1
|
Trasciatti S, Grizzi F. Vitamin D and celiac disease. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2024; 109:249-270. [PMID: 38777415 DOI: 10.1016/bs.afnr.2023.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Celiac disease (CD) is an immune-mediated condition affecting the small intestine. Its reported global prevalence falls within the range of 0.7% to 1.4%. Notably, historically, higher rates, reaching 1% in Western Ireland, have been documented. Recent research has even revealed prevalence rates as elevated as 2% in northern Europe. These findings underscore the urgency for swift and cost-effective diagnosis, especially in individuals identified through screening efforts. At present, the diagnosis of CD relies on a multifaceted approach involving positive serological markers such as IgA anti-tissue transglutaminase (anti-TTG) and anti-endomysial antibodies (anti-EMA). These serological findings are assessed in conjunction with classical histological alterations, as outlined in the Marsh classification. CD is an inflammatory condition triggered by the consumption of gluten, resulting from intricate interactions between genetic, immunological, and environmental factors. CD is linked to malabsorption, leading to nutritional deficiencies. Individuals with CD are required to adhere to a gluten-free diet, which itself can lead to nutrient deficiencies. One such deficiency includes vitamin D, and there is substantial experimental evidence supporting the notion of a bidirectional relationship between CD and vitamin D status. A low level of vitamin D has a detrimental impact on the clinical course of the disease. Here we summarize the key characteristics of CD and explore the prominent roles of vitamin D in individuals with CD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Fabio Grizzi
- Head Histology Core, Department of Immunology and Inflammation, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Qureshi MH. The Correlation Between Serum Anti-tissue Transglutaminase (Anti-tTG) Antibody Levels and Histological Severity of Celiac Disease in Adolescents and Adults: A Meta-Analysis. Cureus 2023; 15:e51169. [PMID: 38283435 PMCID: PMC10814693 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.51169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Celiac disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by a broad spectrum of histological damage to the intestinal mucosa. Comprehension and understanding of the association between anti-tissue transglutaminase (anti-tTG) antibody levels and the histological severity of celiac disease are not well established, prompting the need for meta-analysis. This study aims to offer insights into the diagnostic abilities of anti-tTG antibody levels in determining the histological severity of celiac disease by providing quantitative evidence based on a diverse range of studies. An extensive search was conducted across four electronic research databases to identify primary research articles reporting serum anti-tTG antibody levels in correlation with different Marsh grades, signifying the histological severity of celiac disease. The software tool RevMan 5.4 (the Cochrane Collaboration, London, UK) was used to compile standardized mean differences (SMD) alongside their respective confidence intervals. A total of 13 studies were included in the meta-analysis, with a patient pool of 2505 patients. Marsh grade I and II were found to have higher anti-tTG antibody levels compared to those with grade 0 (SMD 1.50; 95% CI: 1.12, 1.87; p-value <0.00001). Antibody levels were higher in Marsh grade IIIa when compared to both grade 0 (SMD 0.97; 95% CI: 0.67, 1.28; p-value <0.00001) and grade ≤2 (SMD 0.61; 95% CI: 0.44, 0.79; p-value <0.00001). Patients with Marsh IIIb also reported greater anti-tTG levels compared to grade 0 (SMD 1.48; 95% CI: 0.99, 1.96; p-value <0.00001) and grade ≤2 (SMD 0.98; 95% CI: 0.79, 1.18; p-value <0.00001). Likewise, Marsh grade ≥IIIc reported high levels of anti-tTG antibodies in comparison with grade 0 (SMD 1.06; 95% CI: 0.72, 1.39; p-value <0.00001) and grade ≤2 (SMD 1.18; 95% CI: 1.02, 1.34; p-value <0.00001). Our meta-analysis revealed a consistent, robust correlation between anti-tTG antibody levels and the histological severity of celiac disease, with a clear trend of increasing antibody levels corresponding to the severity of mucosal damage. Large-scale primary research initiatives are needed to reach definitive conclusions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Hassan Qureshi
- Medicine, Combined Military Hospital, Lahore, PAK
- Health, Medicine, and Social Care, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, GBR
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lerner A, Benzvi C, Vojdani A. Cross-reactivity and sequence similarity between microbial transglutaminase and human tissue antigens. Sci Rep 2023; 13:17526. [PMID: 37845267 PMCID: PMC10579360 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-44452-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbial transglutaminase (mTG) is a bacterial survival factor, frequently used as a food additive to glue processed nutrients. As a result, new immunogenic epitopes are generated that might drive autoimmunity. Presently, its contribution to autoimmunity through epitope similarity and cross-reactivity was investigated. Emboss Matcher was used to perform sequence alignment between mTG and various antigens implicated in many autoimmune diseases. Monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies made specifically against mTG were applied to 77 different human tissue antigens using ELISA. Six antigens were detected to share significant homology with mTG immunogenic sequences, representing major targets of common autoimmune conditions. Polyclonal antibody to mTG reacted significantly with 17 out of 77 tissue antigens. This reaction was most pronounced with mitochondrial M2, ANA, and extractable nuclear antigens. The results indicate that sequence similarity and cross-reactivity between mTG and various tissue antigens are possible, supporting the relationship between mTG and the development of autoimmune disorders 150W.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Lerner
- Chaim Sheba Medical Center, The Zabludowicz Research Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Tel Hashomer, Israel.
- Ariel University, Ariel, Israel.
| | - Carina Benzvi
- Chaim Sheba Medical Center, The Zabludowicz Research Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Al-Janabi AAHS, Mohammed MJ. Correlation of Celiac Diseases with Candida Spp. Based on Anti-gliadin Antibodies. Kurume Med J 2023. [PMID: 37183018 DOI: 10.2739/kurumemedj.ms682018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
A variety of Candida spp. can be found as a natural commensal fungus in various parts of the human body. This fungus may be associated with various diseases such as celiac disease (CD). Gliadin, a component of the gluten protein complex that is mostly found in wheat, is the main inducer of CD. A number of studies have demonstrated that patients infected with Candida can develop CD, and vice versa. C. albicansis presumed to induce CD because it has a protein homologous to gliadin in its cell wall called Hwp1. Despite the non-specificity of the anti-gliadin test, the detection of antibodies against anti-gliadin (AGA) and anti-tissue transglutaminase (anti-tTG) are important in the diagnosis of CD. Some evidence is now available to support the hypothetical correlation between Candida spp. and CD, as high levels of AGA have been found in patients infected with candidiasis without CD. Further study is needed to confirm this relationship.
Collapse
|
5
|
Aboulaghras S, Piancatelli D, Oumhani K, Balahbib A, Bouyahya A, Taghzouti K. Pathophysiology and immunogenetics of celiac disease. Clin Chim Acta 2022; 528:74-83. [PMID: 35120899 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2022.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Celiac disease (CD) is a chronic inflammatory enteropathy caused by gluten (protein from wheat, rye and, barley) in genetically predisposed individuals carrying the HLA-DQ2/HLA-DQ8 genotype. This pathology has a multifactorial etiology in which HLA genes, the microbiome, gluten and, other environmental factors are involved in the development of the disease. Its pathogenesis involves both innate and adaptive immunity as well as upregulation of IL-15. The objective of this review is to examine the results of current studies on genetic and environmental variables to better understand the pathogenesis of this enteropathy. The complex etiology of celiac disease makes our understanding of the pathogenesis of the disease incomplete, and a better knowledge of the many genetic and environmental components would help us better understand the pathophysiology of celiac disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Aboulaghras
- Physiology and Physiopathology Team, Faculty of Sciences, Genomic of Human Pathologies Research, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Morocco; Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Institut National d'Hygiene, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Daniela Piancatelli
- National Research Council (CNR)-Institute of Translational Pharmacology (IFT), L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Khadija Oumhani
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Institut National d'Hygiene, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Abdelaali Balahbib
- Laboratory of Zoology and General Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Abdelhakim Bouyahya
- Laboratory of Human Pathologies Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Genomic Center of Human Pathologies Research, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat, Morocco.
| | - Khalid Taghzouti
- Physiology and Physiopathology Team, Faculty of Sciences, Genomic of Human Pathologies Research, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Morocco
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Babania O, Mohammadi S, Yaghoubi E, Sohrabi A, Sadat Seyedhosseini F, Abdolahi N, Yazdani Y. The expansion of CD14+ CD163+ subpopulation of monocytes and myeloid cells-associated cytokine imbalance; candidate diagnostic biomarkers for celiac disease (CD). J Clin Lab Anal 2021; 35:e23984. [PMID: 34449925 PMCID: PMC8529138 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.23984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Celiac disease (CD) is a chronic autoimmune disorder of small intestine against dietary gluten, among genetically predisposed individuals. Monocytes are versatile innate immune cells involved in the regulation of inflammation, and strongly involved in the intestinal immunity. However, the role of monocytes and their subtypes in CD is not well demonstrated. METHODS Here, we assessed the polarization of CD14+ monocytes by evaluating the M1 (CD16) and M2 (CD163) markers by flowcytometry, their soluble forms (sCD16 and sCD163), and the serum levels of IL-10, IL-12, TGF-β, and TNF-α cytokines using ELISA method, among 30 CD patients and 30 sex- and age-matched healthy subjects (HS). We also analyzed the diagnostic values of all variables with significant differences. RESULTS CD14+CD163+ monocytes were more frequent in CD patients than HS, while CD14+CD16+ monocytes were higher in HS. IL-10and TNF-α increased, and TGF-β expression was decreased among CD patients. The sCD16 serum levels were elevated in patients, while sCD163 was higher but not significant among CD patients. CD163+/CD16+ and IL-10/IL-12 ratios were higher in CD patients, and TGFβ/TNFα ratio was higher in HS group. IL-10, CD14+CD163+, TNF-α, and IL-10/IL-12 ratios with the AUC over 0.7 were introduced as fair diagnostic markers. Our findings revealed that the M2 (CD14+CD163+) monocytes were more frequent among CD patients, and the cytokine balance was disturbed. CONCLUSION According to the significant functional diversities of monocyte subtypes between CD patients and HS group, these immunologic markers could be introduced as specific diagnostic biomarkers for CD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Omid Babania
- Department of ImmunologySchool of MedicineGolestan University of Medical SciencesGorganIran
- Amirkola Shafizadeh Pediatric HospitalBabol University of Medical SciencesBabolIran
- Razi Pathobiology and Genetics LaboratoryBabolIran
| | - Saeed Mohammadi
- Infectious Diseases Research CenterGolestan University of Medical SciencesGorganIran
- Stem Cell Research centerGolestan University of Medical SciencesGorganIran
| | | | - Ahmad Sohrabi
- Infectious Diseases Research CenterGolestan University of Medical SciencesGorganIran
| | | | - Nafiseh Abdolahi
- Golestan Rheumatology Research CenterGolestan University of Medical SciencesGorganIran
| | - Yaghoub Yazdani
- Department of ImmunologySchool of MedicineGolestan University of Medical SciencesGorganIran
- Stem Cell Research centerGolestan University of Medical SciencesGorganIran
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Lerner A, Ramesh A, Matthias T. The temperature and pH repertoire of the transglutaminase family is expanding. FEBS Open Bio 2021; 10:492-494. [PMID: 32170837 PMCID: PMC7137796 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Transglutaminases (TGs) play important roles in the food industry, pharmacology, and biotechnology, but as protein cross‐linkers, their complexes are stable, resistant, immunogenic, and potentially pathogenic. Many TGs have been characterized, but they operate in narrow temperature and pH range limits. In a research article in this issue, Clemens Furnes and colleagues describe a novel cold‐adapted TG from Atlantic cod, which expands the operating boundaries to a lower temperature and a wider pH. In this accompanying commentary, we discuss how this TG opens new applications in cold environments and can be deactivated by heating. New sources of TGs should be explored in hot environments like hot springs, in order to increase the temperature and widen the pH ranges for human and industrial benefits.
Collapse
|
8
|
Lerner A, Sobolevskaia P, Churilov L, Shoenfeld Y. Alpha-enolase involvement in intestinal and extraintestinal manifestations of celiac disease. J Transl Autoimmun 2021; 4:100109. [PMID: 34189450 PMCID: PMC8219987 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtauto.2021.100109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Celiac disease is a life-long intestinal autoimmune disease, characterized by the gluten intolerance and chronic enteric inflammation. Traditionally presented by intestinal manifestations, however, a shift toward extra intestinal presentation is taking place. One of the affected organs is the nervous systems presented by neuropsychiatric manifestations, hence the mechanism and pathways are not clear. The presence of neuronal and alpha-enolases and their corresponding antibodies were noticed in the mucosa and serum of celiac disease patients, as well as in other various autoimmune diseases with psycho-neurological manifestations. The aims of the present review are to screen the literature on different isoforms of enolase, mainly alpha enolase, and their specific antibodies and to suggest their potential pathophysiological mechanisms relaying the enolases to intestinal or extraintestinal celiac disease manifestations. The shared aspects between the enolases and celiac disease and the cross-talks between alpha-enolase and tissue transglutaminase suggest new potential pathophysiological mechanisms that might drive celiac disease evolvement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Lerner
- Chaim Sheba Medical Center, The Zabludowicz Research Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | | | | | - Yehuda Shoenfeld
- Chaim Sheba Medical Center, The Zabludowicz Research Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Tel Hashomer, Israel.,Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Visiting Professor), Moscow, Russia.,Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Aaron L, Torsten M. Candida albicans in celiac disease: A wolf in sheep's clothing. Autoimmun Rev 2020; 19:102621. [PMID: 32693029 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2020.102621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Candida albicans is a commensal fungus with a potential pathogenicity and celiac disease is an autoimmune condition. Both share multiple pathophysiological junctions, including serological markers against cell-wall proteins of Candida, anti-gliadin antibodies are positive in both entities, gluten and a candidal virulence factor share sequence similarity and the autoantigen of celiac disease, the tissue transglutaminase, is pivotal in Candida albicans commensalism and hostile behavior and its covalently cross linked products are stable and resistant to breakdown in the two entities. Those autoimmune/infectious cross roads are the basis for the hypothesis that Candida albicans is an additional environmental factor for celiac disease autoimmunogenesis.
Collapse
|
10
|
Azimi T, Nasser A, Shariati A, Shiadeh SMJ, Safari H, Alizade-Sani M, Taghipour A, Dehghan A. The Possible Role of Pathogenic and Non-Pathogenic Bacteria in Initiation and Exacerbation of Celiac Disease; A Comprehensive Review. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2020; 21:452-466. [PMID: 31858910 DOI: 10.2174/1389201021666191219160729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Celiac Disease (CD) is an immune-mediated enteropathy, generally of the proximal intestine, that occurs in genetically susceptible individuals triggered by the ingestion of gluten. The incidence and frequency of CD are increasing, and it is predicted that CD affects approximately 1% of the people worldwide. The common clinical manifestations of CD are divided in two sections, including classic and non-classic symptoms that can be created in childhood and adulthood. The relationship between pathogenic and non-pathogenic bacteria with CD is complex and multidirectional. In previous published studies, results demonstrated the triggering impact of bacteria, viruses, and parasites on initiation and development of Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) and Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS). Different studies revealed the inducing effect of pathogenic and non-pathogenic bacteria on CD. However, increasing evidence proposes that some of these microorganisms can also play several positive roles in CD process. Although information of the pathogenesis of the CD is quickly expanding, the possible role of bacteria needs further examination. In conclusion, with respect to the possible correlation between different bacteria in CD, the current review-based study aims to discuss the possible relationship between CD and pathogenic and non-pathogenic bacteria and to show various and significant aspects of mechanisms involved in the CD process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taher Azimi
- Pediatric Infections Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Students Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Nasser
- Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Science, Ilam, Iran.,Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Science, Ilam, Iran
| | - Aref Shariati
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyedeh M J Shiadeh
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Safari
- Health Promotion Research Center, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahmood Alizade-Sani
- Students Research Committee, Department of Food Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ali Taghipour
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amin Dehghan
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Kim GE, Park HH. Structures of Human Transglutaminase 2: Finding Clues for Interference in Cross-linking Mediated Activity. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21062225. [PMID: 32210142 PMCID: PMC7139744 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21062225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Human transglutaminase 2 (TGase2) has various functions, including roles in various cellular processes such as apoptosis, development, differentiation, wound healing, and angiogenesis, and is linked to many diseases such as cancer. Although TGase2 has been considered an optimized drug target for the treatment of cancer, fibrosis, and neurodegenerative disorders, it has been difficult to generate TGase2-targeted drugs for clinical use because of the relatively flat and broad active site on TGase2. To design more specific and powerful inhibitors, detailed structural information about TGase2 complexed with various effector and inhibitor molecules is required. In this review, we summarized the current structural studies on TGase2, which will aid in designing drugs that can overcome the aforementioned limitations.
Collapse
|
12
|
Lerner A, Matthias T. Processed Food Additive Microbial Transglutaminase and Its Cross-Linked Gliadin Complexes Are Potential Public Health Concerns in Celiac Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E1127. [PMID: 32046248 PMCID: PMC7037116 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21031127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial transglutaminase (mTG) is a survival factor for microbes, but yeasts, fungi, and plants also produce transglutaminase. mTG is a cross-linker that is heavily consumed as a protein glue in multiple processed food industries. According to the manufacturers' claims, microbial transglutaminase and its cross-linked products are safe, i.e., nonallergenic, nonimmunogenic, and nonpathogenic. The regulatory authorities declare it as "generally recognized as safe" for public users. However, scientific observations are accumulating concerning its undesirable effects on human health. Functionally, mTG imitates its family member, tissue transglutaminase, which is the autoantigen of celiac disease. Both these transglutaminases mediate cross-linked complexes, which are immunogenic in celiac patients. The enzyme enhances intestinal permeability, suppresses mechanical (mucus) and immunological (anti phagocytic) enteric protective barriers, stimulates luminal bacterial growth, and augments the uptake of gliadin peptide. mTG and gliadin molecules are cotranscytosed through the enterocytes and deposited subepithelially. Moreover, mucosal dendritic cell surface transglutaminase induces gliadin endocytosis, and the enzyme-treated wheat products are immunoreactive in CD patients. The present review summarizes and updates the potentially detrimental effects of mTG, aiming to stimulate scientific and regulatory debates on its safety, to protect the public from the enzyme's unwanted effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Lerner
- AESKU.KIPP Institute, Mikroforum Ring 2, 55234 Wendelsheim, Germany;
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
González-López A, Blanco-López MC, Fernández-Abedul MT. Micropipette Tip-Based Immunoassay with Electrochemical Detection of Antitissue Transglutaminase to Diagnose Celiac Disease Using Staples and a Paper-Based Platform. ACS Sens 2019; 4:2679-2687. [PMID: 31497948 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.9b01096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In this work, 1-200 μL polypropylene micropipette tips were used as platforms for performing immunoassays after converting their inner surfaces on a capture zone for the analyte of interest. We have used a micropipette-tip immunoelectroanalytical platform for the detection of antitissue transglutaminase (IgA), the main biomarker for celiac disease. Modification of the tip wall with poly-l-lysine allowed adsorption of tissue transglutaminase (tTG), which will capture later anti-tTG (IgA) antibodies developed in celiac-affected people. A sandwich-type format was followed, incubating simultaneously the analyte and the detection antibody, labeled with horseradish peroxidase. With this new application for an extremely common lab material, we can perform quantitative analysis by dispensing the liquid into a low-cost and miniaturized staple-based paper electrochemical platform. The analytical signal was the reduction of the enzymatically oxidized substrate, recorded chronoamperometrically (i-t curve). The intensity of the current obtained at a fixed time after the application of the cathodic potential followed a linear relationship with anti-tTG (IgA) concentration. The relative standard deviation obtained for immunoassays performed in different tips indicates the adequate precision of this new methodology, which is very promising for decentralized analysis. Negative and positive controls produced results that were in accordance with those obtained with spectrophotometric enzyme linked-immunosorbent assays.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea González-López
- Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Lerner A, Ramesh A, Matthias T. Serologic Diagnosis of Celiac Disease: New Biomarkers. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 2019; 48:307-317. [PMID: 31046977 DOI: 10.1016/j.gtc.2019.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Most patients affected by celiac disease (CD) are asymptomatic or hyposymptomatic and undiagnosed, and are at risk of preventable complications. Therefore, early diagnosis is highly recommended. Multiple diagnostic antibodies are available; the most frequently used is IgA to tissue transglutaminase (IgA-tTg). It may yield false results and, alone, does not address IgA deficiency. Recently, a new generation of anti-neo-epitope tTg check (IgG + IgA) has become available. It is highly sensitive and specific, covers IgA-deficient patients with CD, reflects intestinal damage, and has predictive potential in the diagnosis of CD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Lerner
- B. Rappaport School of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel; AESKU.KIPP Institute, Mikroforum Ring 2, Wendelsheim 55234, Germany.
| | - Ajay Ramesh
- AESKU.KIPP Institute, Mikroforum Ring 2, Wendelsheim 55234, Germany
| | - Torsten Matthias
- AESKU.KIPP Institute, Mikroforum Ring 2, Wendelsheim 55234, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Aaron L, Torsten M, Patricia W. Autoimmunity in celiac disease: Extra-intestinal manifestations. Autoimmun Rev 2019; 18:241-246. [PMID: 30639642 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2018.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Celiac disease is an autoimmune condition of the small intestine caused by prolamins in genetically susceptible individuals evoked by multiple environmental factors. The pathological luminal intricate eco-events produce multiple signals that irradiate the entire body, resulting in a plethora of extra-intestinal manifestations. Nutrients, dysbiosis, dysbiotic components and their mobilome, post-translational modification of naive proteins, inter-enterocyte's tight junction dysfunction resulting in a leaky gut, microbial lateral genetic transfer of virulent genes, the sensing network of the enteric nervous systems and the ensuing pro-inflammatory messengers are mutually orchestrating the autoimmune interplay. Genetic-environmental-luminal events-mucosal changes are driving centrifugally the remote organs autoimmunity, establishing extra-intestinal multi organ injury. Exploring the underlying intestinal eco-events, the sensing and the delivery pathways and mechanisms that induce the peripheral tissues' damages might unravel new therapeutical strategies to prevent and help the gluten affected patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lerner Aaron
- AESKU.KIPP Institute, Wendelsheim, Germany; B. Rappaport School of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Torsten M, Aaron L. Microbial Transglutaminase Is Immunogenic and Potentially Pathogenic in Pediatric Celiac Disease. Front Pediatr 2018; 6:389. [PMID: 30619787 PMCID: PMC6297833 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2018.00389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The enzyme microbial transglutaminase is heavily used in the food processing industries to ameliorate food qualities and elongate the products' shelf life. As a protein's glue, it cross-links gliadin peptides, creating neo-complexes that are immunogenic and potentially pathogenic to celiac disease communities. Even lacking sequence identity, it imitates functionally the endogenous tissue transglutaminase, known to be the autoantigen of celiac disease and representing an undisputable key player in celiac disease initiation and progress. The present review expend on the enzyme characteristics, exogenous intestinal sources, its cross-linking avidity to gluten or gliadin, turning naïve protein to immunogenic ones. Several observation on microbial transglutaminase cross linked complexes immunogenicity in celiac patients are reviewed and its pathogenicity is summarized. Warnings on its potential risks for the gluten dependent conditions are highlighted. When substantiated, it might represent a new environmental factor of celiac disease genesis. It is hoped that the presented knowledge will encourage further research to explore the mechanism and the pathogenic pathways taken by the gliadin cross linked enzyme in driving celiac disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lerner Aaron
- AESKU. KIPP Institute, Wendelsheim, Germany.,B. Rappaport School of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Lerner A, Arleevskaya M, Schmiedl A, Matthias T. Microbes and Viruses Are Bugging the Gut in Celiac Disease. Are They Friends or Foes? Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1392. [PMID: 28824555 PMCID: PMC5539691 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The links between microorganisms/viruses and autoimmunity are complex and multidirectional. A huge number of studies demonstrated the triggering impact of microbes and viruses as the major environmental factors on the autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. However, growing evidences suggest that infectious agents can also play a protective role or even abrogate these processes. This protective crosstalk between microbes/viruses and us might represent a mutual beneficial equilibrium relationship between two cohabiting ecosystems. The protective pathways might involve post-translational modification of proteins, decreased intestinal permeability, Th1 to Th2 immune shift, induction of apoptosis, auto-aggressive cells relocation from the target organ, immunosuppressive extracellular vesicles and down regulation of auto-reactive cells by the microbial derived proteins. Our analysis demonstrates that the interaction of the microorganisms/viruses and celiac disease (CD) is always a set of multidirectional processes. A deeper inquiry into the CD interplay with Herpes viruses and Helicobacter pylori demonstrates that the role of these infections, suggested to be potential CD protectors, is not as controversial as for the other infectious agents. The outcome of these interactions might be due to a balance between these multidirectional processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Lerner
- The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion Israel Institute of TechnologyHaifa, Israel.,Department of Research, AESKU.KIPP InstituteWendelsheim, Germany
| | - Marina Arleevskaya
- Central Research Laboratory, Kazan State Medical Academy KazanKazan, Russia
| | - Andreas Schmiedl
- Department of Research, AESKU.KIPP InstituteWendelsheim, Germany
| | - Torsten Matthias
- Department of Research, AESKU.KIPP InstituteWendelsheim, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Herrán AR, Pérez-Andrés J, Caminero A, Nistal E, Vivas S, Ruiz de Morales JM, Casqueiro J. Gluten-degrading bacteria are present in the human small intestine of healthy volunteers and celiac patients. Res Microbiol 2017; 168:673-684. [PMID: 28526528 DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2017.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Gluten is the only known environmental factor that triggers celiac disease. Several studies have described an imbalance between the intestinal microbiota of different individuals based on diagnoses. Moreover, recent studies have suggested that human bacteria may play an important role in gluten hydrolysis. However, there has been no research focusing on the small intestine. This study aimed to characterize the adult small intestine microbiota possibly implicated in gluten hydrolysis. Duodenal biopsies from different diagnosed individuals were cultured in a gluten-containing medium, and the grown microbiota was analyzed by culture dependent/independent methods. Results showed that gluten-degrading bacteria can be found in the human small intestine. Indeed, 114 bacterial strains belonging to 32 species were isolated; 85 strains were able to grow in a medium containing gluten as the sole nitrogen source, 31 strains showed extracellular proteolytic activity against gluten protein and 27 strains showed peptidolytic activity towards the 33 mer peptide, an immunogenic peptide for celiac disease patients. We found that there are no differences based on the diagnosis, but each individual has its own population of gluten-hydrolyzing bacteria. These bacteria or their gluten-degrading enzymes could help to improve the quality of life of celiac disease patients'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra R Herrán
- Área de Microbiología, Facultad de Biología y Ciencias Ambientales, Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain; Instituto de Biología Molecular, Genómica y Proteómica (INBIOMIC), Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain
| | - Jénifer Pérez-Andrés
- Área de Microbiología, Facultad de Biología y Ciencias Ambientales, Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain
| | - Alberto Caminero
- Instituto de Biología Molecular, Genómica y Proteómica (INBIOMIC), Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain
| | - Esther Nistal
- Área de Microbiología, Facultad de Biología y Ciencias Ambientales, Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain
| | - Santiago Vivas
- Departamento de Gastroenterología, Hospital de León, Altos de Nava s/n, 24071 León, Spain; Instituto de Biomedicina (IBIOMED), Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain
| | | | - Javier Casqueiro
- Área de Microbiología, Facultad de Biología y Ciencias Ambientales, Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain; Instituto de Biología Molecular, Genómica y Proteómica (INBIOMIC), Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Azizi G, Ziaee V, Tavakol M, Alinia T, Yazdai R, Mohammadi H, Abolhassani H, Aghamohammadi A. Approach to the Management of Autoimmunity in Primary Immunodeficiency. Scand J Immunol 2017; 85:13-29. [PMID: 27862144 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Primary immunodeficiency diseases (PIDs) consist of a genetically heterogeneous group of immune disorders that affect distinct elements of the immune system. PID patients are more prone to infections and non-infectious complications, particularly autoimmunity. The concomitance of immunodeficiency and autoimmunity appears to be paradoxical and leads to difficulty in the management of autoimmune complications in PID patients. Therefore, management of autoimmunity in patients with PID requires special considerations because dysregulations and dysfunctions of the immune system along with persistent inflammation impair the process of diagnosis and treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Azizi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Imam Hassan Mojtaba Hospital, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran.,Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - V Ziaee
- Pediatric Rheumatology Research Group, Rheumatology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Pediatrics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - M Tavakol
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Shahid Bahonar Hospital, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - T Alinia
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - R Yazdai
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - H Mohammadi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - H Abolhassani
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A Aghamohammadi
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Lerner A, Aminov R, Matthias T. Transglutaminases in Dysbiosis As Potential Environmental Drivers of Autoimmunity. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:66. [PMID: 28174571 PMCID: PMC5258703 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein-glutamine γ-glutamyltransferases (transglutaminases, Tgs) belong to the class of transferases. They catalyze the formation of an isopeptide bond between the acyl group at the end of the side chain of protein- or peptide-bound glutamine residues and the first order 𝜀-amine groups of protein- or peptide-bound lysine. The Tgs are considered to be universal protein cross-linkers, and they play an essential role in a number of human diseases. In this review, we discuss mainly the bacterial Tgs in terms of the functionality of the enzymes and a potential role they may play in bacterial survival. Since microbial transglutaminases (mTgs) are functionally similar to the human homologs, they may be involved in the human disease provocation. We suggest here a potential involvement of Tgs in the pathologies such as autoimmune diseases. In this hypothesis, the endogenous mTgs that are secreted by the gut microbiota, especially in a dysbiotic configuration, are potential drivers of systemic autoimmunity, via the enzymatic posttranslational modification of peptides in the gut lumen. These mTg activities directed toward cross-linking of naïve proteins can potentially generate neo-epitopes that are not only immunogenic but may also activate some immune response cascades leading to the pathological autoimmune processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Lerner
- B. Rappaport School of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of TechnologyHaifa, Israel; AESKU.KIPP InstituteWendelsheim, Germany
| | - Rustam Aminov
- Gastroenterology Division, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Aberdeen Aberdeen, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Matthias T, Jeremias P, Neidhöfer S, Lerner A. The industrial food additive, microbial transglutaminase, mimics tissue transglutaminase and is immunogenic in celiac disease patients. Autoimmun Rev 2016; 15:1111-1119. [PMID: 27640315 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2016.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Microbial transglutaminase (mTg) is capable of cross-linking numerous molecules. It is a family member of human tissue transglutaminase (tTg), and is involved in CD. Despite declarations of the safety of mTg for industrial use, direct evidence for immunogenicity of the enzyme is lacking. The serological activity of mTg, tTg, gliadin complexed mTg (mTg neo-epitope) and gliadin complexed tTg (tTg neo-epitope) were studied in 95 pediatric celiac patients (CD), 99 normal children (NC), 79 normal adults (NA) and 45 children with nonspecific abdominal pain (AP). Sera were tested by ELISAs, detecting IgA, IgG or both IgA and IgG (check): AESKULISA® tTg (tTg), AESKULISA® tTg New Generation (tTg neo-epitope (tTg-neo)), microbial transglutaminase (mTg) and mTg neo-epitope (mTg-neo). Marsh criteria were used for the degree of intestinal injury. Parallel, mTg and tTg neo-epitopes were purified by asymmetric field flow fractionation, confirmed by multi-light-scattering and SDS-PAGE, and analyzed in adult CD and control groups by competition ELISAs. No sequence homology but active site similarity were detected on alignment of the 2 Tgs. Comparing pediatric CD patients with the 2 normal groups: mTg-neo IgA, IgG and IgA+IgG antibody activities exceed the comparable mTg ones (p<0.0001). All mTg-neo and tTg-neo levels were higher (p<0.001). tTg IgA and IgG+IgA were higher than mTg IgA and IgA+IgG (p<0.0001). The levels of tTg-neo IgA/IgG were higher than tTg IgA/IgG (p<0.0001). The sequential antibody activities best reflecting the increased intestinal damage were tTg-neo check>tTg-neo IgA≥mTg-neo IgG>tTg-neo IgG>mTg-neo check>mTg-neo IgA. Taken together, tTg-neo check, tTg-neo IgA and mTg-neo IgG correlated best with intestinal pathology (r2=0.6454, r2=0.6165, r2=0.5633; p<0.0001, p<0.0001, p<0.0001, respectively). Purified mTg-neo IgG and IgA showed an increased immunoreactivity compared to single mTg and gliadin (p<0.001) but similar immunoreactivity to the tTg-neo IgG and IgA ELISA. Using competition ELISA, the mTg neo-epitopes and tTg neo-epitopes have identical outcomes in CD sera both showing a decrease in optical density of 55±6% (p<0.0002). mTg is immunogenic in children with CD and, by complexing to gliadin, its immunogenicity is enhanced. Anti-mTg-neo-epitope IgG antibodies correlate with intestinal damage to a comparable degree as anti-tTg-neo IgA. mTg and tTg display a comparable immunopotent epitope. mTg-neo IgG is a new marker for CD. Further studies are needed to explore the pathogenic potential of anti-mTg antibodies in CD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Matthias
- AESKU.KIPP Institute, Wendelsheim, Germany
| | - P Jeremias
- AESKU.KIPP Institute, Wendelsheim, Germany
| | | | - A Lerner
- AESKU.KIPP Institute, Wendelsheim, Germany; B. Rappaport School of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Lee YJ, Jung SH, Kim SH, Kim MS, Lee S, Hwang J, Kim SY, Kim YM, Ha KS. Essential Role of Transglutaminase 2 in Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-Induced Vascular Leakage in the Retina of Diabetic Mice. Diabetes 2016; 65:2414-28. [PMID: 27207524 DOI: 10.2337/db15-1594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy is predominantly caused by vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-induced vascular leakage; however, the underlying mechanism is unclear. Here we designed an in vivo transglutaminase (TGase) activity assay in mouse retina and demonstrated that hyperglycemia induced vascular leakage by activating TGase2 in diabetic retina. VEGF elevated TGase2 activity through sequential elevation of intracellular Ca(2+) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) concentrations in endothelial cells. The TGase inhibitors cystamine and monodansylcadaverin or TGase2 small interfering RNA (siRNA) prevented VEGF-induced stress fiber formation and vascular endothelial (VE)-cadherin disruption, which play a critical role in modulating endothelial permeability. Intravitreal injection of two TGase inhibitors or TGase2 siRNA successfully inhibited hyperglycemia-induced TGase activation and microvascular leakage in the retinas of diabetic mice. C-peptide or ROS scavengers also inhibited TGase activation in diabetic mouse retinas. The role of TGase2 in VEGF-induced vascular leakage was further supported using diabetic TGase2(-/-) mice. Thus, our findings suggest that ROS-mediated activation of TGase2 plays a key role in VEGF-induced vascular leakage by stimulating stress fiber formation and VE-cadherin disruption.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yeon-Ju Lee
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do, Korea
| | - Se-Hui Jung
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do, Korea
| | - Su-Hyeon Kim
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do, Korea
| | - Min-Soo Kim
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do, Korea Department of Anesthesiology, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do, Korea
| | - Sungeun Lee
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do, Korea
| | - JongYun Hwang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do, Korea
| | - Soo-Youl Kim
- Cancer Cell and Molecular Biology Branch, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Young-Myeong Kim
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do, Korea
| | - Kwon-Soo Ha
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Identification of transglutaminase 2 kinase substrates using a novel on-chip activity assay. Biosens Bioelectron 2016; 82:40-8. [PMID: 27040940 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.03.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2015] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Transglutaminase 2 (TG2) is an enzyme that plays a critical role in a wide variety of cellular processes through its multifunctional activities. TG2 kinase has emerged as an important regulator of apoptosis, as well as of chromatin structure and function. However, systematic investigation of TG2 kinase substrates is limited due to a lack of a suitable TG2 kinase activity assays. Thus, we developed a novel on-chip TG2 kinase activity assay for quantitative determination of TG2 kinase activity and for screening TG2 kinase substrate proteins in a high-throughput manner. Quantitative TG2 kinase activity was determined by selective detection of substrate protein phosphorylation on the surface of well-type amine arrays. The limit of detection (LOD) of this assay was 4.34μg/ml. We successfully applied this new activity assay to the kinetic analysis of 27 TG2-related proteins for TG2 kinase activity in a high-throughput manner and determined Michaelis-Menten constants (Km) of these proteins. We used the Km values and cellular locations of the TG2-related proteins to construct a substrate affinity map for TG2 kinase. Therefore, this on-chip TG2 kinase activity assay has a strong potential for the systematic investigation of substrate proteins and will be helpful for studying new physiological functions.
Collapse
|
24
|
Yazdani Y, Azari S, Kalhor HR. Expression of Functional Recombinant Human Tissue Transglutaminase (TG2) Using the Bac-to-Bac Baculovirus Expression System. Adv Pharm Bull 2016; 6:49-56. [PMID: 27123417 PMCID: PMC4845553 DOI: 10.15171/apb.2016.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Revised: 12/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Tissue transglutaminase (TG2) is a unique multifunctional enzyme. The enzyme possesses enzymatic activities such as transamidation/crosslinking and non-enzymatic functions such as cell migration and signal transduction. TG2 has been shown to be involved in molecular mechanisms of cancers and several neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease. The present study aimed at cloning and expression of full length human TG2 in Bac-to-Bac baculovirus expression system and evaluation of its activity. METHODS pFastBac HTA donor vector containing coding sequence of human TG2 was constructed. The construct was transformed to DH10Bac for generating recombinant bacmid. The verified bacmid was transfected to insect cell line (Sf9). Expression of recombinant TG2 was examined by RT-PCR, SDS-PAGE and western blot analysis. Functional analysis was evaluated by fluorometric assay and gel electrophoresis. RESULTS Recombinant bacmid was verified by amplification of a band near to 4500 bp. Expression analysis showed that the enzyme was expressed as a protein with a molecular weight near 80 kDa. Western blot confirmed the presence of TG2 and the activity assays including flurometric assay indicated that the recombinant TG2 was functional. The electrophoresis assay conformed that the expressed TG2 was the indeed capable of crosslinking in the presence of physiological concentration calcium ions. CONCLUSION Human TG2 was expressed efficiently in the active biological form in the Bac-to-Bac baculovirus expression system. The expressed enzyme could be used for medical diagnostic, or studies which aim at finding novel inhibitors of the enzymes . To best of our knowledge, this is probably the first report of expression of full length human tissue transglutaminase (TG2) using the Bac-to-Bac expression system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yaghoub Yazdani
- Infectious Diseases Research Center and Laboratory Sciences Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Medical Science Technologies, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Shahram Azari
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Medical Science Technologies, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Hamid Reza Kalhor
- Biochemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Yazdani Y, Azari S, Kalhor HR. Expression of Functional Recombinant Human Tissue Transglutaminase (TG2) Using the Bac-to-Bac Baculovirus Expression System. Adv Pharm Bull 2016; 6:49-56. [PMID: 27123417 PMCID: PMC4845553 DOI: 10.15171/apb.2016.08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Revised: 12/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Tissue transglutaminase (TG2) is a unique multifunctional enzyme. The enzyme possesses enzymatic activities such as transamidation/crosslinking and non-enzymatic functions such as cell migration and signal transduction. TG2 has been shown to be involved in molecular mechanisms of cancers and several neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease. The present study aimed at cloning and expression of full length human TG2 in Bac-to-Bac baculovirus expression system and evaluation of its activity. METHODS pFastBac HTA donor vector containing coding sequence of human TG2 was constructed. The construct was transformed to DH10Bac for generating recombinant bacmid. The verified bacmid was transfected to insect cell line (Sf9). Expression of recombinant TG2 was examined by RT-PCR, SDS-PAGE and western blot analysis. Functional analysis was evaluated by fluorometric assay and gel electrophoresis. RESULTS Recombinant bacmid was verified by amplification of a band near to 4500 bp. Expression analysis showed that the enzyme was expressed as a protein with a molecular weight near 80 kDa. Western blot confirmed the presence of TG2 and the activity assays including flurometric assay indicated that the recombinant TG2 was functional. The electrophoresis assay conformed that the expressed TG2 was the indeed capable of crosslinking in the presence of physiological concentration calcium ions. CONCLUSION Human TG2 was expressed efficiently in the active biological form in the Bac-to-Bac baculovirus expression system. The expressed enzyme could be used for medical diagnostic, or studies which aim at finding novel inhibitors of the enzymes . To best of our knowledge, this is probably the first report of expression of full length human tissue transglutaminase (TG2) using the Bac-to-Bac expression system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yaghoub Yazdani
- Infectious Diseases Research Center and Laboratory Sciences Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Medical Science Technologies, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Shahram Azari
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Medical Science Technologies, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Hamid Reza Kalhor
- Biochemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Lerner A, Aminov R, Matthias T. Dysbiosis May Trigger Autoimmune Diseases via Inappropriate Post-Translational Modification of Host Proteins. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:84. [PMID: 26903965 PMCID: PMC4742538 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut ecosystem with myriads of microorganisms and the high concentration of immune system cells can be considered as a separate organ on its own. The balanced interaction between the host and microbial cells has been shaped during the long co-evolutionary process. In dysbiotic conditions, however, this balance is compromised and results in abnormal interaction between the host and microbiota. It is hypothesize here that the changed spectrum of microbial enzymes involved in post-translational modification of proteins (PTMP) may contribute to the aberrant modification of host proteins thus generating autoimmune responses by the host, resulting in autoimmune diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Lerner
- The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of TechnologyHaifa, Israel; AESKU.KIPP InstituteWendelsheim, Germany
| | - Rustam Aminov
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Aberdeen Aberdeen, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Lerner A, Matthias T. Possible association between celiac disease and bacterial transglutaminase in food processing: a hypothesis. Nutr Rev 2015; 73:544-52. [PMID: 26084478 PMCID: PMC4502714 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuv011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of celiac disease is increasing worldwide, and human tissue transglutaminase has long been considered the autoantigen of celiac disease. Concomitantly, the food industry has introduced ingredients such as microbial transglutaminase, which acts as a food glue, thereby revolutionizing food qualities. Several observations have led to the hypothesis that microbial transglutaminase is a new environmental enhancer of celiac disease. First, microbial transglutaminase deamidates/transamidates glutens such as the endogenous human tissue transglutaminase. It is capable of crosslinking proteins and other macromolecules, thereby changing their antigenicity and resulting in an increased antigenic load presented to the immune system. Second, it increases the stability of protein against proteinases, thus diminishing foreign protein elimination. Infections and the crosslinked nutritional constituent gluten and microbial transglutaminase increase the permeability of the intestine, where microbial transglutaminases are necessary for bacterial survival. The resulting intestinal leakage allows more immunogenic foreign molecules to induce celiac disease. The increased use of microbial transglutaminase in food processing may promote celiac pathogenesis ex vivo, where deamidation/transamidation starts, possibly explaining the surge in incidence of celiac disease. If future research substantiates this hypothesis, the findings will affect food product labeling, food additive policies of the food industry, and consumer health education.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Lerner
- A. Lerner is with the Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition Unit, Carmel Medical Center, B. Rappaport School of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel. T. Matthias is with the Aesku.Kipp Institute, Wendelsheim, Germany.
| | - Torsten Matthias
- A. Lerner is with the Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition Unit, Carmel Medical Center, B. Rappaport School of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel. T. Matthias is with the Aesku.Kipp Institute, Wendelsheim, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Lerner A, Matthias T. Changes in intestinal tight junction permeability associated with industrial food additives explain the rising incidence of autoimmune disease. Autoimmun Rev 2015; 14:479-89. [PMID: 25676324 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2015.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 290] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of autoimmune diseases is increasing along with the expansion of industrial food processing and food additive consumption. The intestinal epithelial barrier, with its intercellular tight junction, controls the equilibrium between tolerance and immunity to non-self-antigens. As a result, particular attention is being placed on the role of tight junction dysfunction in the pathogenesis of AD. Tight junction leakage is enhanced by many luminal components, commonly used industrial food additives being some of them. Glucose, salt, emulsifiers, organic solvents, gluten, microbial transglutaminase, and nanoparticles are extensively and increasingly used by the food industry, claim the manufacturers, to improve the qualities of food. However, all of the aforementioned additives increase intestinal permeability by breaching the integrity of tight junction paracellular transfer. In fact, tight junction dysfunction is common in multiple autoimmune diseases and the central part played by the tight junction in autoimmune diseases pathogenesis is extensively described. It is hypothesized that commonly used industrial food additives abrogate human epithelial barrier function, thus, increasing intestinal permeability through the opened tight junction, resulting in entry of foreign immunogenic antigens and activation of the autoimmune cascade. Future research on food additives exposure-intestinal permeability-autoimmunity interplay will enhance our knowledge of the common mechanisms associated with autoimmune progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Lerner
- Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition Unit, Carmel Medical Center, B, Rappaport School of Medicine, Technion-Israel institute of Technology, Michal St, No. 7, Haifa 34362, Israel.
| | - Torsten Matthias
- Aesku.Kipp Institute, Mikroforum Ring 2, Wendelsheim 55234, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Di Pisa M, Pascarella S, Scrima M, Sabatino G, Real-Fernández F, Chelli M, Renzi D, Calabrò A, D’Ursi AM, Papini AM, Rovero P. Synthetic Peptides Reproducing Tissue Transglutaminase–Gliadin Complex Neo-epitopes as Probes for Antibody Detection in Celiac Disease Patients’ Sera. J Med Chem 2015; 58:1390-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jm5017126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Margherita Di Pisa
- Laboratory
of Peptide and Protein Chemistry and Biology, University of Florence, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Department
of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3/13, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Simona Pascarella
- Laboratory
of Peptide and Protein Chemistry and Biology, University of Florence, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Department
of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, Section
of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Nutraceutics, University of Florence, Via Ugo Schiff 6, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Mario Scrima
- Department
of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, I-84084 Fisciano, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Sabatino
- Laboratory
of Peptide and Protein Chemistry and Biology, University of Florence, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Feliciana Real-Fernández
- Laboratory
of Peptide and Protein Chemistry and Biology, University of Florence, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Department
of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, Section
of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Nutraceutics, University of Florence, Via Ugo Schiff 6, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Mario Chelli
- Laboratory
of Peptide and Protein Chemistry and Biology, University of Florence, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Daniela Renzi
- Department
of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, Gastroenterology
Unit, University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 50, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Antonio Calabrò
- Department
of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, Gastroenterology
Unit, University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 50, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Anna Maria D’Ursi
- Department
of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, I-84084 Fisciano, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Papini
- Laboratory
of Peptide and Protein Chemistry and Biology, University of Florence, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Department
of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3/13, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Paolo Rovero
- Laboratory
of Peptide and Protein Chemistry and Biology, University of Florence, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Department
of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, Section
of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Nutraceutics, University of Florence, Via Ugo Schiff 6, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Lerner A, Blank M. Hypercoagulability in celiac disease--an update. Autoimmun Rev 2014; 13:1138-41. [PMID: 25149392 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2014.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Celiac disease is a life-long autoimmune disease affecting multiple organs of genetically susceptible individuals. One of the extra intestinal manifestations of the disease is thromboembolic events like strokes, veins' thrombosis, and pregnancy losses. Hypercoagulable autoimmune diseases like lupus erythematosus and antiphospholipid syndrome, associated with celiac disease just add risk to the patients. Pathogenic predisposing avenues increasing the hypercoagulability in celiac disease are multiple: nutritional deficiencies (B12, folate, and vitamin K), genetic predisposition (MTHFR mutations), thrombophilic autoantibodies, hyperhomocysinemia, endothelial dysfunction and platelet abnormalities. Primary pharmacologic thromboprophylaxis or treating the predisposing factors should be considered on a personal basis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Lerner
- Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition Unit, Carmel Medical Center, B. Rappaport School of Medicine, Technion-Israel institute of Technology, Haifa 34362, Israel.
| | - Miri Blank
- The Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Ashomer 52621, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Di Pisa M, Buccato P, Sabatino G, Real Fernández F, Berti B, Cocola F, Papini AM, Rovero P. Epitope mapping of the N-terminal portion of tissue transglutaminase protein antigen to identify linear epitopes in celiac disease. J Pept Sci 2014; 20:689-95. [PMID: 24831711 DOI: 10.1002/psc.2650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Revised: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Celiac disease (CD) is an autoimmune mediated disease with complex and multifactorial etiology. Gluten intake triggers a composite immune response involving T-cells and B-cells and leading to the secretion of autoantibodies if a genetic predisposition is present. Untreated CD patients show high levels of circulating autoantibodies directed to different auto-antigens present in the intestinal mucosa. The most important auto-antigen is the endomysial enzyme tissue transglutaminase (tTG). Both IgA and IgG antibody isotypes to tTG are known, but only the IgA antibodies demonstrate the highest disease specificity and thus are considered disease biomarkers. Because the pathogenicity and exact tTG binding properties of these autoantibodies are still unclear, the characterization of tTG antigenic domains is a crucial step in understanding CD onset and the autoimmune pathogenesis. Overlapping peptide libraries can be used for epitope mapping of selected protein portions to determine antigenic fragments contributing to the immunological activity and possibly develop innovative peptide-based tools with high specificity and sensitivity for CD. We performed an epitope mapping study to characterize putative linear auto-antigenic epitopes present in the tTG N-terminal portion (1-230). A library of 23 overlapping peptides spanning tTG(1-230) was generated by Fmoc/tBu solid-phase peptide synthesis and screened by immunoenzymatic assays employing patients' sera. The results indicate that four synthetic peptides, that is, Ac-tTG(1-15)-NH2 , Ac-tTG(41-55)-NH2 , Ac-tTG(51-65)-NH2 , and Ac-tTG(151-165)-NH2 , are recognized by IgA autoantibodies circulating in CD patients' sera. These results offer important insight on the nature of the antigen-antibody interaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Margherita Di Pisa
- Laboratory of Peptide and Protein Chemistry and Biology, University of Florence, I-50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; Department of Chemistry 'Ugo Schiff', University of Florence, I-50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Comparative characterization of direct and indirect substrate probes for on-chip transamidating activity assay of transglutaminases. J Biotechnol 2013; 168:324-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2013.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Revised: 10/05/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
|
33
|
Lerner A, Agmon-Levin N, Shapira Y, Gilburd B, Reuter S, Lavi I, Shoenfeld Y. The thrombophilic network of autoantibodies in celiac disease. BMC Med 2013; 11:89. [PMID: 23556408 PMCID: PMC3616811 DOI: 10.1186/1741-7015-11-89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Accepted: 01/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Celiac disease is a life-long autoimmune condition, affecting genetically susceptible individuals that may present with thromboembolic phenomena. This thrombophilia represents a puzzle with multiple constituents: hyperhomocysteinemia, B12 and\or folate deficiency, methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase mutations, and protein C and S deficiency due to vitamin K deficiency. However, the well known thrombogenic factors, antiphosphatidylserine/prothrombin and antiprothrombin have never been explored in celiac disease. METHODS The serum autoantibody levels were determined in 248 individuals, classified into three groups. Group 1 comprised 70 children with definitive celiac disease (age: 7.04 ±4.3 years, male to female ratio 1.06) and group 2 comprised 88 normal children (age: 6.7 ±4.17 years, male to female ratio 0.87), representing controls. The pediatric populations were compared to group 3, which included 90 adults who were family members (parents) of group 1 (age: 34.6 ±11.35 years, male to female ratio 1.2). Antibodies were checked by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Mean optical density levels of serum antiphosphatidylserine/prothrombin immunoglobulin G antibodies were 32.4 ±19.4, 3.6 ±2.5 and 16.1 ±15.8 absorbance units in groups 1, 2 and 3 respectively (P <0.0001), with 45.7%, 0% and 7.8% of groups 1, 2 and 3 respectively positive for the antibody (P <0.01). Mean optical density levels of serum antiphosphatidylserine/prothrombin immunoglobulin M antibodies were 14.2 ±8.7, 6.7 ±6.4 and 12.4 ±15.5 absorbance units in groups 1, 2 and 3 respectively (P <0.0001), with 7.1%, 3.4% and 9.9% of groups 1, 2 and 3 positive for the antibody. Mean optical density levels of serum antiprothrombin and antiphospholipid immunoglobulin G antibodies were higher in groups 1 and 3 compared with 2 (P <0.005) and in groups 1 and 2 compared with 3 (P <0.01), respectively. Groups 1, 2 and 3 were positive for antiphospholipid immunoglobulin G antibodies (groups 1 and 2 compared with 3) . Celiac disease sera harbor a higher antiprothrombin immunoglobulin G level compared with controls. CONCLUSIONS It is suggested that the intestinal injury, endothelial dysfunction, platelet abnormality and enhanced apoptosis recently described in celiac disease are at the origin of the increased exposure of phospholipids or new epitopes representing autoantigens. Those autoantibodies might play a pathogenic role in the thrombophilia associated with celiac disease and represent markers for potential anticoagulant preventive therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Lerner
- Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition Unit, Carmel Medical Center, B. Rappaport School of Medicine, Technion-Israel institute of Technology, Michal St. No 7, Haifa, 34362, Israel
| | - Nancy Agmon-Levin
- The Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Ashomer, 52621, Israel
| | - Yinon Shapira
- The Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Ashomer, 52621, Israel
| | - Boris Gilburd
- The Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Ashomer, 52621, Israel
| | - Sandra Reuter
- Aira e.v./Aesku.Kipp Institute, Mikroforum Ring 3, Wendelsheim, 55234, Germany
| | - Idit Lavi
- Carmel Medical Center, Epidemiology and Community Medicine, Michal St. No 7, Haifa, 34362, Israel
| | - Yehuda Shoenfeld
- The Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Ashomer, 52621, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Lytton SD, Antiga E, Pfeiffer S, Matthias T, Szaflarska-Poplawska A, Ulaganathan VK, Placek W, Fabbri P, Hall R, Caproni M. Neo-epitope tissue transglutaminase autoantibodies as a biomarker of the gluten sensitive skin disease — Dermatitis herpetiformis. Clin Chim Acta 2013; 415:346-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2012.10.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Revised: 10/29/2012] [Accepted: 10/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
35
|
Conrad K, Roggenbuck D, Ittenson A, Reinhold D, Buettner T, Laass MW. A new dot immunoassay for simultaneous detection of celiac specific antibodies and IgA-deficiency. Clin Chem Lab Med 2012; 50:337-43. [PMID: 22505544 DOI: 10.1515/cclm.2011.760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2011] [Accepted: 09/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study investigated whether a dot immunoassay (DIA) can provide simultaneous detection of anti-tissue transglutaminase (tTG), anti-deamidated gliadin (DG) and total IgA antibodies, as required in the work-up of celiac disease (CD) patients. METHODS Celiac disease patients (n=111) consecutively diagnosed from 2001 to 2011 at the Children's Hospital and Institute of Immunology (Technical University Dresden) were tested for anti-tTG, anti-DG and total IgA by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and DIA retrospectively. Blood donors (n=45) and non-CD individuals with low IgA serum levels (n=8) were included as controls. Antibodies to endomysial antigens (EmA) were assessed by indirect immunofluorescence (IIF). RESULTS Four (3.6%) of 111 CD patients demonstrated an IgA deficiency with total IgA below 50 mg/L by ELISA. Total IgA of the 107 IgA-non-deficient CD patients varied from 70 to 6000 mg/L. All four IgA-deficient CD patients were detected by a reduced reaction control of DIA and demonstrated positive anti-tTG or anti-DG IgG by DIA or ELISA. Detection of anti-tTG and anti-DG by DIA and ELISA showed a very good agreement (IgA: κ=0.972, 0.856, respectively; IgG: 0.921, 0.895, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Immunodot assay is a reliable and easy-to-use technique for the detection of IgA-deficient CD patients. Simultaneous assessment of anti-tTG and anti-DG IgA antibodies, and IgA deficiency by DIA can improve the efficacy of CD serology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karsten Conrad
- Institute of Immunology, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Lerner A, Shapira Y, Agmon-Levin N, Pacht A, Ben-Ami Shor D, López HM, Sanchez-Castanon M, Shoenfeld Y. The clinical significance of 25OH-Vitamin D status in celiac disease. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2012; 42:322-30. [PMID: 21210250 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-010-8237-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Reduced bone mineral density is frequently found especially in adult celiac disease (CD) and dietary guidelines favor vitamin D supplementation in adults and children with CD. Vitamin D serum levels were investigated in CD populations in order to challenge its routine supplementation. Israeli (61), Spanish (59), CD children (groups 1 and 5, respectively) were compared to children with nonspecific abdominal pain (56), their parents (84) and Spanish adult CD patients (22) (group 2, 3, 4, respectively). 25(OH)-vitamin D was checked by LIAISON chemiluminescent immunoassays. Groups 5 and 1 had the highest levels compared to groups 4 and 3 with the lowest levels. The levels in groups 1 and 2 were comparable. Concerning 25(OH)-vitamin D sera levels, only the difference between group 5 and 4 was statistically significant (30.3 ± 12.3 and 20.2 ± 10.5 ng/ml, respectively p=0.003). When vitamin D was splitted above and below 20 ng/ml level, 54.5% of Spanish adult CD had vitamin D deficiency compared to 16.9% of the local CD children (p=0.001). 29.6% of group 2 had deficient levels compared to their parents with 50% (p=0.019). In conclusion, Vitamin D sera levels negatively correlate with age. Thus, mainly adult CD population should be assessed for vitamin D levels and supplemented accordingly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Lerner
- Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition Unit, Carmel Medical Center, B. Rappaport School of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Jung SH, Lee K, Kong DH, Kim WJ, Kim YM, Ha KS. Integrative proteomic profiling of protein activity and interactions using protein arrays. Mol Cell Proteomics 2012; 11:1167-76. [PMID: 22843993 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m112.016964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteomic studies based on abundance, activity, or interactions have been used to investigate protein functions in normal and pathological processes, but their combinatory approach has not been attempted. We present an integrative proteomic profiling method to measure protein activity and interaction using fluorescence-based protein arrays. We used an on-chip assay to simultaneously monitor the transamidating activity and binding affinity of transglutaminase 2 (TG2) for 16 TG2-related proteins. The results of this assay were compared with confidential scores provided by the STRING database to analyze the functional interactions of TG2 with these proteins. We further created a quantitative activity-interaction map of TG2 with these 16 proteins, categorizing them into seven groups based upon TG2 activity and interaction. This integrative proteomic profiling method can be applied to quantitative validation of previously known protein interactions, and in understanding the functions and regulation of target proteins in biological processes of interest.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Se-Hui Jung
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Kangwon-Do, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Catamo E, Segat L, Lenarduzzi S, Petix V, Morgutti M, Crovella S. CD14 polymorphisms correlate with an augmented risk for celiac disease in Italian patients. Genes Immun 2012; 13:489-95. [DOI: 10.1038/gene.2012.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
39
|
Bhattacharyya R, Sharma N, Banerjee D. Design of a peptide for immunodetection of IgA antigliadin antibody for the purpose of screening of celiac disease. Bioinformation 2012; 8:87-91. [PMID: 22359441 PMCID: PMC3282262 DOI: 10.6026/97320630008087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2012] [Accepted: 01/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Celiac disease (CD) is gluten induced enteropathy which requires jejunal biopsy for diagnosis. To select the patients for endoscopoic procedure some serologic tests are popular in clinical practice for screening of CD. Although gliadin is one of the key immuno activator of the disease; serological screening by immuno-detection of gliadin is not recommended. In this context we have designed a peptide using tools of computational biology keeping molecular pathogenesis of the disease into consideration such that antigliadin antibody detection based sensitive and specific cost effective tool for screening of celiac disease can be developed. The designed peptide QPFPEP interacts in a stable manner with dimeric immunoglobin A1 molecule and its parent peptide QPFPQP are sequentially present in maximum number of gliadin epitopes. This hexapeptide is predicted to interact with dimeric IgA1, which increases in the biofluids of the CD patients. ABBREVIATIONS CD - Celiac disease, TT - Tissue transglutamase, IgA - Immunoglobulin A, AGA - antigliadin antibody, Immunoglobulin G - IgG.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rajasri Bhattacharyya
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, (PGIMER) Chandigarh-160012
| | - Neeru Sharma
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, (PGIMER) Chandigarh-160012
| | - Dibyajyoti Banerjee
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, (PGIMER) Chandigarh-160012
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Detection of transglutaminase activity using click chemistry. Amino Acids 2011; 43:1251-63. [PMID: 22180026 PMCID: PMC3418501 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-011-1198-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2011] [Accepted: 12/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Transglutaminase 2 (TG2) is a Ca2+-dependent enzyme able to catalyze the formation of ε(γ-glutamyl)-lysine crosslinks between polypeptides, resulting in high molecular mass multimers. We have developed a bioorthogonal chemical method for the labeling of TG2 glutamine-donor proteins. As amine-donor substrates we used a set of azide- and alkyne-containing primary alkylamines that allow, after being crosslinked to glutamine-donor proteins, specific labeling of these proteins via the azide-alkyne cycloaddition. We demonstrate that these azide- and alkyne-functionalized TG2 substrates are cell permeable and suitable for specific labeling of TG2 glutamine-donor substrates in HeLa and Movas cells. Both the Cu(I)-catalyzed and strain promoted azide-alkyne cycloaddition proved applicable for subsequent derivatization of the TG2 substrate proteins with the desired probe. This new method for labeling TG2 substrate proteins introduces flexibility in the detection and/or purification of crosslinked proteins, allowing differential labeling of cellular proteins.
Collapse
|
41
|
The last two millennias echo-catastrophes are the driving forces for the potential genetic advantage mechanisms in celiac disease. Med Hypotheses 2011; 77:773-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2011.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2011] [Accepted: 07/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
42
|
Caputo I, Lepretti M, Secondo A, Martucciello S, Paolella G, Sblattero D, Barone MV, Esposito C. Anti-tissue transglutaminase antibodies activate intracellular tissue transglutaminase by modulating cytosolic Ca2+ homeostasis. Amino Acids 2011; 44:251-60. [PMID: 22038180 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-011-1120-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2011] [Accepted: 10/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Anti-tissue transglutaminase (tTG) antibodies are specifically produced in the small-intestinal mucosa of celiac disease (CD) patients. It is now recognized that these antibodies, acting on cell-surface tTG, may play an active role in CD pathogenesis triggering an intracellular response via the activation of different signal transduction pathways. In this study, we report that anti-tTG antibodies, both commercial and from a CD patient, induce a rapid Ca(2+) mobilization from intracellular stores in Caco-2 cells. We characterized the mechanism of Ca(2+) release using thapsigargin and carbonylcyanide-p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone, which are able to deplete specifically endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria of Ca(2+), respectively. Our data highlight that both pathways of calcium release were involved, thus indicating that the spectrum of cellular responses downstream can be very wide. In addition, we demonstrate that the increased Ca(2+) level in the cells evoked by anti-tTG antibodies was sufficient to activate tTG, which is normally present as a latent protein due to the presence of low Ca(2+) and to the inhibitory effect of GTP/GDP. Herein, we discuss the importance of intracellular tTG activation as central in the context of CD pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Caputo
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Salerno, via Ponte Don Melillo, 84084 Fisciano (Salerno), Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Kwon MH, Jung SH, Kim YM, Ha KS. Simultaneous Activity Assay of Two Transglutaminase Isozymes, Blood Coagulation Factor XIII and Transglutaminase 2, by Use of Fibrinogen Arrays. Anal Chem 2011; 83:8718-24. [DOI: 10.1021/ac202178g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Hye Kwon
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry and Institute of Medical Science, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-Do 200-701, South Korea
| | - Se-Hui Jung
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry and Institute of Medical Science, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-Do 200-701, South Korea
| | - Young-Myeong Kim
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry and Institute of Medical Science, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-Do 200-701, South Korea
| | - Kwon-Soo Ha
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry and Institute of Medical Science, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-Do 200-701, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Bergamini CM, Collighan RJ, Wang Z, Griffin M. Structure and regulation of type 2 transglutaminase in relation to its physiological functions and pathological roles. ADVANCES IN ENZYMOLOGY AND RELATED AREAS OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2011; 78:1-46. [PMID: 22220471 DOI: 10.1002/9781118105771.ch1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlo M Bergamini
- Deparment of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Ferrara, Italy
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Santonicola A, Iovino P, Cappello C, Capone P, Andreozzi P, Ciacci C. From menarche to menopause: the fertile life span of celiac women. Menopause 2011; 18:1125-30. [PMID: 21646922 DOI: 10.1097/gme.0b013e3182188421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We evaluated menopause-associated disorders and fertile life span in women with celiac disease (CD) under untreated conditions and after long-term treatment with a gluten-free diet. METHODS The participants were 33 women with CD after menopause (untreated CD group), 25 celiac women consuming a gluten-free diet at least 10 years before menopause (treated CD group), and 45 healthy volunteers (control group). The Menopause Rating Scale questionnaire was used to gather information on menopause-associated disorders. The International Physical Activity Questionnaire was used to acquire information on physical activity. RESULTS Untreated celiac women had a shorter duration of fertile life span than did the control women because of an older age of menarche and a younger age of menopause (P < 0.01). The scores for hot flushes, muscle/joint problems, and irritability were higher in untreated celiac women than in the control women (higher by 49.4%, 121.4%, and 58.6%, respectively; P < 0.05). In comparison with untreated CD, long-lasting treatment of CD was not associated with a significant difference in the duration of fertile life span, but was only associated with a significant reduction in muscle/joint problems (a reduction of 47.1%; P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Late menarche and early menopause causes a shorter fertile period in untreated celiac women compared with control women. A gluten-free diet that started at least 10 years before menopause prolongs the fertile life span of celiac women. The perception of intensity of hot flushes and irritability is more severe in untreated celiac women than in controls. Low physical exercise and/or poorer quality of life frequently reported by untreated celiac women might be the cause of reduced discomfort tolerance, thus increasing the subjective perception of menopausal symptoms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Santonicola
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Federico II of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Evidences for a role of protein cross-links in transglutaminase-related disease. Amino Acids 2011; 42:975-86. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-011-1011-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2011] [Accepted: 05/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
|
47
|
Shleikin AG, Danilov NP. Evolutionary-biological peculiarities of transglutaminase. Structure, physiological functions, application. J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2011. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022093011010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
48
|
Vereckei E, Szodoray P, Poor G, Kiss E. Genetic and immunological processes in the pathomechanism of gluten-sensitive enteropathy and associated metabolic bone disorders. Autoimmun Rev 2011; 10:336-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2010.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2010] [Accepted: 12/07/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
49
|
Buchert J, Ercili Cura D, Ma H, Gasparetti C, Monogioudi E, Faccio G, Mattinen M, Boer H, Partanen R, Selinheimo E, Lantto R, Kruus K. Crosslinking Food Proteins for Improved Functionality. Annu Rev Food Sci Technol 2010; 1:113-38. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev.food.080708.100841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Buchert
- VTT Technical Research Center of Finland, Espoo, FI-02044 Finland;
| | | | - Hairan Ma
- VTT Technical Research Center of Finland, Espoo, FI-02044 Finland;
| | | | | | - Greta Faccio
- VTT Technical Research Center of Finland, Espoo, FI-02044 Finland;
| | - Maija Mattinen
- VTT Technical Research Center of Finland, Espoo, FI-02044 Finland;
| | - Harry Boer
- VTT Technical Research Center of Finland, Espoo, FI-02044 Finland;
| | - Riitta Partanen
- VTT Technical Research Center of Finland, Espoo, FI-02044 Finland;
| | | | - Raija Lantto
- VTT Technical Research Center of Finland, Espoo, FI-02044 Finland;
| | - Kristiina Kruus
- VTT Technical Research Center of Finland, Espoo, FI-02044 Finland;
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Abstract
Reproductive problems, such as delayed menarche, amenorrhea, early menopause, infertility, impotence, hypogonadism, recurrent abortions, and low-birth-weight or preterm deliveries, are now known to be among the atypical symptoms of coeliac disease (CD). The pathogenesis of reproductive disorders in CD is unclear, but some hypotheses have been suggested, including autoimmunity and macro- and/or micronutrient deficiency. Recent investigations which have focused on tissue transglutaminase are promising with respect to the clarification of the mechanism of infertility and poor pregnancy outcomes in CD. In this review, the effects of CD on male and female reproductive disorders and pregnancy outcomes are discussed and the need for CD screening in the case of reproductive problems is emphasized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bilge Ozgör
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Inönü University, Malatya, Turkey
| | | |
Collapse
|