1
|
Yanli F, Xiang Y. Perspectives on Functional Red Mold Rice: Functional Ingredients, Production, and Application. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:606959. [PMID: 33324390 PMCID: PMC7723864 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.606959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Monacolin K (MK) is a secondary metabolite of the Monascus species that can inhibit cholesterol synthesis. Functional red mold rice (FRMR) is the fermentation product of Monascus spp., which is rich in MK. FRMR is usually employed to regulate serum cholesterol, especially for hypercholesterolemic patients who refuse statins or face statin intolerance. The present perspective summarized the bioactive components of FRMR and their functions. Subsequently, efficient strategies for FRMR production, future challenges of FRMR application, and possible directions were proposed. This perspective helps to understand the present situation and developmental prospects of FRMR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Yanli
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Edible Wild Plants Conservation and Utilization, Hubei Normal University, Huangshi, China
- Hubei Engineering Research Center of Typical Wild Vegetables Breeding and Comprehensive Utilization Technology, Hubei Normal University, Huangshi, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Biology Education, Hubei Normal University, Huangshi, China
- College of Life Sciences, Hubei Normal University, Huangshi, China
| | - Yu Xiang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Edible Wild Plants Conservation and Utilization, Hubei Normal University, Huangshi, China
- Hubei Engineering Research Center of Typical Wild Vegetables Breeding and Comprehensive Utilization Technology, Hubei Normal University, Huangshi, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Biology Education, Hubei Normal University, Huangshi, China
- College of Life Sciences, Hubei Normal University, Huangshi, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Novosvětská L, Chocholouš P, Švec F, Sklenářová H. Fully automated method based on on-line molecularly imprinted polymer solid-phase extraction for determination of lovastatin in dietary supplements containing red yeast rice. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 411:1219-1228. [PMID: 30617392 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-1554-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A fully automated method for the determination of lovastatin in dietary supplements containing red yeast rice has been developed. It uses a sequential injection analysis system combined with solid-phase extraction applying highly selective molecularly imprinted polymer sorbent. A miniaturized column for on-line extraction was prepared by packing 4.5 mg of the sorbent in a 5.0 × 2.5-mm-i.d. cartridge, which was used in the flow manifold. Sequential injection analysis manifold enabled all steps of lovastatin extraction and continuous spectrophotometric detection at 240 nm. A limit of detection of 60 μg g-1, a limit of quantitation of 200 μg g-1, and a linear calibration range of 200-2000 μg g-1 were achieved. Intra-day and inter-day precision values (RSD) were ≤ 6.7% and ≤ 4.9%, respectively, and method recovery values of spiked red yeast rice extracts at 200, 1000, and 2000 μg g-1 concentration levels were 82.9, 95.2, and 87.7%. Our method was used for determination of lovastatin lactone in four dietary supplements containing red yeast rice as a natural source of lovastatin, also known as monacolin K. The extracted samples were subsequently analyzed by the reference UHPLC-MS/MS method. Statistical comparison of results (F test, t test, α = 0.05) obtained by both methods did not reveal significant difference. A substantial advantage of the new automated approach is high sample throughput thanks to the analysis time of 7.5 min, miniaturization via down-scaling the extraction column, and smaller sample and solvent consumption, as well as reduced generation of waste. Graphical abstract ᅟ.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Novosvětská
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203/8, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Chocholouš
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203/8, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - František Švec
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203/8, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Sklenářová
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203/8, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Stolarczyk M, Apola A, Maślanka A, Kwiecień A, Opoka W. Spectrophotometric method for simultaneous determination of valsartan and substances from the group of statins in binary mixtures. ACTA PHARMACEUTICA 2017; 67:463-478. [PMID: 29337671 DOI: 10.1515/acph-2017-0031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Applicability of derivative spectrophotometry for the determination of valsartan in the presence of a substance from the group of statins was checked. The obtained results indicate that the proposed method may be effective by using appropriate derivatives: for valsartan and fluvastatin - D1, D2 and D3, for valsartan and pravastatin - D1 and D3, for valsartan and atorvastatin - D2 and D3. The method was characterized by high sensitivity and accuracy. Linearity was maintained in the following ranges: 9.28-32.48 mg mL-1 for valsartan, 8.16-28.56 mg mL-1 f or fluvastatin, 14.40-39.90 mg mL-1 for atorvastatin and 9.60-48.00 mg mL-1 for pravastatin. Determination coefficients were in the range of 0.989-0.999 depending on the analyte and the order of derivative. The precision of the method was high with RSD from 0.1 to 2.5 % and recovery of individual components was within the range of 100 ± 5 %. The developed method was successfully applied to the determination of valsartan combined with fluvastatin, atorvastatin and pravastatin in laboratory prepared mixtures and in pharmaceutical preparations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariusz Stolarczyk
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry Jagiellonian University Medical College, Faculty of Pharmacy 30-688 Kraków , Poland
| | - Anna Apola
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry Jagiellonian University Medical College, Faculty of Pharmacy 30-688 Kraków , Poland
| | - Anna Maślanka
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry Jagiellonian University Medical College, Faculty of Pharmacy 30-688 Kraków , Poland
| | - Anna Kwiecień
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry Jagiellonian University Medical College, Faculty of Pharmacy 30-688 Kraków , Poland
| | - Włodzimierz Opoka
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry Jagiellonian University Medical College, Faculty of Pharmacy 30-688 Kraków , Poland
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Antal I, Koneracka M, Zavisova V, Kubovcikova M, Kormosh Z, Kopcansky P. Statins Determination: A Review of Electrochemical Techniques. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2017; 47:474-489. [DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2017.1332973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- I. Antal
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Košice, Slovakia
- Lesya Ukrainka Eastern European National University, Lutsk, Ukraine
| | - M. Koneracka
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Košice, Slovakia
| | - V. Zavisova
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Košice, Slovakia
| | - M. Kubovcikova
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Zh. Kormosh
- Lesya Ukrainka Eastern European National University, Lutsk, Ukraine
| | - P. Kopcansky
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Košice, Slovakia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
High resolution mass spectrometry based method applicable for a wide range of 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-coenzyme A reductase inhibitors in blood serum including intermediates and products of the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1489:86-94. [PMID: 28209347 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.01.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Statins belong to the major class of hypolipidemic drugs. They act as competitive inhibitors of 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase, a rate-limiting enzyme in the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway. This inhibition not only leads to the depletion of cholesterol and its fatty acid esters, but also to the depletion of the intermediates of this metabolic pathway (mainly pyrophosphates), which can play an important role in tumor proliferation. The aim of the current study was to establish a versatile multi-analyte method capable of quantitative determination of various currently-used statins, together with free cholesterol (FC), cholesterol esters (CEs), and some key intermediates of the mevalonate pathway occurring in human serum. Various methods of sample preparation were examined in order to minimize the content of potentially interfering serum proteins, and simultaneously to assure acceptable recovery of the target analytes. Following protein precipitation with 2-propanol, separation of the sample components using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem high resolution mass spectrometry (U-HPLC-HRMS/MS) was performed, employing a hyphenated quadrupole Orbitrap mass analyzer. The potential of the developed method was validated on human serum samples from patients treated with statins. This versatile method possesses wide applicability, in both clinical and experimental medicine.
Collapse
|
6
|
Patel M, Kothari C. Critical review of statins: A bio-analytical perspective for therapeutic drug monitoring. Trends Analyt Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2016.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
|
7
|
Abstract
Background: Statins are the microsomal 3-hydroxy-3methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase inhibitors used for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia. Some recent studies revealed also the extra-lipid effects and anticancer activities. Due to the wide incidence of cancer diseases, the number of studies dealing with anticancer statin activities has grown in recent years. Development of one universal multistatin method will be a very convenient way of providing practical and economical multiple statin analysis. Results/methodology: Fast and sensitive methods for determination of seven clinically relevant statins, their interconversion products and metabolites (17 analytes in total) in biological samples using microextraction by packed sorbent for sample preparation and UHPLC–MS/MS for subsequent analysis were developed and validated. Three MS platforms with different ion sources, transfer optics, collision cell technologies and scan speed parameters were compared. Conclusion: Significant differences among the methods were observed in terms of selectivity and sensitivity. Microextraction by packed sorbent was successful in the extraction of all 17 analytes from biological matrix.
Collapse
|
8
|
Hryniewicka M, Starczewska B. The usage of micellar extraction for analysis of fluvastatin in water and wastewater samples. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2015; 106:129-35. [PMID: 25488128 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2014.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Revised: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This work illustrates the development of new procedures for the isolation and preconcentration of fluvastatin (FLU) from aqueous solutions. Micellar extraction (ME) combined with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC-UV) has been successfully applied for this purpose. It was found that the analyte created micelle with anionic sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) and/or with the binary mixture of surfactants nonionic triton X114 (TX114) and cationic tetra-n-butyloammonium bromide (TBAB). The optimal analytical conditions for the proposed extraction procedures (solution pH, concentration of surfactants, centrifugation time and electrolyte type) were ascertained. The calibration curves were recorded. The linearity ranges for FLU, isolated by SDS and the mixture of TX114/TBAB, were 0.21-28.79 μg mL(-1) and 0.21-16.45 μg mL(-1) with limit of detection (LOD) 0.19 μg mL(-1) and 0.14 μg mL(-1), respectively. The recoveries afforded by the proposed methods were high, approximately 97%. These preconcentration procedures were applied for the isolation of the statin from water and wastewater samples taken from the local rivers and wastewater treatment plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Hryniewicka
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Białystok, ul. Hurtowa 1, 15-399 Białystok, Poland.
| | - Barbara Starczewska
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Białystok, ul. Hurtowa 1, 15-399 Białystok, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Al-Badr AA, Mostafa GAE. Pravastatin sodium. PROFILES OF DRUG SUBSTANCES, EXCIPIENTS, AND RELATED METHODOLOGY 2014; 39:433-513. [PMID: 24794911 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800173-8.00008-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Pravastatin sodium is an [HMG-CoA] reductase inhibitor and is a lipid-regulating drug. This monograph includes the description of the drug: nomenclature, formulae, elemental composition, solubility, appearance, and partition coefficient. The uses and the methods that have been reported for the synthesis of this drug are described. The physical methods that were used to characterize the drug are the X-ray powder diffraction pattern, thermal methods, melting point, and differential scanning calorimetry. This chapter also contains the following spectra of the drug: the ultraviolet spectrum, the vibrational spectrum, the nuclear magnetic resonance spectra, and the mass spectrum. The compendial methods of analysis include the British Pharmacopoeia and the United States Pharmacopoeia methods. Other methods of analysis that are included in this profile are spectrophotometric, electrochemical, polarographic, voltammetric and chromatographic, and immunoassay methods. The chapter also contains the pharmacokinetics, metabolism, stability, and articles that reviewed pravastatin sodium manufacturing, characterization, and analysis. One hundred and sixty-two references are listed at the end of this comprehensive profile.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah A Al-Badr
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Gamal A E Mostafa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Silva TA, Zanin H, Vicentini FC, Corat EJ, Fatibello-Filho O. Differential pulse adsorptive stripping voltammetric determination of nanomolar levels of atorvastatin calcium in pharmaceutical and biological samples using a vertically aligned carbon nanotube/graphene oxide electrode. Analyst 2014; 139:2832-41. [DOI: 10.1039/c4an00111g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
11
|
Hryniewicka M, Starczewska B, Syperek I. Micellar extractions with anionic surfactant SDS and the mixture of SDS/OSAS for determination lovastatin in river samples. J Mol Liq 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2013.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
12
|
Chegwin-Angarita C, Jeannette Nieto-Ramirez I, Diaz GJ, Rojas L. JR, Sepúlveda L, Atehortúa L. Evaluation of a method using high performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection for the determination of statins in macromycetes of the genus Pleurotus cultivated by fermentation processes. Talanta 2013; 116:56-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2013.04.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Revised: 04/20/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
13
|
Fukamachi T, Wang X, Mochizuki Y, Maruyama C, Saito H, Kobayashi H. Acidic environments enhance the inhibitory effect of statins on proliferation of synovial cells. Int Immunopharmacol 2013; 17:148-53. [PMID: 23769886 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2013.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Revised: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 06/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Many previous studies in animal models and clinical investigations have suggested that statins are useful chemotherapeutics against rheumatoid arthritis, whereas in vitro experiments using synovial cell lines showed no significant effect of statins on cell proliferation until now. Since synovial fluid in rheumatoid joint knee was found to be acidic, we examined the effect of statins on human synovial sarcoma cell line SW982 cells in acidic medium. Statins suppressed the proliferation of SW982 cells at pH6.7, while the suppression was very weak in pH7.5 medium. It was shown that the suppression was caused by the decrease in geranylgeranyl diphosphate, suggesting that a geranylgeranylated protein(s) has an essential role in cell proliferation of SW982 cells under acidic conditions. Our present data clearly implied that statins had high efficacy against SW982 cells in acidic medium whose pH is close to that of rheumatoid arthritis loci in patients. These results lead us to anticipate that screening of chemicals having high therapeutic efficacy in acidic medium promotes the development of new microenvironment-dependent medicines for chemotherapies against rheumatoid arthritis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiko Fukamachi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Mornar A, Sertić M, Nigović B. Development of a rapid LC/DAD/FLD/MS(n) method for the simultaneous determination of monacolins and citrinin in red fermented rice products. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:1072-1080. [PMID: 23305336 DOI: 10.1021/jf304881g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Red fermented rice is used worldwide by many patients as an alternative therapy for hyperlipidemia; however, the discovery of a toxic fermentation byproduct, citrinin, causes much controversy about the safety of red mold rice products. A new and fast high-performance liquid chromatography method was developed and validated for simultaneous determination of cholesterol-lowering compounds monacolin K (lovastatin), monacolin K hydroxy acid, and other monacolins present in red fermented rice as well as nephrotoxic mycotoxin citrinin in a single run using connected diode array and fluorescence and mass spectrometric detectors. The proposed method was successfully applied for the analysis of red fermented rice food samples and various dietary supplements also containing other natural lipid-lowering agents. The deviations between label content and levels of active compounds found in investigated samples as well as high batch-to-batch variation found in one product indicate that the regular quality control of red fermented rice products is of great importance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Mornar
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, A. Kovačića 1, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Silva TD, Oliveira MA, de Oliveira RB, Vianna-Soares CD. Development and validation of a simple and fast HPLC method for determination of lovastatin, pravastatin and simvastatin. J Chromatogr Sci 2012; 50:831-8. [PMID: 22689902 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bms079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Statins are effective and often-prescribed drugs for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia. This study shows a simple and fast method validation by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography in the linear range 28 to 52 µg/mL to quantify lovastatin, pravastatin sodium or simvastatin in bulk drug or dosage forms. Statins were determined using a C8 endcapped column (250 × 4 mm, 5 µm), isocratic mobile phase of acetonitrile and 0.1% phosphoric acid (65:35), 30°C, ultraviolet-diode array detection at λ 238 nm and 1.5 mL/min flow for lovastatin and simvastatin and 1.0 mL/min for pravastatin sodium. The developed method is fast, simple, reliable and shows appropriate linearity (r > 0.999), accuracy (98.8-101.6%), precision (relative standard deviation <2%) and selectivity toward placebo and/or degradation products in very similar chromatographic conditions for all statins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taízia D Silva
- Pharmaceutical Products Department, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Pres. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, MG, Brazil
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Ho MH, Chiang CP, Liu YF, Kuo MYP, Lin SK, Lai JY, Lee BS. Highly efficient release of lovastatin from poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles enhances bone repair in rats. J Orthop Res 2011; 29:1504-10. [PMID: 21462251 DOI: 10.1002/jor.21421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2010] [Accepted: 03/03/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Lovastatin exhibits higher thermal stability and lower degradation rate than simvastatin. However, the amount of research studying a lovastatin delivery device has been far less than similar research on simvastatin. As a consequence, a high lovastatin release rate system has not been developed. We hypothesized that highly efficient release of lovastatin from poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles in a short-term release (7 days) could provide an effective delivery system for bone repair. This study optimized the emulsion (o/w) technique in the fabrication process for PLGA nanoparticles, thereby producing the first recorded case of a high release rate (97%) of lovastatin. We also calculated the calibration curve of lovastatin using a UV spectrometer. The results demonstrated that the ALPase activity in human osteoblasts could be significantly stimulated by lovastatin carried in PLGA nanoparticles, but was prominently decreased by free lovastatin with the concentration higher than 4 µg/ml. Animal studies showed that the amount of lovastatin contained in 1 mg PLGA was the optimum dosage. These results suggest the new lovastatin-releasing PLGA delivery device exhibits potential for clinical treatment of bony defects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Hua Ho
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10600, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Darwish IA, Al-Obaid ARM, Al-Malaq HA. Generation of a specific polyclonal antibody with high affinity to atorvastatin and its employment in the development of ELISA for determination of atorvastatin in plasma. J Immunoassay Immunochem 2011; 32:57-69. [PMID: 21253970 DOI: 10.1080/15321819.2010.538109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
For the first time, a polyclonal antibody with high affinity to atorvastatin (ATR) was generated. The high specificity of the antibody for ATR among its structural analogues and co-administered therapeutic agents was proved. The antibody was employed in the development of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for quantitation of ATR in plasma. The assay was validated over a working range of 0.2-5 ng/mL. The intra- and interassay precisions were satisfactory; the coefficients of variations were ≤5%. The accuracy of the method was proved as the mean recovery was 96.4 ± 4.3%. The assay can be used in therapeutic monitoring and pharmacokinetic studies for ATR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim A Darwish
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Mornar A, Damić M, Nigović B. Separation, Characterization, and Quantification of Atorvastatin and Related Impurities by Liquid Chromatography-Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry. ANAL LETT 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/00032711003763624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
19
|
Sparidans RW, Iusuf D, Schinkel AH, Schellens JHM, Beijnen JH. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric assay for pravastatin and two isomeric metabolites in mouse plasma and tissue homogenates. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2010; 878:2751-9. [PMID: 20829130 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2010.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2010] [Revised: 08/10/2010] [Accepted: 08/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A bioanalytical assay for pravastatin and two isomeric metabolites, 3'α-isopravastatin and 6'-epipravastatin, was developed and validated. Mouse plasma and tissue homogenates from liver, kidney, brain and heart were pre-treated using protein precipitation with acetonitrile containing deuterated internal standards of the analytes. The extract was diluted with water and injected into the chromatographic system. This system consisted of a polar embedded octadecyl silica column using isocratic elution with formic acid in a water-acetonitrile mixture. The eluate was transferred to an electrospray interface using negative ionization and the analytes were detected and quantified with the selected reaction monitoring mode of a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. The assay was successfully validated in a 3.4-7100ng/ml concentration range for pravastatin, 1.3-2200ng/ml for 3'α-isopravastatin and 0.5-215ng/ml for 6'-epipravastatin using only plasma for calibration. For plasma samples, subjected to full validation, within and between day precisions were 1-7% (9-18% at the LLQ level) and accuracies were between 91% and 103%. For tissue homogenates, subjected to partial validation, within and between day precisions were 2-12% (6-19% at the LLQ level) and accuracies were between 87% and 113% (81 and 113% at the LLQ level). Drug and metabolites were shown to be chemically stable under most relevant analytical conditions. Finally, the assay was successfully applied for a pilot study in mice. After intravenous administration of the drug, all isomeric compounds were found in plasma; however, in liver and kidney homogenate only the parent drug showed levels exceeding the LLQ.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rolf W Sparidans
- Universiteit Utrecht, Faculty of Science, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Section of Biomedical Analysis, Division of Drug Toxicology, Sorbonnelaan 16, 3584 CA Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Sharaf El-Din MMK, Attia KAM, Nassar MWI, Kaddah MMY. Colorimetric determination of simvastatin and lovastatin in pure form and in pharmaceutical formulations. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2010; 76:423-428. [PMID: 20451441 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2010.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2010] [Revised: 03/16/2010] [Accepted: 04/14/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Simple, accurate and precise colorimetric method for the determination of simvastatin and lovastatin in tablets is described. The method is based on the reaction of simvastatin or lovastatin with hydroxylamine in alkaline medium to form the corresponding hydroxamic acid derivatives which, on treatment with ferric ion in acid medium, yield highly colored ferric-chelate complex with maximum absorption at 513nm. Beer's law is obeyed in the concentration ranges 0.04-0.4mgml(-1) for both simvastatin and lovastatin, respectively. Molar absorptivity values, as calculated from Beer's law data, were found to be 1.15x10(3) and 1.09x10(3)lmol(-1)cm(-1) for simvastatin and lovastatin, respectively. Optimal experimental parameters for the reaction have been studied. The validity of the described procedures was assessed. Statistical analysis of the results reflects that the proposed procedures are precise, accurate and easily applicable for the determination of simvastatin and lovastatin in pure form and in pharmaceutical preparation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohie M K Sharaf El-Din
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
A highly sensitive and specific polyclonal antibody-based enzyme immunoassay for therapeutic monitoring and pharmacokinetic studies of atorvastatin. Mikrochim Acta 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-010-0390-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
22
|
|
23
|
Darwish IA, Al-Obaid ARM, Al-Malaq HAM. Preparation of a highly specific polyclonal antibody against and its use in development of ELISA for determination of in plasma. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2009; 1:220-224. [PMID: 32938062 DOI: 10.1039/b9ay00057g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
For therapeutic monitoring and pharmacokinetic studies of the potent hypocholesterolaemic agent fluvastatin (FLV), a specific antibody was required for the development of a sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the accurate determination of FLV in plasma. In this study, a highly specific polyclonal antibody against FLV has been prepared. FLV was coupled to keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) and bovine serum albumin (BSA) using carbodiimide reagent. FLV-KLH conjugate was used as an immunogen. Female 8-weeks old New Zealand white rabbits were immunized with an emulsion of FLV-KLH with Freund's adjuvant. The immune response of the rabbits was monitored by direct ELISA using FLV-BSA immobilized onto microwell plates as a solid phase. The rabbit that showed the highest antibody titer and affinity to FLV was scarified and its sera were collected. The IgG fraction was isolated and purified by affinity chromatography on a protein A column. The specificity of the purified antibody for FLV was evaluated by indirect competitive ELISA using various competitors from the FLV-structural analogues and therapeutic agents used with FLV in a combination therapy. The high affinity of the antibody (IC50 = 150 pg ml-1) enabled the determination of FLV in plasma at concentrations as low as 20 pg ml-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Ali Darwish
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Abdul-Rahman Mohammad Al-Obaid
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Hamoud Abdul-Mohsin Al-Malaq
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Kračun M, Kocijan A, Bastarda A, Grahek R, Plavec J, Kocjan D. Isolation and structure determination of oxidative degradation products of atorvastatin. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2009; 50:729-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2009.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2009] [Revised: 05/24/2009] [Accepted: 06/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
25
|
Lee HB, Peart TE, Svoboda ML, Backus S. Occurrence and fate of rosuvastatin, rosuvastatin lactone, and atorvastatin in Canadian sewage and surface water samples. CHEMOSPHERE 2009; 77:1285-1291. [PMID: 19863993 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.09.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2009] [Revised: 09/28/2009] [Accepted: 09/29/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Rosuvastatin (RST) and atorvastatin (ATO) are prescription drugs and members in the statin family used for the treatment of elevated cholesterol levels. A method using solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) for the determination of ATO, RST and its metabolite rosuvastatin lactone (RSTL) in sewage and surface water samples has been developed. In the influent and effluent samples collected from 11 sewage treatment plants located in Ontario, Canada, ATO, RST, and RSTL were detected in all samples with median concentrations of 166 ng L(-1) (influent) and 77 ng L(-1) (effluent) for ATO, 448 ng L(-1) (influent) and 324 ng L(-1) (effluent) for RST, as well as 158 ng L(-1) (influent) and 41 ng L(-1) (effluent) for RSTL. Due to the inter-conversion between RST and RSTL, the total concentration of RST and RSTL in a sewage sample should be reported. The median removal rate by wastewater treatment was 66% for ATO and 22% for RST and RSTL combined. These statins were quite persistent in sewage. After a storage period of 21 and 62 days, there was only a slight decrease in ATO concentration and no change in the total RST concentrations. These three compounds were also detected in a number of surface water samples at low ng L(-1) concentrations. This is the first reported occurrence and fate of RST and RSTL in the Canadian aquatic environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hing-Biu Lee
- Aquatic Ecosystem Protection Research Branch, Environment Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, ON, Canada.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Validation of a fast liquid chromatography–UV method for the analysis of drugs used in combined cardiovascular therapy in human plasma. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2009; 877:3045-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2009.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2009] [Revised: 07/03/2009] [Accepted: 07/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
27
|
Mignini F, Tomassoni D, Streccioni V, Traini E, Amenta F. Pharmacokinetics and Bioequivalence Study of Two Tablet Formulations of Lovastatin in Healthy Volunteers. Clin Exp Hypertens 2009; 30:95-108. [DOI: 10.1080/10641960801944249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
28
|
Nováková L, Vlcková H, Satínský D, Sadílek P, Solichová D, Bláha M, Bláha V, Solich P. Ultra high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometric detection in clinical analysis of simvastatin and atorvastatin. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2009; 877:2093-103. [PMID: 19540175 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2009.05.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2009] [Revised: 04/24/2009] [Accepted: 05/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Simvastatin and atorvastatin belong to the group of hypolipidemic drugs, more exactly to the second generation of inhibitors of microsomal 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase. They induce a significant reduction in total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and plasma triglycerides, therefore they are widely used in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia even of its severe form-familiar hypercholesterolemia. Simvastatin and atorvastatin as the most widely used statins in clinical treatment and their hydroxy-acid/lactone forms were determined by means of UPLC in connection with triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. Deuterium labeled reference standard compounds were used as internal standards for the quantitation. Separation was performed on Acquity BEH C18 (100 mm x 2.1 mm, 1.7 microm) using gradient elution by mobile phase containing acetonitrile and ammonium acetate pH 4.0, which is convenient in order to prevent interconversion of analytes. ESI in positive mode was used for the ionization of all compounds. Two SRM (selected reaction monitoring) transitions were carefully optimized for each analyte in order to get high sensitivity and selectivity. SPE on Discovery DSC-18 was used as a sample preparation step. Intra-day precision was generally within 10% RSD, while inter-day precision within 15% RSD. Method accuracy expressed as recovery ranged from 75 to 100%. The method was validated with the sensitivity reaching LOQ 0.08-5.46 nmol/l and LOD 0.01-1.80 nmol/l in biological samples. Atorvastatin, simvastatin, its metabolites and hydroxy-acid/lactone forms were monitored in human serum and in lipoprotein fractions (LDL, HDL and VLDL) at patients with end stage renal diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Nováková
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Nigović B, Pavković I. Preconcentration of the lipid-lowering drug lovastatin at a hanging mercury drop electrode surface. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2009. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934809030174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
30
|
Nováková L, Šatínský D, Solich P. HPLC methods for the determination of simvastatin and atorvastatin. Trends Analyt Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2008.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
31
|
|
32
|
Shah RP, Kumar V, Singh S. Liquid chromatography/mass spectrometric studies on atorvastatin and its stress degradation products. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2008; 22:613-622. [PMID: 18247406 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.3403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
A comprehensive mass fragmentation pathway of atorvastatin, which has not been reported so far, was established by subjecting the drug to multi-stage mass spectrometric (MSn) studies. It was used along with liquid chromatography/mass spectrometric (LC/MS) and liquid chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometric (LC/TOFMS) analyses to identify the drug degradation products formed under stress conditions of hydrolysis, oxidation and photolysis. Other than lactone, which is a reported hydrolysis product, six unknown hydrolytic products could be identified, viz., dehydrated drug, dehydrated drug lactone, and diastereomers of the drug, drug lactone, dehydrated drug, and dehydrated drug lactone. Among the two products separated under oxidative conditions, one was lactone, again formed as a result of drug hydrolysis in an acidic environment of peroxide solution. The other was similar to a reported oxidative product. Under photolytic conditions in solution, one new product could be identified, while most of the others matched with those known from the literature. Hence overall a more complete degradation pathway of the drug was established than known at present, by using a stress testing approach and employing LC/MS techniques.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ravi P Shah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar 160 062, Punjab, India
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Valesky RJ, Liu L, Musson DG, Zhao JJ. Automated enzyme inhibition assay method for the determination of atorvastatin-derived HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors in human plasma using radioactivity detection. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2008; 57:61-9. [PMID: 17651990 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2007.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2007] [Accepted: 06/01/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A Tecan-based enzyme inhibition assay has been developed for the determination of atorvastatin-derived 'active' and 'total' (active inhibitors plus atorvastatin lactone and other potential inhibitors following base hydrolysis) 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-Coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitor concentrations in human plasma. Atorvastatin is an inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase, which is a key rate-limiting enzyme in the cholesterol biosynthesis. Previously, atorvastatin-derived HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors were measured via enzyme inhibition assays by manual operation. METHODS In this work, an enzyme assay procedure based on 8-tip Tecan robotics and set-up in a 96-well plate format with customized hardware is presented. Following protein precipitation of the plasma sample, an aliquot of the resulting supernatant is mixed with HMG-CoA reductase and (14)C-labeled HMG-CoA prior to incubation. The product, (14)C-mevalonic acid, is lactonized, separated from unreacted (14)C-substrate, and counted in a liquid scintillation counter. Plasma HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor concentrations are measured against atorvastatin as the standard. Tecan Genesis 150 and 200 robotic workstations were used for the protein precipitation, enzyme incubation, and product separation. RESULTS The standard calibration range for the assay was 0.4-20 ng eq/mL. Intra-day precision (%CV) data for the calibration standard and quality control (QC) samples (n=5 replicates) were both <or=8%, with an accuracy between 88 and 113% of nominal values. Initial inter-day precision of the QC samples was <or=6%, with an accuracy range of 94-111% of nominal values. DISCUSSION The assay procedure provides high throughput analysis of clinical samples to support pharmacokinetic studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Valesky
- Merck Research Laboratories, Department of Drug Metabolism, Sumneytown Pike, WP75B-300, West Point, PA, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Arayne MS, Sultana N, Hussain F, Ali SA. Validated spectrophotometric method for quantitative determination of simvastatin in pharmaceutical formulations and human serum. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2007. [DOI: 10.1134/s106193480706007x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
35
|
Hojjati M, Yamini Y, Khajeh M, Vatanara A. Solubility of some statin drugs in supercritical carbon dioxide and representing the solute solubility data with several density-based correlations. J Supercrit Fluids 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2006.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
36
|
Nirogi R, Mudigonda K, Kandikere V. Chromatography–mass spectrometry methods for the quantitation of statins in biological samples. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2007; 44:379-87. [PMID: 17433599 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2007.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2006] [Revised: 02/06/2007] [Accepted: 02/08/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The 3-hydroxy-3-methyl glutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors, more commonly known as 'statins', are a novel class of drugs widely used for the treatment of hypercholesterolaemia in patients with established cardiovascular disease as well as those at high risk of developing atherosclerosis. Published chromatographic-mass spectrometric methods for the quantification of presently available seven statins, atorvastatin, simvastatin, lovastatin, pravastatin, fluvastatin, rosuvastatin and pitavastatin are reviewed. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in combination with tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) is the analytical technique of choice for the quantification of statins in biological samples. This review envisages that most of the methods used for quantification of statins are in plasma and they are suitable for therapeutic drug monitoring of these drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ramakrishna Nirogi
- Biopharmaceutical Research, Suven Life Sciences Ltd., Serene Chambers, Road # 7, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad 500034, India.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Mohammadi A, Rezanour N, Ansari Dogaheh M, Ghorbani Bidkorbeh F, Hashem M, Walker RB. A stability-indicating high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) assay for the simultaneous determination of atorvastatin and amlodipine in commercial tablets. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2007; 846:215-21. [PMID: 17010681 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2006.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2006] [Revised: 08/30/2006] [Accepted: 09/03/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A simple, rapid, precise and accurate isocratic reversed-phase stability-indicating HPLC method was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of atorvastatin (AT) and amlodipine (AM) in commercial tablets. The method has shown adequate separation for AM, AT from their associated main impurities and their degradation products. Separation was achieved on a Perfectsil Target ODS-3, 5 microm, 250 mm x 4.6 mm i.d. column using a mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile-0.025 M NaH(2)PO(4) buffer (pH 4.5) (55:45, v/v) at a flow rate of 1 ml/min and UV detection at 237 nm. The drugs were subjected to oxidation, hydrolysis, photolysis and heat to apply stress conditions. The linearity of the proposed method was investigated in the range of 2-30 microg/ml (r=0.9994) for AT and 1-20 microg/ml (r=0.9993) for AM. The limits of detection were 0.65 microg/ml and 0.35 microg/ml for AT and AM, respectively. The limits of quantitation were 2 microg/ml and 1 microg/ml for AT and AM, respectively. Degradation products produced as a result of stress studies did not interfere with the detection of AT and AM and the assay can thus be considered stability-indicating.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Mohammadi
- Department of Drug and Food Control, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical Sciences University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Guihen E, Sisk GD, Scully NM, Glennon JD. Rapid analysis of atorvastatin calcium using capillary electrophoresis and microchip electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2006; 27:2338-47. [PMID: 16786480 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200500899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In this work, a capillary electrophoretic method for the rapid quantitation of atorvastatin (AT) in a lipitor tablet was investigated and developed. Method development included studies of the effect of applied potential, buffer concentration, buffer pH, and hydrodynamic injection time on the electrophoretic separation. The method was validated with regard to linearity, precision, specificity, LOD, and LOQ. The optimum electrophoretic separation conditions were 25 mM sodium acetate buffer at pH 6, with a separation voltage of 25 kV using a 50 microm capillary of 33 cm total length. Sodium diclofenac was used as an internal standard. Analysis of AT in a commercial lipitor tablet by electrophoresis gave quite high efficiency, coupled with an analysis time of less than 1.2 min in comparison to LC. Once the separation was optimized on capillary, it was further miniaturized to a microchip platform, with linear imaging UV detection using microchip electrophoresis (MCE). Linear imaging UV detection allowed for real-time monitoring of the analyte movement on chip, so that the optimum separation time could be easily determined. This microchip electrophoretic method was compared to the CE method with regard to speed, efficiency, precision, and LOD. This work represents the most rapid and first reported analysis of AT using MCE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Guihen
- Microseparations Laboratory, Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility (ABCRF), University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Komorsky-Lovrić Š, Nigović B. Electrochemical characterization of simvastatin by abrasive stripping and square-wave voltammetry. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2006.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
40
|
Önal A, Sagirli O. Development of a Selective LC Method for the Determination of Pravastatin Sodium. Chromatographia 2006. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-006-0843-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
41
|
Um SY, Jung SH, Jung SJ, Kim JI, Chung SY, Lee HJ, Han SB, Choi SO. Column-switching high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of fluvastatin in rat plasma by direct injection. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2006; 41:1458-62. [PMID: 16682159 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2006.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2005] [Revised: 03/15/2006] [Accepted: 03/21/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A column-switching high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method has been developed and validated for quantification of fluvastatin in rat plasma. Plasma samples were diluted with an equal volume of mobile phase, i.e. acetonitrile-5 mM potassium phosphate buffer (pH 6.8) (15:85, v/v), and the mixture was directly injected onto the HPLC system. The analyte was enriched in a pre-treatment column, while endogenous components were eluted to waste. The analyte was then back-flushed onto an analytical column and quantified with fluorescence detection (lambdaex=305 nm; lambdaem=390 nm). The standard curve for the drug was linear in the range 0.5-100 ng mL(-1) in rat plasma. The limit of quantitation for plasma was found to be 0.5 ng mL(-1). This method has been fully validated and shown to be specific, accurate and precise. The method is simple and rapid because of a minimized sample preparation and appears to be useful for the pharmacokinetic study of fluvastatin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- So Young Um
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Department of Pharmacology, National Institute of Toxicological Research, Korea Food and Drug Administration, Nokbun-dong 5, Eunpyung-Ku, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Yang DJ, Hwang LS. Study on the conversion of three natural statins from lactone forms to their corresponding hydroxy acid forms and their determination in Pu-Erh tea. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1119:277-84. [PMID: 16388814 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2005] [Revised: 12/03/2005] [Accepted: 12/08/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Conversions of statins, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors, from lactone forms to their corresponding hydroxy acid form in 0.1 N NaOH or 0.05 N KOH (prepared with 25, 50, 75, 90% acetonitrile or methanol in water or 100% water) were evaluated. Results showed that lactone form statins could be transformed almost completely only in alkaline solutions prepared with 25 or 50% acetonitrile. In all methanolic alkaline solutions, lactone form statins could also be converted entirely, nevertheless, they would be further transformed to the methyl ester of the hydroxy acid form and the transformation increased as methanol rises. When lactone and hydroxy acid forms of statins were in methanol, ethyl acetate, 70% acetonitrile in water (with 0.5% acetic acid or no) for 0-48 h at room temperature or in 100 degrees C water for 0-2 h, lactone form statins were converted to their corresponding hydroxy acids, which were raised as time extends and the highest conversions of them were about 35% in 100 degrees C water and 70% acetonitrile, slightly transformed for lactone form statins in 70% acetonitrile (with 0.5% acetic acid) after 8 h, and the other treatments for all statins showed no significant changes. Interferences would be reduced efficiently when statins were extracted from Pu-Erh tea with methanol, ethyl acetate or 100 degrees C water followed by purifying through a C18 solid-phase extraction cartridge. Lovastatin was the only statin found in Pu-Erh tea and the highest content of it was found under ethyl acetate extraction. In ethyl acetate and methanol extracts, lovastatin existed merely as lactone form. The lowest content of lovastatin was found in the 100 degrees C water extract of Pu-Erh tea, however, both of lactone and hydroxy acid forms were found to exist in the extract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deng-Jye Yang
- Department of Health Diet and Restaurant Management, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Li Z, Seeram NP, Lee R, Thames G, Minutti C, Wang HJ, Heber D. Plasma Clearance of Lovastatin Versus Chinese Red Yeast Rice in Healthy Volunteers. J Altern Complement Med 2005; 11:1031-8. [PMID: 16398595 DOI: 10.1089/acm.2005.11.1031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES It is now accepted that inhibition of cholesterol biosynthesis is effective in the primary and secondary prevention of heart disease. However, the perceived side-effects on muscle and liver reduce the general acceptance of statin drug therapy as well as compliance over the long term, which is necessary for prevention efforts to be successful. Chinese red yeast rice (CRYR) is a supplement containing lovastatin (monacolin K), eight other monacolins, pigments, tannins, and other phytochemicals. The authors previously reported on a double- blind placebo-controlled trial of CRYR supplement in 80 individuals demonstrating a significant decrease in cholesterol levels from 250 mg/dL to 210 mg/dL over 8 weeks independent of diet. The current study compared the pharmacokinetics of CRYR with lovastatin at the same bioeffective dose for lowering cholesterol. METHODS Eleven (11) healthy volunteers were randomized to a crossover study taking 2400 mg CRYR or 20 mg of lovastatin. RESULTS The Cmax and area under the curve (AUC) of lovastatin were 22.42 ng/mL, and 80.47 higher than CRYR (p = 0.001 and 0.002, respectively). The Cmax for lovastatin hydroxy-acid was 36.63 ng/mL higher than the Cmax of CRYR hydroxy-acid (p = 0.001). The AUC of lovastatin hydroxy-acid was 258.5 greater than that of CRYR (p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The results suggested that the effect of CRYR on the cholesterol concentration might be caused by the additive and/or synergistic effects of monacolin K with other monacolins and substances in CRYR. It may lead to the ultimate development of a botanical supplement based on CRYR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoping Li
- Center for Human Nutrition, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA90095-1742, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Kircali K, Tunçel M, Aboul-Enein HY. Determination of pravastatin in tablets by capillary electrophoresis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 59:241-4. [PMID: 14987988 DOI: 10.1016/j.farmac.2003.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2003] [Accepted: 11/20/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Pravastatin (PRA) is an inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase enzyme, which is clinically used as a hypolipidemic agent to reduce cholesterol level. A capillary electrophoretic method for the determination of PRA in pharmaceutical tablet formulations is described. PRA and lansoprazole as an internal standard (IS) were well migrated in the background electrolyte of 10 mM borate buffer (pH 8.5) and 10% acetonitrile using a fused silica capillary. The separation was achieved by applying 27.5 kV, detecting at 200 nm and injecting the sample for 0.5 s and with an average migration time (tm) for PRA and IS of 4.7 and 3.9 min, respectively, at ambient temperature. The results were precise and repeatable for areas of the peaks and peak normalization ratio (PNPRA/PNIS). Linearity was found in the concentration range of 1.56-7.78 x 10(-5) M. Intra-day and Inter-day assays were performed and reliable results were obtained. Limit of detection and limit of quantitation were 8 x 10(-6) and 2.4 x 10(-5) M, respectively. The proposed method was successfully applied for the analysis of PRA in the pharmaceutical tablet formulation. The method proved simple, precise and fast since the analysis can be performed in less than 5 min.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevser Kircali
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Eskisehir 26470, Turkey
| | | | | |
Collapse
|