus scorpion venom improves survival and lung inflammation in lethal sepsis induced by CLP in mice. Toxicon 2014; 89:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2014.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Revised: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Neutralizing effects of Mimosa tenuiflora extracts against inflammation caused by Tityus serrulatus scorpion venom. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:378235. [PMID: 25013776 PMCID: PMC4071788 DOI: 10.1155/2014/378235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Revised: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Scorpion bite represents a significant and serious public health problem in certain regions of Brazil, as well as in other parts of the world. Inflammatory mediators are thought to be involved in the systemic and local immune response induced by Tityus serrulatus scorpion envenomation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of extracts of Mimosa tenuiflora on model envenomation. In mice, the envenomation model is induced by Tityus serrulatus venom. Previous treatment of mice with fractions from M. tenuiflora was able to suppress the cell migration to the peritoneal cavity. The treatment of mice with M. tenuiflora extracts also decreased the levels of IL-6, IL-12, and IL-1β. We concluded that the administration of the extract and fractions resulted in a reduction in cell migration and showed a reduction in the level of proinflammatory cytokines. This study demonstrates, for the first time, the anti-inflammatory effect of aqueous extract from the Mimosa tenuiflora plant on T. serrulatus venom.
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Lima MCJDS, Bitencourt MAO, Furtado AA, Oliveira Rocha HA, Oliveira RM, da Silva-Júnior AA, Tabosa do Egito ES, Tambourgi DV, Zucolotto SM, Fernandes-Pedrosa MDF. Ipomoea asarifolia neutralizes inflammation induced by Tityus serrulatus scorpion venom. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2014; 153:890-895. [PMID: 24704487 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.03.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Revised: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Envenoming caused by scorpion sting is a serious public health problem. In Brazil, 13,038 accidents caused by venomous animals have been reported. Of this total, 53% of the cases and 14 deaths were caused by scorpions. Furthermore, Tityus serrulatus (Buthidae) is the most dangerous scorpion due to the high toxicity of its venom. The treatment is the common supportive therapy and the serum therapy, but some people do not have access to both therapies and seek healing through the use of medical plants. AIM OF THE STUDY This study evaluated the ability of the crude extract and fractions from the leaves of Ipomoea asarifolia in neutralizing the main biological effects caused by Tityus serrulatus envenoming in mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS BALB/c mice were pretreated (i.v.) with 100 μλ of aqueous extracts and fractions dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, and n-butanol (CH₂Cl₂, EtOAc, and n-BuOH, respectively) of Ipomoea asarifolia, rutin or saline. Then, the animals received 100 μλ (i.p.) of venom of Tityus serrulatus (0.8 mg/kg). After six hours, the peritoneal lavage was performed with PBS and the number cells were determined using a Neubauer chamber. The supernatants were collected for determination of cytokines, such as IL-6, IL-12, and IL-1β. RESULTS The aqueous extract, fractions and rutin, at all doses, significantly reduced cell migration, which was endorsed by the reduction of the levels of certain cytokines. CONCLUSION This is the first study that demonstrated the potential effect of Ipomoea asarifolia against inflammation caused by Tityus serrulatus venom, suggesting that these extracts and/or their bioactive molecules, especially the flavonoid rutin, have potential use in the therapy of this envenomation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mariana Angélica Oliveira Bitencourt
- Laboratório de Tecnologia e Biotecnologia Farmacêutica, Departamento de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Allanny Alves Furtado
- Laboratório de Tecnologia e Biotecnologia Farmacêutica, Departamento de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Hugo Alexandre Oliveira Rocha
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia de Biopolímeros Naturais, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Ruth Medeiros Oliveira
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia de Biopolímeros Naturais, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Arnóbio Antônio da Silva-Júnior
- Laboratório de Tecnologia e Biotecnologia Farmacêutica, Departamento de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | | | | | - Silvana Maria Zucolotto
- Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Departamento de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Matheus de Freitas Fernandes-Pedrosa
- Laboratório de Tecnologia e Biotecnologia Farmacêutica, Departamento de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil.
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Zoccal KF, Bitencourt CDS, Paula-Silva FWG, Sorgi CA, de Castro Figueiredo Bordon K, Arantes EC, Faccioli LH. TLR2, TLR4 and CD14 recognize venom-associated molecular patterns from Tityus serrulatus to induce macrophage-derived inflammatory mediators. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88174. [PMID: 24516606 PMCID: PMC3917877 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Scorpion sting-induced human envenomation provokes an intense inflammatory reaction. However, the mechanisms behind the recognition of scorpion venom and the induction of mediator release in mammalian cells are unknown. We demonstrated that TLR2, TLR4 and CD14 receptors sense Tityus serrulatus venom (TsV) and its major component, toxin 1 (Ts1), to mediate cytokine and lipid mediator production. Additionally, we demonstrated that TsV induces TLR2- and TLR4/MyD88-dependent NF-κB activation and TLR4-dependent and TLR2/MyD88-independent c-Jun activation. Similar to TsV, Ts1 induces MyD88-dependent NF-κB phosphorylation via TLR2 and TLR4 receptors, while c-Jun activation is dependent on neither TLR2 nor TLR4/MyD88. Therefore, we propose the term venom-associated molecular pattern (VAMP) to refer to molecules that are introduced into the host by stings and are recognized by PRRs, resulting in inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Furlani Zoccal
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Claudia da Silva Bitencourt
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Francisco Wanderley Garcia Paula-Silva
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos Artério Sorgi
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Karla de Castro Figueiredo Bordon
- Departamento de Física e Química, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eliane Candiani Arantes
- Departamento de Física e Química, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lúcia Helena Faccioli
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Pucca MB, Cerni FA, Peigneur S, Arantes EC, Tytgat J, Barbosa JE. Serrumab: a novel human single chain-fragment antibody with multiple scorpion toxin-neutralizing capacities. J Immunotoxicol 2013; 11:133-40. [PMID: 24001307 DOI: 10.3109/1547691x.2013.809175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In Brazil, scorpion envenomation is an important public health problem. The yellow scorpion, Tityus serrulatus (Ts), is considered the most dangerous species in the country, being responsible for the most severe clinical cases of envenomation. Currently, the administration of serum produced in horses is recognized and used as a treatment for accidents with scorpions. However, horse herds' maintenance is costly and the antibodies are heterologous, which can cause anaphylaxis and Serum Sickness. In the present work, a human monoclonal fragment antibody, Serrumab, has been analysed. Toxin neutralizing effects of Serrumab were evaluated using a two-electrode voltage-clamp technique. The results show that Serrumab presented a high neutralizing effect against Ts β-toxins (Ts1, 43.2% and Ts2, 68.8%) and none or low neutralizing effect against α-toxins (Ts3, 0% and Ts5, 10%). Additional experiments demonstrated that Serrumab was also able to neutralize the action of toxins from other scorpion genus (Css II, 45.96% and Lqh III, 100%/β- and α-toxins, respectively). This work indicated that Serrumab is able to neutralize many toxins in Ts venom, and could being considered as a neutralizing antibody for formulating a human anti-scorpion serum in Brazil. Additionally, this work demonstrated that Serrumab could neutralize different toxins from distinct scorpion genus. All these results reinforce the idea that Serrumab is a scFv antibody with multiple neutralizing capacities and a promising candidate for inclusion in scorpion anti-venoms against different genera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Berto Pucca
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, University of São Paulo at Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine , Ribeirão Preto, SP , Brazil
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Zoccal KF, Bitencourt CDS, Sorgi CA, Bordon KDCF, Sampaio SV, Arantes EC, Faccioli LH. Ts6 and Ts2 from Tityus serrulatus venom induce inflammation by mechanisms dependent on lipid mediators and cytokine production. Toxicon 2012; 61:1-10. [PMID: 23085190 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2012.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2012] [Revised: 08/27/2012] [Accepted: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory mediators are thought to be involved in the systemic and local immune response induced by the Tityus serrulatus scorpion envenomation. New functional aspects of lipid mediators have recently been described. Here, we examine the unreported role of lipid mediators in cell recruitment to the peritoneal cavity after an injection with Ts2 or Ts6 toxins isolated from the T. serrulatus scorpion venom. In this report, we demonstrate that following a single intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of Ts2 or Ts6 (250 μg/kg) in mice, there was an induction of leukocytosis with a predominance of neutrophils observed at 4, 24, 48 and 96 h. Moreover, total protein, leukotriene (LT)B(4), prostaglandin (PG)E(2) and pro-inflammatory cytokine levels were increased. We also observed an increase of regulatory cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-10, after the Ts2 injection. Finally, we observed that Ts2 or Ts6 injection in 5-lipoxygenase (LO) deficient mice and in wild type (WT) 129sv mice pre-treated with LTs and PGs inhibitors (MK-886 and celecoxib, respectively) a reduction the influx of leukocytes occurs in comparison to WT. The recruitment of these cells demonstrated a phenotype characteristic of neutrophils, macrophages, CD4 and CD8 lymphocytes expressing GR1+, F4/80+, CD3+/CD4+ and CD3+/CD8+, respectively. In conclusion, our data demonstrate that Ts2 and Ts6 induce inflammation by mechanisms dependent on lipid mediators and cytokine production. Ts2 may play a regulatory role whereas Ts6 exhibits pro-inflammatory activity exclusively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Furlani Zoccal
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida do Café, s/n, 14040-903 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
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Pucca MB, Zoccal KF, Roncolato EC, Bertolini TB, Campos LB, Cologna CT, Faccioli LH, Arantes EC, Barbosa JE. Serrumab: a human monoclonal antibody that counters the biochemical and immunological effects of Tityus serrulatus venom. J Immunotoxicol 2012; 9:173-83. [PMID: 22424317 DOI: 10.3109/1547691x.2011.649220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In Brazil, the species Tityus serrulatus is responsible for the most severe cases of scorpion envenomation. There is currently a need for new scorpion anti-venoms that are more effective and less harmful. This study attempted to produce human monoclonal antibodies capable of inhibiting the activity of T. serrulatus venom (TsV), using the Griffin.1 library of human single-chain fragment-variable (scFv) phage antibodies. Four rounds of phage antibody selection were performed, and the round with the highest phage antibody titer was chosen for the production of monoclonal phage antibodies and for further analysis. The scFv 2A, designated serrumab, was selected for the production and purification of soluble antibody fragments. In a murine peritoneal macrophage cell line (J774.1), in vitro assays of the cytokines interleukin (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and IL-10 were performed. In male BALB/c mice, in vivo assays of plasma urea, creatinine, aspartate transaminase, and glucose were performed, as well as of neutrophil recruitment and leukocyte counts. It was found that serrumab inhibited the TsV-induced increases in the production of IL-6, TNFα, and IL-10 in J774.1 cells. The in vivo inhibition assay showed that serrumab also prevented TsV-induced increases in the plasma levels of urea, creatinine, aspartate transaminase, and glucose, as well as preventing the TsV-induced increase in neutrophil recruitment. The results indicate that the human monoclonal antibody serrumab is a candidate for inclusion in a mixture of specific antibodies to the various toxins present in TsV. Therefore, serrumab shows promise for use in the production of new anti-venom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Berto Pucca
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, University of São Paulo at Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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Abstract
Acute phase proteins (APP) were first identified in the early 1900s as early reactants to infectious disease. They are now understood to be an integral part of the acute phase response (APR) which is the cornerstone of innate immunity. APP have been shown to be valuable biomarkers as increases can occur with inflammation, infection, neoplasia, stress, and trauma. All animals--from fish to mammals--have demonstrable APP, but the type of major APP differs by species. While the primary application of these proteins in a clinical setting is prognostication, studies in animals have demonstrated relevance to diagnosis and detection and monitoring for subclinical disease. APP have been well documented in laboratory, companion, and large animals. With the advent of standardized and automated assays, these biomarkers are available for use in all fields of veterinary medicine as well as basic and clinical research.
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Raouraoua-Boukari R, Sami-Merah S, Hammoudi-Triki D, Martin-Eauclaire MF, Laraba-Djebari F. Immunomodulation of the inflammatory response induced by Androctonus australis hector neurotoxins: biomarker interactions. Neuroimmunomodulation 2012; 19:103-10. [PMID: 22248726 DOI: 10.1159/000330241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2011] [Accepted: 06/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Androctonus australis hector (Aah) is the most dangerous scorpion in the Maghreb countries. Its venom contains three major neurotoxins (Aah I, Aah II and Aah III), which are responsible for almost all the lethal effects caused in mammals. These toxins act on the voltage-gated sodium channels of excitable cells. The targets and the lethal effects of these toxins have been extensively studied. However, their effects on the induced immune response after envenoming have not deeply elicited. We therefore investigated the effects induced by Aah venom and its toxic components, mainly its main toxin Aah II, on the activation of the inflammatory process. METHODS Wistar rats were injected by intraperitoneal route with a sublethal dose of Aah venom, FTox-G50, the purified Aah II toxin or with 400 μl of sterile physiological saline solution. Immunological biomarkers such as MPO, NO and ICAM-1 were analyzed in serum in lung tissue. Cytokine levels were also determined in serum at 3, 6 and 24 h after envenoming. RESULTS We report in this study that intraperitoneal injection of the venom or its toxins (the whole toxic fraction or Aah II toxin) caused an inflammatory reaction involving increased neutrophil release into blood and neutrophil accumulation in lung tissue. This cell infiltration was associated with the release of NO, histamine, cytokines (IL-1, IL-6, IL-12, IL-4 and IL-5) and ICAM. CONCLUSION Aah II binding to its targets, in this case Na⁺ channels, may induce a cascade of events such as inflammatory mediator release and neutrophil migration that could contribute to the exacerbation of the systemic inflammatory response and the development of lung injury following scorpion envenoming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryma Raouraoua-Boukari
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, Faculté des Sciences Biologiques, Université des Sciences et de la Technologie «Houari Boumédienne», Alger, Algérie
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Fialho EMS, Maciel MCG, Silva ACB, Reis AS, Assunção AKM, Fortes TS, Silva LA, Guerra RNM, Kwasniewski FH, Nascimento FRF. Immune cells recruitment and activation by Tityus serrulatus scorpion venom. Toxicon 2011; 58:480-5. [PMID: 21893076 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2011.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2011] [Revised: 08/05/2011] [Accepted: 08/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Despite several studies showed that the Tityus serrulatus scorpion venom (Tsv) induces an inflammatory response, just a few have investigated the effect of the venom on the immune response. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate alterations of venom application on lymphoid organs and on the recruitment and activation of cells and also on the cytokine production. Swiss male mice (2-3 months, 20-25 g) received a non-lethal dose of crude Tsv (200 μg/kg), diluted in sterile PBS by subcutaneous route. Control animals received only sterile PBS. The animals were sacrificed after 30, 120 and 360 min. The inflammatory parameters studied were skin histology at the site of venom application, leukocyte count, and blood cytokine levels (IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α). Inguinal lymph node, spleen and bone marrow cellularity was determined for evaluation of the Tsv effect on immune system organs. The results showed that Tsv caused no local inflammation, but it induced an increase of blood neutrophils and serum IL-6, TNF-α and IL-10. After 360 min of envenomation there was a reduction in the cells number from peritoneum and spleen, but there was an increase in the cell number from lymph nodes. In conclusion, the Tsv induces systemic alterations characterized by changes in the cell number in lymphoid organs, increase pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eder M S Fialho
- Imunofisiologia of Laboratory, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, MA, Brazil
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Adi-Bessalem S, Mendil A, Hammoudi-Triki D, Laraba-Djebari F. Lung Immunoreactivity and Airway Inflammation: Their Assessment After Scorpion Envenomation. Inflammation 2011; 35:501-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s10753-011-9338-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Zoccal KF, Bitencourt CDS, Secatto A, Sorgi CA, Bordon KDCF, Sampaio SV, Arantes EC, Faccioli LH. Tityus serrulatus venom and toxins Ts1, Ts2 and Ts6 induce macrophage activation and production of immune mediators. Toxicon 2011; 57:1101-8. [PMID: 21549737 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2011.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2011] [Revised: 04/14/2011] [Accepted: 04/19/2011] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Scorpion envenomation induces a systemic immune response, and neurotoxins of venom act on specific ion channels, modulating neurotransmitter release or activity. However, little is known about the immunomodulatory effects of crude venom from scorpion Tityus serrulatus (TsV) or its toxins (Ts1, Ts2 and Ts6) in combination with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). To investigate the immunomodulatory effects of TsV and its toxins (Ts1, Ts2 and Ts6), J774.1 cells were stimulated with different concentrations (25, 50 and 100 μg/mL) of venom or toxins pre-stimulated or not with LPS (0.5 μg/mL). Macrophage cytotoxicity was assessed, and nitric oxide (NO) and cytokine production were analyzed utilizing the culture supernatants. TsV and its toxins did not produce cytotoxic effects. Depending on the concentrations used, TsV, Ts1 and Ts6 stimulated the production of NO, interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in J774.1 cells, which were enhanced under LPS co-stimulation. However, LPS + Ts2 inhibited NO, IL-6 and TNF-α production, and Ts2 alone stimulated the production of IL-10, suggesting an anti-inflammatory activity for this toxin. Our findings are important for the basic understanding of the mechanisms involved in macrophage activation following envenomation; additionally, these findings may contribute to the discovery of new therapeutic compounds to treat immune-mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Furlani Zoccal
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida do Café s/n, CEP 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
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Cusinato DAC, Souza AM, Vasconcelos F, Guimarães LFL, Leite FP, Gregório ZMO, Giglio JR, Arantes EC. Assessment of biochemical and hematological parameters in rats injected with Tityus serrulatus scorpion venom. Toxicon 2010; 56:1477-86. [PMID: 20837041 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2010.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2010] [Revised: 09/01/2010] [Accepted: 09/03/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to evaluate the hematological changes induced by Tityus serrulatus venom (TsV). Blood of Wistar rats was collected 0.5, 2, 6 and 24 h after i.p. injection of TsV (0.5 mg/kg) or saline (controls). Two additional groups were injected with 0.67 mg/kg and 0.25 mg/kg of TsV and the blood was collected after 0.5 and 2 h, respectively. The results showed an increase on hematocrit (Ht), red blood cells (RBC) count, hemoglobin concentration (Hb), albumin and total protein, mainly 2-6 h after envenoming. Increase in serum activities of amylase, creatine kinase and aspartate aminotransferase were also observed, indicating tecidual damages. Hyperglycemia was observed at all times analyzed, as a consequence of catecholamine release. No significant changes were detected in the urea, [Na(+)] and [Ca(2+)], but an increase of [Mg(2+)], [K(+)] and conductivity was observed. TsV induced a reduction of erythrocytes osmotic fragility as consequence of dehydration and increase in plasma electrolytes concentration, as evidenced by its higher conductivity. This study demonstrated that TsV is able to induce severe hematological changes, that appear within the first hours after envenoming, justifying the seeking of medical attention as soon as possible to avoid worsening of clinical symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A C Cusinato
- Depto. Física e Química, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto - USP, Av. do Café, s/n, 14040-903 Ribeirão Preto-SP, Brazil
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Marketon JIW, Sternberg EM. The glucocorticoid receptor: a revisited target for toxins. Toxins (Basel) 2010; 2:1357-80. [PMID: 22069642 PMCID: PMC3153245 DOI: 10.3390/toxins2061357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2010] [Revised: 05/28/2010] [Accepted: 06/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activation and glucocorticoid responses are critical for survival from a number of bacterial, viral and toxic insults, demonstrated by the fact that removal of the HPA axis or GR blockade enhances mortality rates. Replacement with synthetic glucocorticoids reverses these effects by providing protection against lethal effects. Glucocorticoid resistance/insensitivity is a common problem in the treatment of many diseases. Much research has focused on the molecular mechanism behind this resistance, but an area that has been neglected is the role of infectious agents and toxins. We have recently shown that the anthrax lethal toxin is able to repress glucocorticoid receptor function. Data suggesting that the glucocorticoid receptor may be a target for a variety of toxins is reviewed here. These studies have important implications for glucocorticoid therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanette I. Webster Marketon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, 201 DHLRI, 473 W. 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University Medical Center, 460 Medical Center Drive, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; ; Tel.: +1-614-293-3496; Fax: +1-614-366-2074
| | - Esther M. Sternberg
- Department of Health and Human Services, Section on Neuroendocrine Immunology and Behavior, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, 5625 Fishers Lane, Rm. 4N13 (MSC 9401), Bethesda, MD 20892-9401, USA;
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Pessini AC, Kanashiro A, Malvar DDC, Machado RR, Soares DM, Figueiredo MJ, Kalapothakis E, Souza GE. Inflammatory mediators involved in the nociceptive and oedematogenic responses induced by Tityus serrulatus scorpion venom injected into rat paws. Toxicon 2008; 52:729-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2008.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2008] [Revised: 08/26/2008] [Accepted: 08/27/2008] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Sami-Merah S, Hammoudi-Triki D, Martin-Eauclaire MF, Laraba-Djebari F. Combination of two antibody fragments F(ab′)2/Fab: An alternative for scorpion envenoming treatment. Int Immunopharmacol 2008; 8:1386-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2008.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2008] [Revised: 05/18/2008] [Accepted: 05/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Coelho FM, Pessini AC, Coelho AM, Pinho VS, Souza DG, Arantes EC, Teixeira MM, Teixeira AL. Platelet activating factor receptors drive CXC chemokine production, neutrophil influx and edema formation in the lungs of mice injected with Tityus serrulatus venom. Toxicon 2007; 50:420-7. [PMID: 17532358 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2007.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2006] [Revised: 04/04/2007] [Accepted: 04/10/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Lung injury is a common finding and a frequent cause of death in cases of severe human envenoming by scorpion sting. The present work investigated the effects of pretreatment with a platelet activation factor receptor (PAFR) antagonist and a CXCR2 inhibitor on the lung injury induced by subcutaneous injection of Tityus serrulatus venom (TsV) in mice. Lung injury was assessed by evaluating the extravasation of Evans blue dye, as an index of increased vascular permeability, the neutrophil accumulation (mieloperoxidase activity), the concentration of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and the chemokine KC in the lung after TsV administration. Neutrophil influx was preceded by the production of KC and dependent on CXCR2, as shown by the ability of repertaxin, a CXCR2 inhibitor, to prevent an increase of MPO activity in the lung. Repertaxin had no effect on TsV-induced lethality. The PAFR antagonist (UK-74,505) significantly reduced TsV-induced vascular permeability changes and neutrophil influx in the lungs. The inhibition of neutrophil influx was associated with inhibition of the production of the CXCR2-active chemokine KC. UK-74,505 had no effect on the lethality induced by TsV. In conclusion, these results show that the influx of neutrophils in the lungs of mice injected with TsV is dependent on the activation of PAFR and on PAFR-dependent production of the chemokine KC as well as activation of CXCR2 on neutrophils. Although lung injury may contribute to late lethality after TsV envenoming, acute lethality is not modified by inhibitors of neutrophil influx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Matos Coelho
- Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627 Pampulha, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
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41
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Andrade MV, Lisboa FA, Portugal AL, Arantes RME, Cunha-Melo JR. Scorpion venom increases mRNA expression of lung cytokines. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2007; 146:581-7. [PMID: 16580239 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2006.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2005] [Revised: 01/03/2006] [Accepted: 01/12/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that scorpion toxins increase the serum levels of IL-1, IL-6, INF-gamma, and GM-CSF in patients with severe shock and pulmonary edema. Moreover, it has been shown that experimental models of scorpion envenomation presented an increase in serum levels of IL-1, IL-6, IFN-gamma and nitric oxide. Thus, it is possible that the cytokine release may contribute to the onset and maintenance of the pulmonary edema induced by scorpion venom. This study was designed to investigate whether inflammatory and non-inflammatory cytokines, contribute to the pulmonary injury induced by infusion of Tityus serrulatus scorpion toxin in rats. We show that scorpion venom not only increases the expression of mRNA pulmonary inflammatory cytokines but also non-inflammatory cytokines as well. Moreover, the expression of IL-1alpha, IL-1beta and IL-6 mRNA was shown to be higher among the remaining detectable cytokines. The findings of this study provide additional insight towards the understanding of the pathophysiology of the pulmonary edema induced by scorpion venom. The increased level of pulmonary cytokines observed during the pulmonary edema may be responsible for the exacerbation and maintenance of the inflammatory response to scorpion venom in the lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus V Andrade
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG 30130-100, Brazil.
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Pessini AC, Santos DR, Arantes EC, Souza GEP. Mediators involved in the febrile response induced by Tityus serrulatus scorpion venom in rats. Toxicon 2006; 48:556-66. [PMID: 16911816 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2006.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2005] [Revised: 06/24/2006] [Accepted: 07/03/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Tityus serrulatus venom (Tsv) was intraperitoneally (ip) injected at doses of 75, 150 and 300mug/kg and IL-1beta (2.0 microg/kg) was given intravenously (iv) to male Wistar rats. Rectal temperature was measured by radiotelemetry. Vagotomy was performed according to Bluthe et al. [1994. Lipopolysaccharide induces sickness behaviour in rats by a vagal mediated mechanism. C R Acad. Sci. 317(6), 499-503]. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and peritoneal fluid (PF) levels of bradykinin (BK) were measured by ELISA. B(1) (des-Arg(9)-[Leu(8)]-BK; DALBK) and B(2) kinin receptor (icatibant) antagonists (1.0 mg/kg each), the induced nitric oxide synthase inhibitor aminoguanidine (50.0 mg/kg), the neuronal nitric oxide synthase inhibitor 7-nitroindazole (30.0 mg/kg), the dual cyclooxygenase inhibitor ibuprofen (10.0 mg/kg), the selective interleukin-1 receptor antagonist IL-ra (2.0 mg/kg) and dipyrone (120 mg/kg) were given ip. Celecoxib (5 mg/kg) was given per os (po). Tsv at doses of 75 microg/kg evoked no change in rectal temperature while at doses of 150 and 300 microg/kg it promoted long-lasting fever (2 degrees C+/-0.1). Tsv (150 microg/kg) increased by nearly 3 and 5 times, respectively BK concentration in the CSF and in the PF. Subdiaphragmatic vagotomy or 7-nitroindazole reduced, icatibant, DALBK, IL-1ra, aminoguanidine and dipyrone abolished, while ibuprofen and celecoxib failed to affect Tsv-induced fever. These results suggest that PGs do not play a relevant role, whereas, kinins via their B(1) and B(2) receptors, IL-1, nitric oxide and vagal neurotransmission are involved in Tsv-induced fever.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andréa C Pessini
- Laboratório de Farmacologia, Faculdade de Cincias Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, USP, Av. do Café, s/n Campus USP, 14040-903 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
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Bertazzi DT, de Assis-Pandochi AI, Talhaferro VL, Caleiro Seixas Azzolini AE, Pereira Crott LS, Arantes EC. Activation of the complement system and leukocyte recruitment by Tityus serrulatus scorpion venom. Int Immunopharmacol 2005; 5:1077-84. [PMID: 15829423 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2005.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2004] [Revised: 11/09/2004] [Accepted: 02/09/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The scorpion Tityus serrulatus is considered one of the most dangerous species in Brazil. Its venom evokes an inflammatory response, although the exact mechanism of this effect is still unknown. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of Tityus serrulatus venom (TsV) on the complement system (CS) and on leukocyte recruitment. Complement consumption by TsV was evaluated using in vitro hemolytic assays, immunoelectrophoresis and two-dimensional immunoelectrophoresis of complement components (factor B and C3). In order to evaluate neutrophil migration induced in normal human serum (NHS) in the presence of TsV, in vitro chemotaxis assays were performed using the Boyden chamber model. In vitro TsV induced a concentration- and time-dependent reduction in hemolytic activity of the classical/lectin and alternative complement pathways, with samples of 43.0 microg and 43.4 microg, respectively, inhibiting 50% of the lytic activity. Alterations in C3 and factor B electrophoretic mobility after incubation of NHS with TsV, were identical to those obtained with zymosan (positive control). Incubation of NHS with TsV induced neutrophil chemotaxis similar to that observed with zymosan-activated serum. Our results show that TsV activates the CS, leading to factor B and C3 cleavage, to reduction of serum lytic activity and generation of complement chemotactic factors. Therefore, CS may play an important role in the inflammatory response observed upon scorpion envenomation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Trinca Bertazzi
- Departamento de Física e Química, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto-USP, Av. do Café, s/n, 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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Bertazzi DT, de Assis-Pandochi AI, Azzolini AECS, Talhaferro VL, Lazzarini M, Arantes EC. Effect of Tityus serrulatus scorpion venom and its major toxin, TsTX-I, on the complement system in vivo. Toxicon 2003; 41:501-8. [PMID: 12657320 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-0101(02)00391-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The effects of Tityus serrulatus venom and TsTX-I (Ts1 or gamma-toxin) on the lytic activity of the complement system (CS) were investigated in vivo. Serum classical pathway (CP) and alternative pathway (AP) activities were determined in sera of rats (200+/-10 g) injected i.p. with soluble venom (150 microg/kg), TsTX-I (150 microg/kg) or saline (control). The animals were sacrificed 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 24 and 48 h after injection. The results showed an increase in serum lytic activity of animals injected with venom, reaching values up to 70% above controls in CP activity and 120% in AP activity. These effects were biphasic with maximum values 1 and 24 h after venom injection. Similar effects were obtained for TsTX-I, but with lower intensity. Hematocrit values of all tested animals were determined to evaluate the effect of hemoconcentration on the lytic activity of the CS. It was observed that the maximum hematocrit value was obtained 1 h after injection and returned to normal values within 24 h. These data indicate that hemoconcentration can play a relevant role in the first peak of complement activity, but we cannot discard a direct action of the venom on the system during this period, since the serum venom concentration is maximal 15-30 min after envenomation. The high lytic activity of the serum observed after 24 h, period in which the hematocrit values are normal and no venom can be detected, may be consequence of the inflammatory process induced by the venom or toxin. The lytic activity of the serum of rats injected with venom, TsTX-I or saline was abolished when the serum was previously adsorbed on zymosan. These data confirm that the increase of the lytic activity of the serum induced by the venom or toxin is dependent on CS. These results show that CS is involved in the inflammatory process induced by the venom or toxin and consequently in the lung edema, hemolysis, leukocytosis, among other clinical manifestations of severe envenomation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Trinca Bertazzi
- Departamento de Física e Química, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto-USP, Universidad de Sao Paulo Av. do Café, s/n 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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