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Bisen AC, Srivastava S, Mishra A, Sanap SN, Biswas A, Choudhury AD, Dubey A, Gupta NM, Yadav KS, Mugale MN, Bhatta RS. Pharmaceutical Emulsions: A Viable Approach for Ocular Drug Delivery. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2024; 40:261-280. [PMID: 38654153 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2023.0166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Amol Chhatrapati Bisen
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics Division, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Saurabh Srivastava
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics Division, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Anjali Mishra
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics Division, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sachin Nashik Sanap
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics Division, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Arpon Biswas
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics Division, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | | | - Ayush Dubey
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics Division, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Neeraj Mohan Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, Government P. G. College, Guna, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Karan Singh Yadav
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Division of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine; CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Madhav Nilakanth Mugale
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Division of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine; CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rabi Sankar Bhatta
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics Division, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Singh CP, Rai PK, Kumar M, Tiwari V, Tiwari A, Sharma A, Sharma K. Emphasis on Nanostructured Lipid Carriers in the Ocular Delivery of Antibiotics. Pharm Nanotechnol 2024; 12:126-142. [PMID: 37519002 DOI: 10.2174/2211738511666230727102213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Drug distribution to the eye is still tricky because of the eye's intricate structure. Systemic delivery, as opposed to more traditional methods like eye drops and ointments, is more effective but higher doses can be harmful. OBJECTIVE The use of solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNPs) as a method of drug delivery has been the subject of research since the 1990s. Since SLNPs are derived from naturally occurring lipids, they pose no health risks to the user. To raise the eye's absorption of hydrophilic and lipophilic drugs, SLNs can promote corneal absorption and improve the ocular bioavailability of SLNPs. METHODS To address problems related to ocular drug delivery, many forms of nano formulation were developed. Some of the methods developed are, emulsification and ultra-sonication, high-speed stirring and ultra-sonication, thin layer hydration, adapted melt-emulsification, and ultrasonication techniques, hot o/w micro-emulsion techniques, etc. Results: Nanostructured lipid carriers are described in this review in terms of their ocular penetration mechanism, structural characteristic, manufacturing process, characterization, and advantages over other nanocarriers. CONCLUSION Recent developments in ocular formulations with nanostructured bases, such as surfacemodified attempts have been made to increase ocular bioavailability in both the anterior and posterior chambers by incorporating cationic chemicals into a wide variety of polymeric systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandra Pratap Singh
- Usha college of Pharmacy & Medical Sciences, Vijaygaon, Ambedkar Nagar, 224122, UP, India
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Invertis University, Bareilly, 243123, UP, India
| | - Pankaj Kumar Rai
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Invertis University, Bareilly, 243123, UP, India
| | - Manish Kumar
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, CT University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - Varsha Tiwari
- Pharmacy Academy, IFTM University, Lodhipur-Rajput, Moradabad, 244102, India
| | - Abhishek Tiwari
- Pharmacy Academy, IFTM University, Lodhipur-Rajput, Moradabad, 244102, India
| | - Ajay Sharma
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, Pushp Vihar, New Delhi, 110017, India
| | - Kamini Sharma
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, CT University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
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Huang Z, Moiseev RV, Melides SS, Bae W, Jurewicz I, Khutoryanskiy VV, Keddie JL. Pickering emulsions stabilised with oligoglycine-functionalised nanodiamond as a model system for ocular drug delivery applications. SOFT MATTER 2023; 19:5513-5526. [PMID: 37434584 DOI: 10.1039/d3sm00495c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
Oil-in-water emulsions, stabilised with conventional surfactants, are commonly used in eye drops for ocular drug delivery. However, the presence of surfactants can sometimes irritate tissues. Furthermore, conventional emulsions often have poor retention on ocular tissue. Pickering emulsions stabilised with nanoparticles have been gaining attention in recent years for a range of biomedical applications because of their biocompatibility. Here, Pickering emulsions were evaluated for the first time for the confinement of organic components for potential application in ocular drug delivery. For a model system, we used nanodiamond (ND) nanoparticles functionalised with covalently-bonded two-tail (2T) oligoglycine C10(NGly4)2 to make Pickering oil-in-water emulsions, which were stable over three months of storage under neutral pH. We proved the non-toxicity of ND-2T Pickering emulsions, comparable to buffer solution, via an ex vivo bovine corneal permeability and opacity test. The retention of the oil phase in the ND-2T stabilised emulsions on corneal tissue is significantly increased because of the mucoadhesive properties arising from the positively-charged terminal amino groups of 2T. Our formulated emulsions have a surface tension, pH and salt concentration comparable to that of tear fluid. The high retention of the ND-2T-stabilised emulsions on the corneal surface, in combination with their non-toxicity, gives them distinct advantages for ocular drug delivery. The principles of this model system could be applied in the future design of a range of formulations for drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Huang
- School of Mathematics and Physics, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK.
| | - Roman V Moiseev
- Reading School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6DX, UK
- Physicochemical, Ex Vivo and Invertebrates Tests and Analysis Centre (PEVITAC), University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6DX, UK
| | - Solomon S Melides
- School of Mathematics and Physics, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK.
| | - Wooli Bae
- School of Mathematics and Physics, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK.
| | - Izabela Jurewicz
- School of Mathematics and Physics, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK.
| | - Vitaliy V Khutoryanskiy
- Reading School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6DX, UK
- Physicochemical, Ex Vivo and Invertebrates Tests and Analysis Centre (PEVITAC), University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6DX, UK
| | - Joseph L Keddie
- School of Mathematics and Physics, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK.
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Teabagy S, Wood E, Bilsbury E, Doherty S, Janardhana P, Lee DJ. Ocular immunosuppressive microenvironment and novel drug delivery for control of uveitis. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023; 198:114869. [PMID: 37172782 PMCID: PMC10330522 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.114869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Ocular immune privilege is a phenomenon described by Peter Medawar in relation to the indefinite survival of the placement of foreign tissue grafts into the eye. Several mechanisms have been described that contribute to ocular immune privilege, such as a blood-ocular barrier and lack of lymphatics in the eye, the production of immune-suppressing molecules inside the ocular microenvironment, and the induction of systemic regulatory immunity against antigens found in the eye. Because ocular immune privilege is not absolute, failure of it can result in uveitis. Uveitis is a group of inflammatory disorders that can lead to vision loss if not treated properly. The current uveitis treatments involve the use of immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory medications. Researching mechanisms of ocular immune privilege and the development of novel treatments for uveitis is ongoing. This review discusses mechanisms of ocular immune privilege, followed by an overview of uveitis treatments and ongoing clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Teabagy
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Emma Wood
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Evan Bilsbury
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Sean Doherty
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Priya Janardhana
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Darren J Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
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Mostafa M, Al Fatease A, Alany RG, Abdelkader H. Recent Advances of Ocular Drug Delivery Systems: Prominence of Ocular Implants for Chronic Eye Diseases. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1746. [PMID: 37376194 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15061746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic ocular diseases can seriously impact the eyes and could potentially result in blindness or serious vision loss. According to the most recent data from the WHO, there are more than 2 billion visually impaired people in the world. Therefore, it is pivotal to develop more sophisticated, long-acting drug delivery systems/devices to treat chronic eye conditions. This review covers several drug delivery nanocarriers that can control chronic eye disorders non-invasively. However, most of the developed nanocarriers are still in preclinical or clinical stages. Long-acting drug delivery systems, such as inserts and implants, constitute the majority of the clinically used methods for the treatment of chronic eye diseases due to their steady state release, persistent therapeutic activity, and ability to bypass most ocular barriers. However, implants are considered invasive drug delivery technologies, especially those that are nonbiodegradable. Furthermore, in vitro characterization approaches, although useful, are limited in mimicking or truly representing the in vivo environment. This review focuses on long-acting drug delivery systems (LADDS), particularly implantable drug delivery systems (IDDS), their formulation, methods of characterization, and clinical application for the treatment of eye diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Mostafa
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minya 61519, Egypt
| | - Adel Al Fatease
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 62223, Saudi Arabia
| | - Raid G Alany
- School of Pharmacy, Kingston University London, Kingston Upon Tames KT1 2EE, UK
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Hamdy Abdelkader
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 62223, Saudi Arabia
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Duceac IA, Coseri S. Biopolymers and their derivatives: Key components of advanced biomedical technologies. Biotechnol Adv 2022; 61:108056. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2022.108056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Polyaphron Formulations Stabilised with Different Water-Soluble Polymers for Ocular Drug Delivery. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14050926. [PMID: 35631511 PMCID: PMC9146855 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14050926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
As drug delivery to the eye has evolved over the last decades, researchers have explored more effective treatments for ocular diseases. Despite this, delivering drugs to the cornea remains one of the most problematic issues in ophthalmology due to the poor permeability of the cornea and tear clearance mechanisms. In this study, four different types of polyaphron formulations are prepared with 10% poloxamer 188 (P188), 10% poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline), 1% polyquaternium 10, and 3% sodium carboxymethylcellulose solutions mixed with 1% Brij® L4 in a caprylic/capric triglycerides solution. Their physicochemical characteristics, rheological properties, and stability are assessed. Additionally, a polyaphron with 3% polyquaternium 10 was prepared for the assessment of ex vivo corneal retention along with four other polyaphrons. The best retention on the ex vivo cornea was displayed by the 3% polyquaternium 10-based formulation. The 10% poloxamer 188 along with 1% polyquaternium 10-based polyaphrons appeared to be the most stable among the four prepared formulations. A toxicological evaluation of these formulations was performed using a slug mucosal irritation test and bovine corneal opacity and permeability assay, with all four polyaphrons proving good biocompatibility with ocular tissues. The developed drug delivery systems demonstrated an excellent potential for ocular drug delivery.
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Binkhathlan Z, Alomrani AH, Hoxha O, Ali R, Kalam MA, Alshamsan A. Development and Characterization of PEGylated Fatty Acid- Block-Poly(ε-caprolactone) Novel Block Copolymers and Their Self-Assembled Nanostructures for Ocular Delivery of Cyclosporine A. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14091635. [PMID: 35566805 PMCID: PMC9101097 DOI: 10.3390/polym14091635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Low aqueous solubility and membrane permeability of some drugs are considered major limitations for their use in clinical practice. Polymeric micelles are one of the potential nano-drug delivery systems that were found to ameliorate the low aqueous solubility of hydrophobic drugs. The main objective of this study was to develop and characterize a novel copolymer based on poly (ethylene glycol) stearate (Myrj™)-block-poly(ε-caprolactone) (Myrj-b-PCL) and evaluate its potential as a nanosystem for ocular delivery of cyclosporine A (CyA). Myrj-b-PCL copolymer with various PCL/Myrj ratios were synthesized via ring-opening bulk polymerization of ε-caprolactone using Myrj (Myrj S40 or Myrj S100), as initiators and stannous octoate as a catalyst. The synthesized copolymers were characterized using 1H NMR, GPC, FTIR, XRD, and DSC. The co-solvent evaporation method was used to prepare CyA-loaded Myrj-b-PCL micelles. The prepared micelles were characterized for their size, polydispersity, and CMC using the dynamic light scattering (DLS) technique. The results from the spectroscopic and thermal analyses confirmed the successful synthesis of the copolymers. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images of the prepared micelles showed spherical shapes with diameters in the nano range (<200 nm). Ex vivo corneal permeation study showed sustained release of CyA from the developed Myrj S100-b-PCL micelles. In vivo ocular irritation study (Draize test) showed that CyA-loaded Myrj S100-b-PCL88 was well tolerated in the rabbit eye. Our results point to a great potential of Myrj S100-b-PCL as an ocular drug delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyad Binkhathlan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (A.H.A.); (O.H.); (R.A.); (M.A.K.); (A.A.)
- Nanobiotechnology Research Unit, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence:
| | - Abdullah H. Alomrani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (A.H.A.); (O.H.); (R.A.); (M.A.K.); (A.A.)
- Nanobiotechnology Research Unit, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Olsi Hoxha
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (A.H.A.); (O.H.); (R.A.); (M.A.K.); (A.A.)
| | - Raisuddin Ali
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (A.H.A.); (O.H.); (R.A.); (M.A.K.); (A.A.)
- Nanobiotechnology Research Unit, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohd Abul Kalam
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (A.H.A.); (O.H.); (R.A.); (M.A.K.); (A.A.)
- Nanobiotechnology Research Unit, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aws Alshamsan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (A.H.A.); (O.H.); (R.A.); (M.A.K.); (A.A.)
- Nanobiotechnology Research Unit, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Dosmar E, Walsh J, Doyel M, Bussett K, Oladipupo A, Amer S, Goebel K. Targeting Ocular Drug Delivery: An Examination of Local Anatomy and Current Approaches. Bioengineering (Basel) 2022; 9:41. [PMID: 35049750 PMCID: PMC8772869 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9010041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Ocular drug delivery remains the focus of much modern research. Primary routes of administration include the surface, the intravitreal space, the subretinal space, and the subconjunctival space, each with its own series of unique challenges, limitations, and advantages. Each of these approaches requires careful consideration of the local anatomy, physical barriers, and key cells as well as the interface between the anatomy and the drug or drug system being delivered. While least invasive, the topical route poses a challenge with the many physical barriers that prevent drug penetration into the eye; while injection into the intravitreal, subretinal, and subconjunctival spaces are direct and targeted but limited due to the many internal clearance mechanisms and potential for damage to the eye. Polymeric-based, sustained-release drug delivery systems have been identified as a potential solution to many of these challenges; however, the design and successful implementation of a sustained-release system that is well-tolerated, bioactive, biocompatible, and degradable remains, in many cases, only in the early stages. The drugs and biomaterials in question also require special attention as small chemical changes could result in vastly different outcomes. This paper explores the anatomy and key cells of these four primary drug delivery routes as well as the interface between drug and drug delivery systems and the anatomy, reviewing the recent developments and current state of research in each area. Finally, this paper also examines the frequently used drugs and biomaterials found in ocular drug delivery and summarizes the primary interactions observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Dosmar
- Department of Biology and Biomedical Engineering, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology, Terre Haute, IN 47803, USA; (J.W.); (M.D.); (K.B.); (A.O.); (S.A.); (K.G.)
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Garcia CR, Malik MH, Biswas S, Tam VH, Rumbaugh KP, Li W, Liu X. Nanoemulsion delivery systems for enhanced efficacy of antimicrobials and essential oils. Biomater Sci 2022; 10:633-653. [PMID: 34994371 DOI: 10.1039/d1bm01537k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The ever-growing threat of new and existing infectious diseases in combination with antimicrobial resistance requires the need for innovative and effective forms of drug delivery. Optimal drug delivery systems for existing and newly developed antimicrobials can enhance drug bioavailability, enable site-specific drug targeting, and overcome current limitations of drug formulations such as short elimination half-lives, poor drug solubility, and undesirable side effects. Nanoemulsions (NE) consist of nanometer-sized droplets stabilized by emulsifiers and are typically more stable and permeable due to their smaller particle sizes and higher surface area compared to conventional emulsions. NE have been identified as a promising means of antimicrobial delivery due to their intrinsic antimicrobial properties, ability to increase drug solubility, stability, bioavailability, organ and cellular targeting potentials, capability of targeting biofilms, and potential to overcome antimicrobial resistance. Herein, we discuss non-drug loaded essential oil-based NE that can confer antimicrobial actions through predominantly physical or biochemical mechanisms without drug payloads. We also describe drug-loaded NE for enhanced antimicrobial efficacy by augmenting the potency of existing antimicrobials. We highlight the versatility of NE to be administered through multiple different routes (oral, parenteral, dermal, transdermal, pulmonary, nasal, ocular, and rectal). We summarize recent advances in the clinical translation of antimicrobial NE and shed light on future development of effective antimicrobial therapy to combat infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celine R Garcia
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA.
| | - Muhammad H Malik
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA.
| | - Sujit Biswas
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA.
| | - Vincent H Tam
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA.
| | - Kendra P Rumbaugh
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas, 79430, USA
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA.
| | - Xinli Liu
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA.
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Arredondo-Ochoa T, Silva-Martínez GA. Microemulsion Based Nanostructures for Drug Delivery. FRONTIERS IN NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fnano.2021.753947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Most of the active pharmaceutical compounds are often prone to display low bioavailability and biological degradation represents an important drawback. Due to the above, the development of a drug delivery system (DDS) that enables the introduction of a pharmaceutical compound through the body to achieve a therapeutic effect in a controlled manner is an expanding application. Henceforth, new strategies have been developed to control several parameters considered essential for enhancing delivery of drugs. Nanostructure synthesis by microemulsions (ME) consist of enclosing a substance within a wall material at the nanoscale level, allowing to control the size and surface area of the resulting particle. This nanotechnology has shown the importance on targeted drug delivery to improve their stability by protecting a bioactive compound from an adverse environment, enhanced bioavailability as well as controlled release. Thus, a lower dose administration could be achieved by minimizing systemic side effects and decreasing toxicity. This review will focus on describing the different biocompatible nanostructures synthesized by ME as controlled DDS for therapeutic purposes.
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Retinal diseases are one of the main reasons for vision loss where all available drug treatments are based on invasive drug administration such as intravitreal injections. Despite huge efforts and some promising results in animal models, almost all delivery technologies tested have failed in human trials. There are however examples of clinically effective topical delivery systems such as fast dissolving aqueous eye drop suspensions. AREAS COVERED Six obstacles to topical drug delivery to the eye have been identified and discussed in some details. These obstacles consist of static membrane barriers to drug permeation into the eye, dynamic barriers such as the lacrimal drainage and physiochemical barriers such as low thermodynamic activity. It is explained how and why these obstacles hamper drug permeation and how different technologies, both those that are applied in marketed drug products and those that are under investigation, have addressed these obstacles. EXPERT OPINION The reason that most topical drug delivery systems have failed to deliver therapeutic drug concentrations to the retina is that they do not address physiochemical barriers such as the thermodynamic activity of the permeating drug molecules. Topical drug delivery to the retina has only been successful when the static, dynamic, and physiochemical barriers are addressed simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsteinn Loftsson
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
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Burhan AM, Klahan B, Cummins W, Andrés-Guerrero V, Byrne ME, O’Reilly NJ, Chauhan A, Fitzhenry L, Hughes H. Posterior Segment Ophthalmic Drug Delivery: Role of Muco-Adhesion with a Special Focus on Chitosan. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:1685. [PMID: 34683978 PMCID: PMC8539343 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13101685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Posterior segment eye diseases (PSEDs) including age macular degeneration (AMD) and diabetic retinopathy (DR) are amongst the major causes of irreversible blindness worldwide. Due to the numerous barriers encountered, highly invasive intravitreal (IVT) injections represent the primary route to deliver drugs to the posterior eye tissues. Thus, the potential of a more patient friendly topical route has been widely investigated. Mucoadhesive formulations can decrease precorneal clearance while prolonging precorneal residence. Thus, they are expected to enhance the chances of adherence to corneal and conjunctival surfaces and as such, enable increased delivery to the posterior eye segment. Among the mucoadhesive polymers available, chitosan is the most widely explored due to its outstanding mucoadhesive characteristics. In this review, the major PSEDs, their treatments, barriers to topical delivery, and routes of topical drug absorption to the posterior eye are presented. To enable the successful design of mucoadhesive ophthalmic drug delivery systems (DDSs), an overview of mucoadhesion, its theory, characterization, and considerations for ocular mucoadhesion is given. Furthermore, chitosan-based DDs that have been explored to promote topical drug delivery to the posterior eye segment are reviewed. Finally, challenges of successful preclinical to clinical translation of these DDSs for posterior eye drug delivery are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayah Mohammad Burhan
- Ocular Therapeutics Research Group, Pharmaceutical and Molecular Biotechnology Research Centre, Waterford Institute of Technology, X91 K0EK Waterford, Ireland; (W.C.); (N.J.O.); (L.F.); (H.H.)
| | - Butsabarat Klahan
- Ocular Therapeutics Research Group, Pharmaceutical and Molecular Biotechnology Research Centre, Waterford Institute of Technology, X91 K0EK Waterford, Ireland; (W.C.); (N.J.O.); (L.F.); (H.H.)
| | - Wayne Cummins
- Ocular Therapeutics Research Group, Pharmaceutical and Molecular Biotechnology Research Centre, Waterford Institute of Technology, X91 K0EK Waterford, Ireland; (W.C.); (N.J.O.); (L.F.); (H.H.)
| | - Vanessa Andrés-Guerrero
- Innovation, Therapy and Pharmaceutical Development in Ophthalmology (InnOftal) Research Group, Department of Pharmaceutics and Food Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sanitary Research Institute of the San Carlos Clinical Hospital (IdISSC), Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Mark E. Byrne
- Biomimetic & Biohybrid Materials, Biomedical Devices & Drug Delivery Laboratories, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA;
| | - Niall J. O’Reilly
- Ocular Therapeutics Research Group, Pharmaceutical and Molecular Biotechnology Research Centre, Waterford Institute of Technology, X91 K0EK Waterford, Ireland; (W.C.); (N.J.O.); (L.F.); (H.H.)
| | - Anuj Chauhan
- Chemical and Biological Engineering Department, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO 80401, USA;
| | - Laurence Fitzhenry
- Ocular Therapeutics Research Group, Pharmaceutical and Molecular Biotechnology Research Centre, Waterford Institute of Technology, X91 K0EK Waterford, Ireland; (W.C.); (N.J.O.); (L.F.); (H.H.)
| | - Helen Hughes
- Ocular Therapeutics Research Group, Pharmaceutical and Molecular Biotechnology Research Centre, Waterford Institute of Technology, X91 K0EK Waterford, Ireland; (W.C.); (N.J.O.); (L.F.); (H.H.)
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14
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Sharma A, Kumar D, Dahiya K, Hawthorne S, Jha SK, Jha NK, Nand P, Girgis S, Raj S, Srivastava R, Goswami VK, Gregoriou Y, El-Zahaby SA, Ojha S, Dureja H, Gupta G, Singh S, Chellappan DK, Dua K. Advances in pulmonary drug delivery targeting microbial biofilms in respiratory diseases. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2021; 16:1905-1923. [PMID: 34348474 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2021-0057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The increasing burden of respiratory diseases caused by microbial infections poses an immense threat to global health. This review focuses on the various types of biofilms that affect the respiratory system and cause pulmonary infections, specifically bacterial biofilms. The article also sheds light on the current strategies employed for the treatment of such pulmonary infection-causing biofilms. The potential of nanocarriers as an effective treatment modality for pulmonary infections is discussed, along with the challenges faced during treatment and the measures that may be implemented to overcome these. Understanding the primary approaches of treatment against biofilm infection and applications of drug-delivery systems that employ nanoparticle-based approaches in the disruption of biofilms are of utmost interest which may guide scientists to explore the vistas of biofilm research while determining suitable treatment modalities for pulmonary respiratory infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankur Sharma
- Department of Life Science, School of Basic Science & Research (SBSR), Sharda University, Greater Noida, 201310, India
| | - Dhruv Kumar
- Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine & Stem Cell Research (AIMMSCR), Amity University, Uttar Pradesh, Sec-125, Noida, 201313, India
| | - Kajal Dahiya
- Department of Life Science, School of Basic Science & Research (SBSR), Sharda University, Greater Noida, 201310, India
| | - Susan Hawthorne
- School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ulster University, Cromore Road, Coleraine, Co. Londonderry, BT52 1SA, UK
| | - Saurabh Kumar Jha
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering & Technology (SET), Sharda University, Greater Noida, 201310, India
| | - Niraj Kumar Jha
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering & Technology (SET), Sharda University, Greater Noida, 201310, India
| | - Parma Nand
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering & Technology (SET), Sharda University, Greater Noida, 201310, India
| | - Samuel Girgis
- School of Pharmacy, University of Sunderland, Chester Road, Sunderland, SR1 3SD, UK
| | - Sibi Raj
- Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine & Stem Cell Research (AIMMSCR), Amity University, Uttar Pradesh, Sec-125, Noida, 201313, India
| | - Rashi Srivastava
- Institute of Engineering & Technology, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226021, India
| | - Vineet Kumar Goswami
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Basic & Applied Sciences, G.D. Goenka University, Education City, Sohna Road, Gurugram, Haryana, 122103, India
| | - Yiota Gregoriou
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pure & Applied Sciences, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Sally A El-Zahaby
- Department of Pharmaceutics & Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharos University in Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Shreesh Ojha
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, PO Box-17666, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, UAE
| | - Harish Dureja
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, 124001, India
| | - Gaurav Gupta
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jaipur National University, Jagatpura, Jaipur, 302017, India
| | - Sachin Singh
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, 144001, India
| | - Dinesh Kumar Chellappan
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University (IMU), Kuala Lumpur, 57000, Malaysia
| | - Kamal Dua
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
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15
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Sharma A, Kumar D, Dahiya K, Hawthorne S, Jha SK, Jha NK, Nand P, Girgis S, Raj S, Srivastava R, Goswami VK, Gregoriou Y, El-Zahaby SA, Ojha S, Dureja H, Gupta G, Singh S, Chellappan DK, Dua K. Advances in pulmonary drug delivery targeting microbial biofilms in respiratory diseases. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2021. [DOI: https://doi.org/10.2217/nnm-2021-0057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing burden of respiratory diseases caused by microbial infections poses an immense threat to global health. This review focuses on the various types of biofilms that affect the respiratory system and cause pulmonary infections, specifically bacterial biofilms. The article also sheds light on the current strategies employed for the treatment of such pulmonary infection-causing biofilms. The potential of nanocarriers as an effective treatment modality for pulmonary infections is discussed, along with the challenges faced during treatment and the measures that may be implemented to overcome these. Understanding the primary approaches of treatment against biofilm infection and applications of drug-delivery systems that employ nanoparticle-based approaches in the disruption of biofilms are of utmost interest which may guide scientists to explore the vistas of biofilm research while determining suitable treatment modalities for pulmonary respiratory infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankur Sharma
- Department of Life Science, School of Basic Science & Research (SBSR), Sharda University, Greater Noida, 201310, India
| | - Dhruv Kumar
- Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine & Stem Cell Research (AIMMSCR), Amity University, Uttar Pradesh, Sec-125, Noida, 201313, India
| | - Kajal Dahiya
- Department of Life Science, School of Basic Science & Research (SBSR), Sharda University, Greater Noida, 201310, India
| | - Susan Hawthorne
- School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ulster University, Cromore Road, Coleraine, Co. Londonderry, BT52 1SA, UK
| | - Saurabh Kumar Jha
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering & Technology (SET), Sharda University, Greater Noida, 201310, India
| | - Niraj Kumar Jha
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering & Technology (SET), Sharda University, Greater Noida, 201310, India
| | - Parma Nand
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering & Technology (SET), Sharda University, Greater Noida, 201310, India
| | - Samuel Girgis
- School of Pharmacy, University of Sunderland, Chester Road, Sunderland, SR1 3SD, UK
| | - Sibi Raj
- Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine & Stem Cell Research (AIMMSCR), Amity University, Uttar Pradesh, Sec-125, Noida, 201313, India
| | - Rashi Srivastava
- Institute of Engineering & Technology, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226021, India
| | - Vineet Kumar Goswami
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Basic & Applied Sciences, G.D. Goenka University, Education City, Sohna Road, Gurugram, Haryana, 122103, India
| | - Yiota Gregoriou
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pure & Applied Sciences, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Sally A El-Zahaby
- Department of Pharmaceutics & Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharos University in Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Shreesh Ojha
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, PO Box-17666, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, UAE
| | - Harish Dureja
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, 124001, India
| | - Gaurav Gupta
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jaipur National University, Jagatpura, Jaipur, 302017, India
| | - Sachin Singh
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, 144001, India
| | - Dinesh Kumar Chellappan
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University (IMU), Kuala Lumpur, 57000, Malaysia
| | - Kamal Dua
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
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Gautam N, Kesavan K. Phase Transition Microemulsion of Brimonidine Tartrate for Glaucoma Therapy: Preparation, Characterization and Pharmacodynamic Study. Curr Eye Res 2021; 46:1844-1852. [PMID: 34176380 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2021.1942071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: The aim of this study was to formulate brimonidine tartrate loaded phase transition microemulsions (PMEs), which undergo phase transition from water in oil (W/O) microemulsions to liquid crystalline (LC) and then oil in water (O/W) microemulsions after instilled into the eye and prolong the precorneal residence time and ocular bioavailability for the effective treatment of glaucoma.Methods: The pseudo-ternary phase diagram was developed and various PMEs were prepared using Tween 80 and Span 80 with isopropyl myristate and water. Globule size and shape, physicochemical parameters, in vitro and ex vivo drug release of PMEs were studied. The in vivo anti-glaucoma efficacy of optimized PMEs was studied in an experimental rabbit eyes model and compared with marketed formulation (MF).Results: Globule size of PMEs was found less than 200 nm, which was confirmed by both dynamic light scattering technique and Transmission Electron Microscopy. Physicochemical properties such as pH, refractive index, percentage transparency, viscosity and conductivity were also found in the acceptable ranges. In vitro release studies of PMEs exhibited sustained release property. Ex vivo permeation study also supported the enhanced drug flux through cornea from PMEs as compared with MF. In pharmacodynamic study, a greater reduction in intraocular pressure was seen in PMEs as compared to MF.Conclusion: PMEs as ocular drug delivery system offer a promising approach to enhance the corneal contact, higher permeation and prolonged precorneal retention time in the eye leading to sustained drug release, enhanced bioavailability and patient compliance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nivedita Gautam
- Department of Pharmaceutics, SLT Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur, India
| | - Karthikeyan Kesavan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, SLT Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur, India
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17
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González-Fernández FM, Bianchera A, Gasco P, Nicoli S, Pescina S. Lipid-Based Nanocarriers for Ophthalmic Administration: Towards Experimental Design Implementation. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13040447. [PMID: 33810399 PMCID: PMC8067198 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13040447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanotherapeutics based on biocompatible lipid matrices allow for enhanced solubility of poorly soluble compounds in the treatment of ophthalmic diseases, overcoming the anatomical and physiological barriers present in the eye, which, despite the ease of access, remains strongly protected. Micro-/nanoemulsions, solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) or nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) combine liquid and/or solid lipids with surfactants, improving drug stability and ocular bioavailability. Current research and development approaches based on try-and-error methodologies are unable to easily fine-tune nanoparticle populations in order to overcome the numerous constraints of ocular administration routes, which is believed to hamper easy approval from regulatory agencies for these systems. The predictable quality and specifications of the product can be achieved through quality-by-design (QbD) implementation in both research and industrial environments, in contrast to the current quality-by-testing (QbT) framework. Mathematical modelling of the expected final nanoparticle characteristics by variation of operator-controllable variables of the process can be achieved through adequate statistical design-of-experiments (DoE) application. This multivariate approach allows for optimisation of drug delivery platforms, reducing research costs and time, while maximising the understanding of the production process. This review aims to highlight the latest efforts in implementing the design of experiments to produce optimised lipid-based nanocarriers intended for ophthalmic administration. A useful background and an overview of the different possible approaches are presented, serving as a starting point to introduce the design of experiments in current nanoparticle research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe M. González-Fernández
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Viale Parco Area delle Scienze, 27/a, 43124 Parma, Italy; (A.B.); (S.N.)
- Nanovector S.r.l., Via Livorno, 60, 10144 Torino, Italy;
- Correspondence: (F.M.G.-F.); (S.P.)
| | - Annalisa Bianchera
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Viale Parco Area delle Scienze, 27/a, 43124 Parma, Italy; (A.B.); (S.N.)
| | - Paolo Gasco
- Nanovector S.r.l., Via Livorno, 60, 10144 Torino, Italy;
| | - Sara Nicoli
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Viale Parco Area delle Scienze, 27/a, 43124 Parma, Italy; (A.B.); (S.N.)
| | - Silvia Pescina
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Viale Parco Area delle Scienze, 27/a, 43124 Parma, Italy; (A.B.); (S.N.)
- Correspondence: (F.M.G.-F.); (S.P.)
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18
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Development of Triamcinolone Acetonide-Loaded Microemulsion as a Prospective Ophthalmic Delivery System for Treatment of Uveitis: In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13040444. [PMID: 33805986 PMCID: PMC8064451 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13040444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Treatment of uveitis (i.e., inflammation of the uvea) is challenging due to lack of convenient ophthalmic dosage forms. This work is aimed to determine the efficiency of triamcinolone acetonide (TA)-loaded microemulsion as an ophthalmic delivery system for the treatment of uveitis. Water titration method was used to construct different pseudo-ternary phase diagrams. Twelve microemulsion formulations were prepared using oleic acid, Cremophor EL, and propylene glycol. Among all tested formulations, Formulation F3, composed of oil: surfactant-co-surfactant (1:1): water (15:35:50% w/w, respectively), was found to be stable and showed acceptable pH, viscosity, conductivity, droplet size (211 ± 1.4 nm), and zeta potential (−25 ± 1.7 mV) and almost complete in vitro drug release within 24 h. The in vivo performance of the optimized formulation was evaluated in experimentally uveitis-induced rabbit model and compared with a commercial TA suspension (i.e., Kenacort®-A) either topically or by subconjunctival injection. Ocular inflammation was evaluated by clinical examination, white blood cell count, protein content measurement, and histopathological examination. The developed TA-loaded microemulsion showed superior therapeutic efficiency in the treatment of uveitis with high patient compliance compared to commercial suspension. Hence, it could be considered as a potential ocular treatment option in controlling of uveitis.
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19
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Torres-Luna C, Fan X, Domszy R, Hu N, Wang NS, Yang A. Hydrogel-based ocular drug delivery systems for hydrophobic drugs. Eur J Pharm Sci 2020; 154:105503. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2020.105503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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20
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Alshamsan A, Abul Kalam M, Vakili MR, Binkhathlan Z, Raish M, Ali R, Alturki TA, Safaei Nikouei N, Lavasanifar A. Treatment of endotoxin-induced uveitis by topical application of cyclosporine a-loaded PolyGel™ in rabbit eyes. Int J Pharm 2019; 569:118573. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.118573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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21
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Souto EB, Dias-Ferreira J, López-Machado A, Ettcheto M, Cano A, Camins Espuny A, Espina M, Garcia ML, Sánchez-López E. Advanced Formulation Approaches for Ocular Drug Delivery: State-Of-The-Art and Recent Patents. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:pharmaceutics11090460. [PMID: 31500106 PMCID: PMC6781321 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11090460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The eye presents extensive perspectives and challenges for drug delivery, mainly because of the extraordinary capacity, intrinsic to this path, for drugs to permeate into the main circulatory system and also for the restrictions of the ocular barriers. Depending on the target segment of the eye, anterior or posterior, the specifications are different. The ocular route experienced in the last decades a lot of progresses related with the development of new drugs, improved formulations, specific-designed delivery and even new routes to administer a drug. Concomitantly, new categories of materials were developed and adapted to encapsulate drugs. With such advances, a multiplicity of parameters became possible to be optimized as the increase in bioavailability and decreased toxic effects of medicines. Also, the formulations were capable to easily adhere to specific tissues, increase the duration of the therapeutic effect and even target the delivery of the treatment. The ascending of new delivery systems for ocular targeting is a current focus, mainly because of the capacity to extend the normal time during which the drug exerts its therapeutic effect and, so, supplying the patients with a product which gives them fewer side effects, fewer number of applications and even more effective outcomes to their pathologies, surpassing the traditionally-used eye drops. Depending on the systems, some are capable of increasing the duration of the drug action as gels, emulsions, prodrugs, liposomes, and ocular inserts with hydrophilic properties, improving the absorption by the cornea. In parallel, other devices use as a strategy the capacity to sustain the release of the carried drugs by means of erodible and non-erodible matrices. This review discusses the different types of advanced formulations used for ocular delivery of therapeutics presenting the most recent patents according to the clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana B Souto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-458 Coimbra, Portugal.
- CEB-Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.
| | - João Dias-Ferreira
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-458 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana López-Machado
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miren Ettcheto
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Amanda Cano
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonio Camins Espuny
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Espina
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Luisa Garcia
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elena Sánchez-López
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-458 Coimbra, Portugal.
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
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Abramov E, Ottaviani MF, Shames AI, Fattori A, Garti N. Structural Characterization of Reconstituted Bioactive-Loaded Nanodomains after Embedding in Films Using Electron Paramagnetic Resonance and Self-Diffusion Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Techniques. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:7879-7886. [PMID: 31120758 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b00578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceutical applications of microemulsions (MEs) as drug delivery vehicles are recently gaining scientific and practical interests. Most MEs are able to solubilize bioactive molecules, but, at present, they cannot guarantee either controlled release of the drugs or significant advantage in the bioavailability of the bioactives. This study proposes to incorporate the modified ME structures, or nanodomains, into a natural polymeric film, to be used as a stable and capacious reservoir of drug-loaded nanodomains. These nanodomain-loaded films may release the nanodroplets along with the drug molecules in a slow and controlled way. Gellan gum, an anionic polysaccharide, was used in aqueous solution as the film former, and curcumin, hydrophobic polyphenol, served as the guest molecule in the loaded systems. Films were prepared by using empty and curcumin-loaded MEs. It is imperative to verify the persistence of the ME structure upon the dissolution of the film mimicking its behavior when in contact with a human physiological aqueous environment via reaching the cell membranes. For this purpose, the films were dissolved, and the reconstituted ME structure was compared with the ME structure before film formation. Characterization of these structures, before and after dissolution, was achieved using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and self-diffusion nuclear magnetic resonance (SD-NMR) techniques. Specific spin probes were inserted in the system, and a computer-aided analysis of the EPR spectra was performed to provide information on nanodomain microstructure assemblies. In addition, the SD-NMR profile of each component was analyzed to extract information on the diffusivity of the ME components before film formation and after ME reconstitution. The EPR and SD-NMR results were in good agreement to each other. The most important finding was that, after film dissolution, the ME nanodomains were reversibly and spontaneously reformed. It was also found that the film did not perturb the ME-nanodomain structure embedded in it. The film remained transparent and the bioactive curcumin was easily solubilized into the ME-droplet/water interface even after film dissolution. The combined techniques confirmed that the film constituted by bioactive-loaded MEs can serve as novel drug delivery vehicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Abramov
- The Ratner Chair of Chemistry, Casali Institute of Applied Chemistry, The Institute of Chemistry , The Hebrew University of Jerusalem , Edmond J. Safra Campus , Givat Ram, Jerusalem 91904 , Israel
| | - Maria Francesca Ottaviani
- Department of Pure and Applied Sciences (DiSPeA) , University of Urbino , Via Ca' le Suore 2/4 , Urbino 61029 , Italy
| | - Alexander I Shames
- Department of Physics , Ben-Gurion University of the Negev , P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva 8410501 , Israel
| | - Alberto Fattori
- Department of Pure and Applied Sciences (DiSPeA) , University of Urbino , Via Ca' le Suore 2/4 , Urbino 61029 , Italy
| | - Nissim Garti
- The Ratner Chair of Chemistry, Casali Institute of Applied Chemistry, The Institute of Chemistry , The Hebrew University of Jerusalem , Edmond J. Safra Campus , Givat Ram, Jerusalem 91904 , Israel
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23
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Effect of a Cationic Surfactant on Microemulsion Globules and Drug Release from Hydrogel Contact Lenses. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:pharmaceutics11060262. [PMID: 31174291 PMCID: PMC6631260 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11060262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 06/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study evaluates the in vitro release of diclofenac sodium (DFNa) from contact lenses based on poly-2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (pHEMA) hydrogels containing an embedded microemulsion to extend release duration. The oil (ethyl butyrate)-in-water microemulsion systems are prepared with two non-ionic surfactants, Brij 97 or Tween 80, together with a long-alkyl chain cationic surfactant, cetalkonium chloride (CKC). Without CKC, Brij 97 or Tween 80-based microemulsions showed average droplet sizes of 12 nm and 18 nm, respectively. The addition of CKC decreased the average droplet sizes to 2–5 nm for both non-ionic surfactants. Such significant reduction in the average droplet size corresponds to an increase in the DFNa release duration as revealed by the in vitro experiments. Contact lens characterization showed that important properties such as optical transparency and water content of Brij 97-based contact lenses with cationic microemulsions was excellent. However, the optical transparency of the corresponding Tween 80 based contact lenses was unsatisfactory. The results indicate that cationic microemulsion-laden contact lenses can benefit from combinatory effects of microemulsions and cationic surfactant at low CKC weight percentage, e.g., with the release of 70% of the drug in 45, 10, and 7 h for B97-CKC-0.45%, CKC-0.45%, and control lenses, respectively. However, the microemulsion effect on extending DFNa release became negligible at the highest CKC weight percentage (1.8%).
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24
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Lee S, Kim H, Kim D, Chang W, Vales TP, Kim J, Kim K, Kim J. Thermo‐sensitive nanogel‐laden bicontinuous microemulsion drug‐eluting contact lenses. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2018; 107:1159-1169. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.34209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Se‐Hee Lee
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringSchool of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu Daegu 42472 South Korea
- Department of Optometry and Vision ScienceCollege of Medical Science, Catholic University of Daegu Gyeongsan 38430 South Korea
| | - Ho‐Joong Kim
- Department of ChemistryCollege of Natural Science, Chosun University Kwangju 61452 South Korea
| | - Duck‐Hyun Kim
- Department of Optometry and Vision ScienceCollege of Medical Science, Catholic University of Daegu Gyeongsan 38430 South Korea
| | - Won‐Seok Chang
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringSchool of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu Daegu 42472 South Korea
| | - Temmy Pegarro Vales
- Department of ChemistryCollege of Natural Science, Chosun University Kwangju 61452 South Korea
| | - Jae‐Woo Kim
- Department of OphthalmologySchool of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu Daegu 42472 South Korea
| | - Ki‐Hong Kim
- Department of Optometry and Vision ScienceCollege of Medical Science, Catholic University of Daegu Gyeongsan 38430 South Korea
| | - Jong‐Ki Kim
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringSchool of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu Daegu 42472 South Korea
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Lidich N, Garti-Levy S, Aserin A, Garti N. Potentiality of microemulsion systems in treatment of ophthalmic disorders: Keratoconus and dry eye syndrome - In vivo study. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2018; 173:226-232. [PMID: 30300828 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2018.09.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Microemulsions are widely studied as potential ocular drug delivery vehicles. In the present study we show the versatility of possible use microemulsions as ocular delivery vehicle. The ME is loaded with a hydrophilic drug, riboflavin phosphate (RFP) and a lipophilic, docosahexaenoic acid in triglyceride form (TG-DHA), each separately. These drugs treat keratoconus and dry eye syndrome, respectively. The advantage of using ME loaded with RFP is in overcoming eye epithelium debridement during collagen cross-linking therapy for treatment of keratoconus. ME loaded with lipophilic TG-DHA provides convenient dosage in liquid aqueous form of administration of highly lipophilic TG-DHA, which is known as a protective molecule in dry eye syndrome. The capability of RFP-loaded MEs was demonstrated in terms of improvement of biomechanical strength of the rabbit cornea, as a result of successful penetration of RFP through the intact epithelium. TG-DHA-loaded microemulsion applied topically onto an eye with induced dry eye syndrome showed the significant relief of the dry eye condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Lidich
- The Casali Center for Applied Chemistry, The Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Sharon Garti-Levy
- Lyotropic Delivery Systems, High Tech Village, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Abraham Aserin
- The Casali Center for Applied Chemistry, The Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Nissim Garti
- The Casali Center for Applied Chemistry, The Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel.
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Oliveira WN, Amaral-Machado L, Alencar EN, Marcelino HR, Genre J, Silva-Rocha WP, Gondim AD, Chaves GM, Fernandes-Pedrosa MF, Egito EST. Getting the Jump on the Development of Bullfrog Oil Microemulsions: a Nanocarrier for Amphotericin B Intended for Antifungal Treatment. AAPS PharmSciTech 2018; 19:2585-2597. [PMID: 29916194 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-018-1093-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Amphotericin B (AmB), a potent antifungal drug, presents physicochemical characteristics that impair the development of suitable dosage forms. In order to overcome the AmB insolubility, several lipid carriers such as microemulsions have been developed. In this context, the bullfrog oil stands out as an eligible oily phase component, since its cholesterol composition may favor the AmB incorporation. Thus, the aim of this study was to develop a microemulsion based on bullfrog oil containing AmB. Moreover, its thermal stability, antifungal activity, and cytotoxicity in vitro were evaluated. The microemulsion formulation was produced using the pseudo-ternary phase diagram (PTPD) approach and the AmB was incorporated based on the pH variation technique. The antifungal activity was evaluated by determination of minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) against different species of Candida spp. and Trichosporon asahii. The bullfrog oil microemulsion, stabilized with 16.8% of a surfactant blend, presented an average droplet size of 26.50 ± 0.14 nm and a polydispersity index of 0.167 ± 0.006. This system was able to entrap AmB up to 2 mg mL-1. The use of bullfrog oil as oily phase allowed an improvement of the thermal stability of the system. The MIC assay results revealed a growth inhibition for different strains of Candida spp. and were able to enhance the activity of AmB against T. asahii. The microemulsion was also able to reduce the AmB toxicity. Finally, the developed microemulsion showed to be a suitable system to incorporate AmB, improving the system's thermal stability, increasing the antifungal activity, and reducing the toxicity of this drug.
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Rout B, Liu CH, Wu WC. Photosensitizer in lipid nanoparticle: a nano-scaled approach to antibacterial function. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7892. [PMID: 28801673 PMCID: PMC5554217 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07444-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Photosensitization-based antimicrobial therapy (PAT) is an alternative therapy aimed at achieving bacterial inactivation. Researchers use various photosensitizers to achieve bacterial inactivation. However, the most widely used approach involves the use of photosensitizers dispersed in aqueous solution, which could limit the effectiveness of photodynamic inactivation. Therefore, the approaches to encapsulate the photosensitizer in appropriate vehicles can enhance the delivery of the photosensitizer. Herein, Toluidine Blue O (TBO) was the photosensitizer, and lipid nanoparticles were used for its encapsulation. The lipid nanoparticle-based delivery system has been tailor-made for decreasing the average size and viscosity and increasing the formulation stability as well as the wettability of skin. Usage of an appropriate vehicle will also increase the cellular uptake of the photosensitizer into the bacterial cells, leading to the damage on cell membrane and genomic DNA. Evidence of effectiveness of the developed PAT on planktonic bacteria and biofilms was examined by fluorescence microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Lipid nanoparticles protected the photosensitizer from aggregation and made the application easy on the skin as indicated in data of size distribution and contact angle. The use of lipid nanoparticles for encapsulating TBO could enhance photosensitization-based antimicrobial therapy as compared to the aqueous media for delivering photosensitizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bishakh Rout
- Graduate Institute of Biochemical and Biomedical Engineering, Chang Gung University, 259, Wen-Hwa First Road, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, 333, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Hsien Liu
- Graduate Institute of Biochemical and Biomedical Engineering, Chang Gung University, 259, Wen-Hwa First Road, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, 333, Taiwan. .,Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine and Research Center for Food and Cosmetic Safety, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, 261, Wen-Hwa First Road, Taoyuan, Taiwan. .,Department of Chemical Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, 84, Gung-Juan Road, New Taipei City, Taiwan. .,Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, 5, Fu-Hsing Street, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
| | - Wei-Chi Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, 5, Fu-Hsing Street, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, 259, Wen-Hwa First Road, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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Docosahexaenoic acid triglyceride-based microemulsions with an added dendrimer – Structural considerations. J Colloid Interface Sci 2016; 483:374-384. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2016.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2016] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Barse R, Kokare C, Tagalpallewar A. Influence of hydroxypropylmethylcellulose and poloxamer composite on developed ophthalmic in situ gel: Ex vivo and in vivo characterization. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2016.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Lidich N, Aserin A, Garti N. Structural characteristics of oil-poor dilutable fish oil omega-3 microemulsions for ophthalmic applications. J Colloid Interface Sci 2015; 463:83-92. [PMID: 26520814 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2015.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Revised: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) promotes synthesis of anti-inflammatory prostaglandins and relief of dry eye symptoms. However, topical ophthalmic application of DHA is difficult because of its lipophilic property. Therefore, it is important to develop aqueous-based formulation with enhanced capabilities. Novel, unique water-dilutable microemulsions (MEs) were constructed to allow loading of naturally occurring rigid long-chain triglyceride of DHA (TG-DHA). The TG-DHA serves as solubilizate and as the oil phase, therefore preparation is poor in oil. The structural transformations of MEs upon water dilution were studied by SAXS, viscosity, electrical conductivity, self-diffusion NMR, DSC, cryo-TEM, and DLS techniques. At low water content a new type of water-in-oil (W/O) structure is formed. The glycerol/water phase hydrates the headgroups of surfactants, and the oil solvates their tails, forming "ill-defined bicontinuous domains". Upon further water dilution more structured bicontinuous domains of high viscosity are formed. After additional dilution, the mesophases invert to oil-in-water (O/W) droplets of ∼8nm. In the structures composed of up to 25wt% water, the TG-DHA spaces and de-entangles the surfactant tails. Once the bicontinuous structures are formed, the surfactants and TG-DHA content decrease and their interfacial layer shrinks, leading to entanglement and buildup of viscous non-Newtonian mesophase. Above 70wt% water TG-DHA is embedded in the core of the O/W droplets, and its effect on the droplets' structure is minimal. This new dilutable ill-defined microemulsion can be a potential delivery vehicle for ophthalmic TG-DHA transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Lidich
- The Casali Center for Applied Chemistry, The Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Abraham Aserin
- The Casali Center for Applied Chemistry, The Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Nissim Garti
- The Casali Center for Applied Chemistry, The Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel.
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Lidich N, Wachtel EJ, Aserin A, Garti N. Water-dilutable microemulsions for transepithelial ocular delivery of riboflavin phosphate. J Colloid Interface Sci 2015; 463:342-8. [PMID: 26614391 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2015.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Revised: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Riboflavin phosphate (RFP) is an essential compound in the treatment of keratoconus - a degenerative, non-inflammatory disease of the cornea. Currently, the quantitative and efficient transport of riboflavin to the cornea is possible after mechanical removal of the epithelium. To avoid surgical intervention, it is therefore important to develop a method for quantitatively transporting riboflavin across the intact epithelium. In the present study, an RFP-loaded microemulsion was prepared, which could potentially function as an ocular drug delivery system crossing the eye epithelium. The specially designed water-dilutable microemulsion was based on a mixture of nonionic surfactants. Propylene glycol and glycerol acted as cosurfactant and cosolvent assisting in the solubilization of the RFP. The glycerol-rich water-free concentrate consisted of direct micelles for which glycerol served as the hydrophilic phase. In formulations with up to 40wt% water, the hydrophilic surfactant headgroups and glycerol strongly bind water molecules (DSC and SD-NMR). Above 60wt% water, globular, O/W nanodroplets, ∼14nm in diameter, are formed (SAXS, cryo-TEM, and SD-NMR). The structure of microemulsions loaded with 0.14-4.25wt% RFP (0.29-8.89mmol per 100g formulation) is not significantly influenced by the presence of the RFP. However, in the microemulsions containing 10-80wt% water, the mobility of RFP in the microemulsion is constrained by strong interactions with the surfactants and cosurfactant, and therefore free transport of the molecule can be achieved only upon higher (>80wt%) water dilutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Lidich
- The Casali Center for Applied Chemistry, The Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Ellen J Wachtel
- Faculty of Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Abraham Aserin
- The Casali Center for Applied Chemistry, The Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Nissim Garti
- The Casali Center for Applied Chemistry, The Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Jerusalem 91904, Israel.
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Abstract
Eye drops have long been the primary ocular drug delivery dosage form used to treat ocular disorders ranging from superficial conditions to intravitreal diseases. The ocular anatomical structure and physiological protective mechanisms are one of the most formidable barriers to drug penetration that have significantly reduced the drug's efficacy and target selectivity while sometimes causing ocular tissue damage. There are many new and innovative advances in ocular drug delivery due to better understanding of the structure and function of the eye, the nature of its diseases, and how to overcome or utilize its protective barrier(s), which resulted in increased bioavailability and longer duration of action of the administered drugs, therefore, more effective disease management. We seek in this article to present a comprehensive overview of the basic required knowledge about the barriers for drug delivery to the eye and the major breakthroughs and advances in ocular drug delivery to the anterior, posterior and intravitreal segments of the eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mutasem Rawas-Qalaji
- College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328, USA.
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34
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Liu S, Jones L, Gu FX. Nanomaterials for Ocular Drug Delivery. Macromol Biosci 2012; 12:608-20. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201100419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2011] [Revised: 11/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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