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Lingerih T, Yeshiwas S, Mohamedsaid A, Arega G. Patterns and treatment outcomes of primary bone tumors in children treated at tertiary referral hospital, Ethiopia. BMC Cancer 2024; 24:394. [PMID: 38549062 PMCID: PMC10976724 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-024-12169-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bone tumors account for approximately 6% of all cancers in children. Malignant bone tumors, commonly occurring in children and adolescents, are associated with high mortality and morbidity. The overall survival of children with primary malignant bone tumors is affected by the stage of disease, time of diagnosis, and treatment response. Despite advanced treatment modalities with chemotherapy, surgery, and radiotherapy, bone tumor is the third leading cause of death in children with malignancy. Patients with metastatic disease at diagnosis have poor outcomes compared to localized disease at presentation. The 5-year Overall Survival and event-free survival in children with primary malignant bone tumors were 85.2% and 69.2%. The study aimed to assess the clinicopathological profile and treatment outcomes of children with primary malignant bone tumors in our setup. MATERIALS AND METHODS A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted on 95 children who met the inclusion criteria through structured questionnaire. The collected data were analyzed using a statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 25. P-value < 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. Kaplan Meier survival estimate was used for overall and event-free survival analysis. RESULTS A total of ninety-five patients met the study inclusion criteria and the median age at diagnosis with primary malignant bone tumors was 10 years, with an interquartile range of 8-12 years. The duration of the illness from the onset of symptoms to the oncologic treatment center ranges from three weeks to 2 years with a mean duration of five months. Swelling was the commonest presenting symptom accounting for 95.8% (n = 91). Lower extremity was the commonest primary site of involvement accounting for 55.8% (n = 53) of children with primary malignant bone tumors. Osteosarcoma was the commonest malignant bone tumor constituted 66.3% (n = 63), followed by Ewing sarcoma at 33.7% (n = 32). About 41.2% (n = 39) of children had metastatic disease at presentation and the lung was the commonest site of distant metastasis. The Kaplan Meier survival estimate analysis showed the 1-year and 5-year overall survival probabilities for all pediatric primary malignant bone tumor patients were 65% (95% CI: 0.3-0.56) and 38% (95% CI:0.19-0.47) respectively. The 1-year and 5-year event-free survival probabilities were 55% (95% CI: 0.32-0.73) and 33% (95% CI: 0.10-0.59). The stage of the disease at presentation had a significant association with the outcome (p = 0.023). CONCLUSION Our study showed the mean duration of the illness from the onset of symptoms to the oncologic treatment center was 5 months ranging from 3 weeks to 2 years. More than one-third of the presented with metastatic disease at presentation. The 1-year and 5-year overall survival (OS) probabilities of children with primary malignant bone tumors were low in our setup compared to other studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Temesgen Lingerih
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Debretabor University, School of Medicine, Debretabor, Ethiopia
| | - Sewagegn Yeshiwas
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Addis Ababa University, School of Medicine, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Abdulkadir Mohamedsaid
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Addis Ababa University, School of Medicine, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Gashaw Arega
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Addis Ababa University, School of Medicine, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
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Bordbar M, Sarfaraz A, Haghpanah S, Zekavat O, Zareifar S, Zarei T. The Outcome of Children With Malignant Bone Tumors: A Single-Center Experience. Glob Pediatr Health 2021; 8:2333794X211042238. [PMID: 34471652 PMCID: PMC8404661 DOI: 10.1177/2333794x211042238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant bone tumors (MBT) account for 3% to 5% of cancers in children younger than 15 years. We aimed to report the outcome of children with MBT in 10 years in Southern Iran. During the study period, 100 patients (57 Osteosarcoma, 43 Ewing sarcoma) with an M/F ratio of 1.56 and a median age of 13.8 years (3.8-17.9) were diagnosed. Metastasis occurred in 27% of patients, mostly in the first 3 months of diagnosis. The mean survival time of MBT altogether was 94.1 months (95% CI: 86.5-101.7). The 5-year overall survival and event-free survivals were 85.2% (95% CI: 74%-91.8%) and 69.2% (95% CI: 56%-79%), respectively. Metastasis was the only independent risk factor of death in our study cohort (Hazard ratio 36.7, 95% CI: 4.8-282.6, P = .001) MBT in children mostly occur in adolescent boys. About one-third of them become metastatic, which is significantly associated with poor outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ali Sarfaraz
- Hematology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Sezaneh Haghpanah
- Hematology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Omidreza Zekavat
- Hematology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Soheila Zareifar
- Hematology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Tahereh Zarei
- Hematology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES To study the cancer incidence rates over 10 years (2010-2019), in Lahore, Pakistan. DESIGN An incidence study. SETTING The population-based Punjab Cancer Registry was established in 2005 in Lahore, which is the provincial metropolis of the province of Punjab (five rivers), and is located in the northeast region of Pakistan. The coordinating office of the Registry is located within Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Center. Both the active and passive forms of data collection are used. PARTICIPANTS Residents of the district of Lahore diagnosed with cancer. The average annual population of Lahore was estimated at 11.1 million. OUTCOME MEASURES Cancer counts and incidence rates per 100 000 population, by age-group, sex and cancer site/type, over 10 years. RESULTS In Lahore, from 2010 to 2019, 58 394 incident cases were reported, with the majority seen in females (57.1%). Adults accounted for 92.2%, adolescents 2.2% and children 5.6% of the total cases. Per 100 000 population, the age-standardised incidence rate was 103.4 for females and 65.6 for males. Among females, the highest incidence rates were recorded for breast cancer (76.7) in adults, bone tumour (1.2) in adolescents and lymphoid leukaemia (1.6) in children, and among males, prostate cancer (10.7) in adults, bone tumour (2.2) in young adults and lymphoid leukaemia (2.4) in children. The age-specific incidence rates peaked in the 60-70 year group, reaching a high of 420 per 100 000 in women and 330 per 1 00 000 men. CONCLUSIONS In Lahore, the incidence rates for cancers of the breast, prostate, lymphoid leukaemia and bone were among the highest documented. More cases were recorded in females than in males. The results reported could be used as a reference point for assessing the effectiveness of future interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhana Badar
- Cancer Registry and Clinical Data Management, Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Centre, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Shahid Mahmood
- Cancer Registry and Clinical Data Management, Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Centre, Lahore, Pakistan
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Abbott D, O'Brien S, Farnham JM, Young EL, Yap J, Jones K, Lessnick SL, Randall RL, Schiffman JD, Cannon‐Albright LA. Increased risk for other cancers in individuals with Ewing sarcoma and their relatives. Cancer Med 2019; 8:7924-7930. [PMID: 31670911 PMCID: PMC6912049 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.2575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are few reports of the association of other cancers with Ewing sarcoma in patients and their relatives. We use a resource combining statewide genealogy and cancer reporting to provide unbiased risks. METHODS Using a combined genealogy of 2.3 million Utah individuals and the Utah Cancer Registry (UCR), relative risks (RRs) for cancers of other sites were estimated in 143 Ewing sarcoma patients using a Cox proportional hazards model with matched controls; however, risks in relatives were estimated using internal cohort-specific cancer rates in first-, second-, and third-degree relatives. RESULTS Cancers of three sites (breast, brain, complex genotype/karyotype sarcoma) were observed in excess in Ewing sarcoma patients. No Ewing sarcoma patients were identified among first-, second-, or third-degree relatives of Ewing sarcoma patients. Significantly increased risk for brain, lung/bronchus, female genital, and prostate cancer was observed in first-degree relatives. Significantly increased risks were observed in second-degree relatives for breast cancer, nonmelanoma eye cancer, malignant peripheral nerve sheath cancer, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, and translocation sarcomas. Significantly increased risks for stomach cancer, prostate cancer, and acute lymphocytic leukemia were observed in third-degree relatives. CONCLUSIONS This analysis of risk for cancer among Ewing sarcoma patients and their relatives indicates evidence for some increased cancer predisposition in this population which can be used to individualize consideration of potential treatment of patients and screening of patients and relatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Abbott
- Genetic EpidemiologyDepartment of Internal MedicineUniversity of Utah School of MedicineSalt Lake CityUTUSA
| | | | - James M. Farnham
- Genetic EpidemiologyDepartment of Internal MedicineUniversity of Utah School of MedicineSalt Lake CityUTUSA
| | - Erin L. Young
- Huntsman Cancer InstituteUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUTUSA
| | - Jeffrey Yap
- Huntsman Cancer InstituteUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUTUSA
- Department of Orthopedic SurgeryUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUTUSA
| | - Kevin Jones
- Huntsman Cancer InstituteUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUTUSA
- Department of RadiologyUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUTUSA
| | - Stephen L. Lessnick
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases at Nationwide Children's HospitalDivision of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology/Blood and Marrow TransplantThe Ohio State University College of MedicineColumbusOHUSA
| | | | - Joshua D. Schiffman
- Huntsman Cancer InstituteUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUTUSA
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/OncologyDepartment of PediatricsUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUTUSA
| | - Lisa A. Cannon‐Albright
- Genetic EpidemiologyDepartment of Internal MedicineUniversity of Utah School of MedicineSalt Lake CityUTUSA
- Huntsman Cancer InstituteUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUTUSA
- George E. Wahlen Department of Veterans Affairs Medical CenterSalt Lake CityUTUSA
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Zhi L, Liu D, Wu SG, Li T, Zhao G, Zhao B, Li M. Association of common variants in MTAP with susceptibility and overall survival of osteosarcoma: a two-stage population-based study in Han Chinese. J Cancer 2016; 7:2179-2186. [PMID: 27994653 PMCID: PMC5166526 DOI: 10.7150/jca.16609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is a common malignant tumor, which exists widely in the bone of children and adolescents, and genetic factors may influence its susceptibility. Recently, the gene MTAP has been reported to be associated with OS in a Caucasian population. To investigate the association of common variants in MTAP with OS risk in Han Chinese individuals, we designed a two-stage case-control study with 392 OS patients and 1,578 unrelated healthy controls of Han Chinese individuals. A total of 17 tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were firstly genotyped in the discovery stage, and single-SNP association and haplotypic association analyses have been performed. The SNP rs7023329 was found to be strongly associated with the OS risk (adjusted P = 0.002908), and the results of odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) revealed increased risks from A allele of the SNP on OS (OR=1.33, 95% CI=1.13-1.62). The results were confirmed with a similar pattern in the validation stage (adjusted P = 0.006737, OR=1.49, 95% CI=1.11-2.00). Moreover, haplotypic analyses indicated that one haplotype block containing rs7023329 was significantly associated with OS risk in both stages (both global P<0.0001). The statistically significant association between the rs7023329 genotype and poor survival in OS patients was also observed. To sum up, our results prove that MTAP plays an important role in the etiology of OS, suggesting this gene as a potential genetic modifier for OS development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqiang Zhi
- Department of Orthopedic, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Dan Liu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, the Fifth Hospital of Xi'an, Xi'an, China
| | - Stephen G Wu
- Department of Energy, Environment and Chemical Engineering, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Tianqing Li
- Department of Orthopedic, Xijing Orthopedic Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Guanghui Zhao
- Department of Orthopedic, Hong-hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an, China
| | - Bo Zhao
- Department of Orthopedic, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Meng Li
- Department of Orthopedic, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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Silva DSBS, Raimann PE, Moro T, Picanço JB, Abujamra AL, de Farias CB, Roesler R, Brunetto AL, Alho CS. Neutrality of miniSTR D22S1045 marker by Ewing's sarcoma phenotype. Leg Med (Tokyo) 2013; 15:335-7. [PMID: 24112992 DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2013.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Revised: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Neutrality investigations of markers with forensic use are important to see if a phenotypic trait is being expressed in relation to the alleles of the marker. MiniSTR marker D22S1045 (locus 22q12.3) is localized near the breakpoint region of the EWS gene (22q12.2), which leads to the development of Ewing's Sarcoma. Analyzing allele frequencies and linkage disequilibrium in Ewing's sarcoma patients and non-affected populations, we found that the marker mD22S1045 was neutral when related to Ewing's Sarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah S B S Silva
- Laboratory of Molecular and Human Genetics, Faculty of Biosciences, PUCRS, 90619-900 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Ewing Sarcoma: influence of TP53 Arg72Pro and MDM2 T309G SNPs. Mol Biol Rep 2013; 40:4929-34. [PMID: 23661019 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-013-2593-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2012] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The Ewing Sarcoma is an important tumor of bone and soft tissue. The SNPs Arg72Pro of TP53 and T309G of MDM2 have been associated with many cancer types and have been differently distributed among populations worldwide. Based on a case-control design, this study aimed to assess the role of these SNPs in 24 Ewing Sarcoma patients, compared to 91 control individuals. DNA samples were extracted from blood and genotyped for both SNPs by PCR-RFLP and confirmed by DNA sequencing. The results showed an association between the G allele of the T309G and Ewing Sarcoma (P=0.02). Comparing to the TT carriers, the risk of G allele carriers was 3.35 (95% CI=1.22-9.21) with P=0.02. At the genotypic level, an association of the TT genotype with the control group (P=0.03) was found. Comparing to the TT genotype, the risk of TG and GG was 2.97 (95% CI=1.03-8.58) with P=0.04 and 5.00 (95% CI=1.23-20.34) with P=0.02, respectively. No associations regarding the Arg72Pro SNP were found. Considering that the T309G has been associated with several types of cancer, including sarcomas, our results indicate that this SNP may also be important to Ewing Sarcoma predisposition.
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Ewing's sarcoma: analysis of single nucleotide polymorphism in the EWS gene. Gene 2012; 509:263-6. [PMID: 22925827 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2012.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2012] [Revised: 08/01/2012] [Accepted: 08/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
We aimed to investigate single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the EWS gene breaking region in order to analyze Ewing's sarcoma susceptibility. The SNPs were investigated in a healthy subject population and in Ewing's sarcoma patients from Southern Brazil. Genotyping was performed by TaqMan® assay for allelic discrimination using Real-Time PCR. The analysis of incidence of SNPs or different SNP-arrangements revealed a higher presence of homozygote TT-rs4820804 in Ewing's sarcoma patients (p=0.02; Chi Square Test). About 300 bp from the rs4820804 SNP lies a palindromic hexamer (5'-GCTAGC-3') and three nucleotides (GTC), which were previously identified to be in close vicinity of the breakpoint junction in both EWS and FLI1 genes. This DNA segment surrounding the rs4820804 SNP is likely to indicate a breakpoint region. If the T-rs4820804 allele predisposes a DNA fragment to breakage, homozygotes (TT-rs4820804) would have double the chance of having a chromosome break, increasing the chances for a translocation to occur. In conclusion, the TT-rs4820804 EWS genotype can be associated with Ewing's sarcoma and the SNP rs4820804 can be a candidate marker to understand Ewing's sarcoma susceptibility.
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Cabello RR, Sánchez CJ, Padilla MAD, Navarro JMDLG, Feregrino RR, Vázquez AA, González MH, Feregrino RR. Osteoblastic and fibroblastic multicentric osteosarcoma. BMJ Case Rep 2011; 2011:bcr.06.2011.4413. [PMID: 22674697 DOI: 10.1136/bcr.06.2011.4413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone sarcomas are uncommon tumours, of which osteosarcoma is the least rare, as well as the third most common malignant tumour in childhood, appearing usually between the 10 and 20 years of age. The case the authors present in this work is of a patient suffering from a long-standing condition encompassing skin and soft tissue lesions. After multiple medical treatments, the patient was diagnosed with squamous osteosarcoma, which required aggressive surgical management and chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raúl Romero Cabello
- Department of Infectology, Hospital General de México, Mexico City, Mexico DF, Mexico
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Jones KB, Schiffman JD, Kohlmann W, Randall RL, Lessnick SL, Cannon-Albright LA. Complex genotype sarcomas display familial inheritance independent of known cancer predisposition syndromes. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2011; 20:751-7. [PMID: 21242332 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-10-1174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The low incidence of sarcomas in the general population makes heritable contribution to disease risk difficult to discern beyond highly penetrant Mendelian syndromes. METHODS The Utah Cancer Registry (UCR) and Utah Population Database were interrogated for sarcoma diagnostic codes grouped by genetic type, either complex genotype/karyotype sarcoma or balanced translocation-associated sarcoma. The genealogic index of familiality (GIF) was calculated and relative risks (RR) of disease estimated for first-, second-, and third-degree relatives of sarcoma probands. Cancer patterns in pedigrees of sarcoma probands were examined to rule out known hereditary cancer syndromes. RESULTS A total of 229 balanced translocation type and 1,161 complex genotype type sarcomas with at least three generations of ancestral genealogy data were identified in the UCR. There was no evidence for excess relatedness for the balanced translocation group by using the GIF test (P = 0.657) and no significantly elevated RRs. In the complex genotype group, we observed significantly elevated GIF (P = 0.03). Modest RRs corroborated the GIF analysis, in which excess relatedness existed in distant relationships. No recognized cancer syndromes were identified among high-risk pedigrees. DISCUSSION We identified strong familiality among complex genotype sarcomas, independent from known cancer predisposition syndromes. In the absence of significantly elevated RRs for close relatives, the high GIF argues for a strong genetic-rather than environmental-component to complex genotype sarcoma risk. We observed no significant familial risk of developing balanced translocation-associated sarcomas, but the sample was small. IMPACT There exists yet to be deciphered heritable risk for developing complex genotype sarcomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin B Jones
- Sarcoma Services, Department of Orthopaedics, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
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Randall RL, Lessnick SL, Jones KB, Gouw LG, Cummings JE, Cannon-Albright L, Schiffman JD. Is There a Predisposition Gene for Ewing's Sarcoma? JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2010; 2010:397632. [PMID: 20300555 PMCID: PMC2838402 DOI: 10.1155/2010/397632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2009] [Revised: 12/14/2009] [Accepted: 02/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Ewing's sarcoma is a highly malignant tumor of children and young adults. The molecular mechanisms that underlie Ewing's Sarcoma development are beginning to be understood. For example, most cases of this disease harbor somatic chromosomal translocations that fuse the EWSR1 gene on chromosome 22 with members of the ETS family. While some cooperative genetic events have been identified, such as mutations in TP53 or deletions of the CDKN2A locus, these appear to be absent in the vast majority of cases. It is therefore uncertain whether EWS/ETS translocations are the only consistently present alteration in this tumor, or whether there are other recurrent abnormalities yet to be discovered. One method to discover such mutations is to identify familial cases of Ewing's sarcoma and to then map the susceptibility locus using traditional genetic mapping techniques. Although cases of sibling pairs with Ewing's sarcoma exist, familial cases of Ewing's sarcoma have not been reported. While Ewing's sarcoma has been reported as a 2nd malignancy after retinoblastoma, significant associations of Ewing's sarcoma with classic tumor susceptibility syndromes have not been identified. We will review the current evidence, or lack thereof, regarding the potential of a heritable condition predisposing to Ewing's sarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. L. Randall
- Sarcoma Services, Department of Orthopaedics, Huntsman Cancer Institute and Primary, Children's Medical Center, The University of Utah, Utah, UT 84112, USA
| | - S. L. Lessnick
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Center for Children's Cancer Research, Huntsman Cancer Institute, The University of Utah, Utah, UT 84112, USA
| | - K. B. Jones
- Sarcoma Services, Department of Orthopaedics, Huntsman Cancer Institute and Primary, Children's Medical Center, The University of Utah, Utah, UT 84112, USA
| | - L. G. Gouw
- Division of Medical Oncology, The University of Utah, Utah, UT 84112, USA
| | - J. E. Cummings
- Department of Orthopaedics, Indiana University, Indiana, IN 46202, USA
| | - L. Cannon-Albright
- Division of Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Utah, Utah, UT 84112, USA
- George E. Wallen Department, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, The University of Utah, Utah, UT 84148, USA
| | - J. D. Schiffman
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Center for Children's Cancer Research, Huntsman Cancer Institute, The University of Utah, Utah, UT 84112, USA
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