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Dueñas-Mas MJ, Ballesteros-Gómez A, Rubio S. Supramolecular solvent-based microextraction of aryl-phosphate flame retardants in indoor dust from houses and education buildings in Spain. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 733:139291. [PMID: 32450379 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Aryl-phosphate flame retardants (aryl-OPFRs) are flame retardants or plasticizers (among other functions) that can be found in a wide variety of products, from furniture and textiles to cars and electronic equipment. There is an increasing concern about the human exposure to these contaminants due to their ubiquity (as additives they can be easily released from the product to the environment) and potential toxicity. In this study, we investigated the presence of six representative aryl-OPFRs, two well-known aryl-OPFRs (triphenyl phosphate, TPHP and 2-ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate, EHDPP), two novel aryl-OPFRs (cresyl diphenyl phosphate, CDP and isodecyl diphenyl phosphate, IDPP) and two oligomeric aryl-OPFRs [bisphenol A bis(diphenyl phosphate), BDP and resorcinol bis(diphenyl phosphate, RDP] in indoor dust from houses and education buildings from Spain. Sample treatment was carried out by a novel and simple procedure based on supramolecular solvents (SUPRAS) prior to LC-MS/MS analysis. The median Σaryl-OPFRs was two times higher in classrooms than in houses, being particularly high at University classrooms. The most abundant aryl-OPFR in houses was TPHP (median 497 ng·g-1) while EHDPP (median 407 ng·g-1) and IDPP (median 403 ng·g-1) were dominant in classrooms. This is the first study reporting IDPP, BDP and RDP in different education buildings.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Jesús Dueñas-Mas
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemistry and Nanochemistry, Marie Curie Building (Annex), Campus of Rabanales, Universidad de Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Ana Ballesteros-Gómez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemistry and Nanochemistry, Marie Curie Building (Annex), Campus of Rabanales, Universidad de Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain.
| | - Soledad Rubio
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemistry and Nanochemistry, Marie Curie Building (Annex), Campus of Rabanales, Universidad de Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
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Wang X, Zhu Q, Yan X, Wang Y, Liao C, Jiang G. A review of organophosphate flame retardants and plasticizers in the environment: Analysis, occurrence and risk assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 731:139071. [PMID: 32438088 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are used as additives in flame retardants and plasticizers. Due to phase out of several congeners of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), the application of organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs) is continuously increasing over the years. As a consequence, large amounts of OPEs enter the environment. Sewage and solid waste (especially e-waste) treatment plants are the important sources of OPEs released to the environment. Other sources include emissions of OPE-containing materials and vehicle fuel into the atmosphere. OPEs are widely detected in air, dust, water, soil, sediment and sludge. To know the pollution situation of OPEs, a variety of methods on their pretreatment and determination have been developed. We discussed and compared the analytical methods of OPEs, including extraction, purification as well as GC- and LC-based determination techniques. Much attention has been paid to OPEs because some of them are recognized highly toxic to biota, and the toxicological investigations of the most concerned OPEs were summarized. Risk assessments showed that the aquatic and benthic environments in some regions are under considerable ecological risks of OPEs. Finally, we pointed out problems in the current studies on OPEs and provided some suggestions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qingqing Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xueting Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yawei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430056, China
| | - Chunyang Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430056, China.
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430056, China
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Miyake Y, Tokumura M, Nakayama H, Wang Q, Amagai T, Ogo S, Kume K, Kobayashi T, Takasu S, Ogawa K, Kannan K. Simultaneous determination of brominated and phosphate flame retardants in flame-retarded polyester curtains by a novel extraction method. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 601-602:1333-1339. [PMID: 28605852 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.05.249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Revised: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The use of novel brominated flame retardants (BFRs) and phosphate-based flame retardants (PFRs) has increased as substitutes for hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) in many consumer products. To facilitate collection of data on chemicals used as flame retardants in textiles and fabrics, we developed an analytical method using liquid chromatography interfaced with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). We compared two extraction methods, one involving ultrasonic extraction (traditional method) using dichloromethane, toluene or acetone and the other encompassing complete dissolution of textile with 25% 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-propanol/chloroform. The dissolution method extracted up to 204 times more BFRs and PFRs than the traditional ultrasonic extraction. Tris(2,3-dibromopropyl) isocyanurate (TDBP-TAZTO), triphenylphosphine oxide (TPhPO), tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP), tricresyl phosphate (TCsP), and triphenyl phosphate (TPhP) were found in 40 flame-retarded curtain samples purchased from Japanese market in 2014. TDBP-TAZTO was detected in polyester curtains for the first time. Some of the flame-retarded curtain samples did not contain any of the known target analytes, which suggested the presence of other unknown flame retardants in those fabrics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Miyake
- Graduate School of Nutritional and Environmental Science, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Masahiro Tokumura
- Graduate School of Nutritional and Environmental Science, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Hayato Nakayama
- Graduate School of Nutritional and Environmental Science, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Qi Wang
- Graduate School of Nutritional and Environmental Science, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Takashi Amagai
- Graduate School of Nutritional and Environmental Science, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan.
| | - Sayaka Ogo
- Shizuoka Institute of Environment and Hygiene, Shizuoka, Japan
| | | | - Takeshi Kobayashi
- Graduate School of Environment and Information Sciences, Yokohama National University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Shinji Takasu
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kumiko Ogawa
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, State University of New York at Albany, NY, United States; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, State University of New York at Albany, NY, United States; United States and Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science and Experimental Biochemistry Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
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Zhao F, Wan Y, Zhao H, Hu W, Mu D, Webster TF, Hu J. Levels of Blood Organophosphorus Flame Retardants and Association with Changes in Human Sphingolipid Homeostasis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:8896-8903. [PMID: 27434659 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b02474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
While a recent toxicological study has shown that organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs) may disrupt sphingolipid homeostasis, epidemiologic evidence is currently lacking. In this study, a total of 257 participants were recruited from Shenzhen, China. Eleven OPFRs were for the first time simultaneously determined in the human blood samples by ultraperformance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. Six OPFRs, tributyl phosphate (TNBP), 2-ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate (EHDPP), tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCIPP), tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBOEP), triethyl phosphate (TEP), and TPHP, were detectable in at least 90% of participants, with median concentrations of 37.8, 1.22, 0.71, 0.54, 0.49, and 0.43 ng/mL, respectively. Sphingomyelin (SM) levels in the highest quartile of EHDPP, TPHP, TNBP, TBOEP, TEP, and TCIPP were 45.3% [95% confidence interval; 38.1%, 53.0%], 51.9% (45.5%, 58.6%), 153.6% (145.1%, 162.3%), 20.6% (14.5%, 27.0%), 59.0% (52.1%, 66.2%), and 62.8% (55.2%, 70.6%) higher than those in the lowest quartile, respectively, after adjusting for covariates. Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) levels in the highest quartile of EHDPP, TPHP, and TNBP were 36% (-39%, -33%), 16% (-19%, -14%), and 36% (-38%, -33%) lower than those in the lowest quartile, respectively. A similar pattern emerged when exposures were modeled continuously. We for the first time found the associations between OPFRs and changes in human sphingolipid homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanrong Zhao
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yi Wan
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
| | - Haoqi Zhao
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
| | - Wenxin Hu
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
| | - Di Mu
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
| | - Thomas F Webster
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health , Boston, Massachusetts 02118, United States
| | - Jianying Hu
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
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5
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Meyer A, Höffler S, Fischer K. Determination of Trialkyl Phosphates in Wastewater by Solid Phase Extraction–Flow Injection–Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization–Mass Spectrometry. ANAL LETT 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2015.1081918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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6
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Determination of organophosphate flame retardants and plasticizers in lipid-rich matrices using dispersive solid-phase extraction as a sample cleanup step and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 885:183-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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7
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Bridoux MC, Malandain H, Leprince F, Progent F, Machuron-Mandard X. Quantitative analysis of phosphoric acid esters in aqueous samples by isotope dilution stir-bar sorptive extraction combined with direct analysis in real time (DART)-Orbitrap mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 869:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2014] [Revised: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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8
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Ballesteros-Gómez A, Brandsma SH, de Boer J, Leonards PEG. Analysis of two alternative organophosphorus flame retardants in electronic and plastic consumer products: resorcinol bis-(diphenylphosphate) (PBDPP) and bisphenol A bis (diphenylphosphate) (BPA-BDPP). CHEMOSPHERE 2014; 116:10-4. [PMID: 24556545 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.12.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Revised: 12/27/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Following the phase-out of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), organophosphorus flame retardants (PFRs) are increasingly used as alternative flame retardants in many products. Data on the presence of two alternative PFRs in consumer products, resorcinol bis (diphenylphosphate) (PBDPP or RDP) and bisphenol A bis (diphenylphosphate) (BPA-BDPP or BDP) is still scarce or non-existing. In this study we propose a simple extraction method and analysis by liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) coupled to a high resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOF) for plastic consumer products. Detection limits were low enough for trace quantitation in plastic or electronic samples (0.001% and 0.002% w/w for PBDPP and BPA-BDPP, respectively). The APCI source provided better sensitivity and matrix effects than the commonly used ESI source for the analysis of these PFRs. Both PBDPP and BPA-BDPP were detected in 7 of the 12 products purchased in 2012 (at 0.002-0.3% w/w for PBDPP and 0.02-0.18% w/w for BPA-BDPP) while only PBDPP was found in 4 of the 13 products purchased before 2006 (0.005-7.8% w/w). In newly purchased products, PBDPP, BPA-BDPP and triphenyl phosphate (TPHP) were the most frequently detected PFRs. These results support the recent findings of our research group about high concentration levels of PBDPP and BPA-BDPP up to 0.5-1 mg g(-1) in house dust collected on electronic equipment and highlights the need for further research on these two novel PFRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ballesteros-Gómez
- Institute for Environmental Studies, VU University, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - S H Brandsma
- Institute for Environmental Studies, VU University, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J de Boer
- Institute for Environmental Studies, VU University, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - P E G Leonards
- Institute for Environmental Studies, VU University, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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9
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Fernández-Ramos C, Šatínský D, Šmídová B, Solich P. Analysis of trace organic compounds in environmental, food and biological matrices using large-volume sample injection in column-switching liquid chromatography. Trends Analyt Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2014.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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10
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Human biomonitoring of emerging pollutants through non-invasive matrices: state of the art and future potential. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 406:4063-88. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-7748-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Revised: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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11
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Analytical methods for selected emerging contaminants in human matrices—a review. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 404:2555-81. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-6053-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2012] [Revised: 04/04/2012] [Accepted: 04/15/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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12
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Wang XW, Liu JF, Yin YG. Development of an ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method for high throughput determination of organophosphorus flame retardants in environmental water. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:6705-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.07.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2011] [Revised: 07/11/2011] [Accepted: 07/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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13
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Abstract
The importance of sample preparation methods as the first stage in bioanalysis is described. In this article, the sample preparation concept and strategies will be discussed, along with the requirements for good sample preparation. The most widely used sample preparation methods in the pharmaceutical industry are presented; for example, the need for same-day rotation of results from large numbers of biological samples in pharmaceutical industry makes high throughput bioanalysis more essential. In this article, high-throughput sample preparation techniques are presented; examples are given of the extraction and concentration of analytes from biological matrices, including protein precipitation, solid-phase extraction, liquid–liquid extraction and microextraction-related techniques. Finally, the potential role of selective extraction methods, including molecular imprinted phases, is considered.
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Kim JW, Ramaswamy BR, Chang KH, Isobe T, Tanabe S. Multiresidue analytical method for the determination of antimicrobials, preservatives, benzotriazole UV stabilizers, flame retardants and plasticizers in fish using ultra high performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:3511-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2010] [Revised: 04/03/2011] [Accepted: 04/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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15
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Bergh C, Torgrip R, Ostman C. Simultaneous selective detection of organophosphate and phthalate esters using gas chromatography with positive ion chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry and its application to indoor air and dust. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2010; 24:2859-2867. [PMID: 20857446 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
A selective and sensitive method for the simultaneous determination of 14 organophosphate and six phthalate esters using gas chromatography (GC) and mass spectrometry (MS) is presented. Both of these compound classes are frequently found in the indoor environment due to their use as bulk additives in numerous polymers, consumer products and building materials. GC/MS utilizing positive ion chemical ionisation (PICI) in selected reaction monitoring (SRM) mode with isobutane as the reagent gas was found to be the best of the tested methods; it proved superior to electron ionisation (EI) in selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode and to PICI using methane as the reagent gas. The method was applied to indoor air samples collected by active air sampling using solid-phase extraction (SPE) cartridges. Organophosphates and phthalates were simultaneously determined with method detection limits (MDLs) in the range of 0.1-47 ng m(-3). For most compounds the MDLs were ≤0.2 ng m(-3), but due to the presence of some of these ubiquitous indoor air pollutants in the blanks, significantly higher MDLs were observed for a few compounds. Finally, the method was also applied in the screening of a much more complex sample matrix, indoor dust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Bergh
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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16
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Medvedovici A, Albu F, David V. HANDLING DRAWBACKS OF MASS SPECTROMETRIC DETECTION COUPLED TO LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY IN BIOANALYSIS. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2010.484375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrei Medvedovici
- a Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry , University of Bucharest , Bucharest , Romania
| | - Florin Albu
- b Bioanalytical Laboratory , S.C. LaborMed Pharma S.A. , Bucharest , Romania
| | - Victor David
- a Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry , University of Bucharest , Bucharest , Romania
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17
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Rodríguez-Gonzalo E, García-Gómez D, Herrero-Hernández E, Carabias-Martínez R. Automated sample treatment with the injection of large sample volumes for the determination of contaminants and metabolites in urine. J Sep Sci 2010; 33:2240-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201000202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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18
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Albu F, Sora I, Tache F, David V, Medvedovici A. On-Line SPE on Restricted Access Adsorbent for HPLC-MS/MS Analysis of Felodipine in Plasma Samples. ANAL LETT 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/00032710903518740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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19
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Separation of diastereoisomers of Ara-C phosphotriesters using solid phase extraction and HPLC for the study of their decomposition kinetic in cell extracts. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2009; 877:3475-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2009.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2009] [Revised: 07/17/2009] [Accepted: 08/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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20
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Restricted-access media supports for direct high-throughput analysis of biological fluid samples: review of recent applications. Bioanalysis 2009; 1:577-94. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.09.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This review presents an update on the use of restricted-access materials (RAMs) for direct injection of biological samples. The fundamental improvements in the preparation of tailored RAMs and the diversity of applications with these phases are presented. Insights into diminishing the matrix effect by the use of RAM supports in methods by LC–MS and into the low number of methods for enantiomeric separations by direct injections of biological samples are addressed. The diversity of systems that incorporate RAMs for selective sample clean-up or fractionation in proteome and peptidome analysis is also covered.
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21
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Organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers in water and air II. Analytical methodology. Trends Analyt Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2008.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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22
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John H, Worek F, Thiermann H. LC-MS-based procedures for monitoring of toxic organophosphorus compounds and verification of pesticide and nerve agent poisoning. Anal Bioanal Chem 2008; 391:97-116. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-008-1925-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2007] [Revised: 01/25/2008] [Accepted: 01/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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23
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Hyötyläinen T. Principles, developments and applications of on-line coupling of extraction with chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1153:14-28. [PMID: 17196971 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.11.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2006] [Revised: 11/21/2006] [Accepted: 11/29/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
On-line coupling of extraction and chromatographic separation allows the whole analysis to be performed in a closed system. On-line systems are particularly useful when the analytes are labile, the amount of sample is limited, or very high sensitivity is required. Many on-line systems have been developed both for liquid and for solid samples. This review discusses the different instruments that have been constructed and the factors that need to be considered in the coupling. Selected illustrative applications are described to illustrate the potential of the on-line systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuulia Hyötyläinen
- University of Helsinki, Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, P.O. Box 55, FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland.
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24
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Sadílek P, Šatínský D, Solich P. Using restricted-access materials and column switching in high-performance liquid chromatography for direct analysis of biologically-active compounds in complex matrices. Trends Analyt Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2007.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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25
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Bacaloni A, Cavaliere C, Foglia P, Nazzari M, Samperi R, Laganà A. Liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry determination of organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers in drinking and surface waters. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2007; 21:1123-30. [PMID: 17318921 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.2937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
A liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometric method for analyzing organophophorus flame retardants and plasticizers in drinking and environmental waters was developed. Five alkyl phosphates, three chlorinated alkyl phosphates, two aryl phosphate and triphenylphosphine oxide were selected for this study. These compounds were extracted from water samples by a hydrophilic polymeric solid-phase extraction cartridge. Accuracy and precision were evaluated analyzing 0.5 L of water samples spiked at concentrations of 10 and 100 ng/L for drinking water and at 300 and 1000 ng/L for river water. Except for trimethyl phosphate, analyte recoveries were better than 80%, and were not dependent on the type of aqueous matrix in which they were dissolved. At the spike levels considered, within-day precision was between 3 and 12% for tap water and between 4 and 14% for river water, and estimated method quantification limits ranged from 0.2 to 3.9 ng/L. A short survey conducted by analyzing some river water samples (River Tiber) ascertained the presence of ten organophosphorus compounds at concentration levels ranging from a few nanograms per liter to 323 ng/L for tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Bacaloni
- Department of Chemistry, La Sapienza University, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
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Tollbäck J, Tamburro D, Crescenzi C, Carlsson H. Air sampling with Empore solid phase extraction membranes and online single-channel desorption/liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis: Determination of volatile and semi-volatile organophosphate esters. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1129:1-8. [PMID: 16934277 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.05.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2005] [Revised: 05/24/2006] [Accepted: 05/30/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A method for determining organophosphate esters in air samples using C8 Empore solid phase extraction (SPE) membranes has been developed. After the sampling the analytes trapped in the membrane are completely desorbed with methanol, using an extraction cell connected online to the organic modifier channel of a HPLC gradient pump. The addition of water to the mobile phase prior to analytical chromatography ensures that the analytes are refocused and efficiently separated. Sampling with Empore SPE membranes enables the collection of analytes in both the vapour phase and particulate matter. During the air sampling procedure no losses were observed after 24 h of sampling, yielding a total volume of 14.4 m3, even for the most volatile compound used in this investigation (trimethylphosphate). Complete desorption was observed for all the organophosphate esters and recoveries were greater than 95%, with a relative standard deviation of less than 8%. The limits of detection ranged between 0.4 and 19 pg/m3. The effect of particulate matter on the extraction efficiency was investigated in detail by spiking the membranes with reference standard material. It was also found that the SPE membranes could be stored for at least 5 days at room temperature without any evidence of loss. The efficacy of the method was verified using real samples from different common indoor environments. Interestingly, significant quantities of several phosphate esters were found in a NIST standard reference material (urban dust, SRM 1649a).
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Tollbäck
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm S-106 91, Sweden
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Foulon C, Vaccher C, Villard AL, Puy JY, Lefebvre I, Perigaud C, Bonte JP, Goossens JF. Diastereoisomeric resolution of a pronucleotide using solid phase extraction and high performance liquid chromatography: Application to a stereoselective decomposition kinetic in cell extracts. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2006; 42:245-52. [PMID: 16806786 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2006.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2006] [Revised: 03/27/2006] [Accepted: 04/04/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A stereospecific HPLC methodology has been developed for the diastereoisomeric resolution of a mononucleotide prodrug in cell extracts. This method involves the use of solid phase extraction on a C18 cartridge. Diastereoisomers and internal standard resolutions were performed on a cellulose based chiral column (Chiralcel OD-H) used in the normal phase mode. The method was validated in terms of specificity, recovery, linearity (diasteroisomers mixture concentration: 3-60 micromol L(-1)), precision and accuracy and detection limit (1.67 and 1.33 micromol L(-1) for first and second eluted diastereoisomer). This method was applied to the determination of the apparent rate constants of disappearance and half-lives of each stereoisomers. This permits to conclude to the stereoselectivity of the enzymatic activity involved in the decomposition pathway of 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Foulon
- Laboratoire de Chimie Analytique, EA 4034, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Université de LILLE 2, BP 83, 3 rue du Pr. Laguesse, 59006 Lille Cedex, France
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Cassiano NM, Lima VV, Oliveira RV, de Pietro AC, Cass QB. Development of restricted-access media supports and their application to the direct analysis of biological fluid samples via high-performance liquid chromatography. Anal Bioanal Chem 2006; 384:1462-9. [PMID: 16800052 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-005-0253-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A quick overview of published methods for analyzing compounds in complex biological samples reveals that the most difficult step is the clean-up or extraction of a required compound from the matrix. The strategy required to analyze exogenous compounds in biological fluids depends greatly upon the nature of the compound and upon the biomatrix. Coupled-column separation using restricted-access media as the first dimension in order to exclude macromolecules and retain micromolecules has been successfully used for a number of biological fluids. This paper presents the history of the development of restricted-access media supports and of their application to the direct injection of biological fluid samples in high-performance liquid chromatography.
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Affiliation(s)
- N M Cassiano
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Cx. Postal 676, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil
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Rodríguez I, Calvo F, Quintana JB, Rubí E, Rodil R, Cela R. Suitability of solid-phase microextraction for the determination of organophosphate flame retardants and plasticizers in water samples. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1108:158-65. [PMID: 16442119 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2005] [Revised: 12/23/2005] [Accepted: 01/03/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The feasibility of solid-phase microextraction (SPME) for the determination of several organophosphorus flame retardants and plastizicers in water samples by gas chromatography-nitrogen phosphorous detection (GC-NPD) is evaluated. These compounds have a wide range of polarities and volatilities and require a thorough optimisation of the different SPME parameters. Considering also possible contamination and carryover sources, the best compromise microextraction conditions were found to be direct extraction of 22 ml samples, containing 300 mg/ml of NaCl, with a PDMS-DVB coated fibre at room temperature. Although equilibrium was not achieved, an extraction time of 40 min allowed obtaining a good sensitivity (quantification limits between 0.010 and 0.025 ng/ml), comparable to that achieved by solid-phase extraction (SPE) of 1l samples, producing both similar values of precision and accuracy. Furthermore, the SPME method has shown to be free of matrix effects, avoiding the need of employing the standard addition procedure for quantification, and was suitable for the determination of eight of the nine considered compounds. Only tris-(2-ethylhexyl)-phosphate was neither determinable by SPME nor by SPE. Finally, the application of the developed methodology to the analysis of wastewater samples, showed that important concentrations of these compounds (up to 10 ng/ml) have been detected in treated sewage water, being discharged into the aquatic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Rodríguez
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Química, Instituto de Investigación y Análisis Alimentario, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain.
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Shah M, Meija J, Cabovska B, Caruso JA. Determination of phosphoric acid triesters in human plasma using solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography coupled to inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2005; 1103:329-36. [PMID: 16337211 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.11.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2005] [Revised: 11/09/2005] [Accepted: 11/14/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A simple and sensitive method for determination of phosphoric acid triesters at trace levels in human plasma sample is described. In this work, solid-phase microextraction (SPME) is employed as a sample preparation procedure for extraction and pre-concentration of alkyl and aryl phosphates followed by gas chromatography coupled to inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (GC-ICP-MS) for phosphorus-specific and very sensitive determination of these compounds in human plasma. The detection limits from blood plasma were 50 ngL(-1) (tripropyl phosphate), 17 ngL(-1) (tributyl phosphate), 240 ngL(-1) (tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate) and 24 ngL(-1) (triphenyl phosphate). Sample preparation involves plasma deproteinization followed by direct immersion SPME with 65 microm poly(dimethylsiloxane/divinylbenzene) fiber. Extraction was performed at 40 degrees C for 30 min and at pH 7.0 in 10 mM sodium carbonate buffer. The reported method, to our knowledge, describes the first application of SPME with element-specific detection for analysis of phosphoric acid esters. Application of the method to the plasma samples, previously stored in poly(vinyl chloride) plasma bags revealed the presence of triphenyl phosphate, which was further confirmed by SPME GC time-of-flight high-resolution mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Shah
- University of Cincinnati, Department of Chemistry, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0172, USA
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Kong R. 17 LC/MS application in high-throughput adme screen. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/s0149-6395(05)80061-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Papp R, Mullett WM, Kwong E. A method for the direct analysis of drug compounds in plasma using a single restricted access material (RAM) column. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2004; 36:457-64. [PMID: 15522518 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2004.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2004] [Revised: 07/04/2004] [Accepted: 07/12/2004] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We describe an automated approach to analyzing whole plasma samples using online extraction without the need for an analytical column. A single restricted access material (RAM) column provided online extraction and pre-concentration of analytes while effectively removing proteins, salts and other biological materials found in the plasma sample matrix. The reduction in the plasma matrix enabled direct elution of the analytes from the extraction column to the mass spectrometer for selective detection. The precision of the method was evaluated using a proprietary therapeutic agent (Compound A) and was less than 5% over the range of 1-500ng/ml in spiked whole plasma, with an LOQ of 1ng/ml. A side-by-side comparison of RAM results from a pharmacokinetic study in rats was made with a traditional protein precipitation LC-MS method and a correlation of 0.993 was obtained between both methods. The injection-to-injection cycle time for the RAM method was 8min. Further automation was demonstrated by addition and mixing of the internal standard to all samples via an injection program of the autosampler.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Papp
- Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Merck Frosst Center for Therapeutic Research, 16711 Trans-Canada Hwy., Kirkland, Que., Canada H9H 3L1
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