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You Y, Missanelli JR, Proctor RM, Haughan J, Robinson MA. Simultaneous quantification and confirmation of oxycodone and its metabolites in equine urine using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2024; 1238:124125. [PMID: 38615430 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2024.124125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Oxycodone, an opioid commonly used to treat pain in humans, has the potential to be abused in racehorses to enhance their performance. To understand the pharmacokinetics of oxycodone and its metabolites in horses, as well as to detect the illegal use of oxycodone in racehorses, a method for quantification and confirmation of oxycodone and its metabolites is needed. In this study, we developed and validated an ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) method that can simultaneously quantify and confirm oxycodone and eight metabolites in equine urine. Samples were subjected to enzymatic hydrolysis and then liquid-liquid extraction using ethyl acetate. The analyte separation was achieved on a Hypersil Gold C18 sub-2 µm column and analytes were detected on a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. The limit of detection (LOD) and lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) were 25-50 pg/mL and 100 pg/mL, respectively. Excellent linearity of the calibration curves was observed over a range of 100-10000 pg/mL for all nine analytes. Retention time, signal-to-noise ratio, and product ion ratios were utilized as confirmation criteria, with the limits of confirmation (LOC) ranging from 100 to 250 pg/mL. The data from a pilot pharmacokinetic (PK) study suggested that oxycodone metabolites have longer detection periods in equine urine compared to oxycodone itself; thus, the detection of metabolites in equine urine extends the ability to detect oxycodone exposure in racehorses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youwen You
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, New Bolton Center Campus, 382 West Street Road, Kennett Square, PA 19348, USA; Pennsylvania Equine Toxicology and Research Laboratory, 220 East Rosedale Avenue, West Chester, PA 19382, USA.
| | - Jaclyn R Missanelli
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, New Bolton Center Campus, 382 West Street Road, Kennett Square, PA 19348, USA; Pennsylvania Equine Toxicology and Research Laboratory, 220 East Rosedale Avenue, West Chester, PA 19382, USA
| | - Rachel M Proctor
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, New Bolton Center Campus, 382 West Street Road, Kennett Square, PA 19348, USA; Pennsylvania Equine Toxicology and Research Laboratory, 220 East Rosedale Avenue, West Chester, PA 19382, USA
| | - Joanne Haughan
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, New Bolton Center Campus, 382 West Street Road, Kennett Square, PA 19348, USA
| | - Mary A Robinson
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, New Bolton Center Campus, 382 West Street Road, Kennett Square, PA 19348, USA; Pennsylvania Equine Toxicology and Research Laboratory, 220 East Rosedale Avenue, West Chester, PA 19382, USA
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2
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Kailasa SK, Wu HF. Recent Advances in Mass Spectrometry for the Identification of Neuro-chemicals and their Metabolites in Biofluids. Curr Neuropharmacol 2013; 11:436-64. [PMID: 24381533 PMCID: PMC3744906 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x11311040007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Revised: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, mass spectrometric related techniques have been widely applied for the identification and quantification of neurochemicals and their metabolites in biofluids. This article presents an overview of mass spectrometric techniques applied in the detection of neurological substances and their metabolites from biological samples. In addition, the advances of chromatographic methods (LC, GC and CE) coupled with mass spectrometric techniques for analysis of neurochemicals in pharmaceutical and biological samples are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh Kumar Kailasa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, S. V. National Institute of Technology, Surat – 395007, India
| | - Hui-Fen Wu
- Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, 80424, Taiwan
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, 800, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, 80424, Taiwan
- Doctoral Degree Program in Marine Biotechnology, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
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3
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Fang WB, Lofwall MR, Walsh SL, Moody DE. Determination of oxycodone, noroxycodone and oxymorphone by high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry in human matrices: in vivo and in vitro applications. J Anal Toxicol 2013; 37:337-44. [PMID: 23743505 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkt042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The opioid analgesic oxycodone is widely abused and increasingly associated with overdose deaths. A sensitive analytical method was developed for oxycodone and its metabolites, noroxycodone and oxymorphone, in human plasma, urine (±enzymatic hydrolysis at 50°C for 16 h) and liver microsomes (HLMs). Liquid-liquid extraction was followed by high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry. The calibration range was 0.2-250 ng/mL for plasma and HLM and 10-5000 ng/mL for urine. Intra- and interrun accuracies were within 13.3% of target; precisions were within 12.8% for all matrices. Recoveries from plasma were: oxycodone, 75.6%; noroxycodone, 37.4% and oxymorphone, 18.2%. Analytes exhibited room temperature stability in plasma and urine up to 24 h, and freeze-thaw stability in plasma up to three cycles. In 24-h hydrolyzed urine from subjects administered intranasal oxycodone (30 mg/70 kg, n = 5), mean concentrations (ng/mL) and % daily doses excreted were: oxycodone, 1150, 6.53%; noroxycodone, 1330, 7.81% and oxymorphone, 3000, 17.1%. Oxycodone incubated with HLM produced more noroxycodone than oxymorphone. With a panel of recombinant human cytochrome P450s (CYPs), CYP2C18 and CYP3A4 produced the most noroxycodone, whereas CYP2D6 produced the most oxymorphone. These results demonstrate a new method suitable for both in vivo and in vitro metabolism and pharmacokinetic studies of oxycodone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenfang B Fang
- 1Center for Human Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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Wang Q, Zhang Y, Ding H, Wu J, Wang L, Zhou L, Pu Q. The use of ethylene glycol solution as the running buffer for highly efficient microchip-based electrophoresis in unmodified cyclic olefin copolymer microchips. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:9422-7. [PMID: 22099226 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.10.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2011] [Revised: 10/25/2011] [Accepted: 10/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
An ethylene glycol solution was used as the electrophoretic running buffer in unmodified cyclic olefin copolymer (COC) microchips to minimize the interactions between the analytes and the hydrophobic walls of the plastic microchannels, enhance the resolution of the analytes and eliminate the uncontrollable dispersion caused by uneven liquid levels and non-uniform surfaces of the separation channels. Five amino acids that were labeled with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) were used as model analytes to examine the separation efficiency. The effects of ethylene glycol concentration, pH and sodium tetraborate concentration were systematically investigated. The five FITC-labeled amino acids were effectively resolved using a COC microchip with an effective length of 2.5 cm under optimum conditions, which included using a running buffer of 20 mmol/L sodium tetraborate in ethylene glycol:water (80:20, v/v), pH 6.7. A theoretical plate number of 4.8 × 10(5)/m was obtained for aspartic acid. The system exhibited good repeatability, and the relative standard deviations (n=5) of the peak areas and migration times were no more than 3.4% and 0.7%, respectively. Furthermore, the system was successfully applied to elucidate these five amino acids in human saliva.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metals Chemistry and Resources Utilization, Gansu Province, Sate Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Lanzhou University, 222 Southern Tianshui Road, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
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5
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Tavakol H, Esfandyari M, Taheri S, Heydari A. Investigation of structure, vibrational and NMR spectra of oxycodone and naltrexone: a combined experimental and theoretical study. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2011; 79:574-582. [PMID: 21549636 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2011.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2009] [Accepted: 03/14/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In this work, two important opioid antagonists, naltrexone and oxycodone, were prepared from thebaine and were characterized by IR, (1)H NMR and (13)C NMR spectroscopy. Moreover, computational NMR and IR parameters were obtained using density functional theory (DFT) at B3LYP/6-311++G** level of theory. Complete NMR and vibrational assignment were carried out using the observed and calculated spectra. The IR frequencies and NMR chemical shifts, determined experimentally, were compared with those obtained theoretically from DFT calculations, showed good agreements. The RMS errors observed between experimental and calculated data for the IR absorptions are 85 and 105 cm(-1), for the (1)H NMR peaks are 0.87 and 0.17 ppm and for those of (13)C NMR are 5.6 and 5.3 ppm, respectively for naltrexone and oxycodone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Tavakol
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, University of Zabol, Mofatteh street, Zabol, Iran.
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6
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Gemba Y, Hashimoto H, Konishi M. Simultaneous Determination of Oxycodone and Noroxycodone in Dog Plasma and Urine by HPLC, with Post‐column Chemiluminescence Detection Using Electrogenerated tris(2,2′‐Bipyridyl) Ruthenium(III). J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2011. [DOI: 10.1081/jlc-120029702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yukako Gemba
- a Shionogi Research Laboratories , Shionogi & Co., Ltd. , 12‐4 Sagisu 5‐Chome, Fukushima‐ku , Osaka , 553‐0002 , Japan
| | - Hiroshi Hashimoto
- a Shionogi Research Laboratories , Shionogi & Co., Ltd. , 12‐4 Sagisu 5‐Chome, Fukushima‐ku , Osaka , 553‐0002 , Japan
| | - Masaharu Konishi
- a Shionogi Research Laboratories , Shionogi & Co., Ltd. , 12‐4 Sagisu 5‐Chome, Fukushima‐ku , Osaka , 553‐0002 , Japan
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7
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Gemba Y, Konishi M, Sakata T, Okabayashi Y. Determination of Oxycodone and Its Metabolite, Noroxycodone, in Human Plasma by HPLC with Post‐column Chemiluminescence Detection Using Electrogenerated Tris(2,2′‐Bipyridyl)ruthenium(III). J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2009. [DOI: 10.1081/jlc-120034095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yukako Gemba
- a Shionogi Research Laboratories , Shionogi & Co., Ltd. , 12‐4 Sagisu 5‐Chome, Fukushima‐ku, Osaka , 553‐0002 , Japan
| | - Masaharu Konishi
- a Shionogi Research Laboratories , Shionogi & Co., Ltd. , 12‐4 Sagisu 5‐Chome, Fukushima‐ku, Osaka , 553‐0002 , Japan
| | - Takako Sakata
- a Shionogi Research Laboratories , Shionogi & Co., Ltd. , 12‐4 Sagisu 5‐Chome, Fukushima‐ku, Osaka , 553‐0002 , Japan
| | - Yoshito Okabayashi
- a Shionogi Research Laboratories , Shionogi & Co., Ltd. , 12‐4 Sagisu 5‐Chome, Fukushima‐ku, Osaka , 553‐0002 , Japan
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8
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Li LJ, Li SG, Li HY, Cai Z, Cheng H. Determination of ephedrine and codeine in human urine by cation-selective exhaustive injection and sweeping micellar electrokinetic chromatography. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2008.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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9
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Pantůčková P, Gebauer P, Boček P, Křivánková L. Electrolyte systems for on-line CE-MS: Detection requirements and separation possibilities. Electrophoresis 2009; 30:203-14. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200800262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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10
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Hernández-Borges J, Borges-Miquel TM, Rodríguez-Delgado MA, Cifuentes A. Sample treatments prior to capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1153:214-26. [PMID: 17098242 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.10.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2006] [Revised: 10/13/2006] [Accepted: 10/30/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Sample preparation is a crucial part of chemical analysis and in most cases can become the bottleneck of the whole analytical process. Its adequacy is a key factor in determining the success of the analysis and, therefore, careful selection and optimization of the parameters controlling sample treatment should be carried out. This work revises the different strategies that have been developed for sample preparation prior to capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry (CE-MS). Namely the present work presents an exhaustive and critical revision of the different samples treatments used together with on-line CE-MS including works published from January 2000 to July 2006.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Hernández-Borges
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, University of La Laguna, Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez s/n, 38071 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain.
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11
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Baldacci A, Thormann W. Capillary electrophoresis contributions to the hydromorphone metabolism in man. Electrophoresis 2006; 27:2444-57. [PMID: 16718649 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200500867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
CE-ESI multistage IT-MS (CE-MS(n), n < or = 4) and computer simulation of fragmentation are demonstrated to be effective tools to detect and identify phase I and phase II metabolites of hydromorphone (HMOR) in human urine. Using the same CE conditions as previously developed for the analysis of urinary oxycodone and its metabolites, HMOR and its phase I metabolites produced by N-demethylation, 6-keto-reduction and N-oxidation and phase II conjugates of HMOR and its metabolites formed with glucuronic acid, glucose, and sulfuric acid could be detected in urine samples of a patient that were collected during a pharmacotherapy episode with daily ingestion of 48 mg of HMOR chloride. The CE-MS(n) data obtained with the HMOR standard, synthesized hydromorphol and hydromorphone-N-oxide, and CYP3A4 in vitro produced norhydromorphone were employed to identify the metabolites. This approach led to the identification of previously unknown HMOR metabolites, including HMOR-3O-glucide and various N-oxides, structures for which no standard compounds or mass spectra library data were available. Furthermore, the separation of alpha- and beta-hydromorphol, the stereoisomers of 6-keto-reduced HMOR, was achieved by CE in the presence of the single isomer heptakis(2,3-diacetyl-6-sulfato)-beta-CD. The obtained data indicate that the urinary excretion of alpha-hydromorphol is larger than that of beta-hydromorphol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Baldacci
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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12
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Servais AC, Crommen J, Fillet M. Capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry, an attractive tool for drug bioanalysis and biomarker discovery. Electrophoresis 2006; 27:2616-29. [PMID: 16817163 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200500934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The coupling of CE with MS detection, a relatively recent hyphenated technique, has gained increasing respect in the field of bioanalytical applications over the past few years. The first part of this review presents CE-MS applications dealing with drug bioanalysis, including forensic analysis and metabolism studies. Practical considerations to achieve a robust and sensitive CE-MS coupling are also presented. It is indeed essential to strictly control some critical electrospray parameters, such as the sheath liquid composition and flow rate, the nebulizing gas pressure as well as the capillary outlet position. The second part of the review critically describes the applications of CE coupled on-line to MS for the identification of biomarkers in body fluids for diagnostic purposes. Since the sample preparation procedures strongly differ according to the intended use (drug bioanalysis or biomarker discovery), they are discussed separately, taking into account the particular properties of plasma and urine matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Catherine Servais
- Department of Analytical Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Liège, Belgium
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13
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Campa C, Coslovi A, Flamigni A, Rossi M. Overview on advances in capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry of carbohydrates: A tabulated review. Electrophoresis 2006; 27:2027-50. [PMID: 16736462 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200500960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The increasing interest for carbohydrates as holder of essential bioinformations has boosted their full characterization through analytical techniques. The intent of this review is to summarize the recent trends regarding on-line and off-line CE-MS coupling for carbohydrate analysis. A statistical survey on the articles that use derivatizing agents as well as on the analyzer and type of instrument coupling (i.e. on- or off-line) is depicted. From a general overview it can be concluded that, whereas derivatization might be useful for the detection of neutral carbohydrates improving separation selectivity with volatile buffers and increasing sensitivity of the MS detection, relatively few works with derivatized carbohydrates were found; this was noticed in particular for glycosides and saccharides carrying ionizable groups, which are normally analyzed without any chemical modification. The most applied coupling is the on-line sheath-liquid interface; for on-line applications, ESI is the sole source used, whilst the most common analyzer is the IT. MS(n) is often exploited, as fragmentation increases the achieved structural information. CE-MS turned out to be mainly used for the analysis of carbohydrates in drug development (i.e. study of oligosaccharides from pathogens, carbohydrate-based drugs and drug metabolites), in nutrition and for characterization of glycans from glycoproteins. The reader will find elucidating tables regarding these recent CE-MS applications, including the main information on the analysis conditions. Comments are meant to help the immediate focus on the usefulness of the analytical technique and predict the difficulties found during analysis and, in case, their overcoming.
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14
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Huck CW, Bakry R, Bonn GK. Progress in capillary electrophoresis of biomarkers and metabolites between 2002 and 2005. Electrophoresis 2006; 27:111-25. [PMID: 16315181 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200500493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Biomarker discovery and metabolite research is a fast-growing and extremely important domain not only for the early detection of certain diseases but also for controlling its progress as well as in pharmaceutical investigations. For the analytical separation and identification, CE plays an indisputable role. Capillary systems enhancing different selectivity are applied and connected to different kind of detection systems. As the choice of buffer and its composition is responsible for a successful separation, special emphasis is put on solvent effects in this review. Altogether the most important capillary electrophoretic techniques applied for biomarker and metabolites analysis published between 2002 and 2005 are summarized and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian W Huck
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Radiochemistry, Leopold-Franzens University, Innsbruck, Austria.
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15
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Klampfl CW. Recent advances in the application of capillary electrophoresis with mass spectrometric detection. Electrophoresis 2006; 27:3-34. [PMID: 16315165 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200500523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
This review gives an overview of applications of CE coupled to MS detection published in the literature of the last three years. The works discussed in this paper comprise a wide range of different fields of application. These include important sections such as the analysis of biomolecules, the analysis of pharmaceuticals and their metabolites in different matrices, environmental analysis, and also investigations on the composition of technical products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian W Klampfl
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria.
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16
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Baldacci A, Thormann W. Analysis of oxycodol and noroxycodol stereoisomers in biological samples by capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2005; 26:1969-77. [PMID: 15832300 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200410301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A capillary electrophoresis (CE) method for the separation of the diastereoisomers of 6-oxycodol (6OCOL) and nor-6-oxycodol (N6OCOL), the 6-keto-reduced metabolites of oxycodone (OCOD) and noroxycodone (NOCOD), respectively, is reported and employed to assess the stereoselectivity of these metabolic steps in vivo, in vitro, and in chemical synthesis. CE in an untreated fused-silica capillary with acidic buffers containing 2-hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin, randomly sulfated beta-cyclodextrin, or single isomer heptakis(2,3-diacetyl-6-sulfato)-beta-cyclodextrin (HDAS-beta-CD) is shown to permit the simultaneous separation of the stereoisomers of 6OCOL and N6OCOL. A 100 mM phosphate buffer of pH 2.0 containing 2.05% w/v HDAS-beta-CD provides a medium for rapid analysis and unambiguous identification of these stereoisomers in solid-phase extracts of (i) urines stemming from patients under pharmacotherapy with OCOD, (ii) incubations of OCOD and NOCOD with human liver cytosol and the human liver S9 fraction, and (iii) after chemical synthesis from OCOD and NOCOD using NaBH(4). In all cases, alpha-N6OCOL is shown to be the predominant stereoisomer of N6OCOL. For 6OCOL, the same is true for in vitro formation and for chemical synthesis. In urine, however, beta-6OCOL is observed to be excreted in a higher amount than alpha-6OCOL. For the urinary alpha-/beta-isomer ratio of 6OCOL and N6OCOL, there are no differences between the data obtained for nonhydrolyzed and enzymatically hydrolyzed urines. The data document the stereoselectivity of the 6-keto-reduction of OCOD and NOCOD in man.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Baldacci
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Bern, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland
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17
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Ohnesorge J, Neusüss C, Wätzig H. Quantitation in capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry. Electrophoresis 2005; 26:3973-87. [PMID: 16252322 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200500398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
CE-MS has evolved into a strong alternative to LC-MS. Most of CE-MS applications deal with characterization and identification. However, quantitative aspects have gained importance in, e.g., pharmaceutical and biotechnological applications. Here we summarize and evaluate various methodological aspects in order to achieve sensitive and reproducible results. Similar to LC-MS, aspects of matrix influence on the electrospray process need to be carefully addressed when quantitative results are intended by CE-MS. Due to a more complicated coupling special emphasis needs to be put on the CE-MS interface. Generally linearity over more than three orders of magnitude can be achieved by CE-ESI-MS. Furthermore, a literature survey has been performed in order to give an overview over quantitative measurements performed by CE-MS. The precision can be doubled when changing from a structural related to an isotopically labeled internal standard. Thus a level of precision better than 5% RSD can be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Ohnesorge
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Chemie, TU Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
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18
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Smyth WF. Recent applications of capillary electrophoresis-electrospray ionisation-mass spectrometry in drug analysis. Electrophoresis 2005; 26:1334-57. [PMID: 15761915 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200406202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A critical review of applications for the period 2000-2004, taken from the Web of Knowledge database, of the technique capillary electrophoresis-electrospray ionisation-mass spectrometry (CE-ESI-MS) in drug analysis is presented. The review is concerned with molecules of mass less than 500 Da, chosen according to selected structural classes in which they give ESI signals primarily as [M+H](+) ions although other ions, such as [M-H](-), [M+Na](+), and [M+NH(4)](+), are also reported. These structural classes are drugs with amine-containing side chains, drugs with N-containing saturated ring structures, 1,4-benzodiazepines, other heterocyclic hypnotics, carbohydrates, sulphonylureas, anthracyclines, sulphonamides, penicillins, cephalosporins, tetracyclines, nitrocatechols, steroids, flavonoids/polyphenols, cannabinols, and miscellaneous molecules. Details are given on the fragmentations, where available, that these ionic species exhibit in-source and in ion-trap, triple quadrupole, and time of flight-mass spectrometers. The review gives a critical evaluation of these recent CE-ESI-MS analytical methods in drug analysis. Analytical information on, for example, sample concentration techniques, CE separation conditions, recoveries from biological media and limits of detection (LODs) are provided. Potential applications of CE-MS to particular drugs or drug classes are also briefly discussed in the text.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Franklin Smyth
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine, Co Derry, Northern Ireland.
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Ohnesorge J, Sänger-van de Griend C, Wätzig H. Quantification in capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry: long- and short-term variance components and their compensation using internal standards. Electrophoresis 2005; 26:2360-75. [PMID: 15924364 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200410413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Different approaches were chosen to examine ionization reproducibility of analytes after separation by capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry (CE-MS) in a commercially available sheath-flow electrospray interface. For this task three different standard samples were examined. Sample 1 contained neostigmine bromide (cationic), paracetamol (PCM) (neutral) and nicotinic acid (anionic component). Results were evaluated using internal standard (IS) calculations. Sample 2 represented an isotopically labelled IS of the quantified substance (PCM/D4-PCM), while sample 3 (neostigmine bromide/scopolamine hydrobromide) provided an IS closely migrating to the tested substance. Furthermore, short-time variations inside the interface were examined by multiple injections of the same substance. For sample 1, the relative standard deviations (RSD%s) were between 8 and 25% (n at least 58) for the peak area ratios. Multiple injected samples gave 5.5-19.4% (n = 25) for peak area RSD%. Using a closely migrating IS, sample 3, RSD%s between 6.5 and 10% (n at least 63) were achieved. With isotopically labelled IS, sample 2, an RSD% of 3-4% was achieved for peak area ratios over long periods (n = 25), for shorter periods (n = 9) even 1-2% RSD% was obtained. Keeping the instrument settings constant, the influence on the ionization efficiency and reproducibility was tested, varying the buffer pH, the organic buffer modifier and the sample concentration. Repeatabilities of migration time and peak area were measured and compared. Two 10 mM ammonium acetate buffers with pH 4.0 and 8.5 were investigated. No influence of buffer pH on peak area reproducibility was found. Isopropanol as organic buffer modifier significantly improved the ionisation leading to larger peak areas, but reduced reproducibility. The basic buffer produced slightly better RSD%s for migration times (2.5-4.0%) (n = 180) and faster analysis for the different test analytes of sample 1, while with the acetic buffer, RSD%s from 3.9 to 6.0% were obtained (n at least 163). The positioning of the capillary turned out to be the crucial parameter to ensure reproducible results. Thus, a procedure was established to ensure a defined ion-intensity level after capillary changes. The investigation of the different sample concentrations gave negligible differences in RSD%, showing that the signal-to-noise ratio was not the crucial parameter for reproducibility here, in contrast to CE-UV detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Ohnesorge
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Chemie, TU Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
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Huang L, Edwards SR, Smith MT. Comparison of the Pharmacokinetics of Oxycodone and Noroxycodone in Male Dark Agouti and Sprague–Dawley Rats: Influence of Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes. Pharm Res 2005; 22:1489-98. [PMID: 16132361 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-005-6154-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2004] [Accepted: 05/26/2005] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aims of this study are to evaluate whether cytochrome P450 (CYP)2D1/2D2-deficient dark agouti (DA) rats and/or CYP2D1/2D2-replete Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats are suitable preclinical models of the human, with respect to mirroring the very low plasma concentrations of metabolically derived oxymorphone seen in humans following oxycodone administration, and to examine the effects of streptozotocin-induced diabetes on the pharmacokinetics of oxycodone and its metabolites, noroxycodone and oxymorphone, in both rodent strains. METHODS High-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry was used to quantify the serum concentrations of oxycodone, noroxycodone, and oxymorphone following subcutaneous administration of bolus doses of oxycodone (2 mg/kg) to groups of nondiabetic and diabetic rats. RESULTS The mean (+/-SEM) areas under the serum concentration vs. time curves for oxycodone and noroxycodone were significantly higher in DA relative to SD rats (diabetic, p<0.05; nondiabetic, p<0.005). Serum concentrations of oxymorphone were very low (<6.9 nM). CONCLUSIONS Both DA and SD rats are suitable rodent models to study oxycodone's pharmacology, as their systemic exposure to metabolically derived oxymorphone (potent micro-opioid agonist) is very low, mirroring that seen in humans following oxycodone administration. Systemic exposure to oxycodone and noroxycodone was consistently higher for DA than for SD rats showing that strain differences predominated over diabetes status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lillian Huang
- School of Pharmacy, University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072 Queensland, Australia
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Huck CW, Stecher G, Scherz H, Bonn G. Analysis of drugs, natural and bioactive compounds containing phenolic groups by capillary electrophoresis coupled to mass spectrometry. Electrophoresis 2005; 26:1319-33. [PMID: 15776479 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200410315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes the use of capillary electrophoresis (CE) coupled to mass spectrometry (MS) for the analysis of phenolic compounds and its latest developments. Special attention is paid to the different interfaces. The instrumental setups are discussed and demonstrated in a high number of real applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian W Huck
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Radiochemistry, Leopold-Franzens University, Innsbruck, Austria.
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Boström E, Jansson B, Hammarlund-Udenaes M, Simonsson USH. The use of liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry for quantitative analysis of oxycodone, oxymorphone and noroxycodone in Ringer solution, rat plasma and rat brain tissue. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2004; 18:2565-2576. [PMID: 15468158 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.1658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Sensitive and reproducible methods for the determination of oxycodone, oxymorphone and noroxycodone in Ringer solution, rat plasma and rat brain tissue by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry are described. Deuterated analogs of the substances were used as internal standards. Samples in Ringer solution were analyzed by direct injection of 10 microL Ringer solution diluted by an equal volume of water. The limit of quantification was 0.5 ng/mL and the method was linear in the range of 0.5-150 ng/mL for all substances. To analyze oxycodone and oxymorphone in rat plasma, 50 microL of plasma were precipitated with acetonitrile, and the supernatant was directly injected onto the column. To analyze oxycodone, oxymorphone and noroxycodone in rat plasma, 100 microL of rat plasma were subjected to a C18 solid-phase extraction (SPE) procedure, before reconstituting in mobile phase and injection onto the column. For both methods the limit of quantification in rat plasma was 0.5 ng/mL and the methods were linear in the range of 0.5-250 ng/mL for all substances. To analyze the content of oxycodone, oxymorphone and noroxycodone in rat brain tissue, 100 microL of the brain homogenate supernatant were subjected to a C18 SPE procedure. The limit of quantification of oxycodone was 20 ng/g brain, and for oxymorphone and noroxycodone 4 ng/g brain, and the method was linear in the range of 20-1000 ng/g brain for oxycodone and 4-1000 ng/g brain for oxymorphone and noroxycodone. All methods utilized a mobile phase of 5 mM ammonium acetate in 45% acetonitrile, and a SB-CN column was used for separation. The total run time of all methods was 9 min. The intra-day precision and accuracy were <11.3% and <+/-14.9%, respectively, and the inter-day precision and accuracy were <14.9% and <+/-6.5%, respectively, for all the concentrations and matrices described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Boström
- Division of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Therapy, Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Box 591, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
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