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Carpio-Paucar GN, Palo-Cardenas AI, Rondón-Ortiz AN, Pino-Figueroa A, Gonzales-Condori EG, Villanueva-Salas JA. Cytotoxic Activity of Saponins and Sapogenins Isolated from Chenopodium quinoa Willd. in Cancer Cell Lines. SCIENTIFICA 2023; 2023:8846387. [PMID: 38146491 PMCID: PMC10749722 DOI: 10.1155/2023/8846387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
The cytotoxic properties of two extracts from Chenopodium quinoa Willd. and three synthetic sapogenins were evaluated in different cancer cell lines (A549, SH-SY5Y, HepG2, and HeLa) to investigate their cytotoxic effects and determine if these cell lines activate the caspase pathway for apoptosis in response to saponin and sapogenin treatment. The saponin extracts were isolated from the agro-industrial waste of Chenopodium quinoa Willd., while the sapogenins were identified and quantitatively determined by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Among these compounds, ursolic acid was the most active compound, with high IC50 values measured in all cell lines. In addition, hederagenin demonstrated higher caspase-3 activity than staurosporine in HeLa cells, suggesting an anti-cytotoxic activity via a caspase-dependent apoptosis pathway. HPLC analysis showed that the concentration of hederagenin was higher than that of oleanolic acid in ethanolic extracts of white and red quinoa. The ethanolic extracts of white and red quinoa did not show cytotoxic activity. On the other hand, the synthetic sapogenins such as ursolic acid, oleanolic acid, and hederagenin significantly decreased the viability of the four cell lines studied. Finally, by Caspase-3 assay, it was found that HeLa undergoes apoptosis during cell death because hederagenin produces a significant increase in PARP-1 hydrolysis in HeLa cells.
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Cui X, Ma X, Li C, Meng H, Han C. A review: structure-activity relationship between saponins and cellular immunity. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:2779-2793. [PMID: 36583783 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-08233-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Saponins, which exhibit many different biological and pharmacological activities, are present in a wide range of plant species and in some marine organisms. Notably, the researchers have found that saponins can activate the immune system in mammals. The strength of this function is closely related to the chemical structure of saponins. The present study of the structure-activity relationship suggests that aglycones, glycochains on aglycones and special functional groups of saponins affect the immune activity of saponins. This paper reviews the effects of different saponins on cellular immunity. As well as the structure-activity relationship of saponins. It is hoped that the information integrated in this paper will provide readers with information on the effects of saponins on cellular immunity and promote the further study of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuetao Cui
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, People's Republic of China
| | - Xumin Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunhai Li
- Department of Radiology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Hong Meng
- Department of Radiology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Chunchao Han
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, People's Republic of China.
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Zhao Y, Ma Y, Li J, Liu B, Liu X, Zhang J, Zhang M, Wang C, Zhang L, Lv W, Mu G. Transcriptomics-metabolomics joint analysis: New highlight into the triterpenoid saponin biosynthesis in quinoa ( Chenopodium quinoa Willd.). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:964558. [PMID: 36340365 PMCID: PMC9627512 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.964558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) contains various physiologically active substances, including vitamins, polyphenols, flavonoids, phytosterols, and saponins. Research showed that saponins were the protective substances in the outer layer of quinoa seeds to defend against microbes, herbivores, and insects. Because the aglycones of quinoa saponins are triterpenoids, they are called triterpenoid saponins (TSs). In addition, the presence of TS imparted bitterness in quinoa and resulted in anticancer and anti-inflammatory effects. In this study, the seeds of low-saponin quinoa, NT376-2 (N), and high-saponin quinoa, B-12071(B), at 30 and 60 days after flowering (DAF) were used to measure the TS content and evaluated for their transcriptomic and metabolomic profiles. The amounts of TS were found to significantly differ between all possible comparisons: N and B at 30 DAF (N1_vs_B1), N and B at 60 DAF (N2_vs_B2), N at 30 DAF and 60 DAF (N1_vs_N2), and B at 30 DAF and 60 DAF (B1_vs_B2). RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) was used to screen differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and revealed 14,703 upregulated DEGs and 26,267 downregulated DEGs in the four comparison groups. The 311 overlapping DEGs found in the four comparisons were used for Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses to screen for DEGs related to TS biosynthesis in quinoa. Metabolomics analysis identified acetyl-CoA, 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-butenyl-4-diphosphate, farnesal, and (S)-2,3-epoxysqualene as the key differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs). Transcriptomics-metabolomics joint analysis showed that triterpenoid biosynthesis and terpenoid backbone biosynthesis were the enriched pathways of TS biosynthesis; farnesal were the key DAMs shared in the four comparison groups and associated with 10 key candidate DEGs related to TS biosynthesis in quinoa. These results provided important references for in-depth research on the metabolic mechanism of TS in quinoa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulu Zhao
- North China Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources of Education Ministry, Laboratory of Hebei Provincial Crop Germplasm Resources, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Yucong Ma
- North China Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources of Education Ministry, Laboratory of Hebei Provincial Crop Germplasm Resources, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Jiawei Li
- North China Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources of Education Ministry, Laboratory of Hebei Provincial Crop Germplasm Resources, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Bin Liu
- North China Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources of Education Ministry, Laboratory of Hebei Provincial Crop Germplasm Resources, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Xiaoqing Liu
- North China Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources of Education Ministry, Laboratory of Hebei Provincial Crop Germplasm Resources, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Jianheng Zhang
- North China Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources of Education Ministry, Laboratory of Hebei Provincial Crop Germplasm Resources, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Min Zhang
- North China Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources of Education Ministry, Laboratory of Hebei Provincial Crop Germplasm Resources, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Chunmei Wang
- North China Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources of Education Ministry, Laboratory of Hebei Provincial Crop Germplasm Resources, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Liping Zhang
- North China Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources of Education Ministry, Laboratory of Hebei Provincial Crop Germplasm Resources, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Wei Lv
- National Semi-arid Agricultural Engineering Technology Research Center, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Guojun Mu
- North China Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources of Education Ministry, Laboratory of Hebei Provincial Crop Germplasm Resources, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
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Hu Y, Zhang H, Sun J, Li W, Li Y. Comparative transcriptome analysis of different tissues of Rheum tanguticum Maxim. ex Balf. (Polygonaceae) reveals putative genes involved in anthraquinone biosynthesis. Genet Mol Biol 2022; 45:e20210407. [PMID: 36150022 PMCID: PMC9505757 DOI: 10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2021-0407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheum tanguticum is a perennial herb and an important medicinal
plant, with anthraquinones as its main bioactive compounds. However, the
specific pathway of anthraquinone biosynthesis in rhubarb is still unclear. The
accumulation of anthraquinones in different tissues (root, leaf, stem and seed)
of R. tanguticum revealed considerable variation, suggesting
possible differences in metabolite biosynthetic pathways and accumulation among
various tissues. To better illustrate the biosynthetic pathway of
anthraquinones, we assembled transcriptome sequences from the root, leaf, stem
and seed tissues yielding 157,564 transcripts and 88,142 unigenes. Putative
functions could be assigned to 56,911 unigenes (64.57%) based on BLAST searches
against annotation databases, including GO, KEGG, Swiss-Prot, NR, and Pfam. In
addition, putative genes involved in the biosynthetic pathway of anthraquinone
were identified. The expression profiles of nine unigenes involved in
anthraquinone biosynthesis were verified in different tissues of R.
tanguticum by qRT-PCR. Various transcription factors, including
bHLH, MYB_related, and C2H2, were identified by searching unigenes against
plantTFDB. This is the first transcriptome analysis of different tissues of
R. tanguticum and can be utilized to describe the genes
involved in the biosynthetic pathway of anthraquiones, understanding the
molecular mechanism of active compounds in R. tanguticum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Hu
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Biological Resources, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, China
| | - Huixuan Zhang
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Biological Resources, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Sun
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Biological Resources, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wenjing Li
- Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Xining, China.,Scientific Research and Popularization Base of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Biology, Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Ecological Genomics, Xining, China
| | - Yi Li
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Biological Resources, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, China
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Qin L, Du F, Yang N, Zhang C, Wang Z, Zheng X, Tang J, Yang L, Dong C. Transcriptome Analyses Revealed the Key Metabolic Genes and Transcription Factors Involved in Terpenoid Biosynthesis in Sacred Lotus. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27144599. [PMID: 35889471 PMCID: PMC9320166 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27144599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
As the largest group of structurally diverse metabolites, terpenoids are versatile natural compounds that act as metabolism mediators, plant volatiles, and ecological communicators. However, few terpenoid compounds have been identified in plant parts of sacred lotus (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.). To elucidate the molecular genetic basis of the terpene biosynthetic pathway, terpenes from different parts of the plant, including seeds (S), young leaves (YL), mature leaves (ML), white flowers (WF), yellow flowers (YF), and red flowers (RF), were identified by LC-MS/MS and the relative contents of the same terpenes in different parts were compared. The results indicate that all plant parts primarily consist of triterpenes, with only minor quantities of sesquiterpenes and diterpenes, and there were differences in the terpene content detected in different plant parts. To illustrate the biosynthesis of various terpenoids, RNA sequencing was performed to profile the transcriptomes of various plant parts, which generated a total of 126.95 GB clean data and assembled into 29,630 unigenes. Among these unigenes, 105 candidate unigenes are involved in the mevalonate (MVA) pathway, methyl-erythritol phosphate (MEP) pathway, terpenoid backbone biosynthesis pathway, and terpenoid synthases pathway. Moreover, the co-expression network between terpene synthase (TPS) and WRKY transcription factors provides new information for the terpene biosynthesis pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Qin
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (L.Q.); (F.D.); (N.Y.); (C.Z.); (Z.W.); (J.T.)
| | - Fei Du
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (L.Q.); (F.D.); (N.Y.); (C.Z.); (Z.W.); (J.T.)
| | - Ningning Yang
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (L.Q.); (F.D.); (N.Y.); (C.Z.); (Z.W.); (J.T.)
| | - Chen Zhang
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (L.Q.); (F.D.); (N.Y.); (C.Z.); (Z.W.); (J.T.)
| | - Zhiwen Wang
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (L.Q.); (F.D.); (N.Y.); (C.Z.); (Z.W.); (J.T.)
| | - Xingwen Zheng
- White Lotus Industrial Development Center of Guangchang County, Fuzhou 344900, China; (X.Z.); (L.Y.)
| | - Jiawei Tang
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (L.Q.); (F.D.); (N.Y.); (C.Z.); (Z.W.); (J.T.)
| | - Liangbo Yang
- White Lotus Industrial Development Center of Guangchang County, Fuzhou 344900, China; (X.Z.); (L.Y.)
| | - Chen Dong
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (L.Q.); (F.D.); (N.Y.); (C.Z.); (Z.W.); (J.T.)
- Correspondence:
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Wen C, Zhang Z, Shi Q, Yue R, Li X. Metabolite and Gene Expression Analysis Underlying Temporal and Spatial Accumulation of Pentacyclic Triterpenoids in Jujube. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13050823. [PMID: 35627208 PMCID: PMC9141700 DOI: 10.3390/genes13050823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) has attracted increasing attention because of its fruits’ high nutritional and medicinal value, which produce pentacyclic triterpenoids with valuable pharmacological activities beneficial to human health. However, the dynamic accumulation and metabolism pathway of triterpenoids remain unknown in jujube. Here, we performed metabolite assays of triterpenoids and expression analysis of genes involved in the corresponding metabolic processes on cultivated jujube (Z. jujuba cv. Junzao) and one type of wild jujube (Z. jujuba var. spinosa cv. Qingjiansuanzao). Our results showed that the triterpenoids accumulate predominantly in young leaves, annual stems, buds, and white-mature and beginning red stage fruit. Besides, the total triterpenoid content, ceanothic acid, oleanonic acid, and 3-ketoursolic acid were higher in ‘Qingjiansuanzao’ than in ‘Junzao’. Moreover, we found 23 genes involved in terpenoids metabolism were expressed in all organs, and the ZjSQS1, ZjCYP450/1, ZjCYP450/3, ZjOSC1, ZjFPS, and ZjAACT2 gene expression patterns were consistent with metabolites accumulation during fruit development. In addition, 100 μM MeJA induced ZjSQS1, ZjFPS, and ZjHMGR3 expression in leaves and enhanced triterpenoids accumulation. These findings will help understand the unique metabolism of terpenoids and will benefit further utilization and breeding of jujube as both edible fruit and functional food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuiping Wen
- Research Center for Jujube Engineering and Technology of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Key Comprehensive Laboratory of Forestry of Shaanxi Province, College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling District, Xianyang 712100, China; (C.W.); (Z.Z.); (Q.S.); (R.Y.)
| | - Zhong Zhang
- Research Center for Jujube Engineering and Technology of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Key Comprehensive Laboratory of Forestry of Shaanxi Province, College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling District, Xianyang 712100, China; (C.W.); (Z.Z.); (Q.S.); (R.Y.)
- Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518116, China
| | - Qianqian Shi
- Research Center for Jujube Engineering and Technology of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Key Comprehensive Laboratory of Forestry of Shaanxi Province, College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling District, Xianyang 712100, China; (C.W.); (Z.Z.); (Q.S.); (R.Y.)
| | - Rongrong Yue
- Research Center for Jujube Engineering and Technology of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Key Comprehensive Laboratory of Forestry of Shaanxi Province, College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling District, Xianyang 712100, China; (C.W.); (Z.Z.); (Q.S.); (R.Y.)
| | - Xingang Li
- Research Center for Jujube Engineering and Technology of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Key Comprehensive Laboratory of Forestry of Shaanxi Province, College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling District, Xianyang 712100, China; (C.W.); (Z.Z.); (Q.S.); (R.Y.)
- Correspondence:
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Yang J, Yan H, Liu Y, Da L, Xiao Q, Xu W, Su Z. GURFAP: A Platform for Gene Function Analysis in Glycyrrhiza Uralensis. Front Genet 2022; 13:823966. [PMID: 35495163 PMCID: PMC9039005 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.823966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycyrrhiza uralensis (Licorice), which belongs to Leguminosae, is famous for the function of pharmacologic action and natural sweetener with its dried roots and rhizomes. In recent years, the whole-genome sequence of G. uralensis has been completed, which will help to lay the foundation for the study of gene function. Here, we integrated the available genomic and transcriptomic data of G. uralensis and constructed the G. uralensis gene co-expression network. We then annotated gene functions of G. uralensis via aligning with public databases. Furthermore, gene families of G. uralensis were predicted by tools including iTAK (Plant Transcription factor and Protein kinase Identifier and Classifier), HMMER (hidden Markov models), InParanoid, and PfamScan. Finally, we constructed a platform for gene function analysis in G. uralensis (GURFAP, www.gzybioinfoormatics.cn/GURFAP). For analyzed and predicted gene function, we introduced various tools including BLAST (Basic local alignment search tool), GSEA (Gene set enrichment analysis), Motif, Heatmap, and JBrowse. Our analysis based on this platform indicated that the biosynthesis of glycyrrhizin might be regulated by MYB and bHLH. We also took CYP88D6, CYP72A154, and bAS gene in the synthesis pathway of glycyrrhizin as examples to demonstrate the reliability and availability of our platform. Our platform GURFAP will provide convenience for researchers to mine the gene function of G. uralensis and thus discover more key genes involved in the biosynthetic pathway of active ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaotong Yang
- Resource Institute for Chinese and Ethnic Materia Medica, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
| | - Hengyu Yan
- College of Agronomy, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yue Liu
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Lingling Da
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Qiaoqiao Xiao
- Resource Institute for Chinese and Ethnic Materia Medica, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
- *Correspondence: Qiaoqiao Xiao, ; Wenying Xu, ; Zhen Su,
| | - Wenying Xu
- College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Qiaoqiao Xiao, ; Wenying Xu, ; Zhen Su,
| | - Zhen Su
- College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Qiaoqiao Xiao, ; Wenying Xu, ; Zhen Su,
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Abstract
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The triterpenoid
natural products have played an important role
in understanding mechanistic models of human diseases. These natural
products are diverse, but many have been characterized as reactive
oxygen species (ROS) modulators. ROS can regulate cell survival and
function, which ultimately affects biological processes leading to
disease. The triterpenoids offer an untapped source of creativity
to generate tool compounds with high selectivity to regulate ROS.
This brief Review highlights the diverse complexity by which these
secondary metabolites induce many cell death modalities (apoptosis,
autophagy, ferroptosis, etc.) that can affect various complex cell
signaling pathways through ROS and ultimately lead to evading or accelerating
cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taotao Ling
- Department of Chemistry, Lousiana State University, 133 Chopping Hall, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Lucinda Boyd
- Department of Chemistry, Lousiana State University, 133 Chopping Hall, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Fatima Rivas
- Department of Chemistry, Lousiana State University, 133 Chopping Hall, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
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Zhang L, Qi X, Lu XT, Cui CB, Gao XF. Study on hypoglycemic effects of irradiated ginseng adventitious roots. Food Chem X 2022; 13:100234. [PMID: 35499036 PMCID: PMC9039912 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2022.100234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Low-dose irradiation increased the total saponins of ginseng adventitious roots. Different radiation affected the antioxidant level of ginseng adventitious roots. Irradiated ginseng adventitious roots protected HMCs cells after high glucose injury. Irradiated ginseng adventitious roots increased protection for type 1 diabetic mice. Ginseng adventitious roots can lower blood sugar through Keap1/Nrf2/HO-1 pathway.
We aimed to explore the effects of the 60Co-γ irradiated ginseng adventitious root (GAR) with different radiation doses on the hypoglycemic effects of its extract (GARSE) through in vivo and in vitro experiments. The total saponin of GARSE was increased by 4.50% after 5 kGy irradiation, and the 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging ability was enhanced by 5.10%. At 50 μg/mL, GARSE irradiated by 5 kGy displayed superior protective effects on human glomerular mesangial cells (HMCs) with high glucose damage. After feeding type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) mice with GARSE irradiated by 5 kGy at 500 mg/kg·BW for 4 weeks, the glucose values was decreased by 16.0% compared with the unirradiated. The Keap1/Nrf2/HO-1 pathway was activated and the oxidative stress was attenuated, which further alleviated T1DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zhang
- Convergence College, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin 133000, China
| | - Xin Qi
- Pharma College, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin 133000, China
| | - Xin-tong Lu
- Agricultural College, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin 133000, China
| | - Cheng-bi Cui
- Convergence College, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin 133000, China
- Pharma College, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin 133000, China
- Agricultural College, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin 133000, China
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine Research of Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin 133000, China
- Corresponding authors at: Convergence College, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin 133000, China (C.-b. Cui).
| | - Xue-feng Gao
- Management College, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
- Corresponding authors at: Convergence College, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin 133000, China (C.-b. Cui).
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Rapid Identification of the Chemical Components of Ilex rotunda Thunb Using UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS. J CHEM-NY 2021. [DOI: 10.1155/2021/9570776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ilicis Rotundae Cortex (IRC) consists of the bark of Ilex rotunda Thunb, and its chemical constituents mainly include flavonoid glycosides, phenols, and triterpenoid saponins. In this study, a preliminary analysis was performed to identify and obtain the chemical components from IRC to better control the quality of the medicinal materials and provide a chemical basis for the study of the efficacy of the active components. Simple and efficient sample pretreatment and ultrasonic-assisted extraction methods were used to analyze the mass spectrum fragments and fracture modes in the anion mode by UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS. Using a two-step strategy, the neutral loss, diagnostic ions, and characteristic fragments were studied to screen diverse skeletons and substitutions, and the possible compounds were identified by comparison with databases. The representative compounds were compared with the standard, and the mass spectrogram was found to match perfectly. Thus, our findings reveal that this method is feasible and reliable and can be used to analyze the chemical components of IRC. We identified 105 compounds, including 22 triterpenoid saponins, 15 chlorogenic acids, 33 phenylpropanoids and phenylpropanosides, 3 iridoids, 1 flavonoid, 10 lignans, 12 glycosides, and 9 other compounds. This method lays the foundation for further elucidating the pharmacodynamics of IRC and provides a practical method for the identification of IRC.
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Abstract
Ganoderma lucidum is a medicinal fungus whose numerous triterpenoids are its main bioactive constituents. Although hundreds of Ganoderma triterpenoids have been identified, Ganoderma triterpenoid glycosides, also named triterpenoid saponins, have been rarely found. Ganoderic acid A (GAA), a major Ganoderma triterpenoid, was synthetically cascaded to form GAA-15-O-β-glucopyranoside (GAA-15-G) by glycosyltransferase (BtGT_16345) from Bacillus thuringiensis GA A07 and subsequently biotransformed into a series of GAA glucosides by cyclodextrin glucanotransferase (Toruzyme® 3.0 L) from Thermoanaerobacter sp. The optimal reaction conditions for the second-step biotransformation of GAA-15-G were found to be 20% of maltose; pH 5; 60 °C. A series of GAA glucosides (GAA-G2, GAA-G3, and GAA-G4) could be purified with preparative high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and identified by mass and nucleic magnetic resonance (NMR) spectral analysis. The major product, GAA-15-O-[α-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-glucopyranoside] (GAA-G2), showed over 4554-fold higher aqueous solubility than GAA. The present study demonstrated that multiple Ganoderma triterpenoid saponins could be produced by sequential actions of BtGT_16345 and Toruzyme®, and the synthetic strategy that we proposed might be applied to many other Ganoderma triterpenoids to produce numerous novel Ganoderma triterpenoid saponins in the future.
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Tedeschi LO, Muir JP, Naumann HD, Norris AB, Ramírez-Restrepo CA, Mertens-Talcott SU. Nutritional Aspects of Ecologically Relevant Phytochemicals in Ruminant Production. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:628445. [PMID: 33748210 PMCID: PMC7973208 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.628445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This review provides an update of ecologically relevant phytochemicals for ruminant production, focusing on their contribution to advancing nutrition. Phytochemicals embody a broad spectrum of chemical components that influence resource competence and biological advantage in determining plant species' distribution and density in different ecosystems. These natural compounds also often act as plant defensive chemicals against predatorial microbes, insects, and herbivores. They may modulate or exacerbate microbial transactions in the gastrointestinal tract and physiological responses in ruminant microbiomes. To harness their production-enhancing characteristics, phytochemicals have been actively researched as feed additives to manipulate ruminal fermentation and establish other phytochemoprophylactic (prevent animal diseases) and phytochemotherapeutic (treat animal diseases) roles. However, phytochemical-host interactions, the exact mechanism of action, and their effects require more profound elucidation to provide definitive recommendations for ruminant production. The majority of phytochemicals of nutritional and pharmacological interest are typically classified as flavonoids (9%), terpenoids (55%), and alkaloids (36%). Within flavonoids, polyphenolics (e.g., hydrolyzable and condensed tannins) have many benefits to ruminants, including reducing methane (CH4) emission, gastrointestinal nematode parasitism, and ruminal proteolysis. Within terpenoids, saponins and essential oils also mitigate CH4 emission, but triterpenoid saponins have rich biochemical structures with many clinical benefits in humans. The anti-methanogenic property in ruminants is variable because of the simultaneous targeting of several physiological pathways. This may explain saponin-containing forages' relative safety for long-term use and describe associated molecular interactions on all ruminant metabolism phases. Alkaloids are N-containing compounds with vast pharmacological properties currently used to treat humans, but their phytochemical usage as feed additives in ruminants has yet to be exploited as they may act as ghost compounds alongside other phytochemicals of known importance. We discussed strategic recommendations for phytochemicals to support sustainable ruminant production, such as replacements for antibiotics and anthelmintics. Topics that merit further examination are discussed and include the role of fresh forages vis-à-vis processed feeds in confined ruminant operations. Applications and benefits of phytochemicals to humankind are yet to be fully understood or utilized. Scientific explorations have provided promising results, pending thorough vetting before primetime use, such that academic and commercial interests in the technology are fully adopted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis O. Tedeschi
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - James P. Muir
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research, Stephenville, TX, United States
| | - Harley D. Naumann
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Aaron B. Norris
- Department of Natural Resources Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
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