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Khataee S, Dehghan G, Shaghaghi Z, Khataee A. An enzyme-free sensor based on La-doped CoFe-layered double hydroxide decorated on reduced graphene oxide for sensitive electrochemical detection of urea. Mikrochim Acta 2024; 191:152. [PMID: 38388755 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-024-06221-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
The successful synthesis of La-doped CoFe LDH@rGO nanocomposite is reported combining the advantages of LDH and rGO and shows promising performances in electrochemical sensors. The structure of the obtained nanocomposite was investigated using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction pattern (XRD), and field emission scanning electron microscope images (FE-SEM). Then, it was directly utilized to construct a carbon paste electrode (CPE) for urea detection. The electrochemical performance of the sensor was evaluated by various electrochemical methods. The La-CoFe LDH@rGO electrode exhibited excellent electrocatalytic properties, including a wide linear working range of 0.001-23.5 mM, very high sensitivity of 1.07 ± 0.023 µA µM-1 cm-2, a low detection limit of 0.33 ± 0.11 µM, and rapid response time of 5 s towards urea detection at the working potential of 0.4 V. Furthermore, the sensor displayed a high selectivity in different matrices, appropriate reproducibility, and long shelf life without activity loss during 3 months of storage under ambient conditions. Further tests were performed on serum and milk samples to confirm the capability of the proposed sensor for practical applications, demonstrating a reasonable recovery of 94.8 to 102% with an RSD value below 3%. Consequently, the synergistic effect of each component led to the good electrocatalytic activity of the modified electrode towards urea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simin Khataee
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, 51666-16471, Iran
| | - Gholamrez Dehghan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, 51666-16471, Iran.
| | - Zohreh Shaghaghi
- Coordination Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Alireza Khataee
- Research Laboratory of Advanced Water and Wastewater Treatment Processes, Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, 51666-16471, Iran.
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, 34469, Istanbul, Turkey.
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Zhao Z, Xiao J, Zhang X, Jiang J, Zhang M, Li Y, Li T, Wang J. A Thread-based Micro Device for Continuous Electrochemical Detection of Saliva Urea. Microchem J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2023.108634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
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Roy D, Singh P, Halder S, Chanda N, Mandal S. 3-D printed electrode integrated sensing chip and a PoC device for enzyme free electrochemical detection of blood urea. Bioelectrochemistry 2021; 142:107893. [PMID: 34343778 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2021.107893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Herein we report a novel electrochemical sensing chip and a point-of-care device (PoC) for enzyme-free electrochemical detection of urea in human blood. The electrochemical sensing chip was developed by 3-D printing of conductive Ag ink and subsequent electrodeposition of AuNP-rGO nanocomposite. Material characterization of the sensing chip was conducted to find a plausible mechanism for the electrochemical reaction with urea. Subsequently, the response with varying concentrations of urea in solution and human blood samples was tested. High peak response current (~5 times than that of the highest reported value), low impedance, rapid sensor fabrication procedure, high selectivity towards urea, excellent linear response (R2 = 0.99), high sensitivity of 183 μA mM-1 cm-2, the fast response indicated by high diffusion coefficient, the limit of detection of 0.1 µM, tested shelf life of more than 6 months and recovery rate of >99% ensured the application of the developed sensor chip towards PoC urea detection test kit. A PoC device housing an electronic circuitry following the principles of linear sweep voltammetry and compatible with a sensing chip was developed. A maximum percentage error of 4.86% and maximum RSD of 3.63% confirmed the use of the PoC device for rapid urea measurements in human blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debolina Roy
- Material Processing and Microsystems Laboratory, CSIR-Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute, M.G. Avenue, Durgapur, WB 713209, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Human Resource Development Centre, (CSIR-HRDC) Campus Postal Staff College Area, Sector 19, Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad, UP 201002, India
| | - Preeti Singh
- Material Processing and Microsystems Laboratory, CSIR-Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute, M.G. Avenue, Durgapur, WB 713209, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Human Resource Development Centre, (CSIR-HRDC) Campus Postal Staff College Area, Sector 19, Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad, UP 201002, India
| | - Saurav Halder
- Material Processing and Microsystems Laboratory, CSIR-Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute, M.G. Avenue, Durgapur, WB 713209, India
| | - Nripen Chanda
- Material Processing and Microsystems Laboratory, CSIR-Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute, M.G. Avenue, Durgapur, WB 713209, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Human Resource Development Centre, (CSIR-HRDC) Campus Postal Staff College Area, Sector 19, Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad, UP 201002, India.
| | - Soumen Mandal
- Material Processing and Microsystems Laboratory, CSIR-Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute, M.G. Avenue, Durgapur, WB 713209, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Human Resource Development Centre, (CSIR-HRDC) Campus Postal Staff College Area, Sector 19, Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad, UP 201002, India.
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Near-infrared spectroscopy and chemometric modelling for rapid diagnosis of kidney disease. Sci China Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-016-0092-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Pitiranggon M, Perzanowski MS, Kinney PL, Xu D, Chillrud SN, Yan B. Determining urea levels in exhaled breath condensate with minimal preparation steps and classic LC-MS. J Chromatogr Sci 2013; 52:1026-32. [PMID: 24190872 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmt150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Exhaled breath condensate (EBC) provides a relatively easy, non-invasive method for measuring biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress in the airways. However, the levels of these biomarkers in EBC are influenced, not only by their levels in lung lining fluid but also by the volume of water vapor that also condenses during EBC collection. For this reason, the use of a biomarker of dilution has been recommended. Urea has been proposed and utilized as a promising dilution biomarker due to its even distribution throughout the body and relatively low volatility. Current EBC urea analytical methods either are not sensitive enough, necessitating large volumes of EBC, or are labor intensive, requiring a derivatization step or other pretreatment. We report here a straightforward and reliable LC-MS approach that we developed that does not require derivatization or large sample volume (∼36 µL). An Acclaim mixed-mode hydrophilic interaction chromatography column was selected because it can produce good peak symmetry and efficiently separate urea from other polar and nonpolar compounds. To achieve a high recovery rate, a slow and incomplete evaporation method was used followed by a solvent-phase exchange. Among EBC samples collected from 28 children, urea levels were found to be highly variable, with a relative standard deviation of 234%, suggesting high variability in dilution of the lung lining fluid component of EBC. The limit of detection was found to be 0.036 µg/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masha Pitiranggon
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, NY, USA Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Matthew S Perzanowski
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Patrick L Kinney
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Dongqun Xu
- Institute for Environmental Health and Related Product Safety, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, PR China
| | - Steven N Chillrud
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, NY, USA
| | - Beizhan Yan
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, NY, USA
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Marini JC, Attene-Ramos MS. An improved analytical method for the determination of urea nitrogen isotopomers in biological samples utilizing continuous flow isotope ratio mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2006; 20:3736-40. [PMID: 17099932 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.2788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Over the past few years numerous dual inlet isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) applications have been adapted to continuous flow systems which allow the automation of sample admission and a higher throughput. The isotopomer analysis of urea nitrogen by IRMS requires the offline conversion of urea into nitrogen gas before analysis. The oxidation of urea with LiOBr results in the monomolecular degradation of urea, which preserves the identity of the parent urea molecule, and has to be conducted under vacuum to prevent contamination with atmospheric nitrogen. We have developed an offline system of urea degradation utilizing disposable Exetainers, in which atmospheric nitrogen is displaced by helium. Recovery of urea nitrogen was linear within the range of the standards tested (0 to 420 microg nitrogen) and standard curves for 15N15N-urea standards showed high coefficients of determination (R2 > 0.9998). A small portion of urea degrades in a non-monomolecular fashion and has been shown to depend on the concentration of urea in the sample. Long-term storage of prepared samples showed a decline in 15N15N enrichment, suggesting air contamination. However, samples were stable for 24 h, which allows for the analysis of large sample batches. Interest in urea metabolism, particularly in ruminant species, has increased recently due to the environmental implications of urea and nitrogen excretion by farm animals. This novel analytical method will allow for accurate measurements and the rapid throughput needed in order to support these field studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan C Marini
- US Department of Agriculture/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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de Boo HA, Cranendonk A, Kulik W, Harding JE, Lafeber HN. Whole body protein turnover and urea production of preterm small for gestational age infants fed fortified human milk or preterm formula. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2005; 41:81-7. [PMID: 15990635 DOI: 10.1097/01.mpg.0000161795.15127.2f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate protein metabolism and urea production in preterm small for gestational age neonates fed a preterm formula or fortified human milk. METHODS Ten preterm small for gestational age neonates were fed either their own mother's milk fortified with a powdered protein mineral supplement or a special preterm formula. Protein metabolism was determined using constant steady-state infusion of L-[ring-2H5]phenylalanine and L-[1-13C]valine. Urea production was determined from steady-state [13C]urea kinetics. RESULTS Mean protein intake was 24% higher in the preterm formula group than in the fortified human milk group. No differences in protein turnover, synthesis and breakdown were observed between the two groups, but protein accretion was 71% to 79% higher in the preterm formula group than the fortified human milk group. Urea production rates were not different in the two groups. There was a strong negative correlation between urea production and protein accretion calculated from phenylalanine kinetics but not when calculated from valine kinetics. CONCLUSIONS Preterm formula and fortified human milk appear equally well tolerated by preterm small for gestational age neonates, but protein accretion was higher in the preterm formula group. In preterm small for gestational age infants, both phenylalanine and valine kinetic methods can be used to accurately determine protein metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrina A de Boo
- Department of Pediatrics, Subdivision of Neonatology, Vrije Universiteit Medisch Centrum, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Oosterveld MJS, Gemke RJBJ, Dainty JR, Kulik W, Jakobs C, de Meer K. Minimal sampling protocol for accurate estimation of urea production: a study with oral [13C]urea in fed and fasted piglets. Clin Nutr 2005; 24:97-104. [PMID: 15681107 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2004.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2004] [Accepted: 07/26/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS An oral [13C]urea protocol may provide a simple method for measurement of urea production. The validity of single pool calculations in relation to a reduced sampling protocol was assessed. METHODS In eight fed and five fasted piglets, plasma urea enrichments from a 10 h sampling protocol were measured following an intragastric [13C]urea bolus. Blood [13C]bicarbonate was measured to trace gut [13C]urea oxidation. Two-compartment and regression (single pool) computations were performed. Pool sizes were compared to urea distribution over total body water (TBW). Shorter protocol duration was tested in regression simulations. RESULTS Differences in urea kinetics between fed and fasted piglets did not reach statistical significance. Mean (+/-SE) urea pool from TBW times plasma urea concentration was 2.2+/-0.16 mmol kg(-1). Two-compartment modelling yielded similar results for pool size (despite the oxidation of a small amount of urea tracer). Urea appearance rate was 306+/-18 micromol kg(-1)h(-1). Regression calculations overestimated urea appearance rate vs. compartmental model (P<0.05). When samples <2 h were discarded, results were comparable to compartmental calculations even if protocol length was 6 h (325+/-24 micromol kg(-1)h(-1), NS). CONCLUSIONS Regression calculations using plasma enrichments sampled between 2 and 6 h after oral [13C]urea administration provide accurate rates of urea production, and are not affected by tracer oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiel J S Oosterveld
- Department of Paediatrics, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Current literature in mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2003; 38:1290-1301. [PMID: 14696212 DOI: 10.1002/jms.415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
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Current literature in mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2003; 38:1215-1224. [PMID: 14648831 DOI: 10.1002/jms.414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
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