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Ochiai KK, Hanawa D, Ogawa HA, Tanaka H, Uesaka K, Edzuka T, Shirae-Kurabayashi M, Toyoda A, Itoh T, Goshima G. Genome sequence and cell biological toolbox of the highly regenerative, coenocytic green feather alga Bryopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 119:1091-1111. [PMID: 38642374 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
Green feather algae (Bryopsidales) undergo a unique life cycle in which a single cell repeatedly executes nuclear division without cytokinesis, resulting in the development of a thallus (>100 mm) with characteristic morphology called coenocyte. Bryopsis is a representative coenocytic alga that has exceptionally high regeneration ability: extruded cytoplasm aggregates rapidly in seawater, leading to the formation of protoplasts. However, the genetic basis of the unique cell biology of Bryopsis remains poorly understood. Here, we present a high-quality assembly and annotation of the nuclear genome of Bryopsis sp. (90.7 Mbp, 27 contigs, N50 = 6.7 Mbp, 14 034 protein-coding genes). Comparative genomic analyses indicate that the genes encoding BPL-1/Bryohealin, the aggregation-promoting lectin, are heavily duplicated in Bryopsis, whereas homologous genes are absent in other ulvophyceans, suggesting the basis of regeneration capability of Bryopsis. Bryopsis sp. possesses >30 kinesins but only a single myosin, which differs from other green algae that have multiple types of myosin genes. Consistent with this biased motor toolkit, we observed that the bidirectional motility of chloroplasts in the cytoplasm was dependent on microtubules but not actin in Bryopsis sp. Most genes required for cytokinesis in plants are present in Bryopsis, including those in the SNARE or kinesin superfamily. Nevertheless, a kinesin crucial for cytokinesis initiation in plants (NACK/Kinesin-7II) is hardly expressed in the coenocytic part of the thallus, possibly underlying the lack of cytokinesis in this portion. The present genome sequence lays the foundation for experimental biology in coenocytic macroalgae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanta K Ochiai
- Sugashima Marine Biological Laboratory, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Toba, 517-0004, Japan
| | - Daiki Hanawa
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8550, Japan
| | - Harumi A Ogawa
- Sugashima Marine Biological Laboratory, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Toba, 517-0004, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tanaka
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8550, Japan
| | - Kazuma Uesaka
- Centre for Gene Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Tomoya Edzuka
- Sugashima Marine Biological Laboratory, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Toba, 517-0004, Japan
| | - Maki Shirae-Kurabayashi
- Sugashima Marine Biological Laboratory, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Toba, 517-0004, Japan
| | - Atsushi Toyoda
- Comparative Genomics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka, 411-8540, Japan
- Advanced Genomics Center, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka, 411-8540, Japan
| | - Takehiko Itoh
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8550, Japan
| | - Gohta Goshima
- Sugashima Marine Biological Laboratory, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Toba, 517-0004, Japan
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
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Šafranek M, Shumbusho A, Johansen W, Šarkanová J, Voško S, Bokor B, Jásik J, Demko V. Membrane-anchored calpains - hidden regulators of growth and development beyond plants? FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1289785. [PMID: 38173928 PMCID: PMC10762896 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1289785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Calpains are modulatory proteases that modify diverse cellular substrates and play essential roles in eukaryots. The best studied are animal cytosolic calpains. Here, we focus on enigmatic membrane-anchored calpains, their structural and functional features as well as phylogenetic distribution. Based on domain composition, we identified four types of membrane-anchored calpains. Type 1 and 2 show broad phylogenetic distribution among unicellular protists and streptophytes suggesting their ancient evolutionary origin. Type 3 and 4 diversified early and are present in brown algae and oomycetes. The plant DEK1 protein is the only representative of membrane-anchored calpains that has been functionally studied. Here, we present up to date knowledge about its structural features, putative regulation, posttranslational modifications, and biological role. Finally, we discuss potential model organisms and available tools for functional studies of membrane-anchored calpains with yet unknown biological role. Mechanistic understanding of membrane-anchored calpains may provide important insights into fundamental principles of cell polarization, cell fate control, and morphogenesis beyond plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Šafranek
- Institute of Botany, Plant Science and Biodiversity Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Alain Shumbusho
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Wenche Johansen
- Faculty of Applied Ecology, Agricultural Sciences and Biotechnology, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Hamar, Norway
| | - Júlia Šarkanová
- Comenius University Science Park, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Stanislav Voško
- Comenius University Science Park, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Boris Bokor
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
- Comenius University Science Park, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Ján Jásik
- Institute of Botany, Plant Science and Biodiversity Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Viktor Demko
- Institute of Botany, Plant Science and Biodiversity Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
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Li G, Chen L, Pang K, Tang Q, Wu C, Yuan X, Zhou C, Xiao S. Tonian carbonaceous compressions indicate that Horodyskia is one of the oldest multicellular and coenocytic macro-organisms. Commun Biol 2023; 6:399. [PMID: 37046079 PMCID: PMC10097871 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-04740-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrofossils with unambiguous biogenic origin and predating the one-billion-year-old multicellular fossils Bangiomorpha and Proterocladus interpreted as crown-group eukaryotes are quite rare. Horodyskia is one of these few macrofossils, and it extends from the early Mesoproterozoic Era to the terminal Ediacaran Period. The biological interpretation of this enigmatic fossil, however, has been a matter of controversy since its discovery in 1982, largely because there was no evidence for the preservation of organic walls. Here we report new carbonaceous compressions of Horodyskia from the Tonian successions (~950-720 Ma) in North China. The macrofossils herein with bona fide organic walls reinforce the biogenicity of Horodyskia. Aided by the new material, we reconstruct Horodyskia as a colonial organism composed of a chain of organic-walled vesicles that likely represent multinucleated (coenocytic) cells of early eukaryotes. Two species of Horodyskia are differentiated on the basis of vesicle sizes, and their co-existence in the Tonian assemblage provides a link between the Mesoproterozoic (H. moniliformis) and the Ediacaran (H. minor) species. Our study thus provides evidence that eukaryotes have acquired macroscopic size through the combination of coenocytism and colonial multicellularity at least ~1.48 Ga, and highlights an exceptionally long range and morphological stasis of this Proterozoic macrofossils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangjin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology and Center for Excellence in Life and Palaeoenvironment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Lei Chen
- College of Earth Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266590, China.
| | - Ke Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology and Center for Excellence in Life and Palaeoenvironment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 211135, China.
| | - Qing Tang
- State Key Laboratory for Mineral Deposits Research, School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Department of Earth Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chengxi Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology and Center for Excellence in Life and Palaeoenvironment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xunlai Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology and Center for Excellence in Life and Palaeoenvironment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Chuanming Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology and Center for Excellence in Life and Palaeoenvironment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 211135, China
| | - Shuhai Xiao
- Department of Geosciences and Global Change Center, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
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Leliaert F, Kelly ELA, Janouškovec J, Fox MD, Johnson MD, Redfern FM, Eria T, Haas AF, Sala E, Sandin SA, Smith JE. Brilliantia kiribatiensis, a new genus and species of Cladophorales (Chlorophyta) from the remote coral reefs of the Southern Line Islands, Pacific Ocean. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2022; 58:183-197. [PMID: 34897676 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.13230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The marine green alga Brilliantia kiribatiensis gen. et sp. nov. is described from samples collected from the coral reefs of the Southern Line Islands, Republic of Kiribati, Pacific Ocean. Phylogenetic analysis of sequences of the large- and small-subunit rDNA and the rDNA internal transcribed spacer region revealed that Brilliantia is a member of the Boodleaceae (Cladophorales), containing the genera Apjohnia, Boodlea, Cladophoropsis, Chamaedoris, Phyllodictyon, and Struvea. Within this clade it formed a distinct lineage, sister to Struvea elegans, but more distantly related to the bona fide Struvea species (including the type S. plumosa). Brilliantia differs from the other genera by having a very simple architecture forming upright, unbranched, single-celled filaments attached to the substratum by a rhizoidal mat. Cell division occurs by segregative cell division only at the onset of reproduction. Based on current sample collection, B. kiribatiensis seems to be largely restricted to the Southern Line Islands, although it was also observed on neighboring islands, including Orona Atoll in the Phoenix Islands of Kiribati, and the Rangiroa and Takapoto Atolls in the Tuamotus of French Polynesia. This discovery highlights the likeliness that there is still much biodiversity yet to be discovered from these remote and pristine reefs of the central Pacific.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emily L A Kelly
- Center for Marine Biodiversity and Conservation, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, 92037, USA
| | - Jan Janouškovec
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, 92182, USA
- Centre Algatech, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Novohradská 237, Třeboň, 37901, Czech Republic
| | - Michael D Fox
- Center for Marine Biodiversity and Conservation, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, 92037, USA
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 266 Woods Hole Rd, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, 02543, USA
- Red Sea Research Center, Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maggie D Johnson
- Center for Marine Biodiversity and Conservation, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, 92037, USA
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 266 Woods Hole Rd, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, 02543, USA
- Red Sea Research Center, Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Farran M Redfern
- Environment and Conservation Division, Ministry of Environment Lands and Agriculture Developments, P.O. Box 234, Bikenibeu, Tarawa, Kiribati
| | - Taati Eria
- Ministry of Fisheries and Marine Resources Development, PO Box 64, Bairiki, Tarawa, Kiribati
| | - Andreas F Haas
- NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research and Utrecht University, Den Burg, Texel, 1790 AB, The Netherlands
| | - Enric Sala
- Pristine Seas, National Geographic Society, Washington, District of Columbia, 20036, USA
| | - Stuart A Sandin
- Center for Marine Biodiversity and Conservation, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, 92037, USA
| | - Jennifer E Smith
- Center for Marine Biodiversity and Conservation, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, 92037, USA
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Shirae-Kurabayashi M, Edzuka T, Suzuki M, Goshima G. Cell tip growth underlies injury response of marine macroalgae. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0264827. [PMID: 35298494 PMCID: PMC8929694 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0264827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Regeneration is a widely observed phenomenon by which the integrity of an organism is recovered after damage. To date, studies on the molecular and cellular mechanisms of regeneration have been limited to a handful of model multicellular organisms. Here, the regeneration ability of marine macroalgae (Rhodophyta, Phaeophyceae, Chlorophyta) was systematically surveyed after thallus severing. Live cell imaging on severed thalli uncovered the cellular response to the damage. Three types of responses-budding, rhizoid formation, and/or sporulation-were observed in 25 species among 66 examined, proving the high potential of regeneration of macroalgae. The cellular and nuclear dynamics were monitored during cell repair or rhizoid formation of four phylogenetically diverged species, and the tip growth of the cells near the damaged site was observed as a common response. Nuclear translocation followed tip growth, enabling overall distribution of multinuclei or central positioning of the mononucleus. In contrast, the control of cell cycle events, such as nuclear division and septation, varied in these species. These observations showed that marine macroalgae utilise a variety of regeneration pathways, with some common features. This study also provides a novel methodology of live cell imaging in macroalgae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maki Shirae-Kurabayashi
- Sugashima Marine Biological Laboratory, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Sugashima, Toba, Japan
| | - Tomoya Edzuka
- Sugashima Marine Biological Laboratory, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Sugashima, Toba, Japan
| | - Masahiro Suzuki
- Kobe University Research Center for Inland Seas, Iwaya, Awaji, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Gohta Goshima
- Sugashima Marine Biological Laboratory, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Sugashima, Toba, Japan
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
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6
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Abstract
The purpose of this review is to explore self-organizing mechanisms that pattern microtubules (MTs) and spatially organize animal cell cytoplasm, inspired by recent experiments in frog egg extract. We start by reviewing conceptual distinctions between self-organizing and templating mechanisms for subcellular organization. We then discuss self-organizing mechanisms that generate radial MT arrays and cell centers in the absence of centrosomes. These include autocatalytic MT nucleation, transport of minus ends, and nucleation from organelles such as melanosomes and Golgi vesicles that are also dynein cargoes. We then discuss mechanisms that partition the cytoplasm in syncytia, in which multiple nuclei share a common cytoplasm, starting with cytokinesis, when all metazoan cells are transiently syncytial. The cytoplasm of frog eggs is partitioned prior to cytokinesis by two self-organizing modules, protein regulator of cytokinesis 1 (PRC1)-kinesin family member 4A (KIF4A) and chromosome passenger complex (CPC)-KIF20A. Similar modules may partition longer-lasting syncytia, such as early Drosophila embryos. We end by discussing shared mechanisms and principles for the MT-based self-organization of cellular units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Mitchison
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA; ,
- Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, USA
| | - Christine M Field
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA; ,
- Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, USA
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7
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Abstract
We often think about regeneration in terms of replacing missing structures, such as organs or tissues, with new structures generated via cell proliferation and differentiation. But at a smaller scale, single cells, themselves, are capable of regenerating when part of the cell has been removed. A classic model organism that facilitates the study of cellular regeneration in the giant ciliate Stentor coeruleus. These cells, which can grow to more than a millimeter in size, have the ability to survive after extensive wounding of their surface, and are able to regenerate missing structures. Even a small piece of a cell can regenerate a whole cell with normal geometry, in a matter of hours. Such regeneration requires cells to be able to trigger organelle biogenesis in response to loss of structures. But subcellular regeneration also relies on intracellular mechanisms to create and maintain global patterning within the cell. These mechanisms are not understood, but at a conceptual level they involve processes that resemble those seen in animal development and regeneration. Here we discuss single-celled regeneration in Stentor from the viewpoint of standard regeneration paradigms in animals. For example, there is evidence that regeneration of the oral apparatus in Stentor follows a sender-receiver model similar to crustacean eyestalk regeneration. By drawing these analogies, we find that many of the concepts already known from the study of animal-scale regeneration and development can be applied to the study of regeneration at the cellular level, such as the concepts of determination, induction, mosaic vs. regulative development, and epimorphosis vs. morphallaxis. We propose that the similarities may go beyond analogy, and that some aspects of animal development and regeneration may have evolved by exploiting pre-existing subcellular developmental strategies from unicellular ancestors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wallace F. Marshall
- Department Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, United States
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Li X, Hou Z, Xu C, Shi X, Yang L, Lewis LA, Zhong B. Large Phylogenomic Data sets Reveal Deep Relationships and Trait Evolution in Chlorophyte Green Algae. Genome Biol Evol 2021; 13:6265471. [PMID: 33950183 PMCID: PMC8271138 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evab101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The chlorophyte green algae (Chlorophyta) are species-rich ancient groups ubiquitous in various habitats with high cytological diversity, ranging from microscopic to macroscopic organisms. However, the deep phylogeny within core Chlorophyta remains unresolved, in part due to the relatively sparse taxon and gene sampling in previous studies. Here we contribute new transcriptomic data and reconstruct phylogenetic relationships of core Chlorophyta based on four large data sets up to 2,698 genes of 70 species, representing 80% of extant orders. The impacts of outgroup choice, missing data, bootstrap-support cutoffs, and model misspecification in phylogenetic inference of core Chlorophyta are examined. The species tree topologies of core Chlorophyta from different analyses are highly congruent, with strong supports at many relationships (e.g., the Bryopsidales and the Scotinosphaerales-Dasycladales clade). The monophyly of Chlorophyceae and of Trebouxiophyceae as well as the uncertain placement of Chlorodendrophyceae and Pedinophyceae corroborate results from previous studies. The reconstruction of ancestral scenarios illustrates the evolution of the freshwater-sea and microscopic–macroscopic transition in the Ulvophyceae, and the transformation of unicellular→colonial→multicellular in the chlorophyte green algae. In addition, we provided new evidence that serine is encoded by both canonical codons and noncanonical TAG code in Scotinosphaerales, and stop-to-sense codon reassignment in the Ulvophyceae has originated independently at least three times. Our robust phylogenetic framework of core Chlorophyta unveils the evolutionary history of phycoplast, cyto-morphology, and noncanonical genetic codes in chlorophyte green algae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Li
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, China
| | - Zheng Hou
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, China
| | - Chenjie Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, China
| | - Xuan Shi
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, China
| | - Lingxiao Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, China
| | - Louise A Lewis
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Bojian Zhong
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, China
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Jönsson M, Allahgholi L, Sardari RR, Hreggviðsson GO, Nordberg Karlsson E. Extraction and Modification of Macroalgal Polysaccharides for Current and Next-Generation Applications. Molecules 2020; 25:E930. [PMID: 32093097 PMCID: PMC7070867 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25040930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine macroalgal (seaweed) polysaccharides are highly promising for next-generation applications in several industries. However, despite the reported comprehensive potential of these polysaccharides, commercial products are scarce on the market. Seaweed cultivations are increasing in number and production quantity, owing to an elevated global trend of utilization interest in seaweed. The extraction of polysaccharides from seaweed generally generates low yields, but novel methods are being developed to facilitate and improve the extraction processes. Current areas of applications for seaweed polysaccharides mainly take advantage of the physicochemical properties of certain polysaccharides, such as gelling, thickening and emulsifying. However, many of the numerous bioactivities reported are still only at research level and lack clinical evidence for commercialization. It has been suggested the construction of smaller units may generate better defined molecules that are more suitable for biomedical applications. Enzymatic modification is a promising tool for the generation of more defined, targeted biomolecules. This review covers; structural differences between the most predominant marine algal polysaccharides, extraction processes, modification alternatives, as well as a summary of current and potential next-generation application areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine Jönsson
- Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Post Office Box 124, 221 00 Lund, Sweden; (M.J.); (L.A.)
| | - Leila Allahgholi
- Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Post Office Box 124, 221 00 Lund, Sweden; (M.J.); (L.A.)
| | - Roya R.R. Sardari
- Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Post Office Box 124, 221 00 Lund, Sweden; (M.J.); (L.A.)
| | - Guðmundur O. Hreggviðsson
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Iceland, Askja, IS-101 Reykjavík, Iceland;
- Matis Ohf, Vinlandsleid 12, IS-113 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Eva Nordberg Karlsson
- Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Post Office Box 124, 221 00 Lund, Sweden; (M.J.); (L.A.)
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Del Cortona A, Jackson CJ, Bucchini F, Van Bel M, D'hondt S, Škaloud P, Delwiche CF, Knoll AH, Raven JA, Verbruggen H, Vandepoele K, De Clerck O, Leliaert F. Neoproterozoic origin and multiple transitions to macroscopic growth in green seaweeds. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:2551-2559. [PMID: 31911467 PMCID: PMC7007542 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1910060117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The Neoproterozoic Era records the transition from a largely bacterial to a predominantly eukaryotic phototrophic world, creating the foundation for the complex benthic ecosystems that have sustained Metazoa from the Ediacaran Period onward. This study focuses on the evolutionary origins of green seaweeds, which play an important ecological role in the benthos of modern sunlit oceans and likely played a crucial part in the evolution of early animals by structuring benthic habitats and providing novel niches. By applying a phylogenomic approach, we resolve deep relationships of the core Chlorophyta (Ulvophyceae or green seaweeds, and freshwater or terrestrial Chlorophyceae and Trebouxiophyceae) and unveil a rapid radiation of Chlorophyceae and the principal lineages of the Ulvophyceae late in the Neoproterozoic Era. Our time-calibrated tree points to an origin and early diversification of green seaweeds in the late Tonian and Cryogenian periods, an interval marked by two global glaciations with strong consequent changes in the amount of available marine benthic habitat. We hypothesize that unicellular and simple multicellular ancestors of green seaweeds survived these extreme climate events in isolated refugia, and diversified in benthic environments that became increasingly available as ice retreated. An increased supply of nutrients and biotic interactions, such as grazing pressure, likely triggered the independent evolution of macroscopic growth via different strategies, including true multicellularity, and multiple types of giant-celled forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Del Cortona
- Department of Biology, Phycology Research Group, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
- Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
- Bioinformatics Institute Ghent, Ghent University, 9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | | | - François Bucchini
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
- Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Michiel Van Bel
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
- Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Sofie D'hondt
- Department of Biology, Phycology Research Group, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Pavel Škaloud
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, CZ-12800 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Charles F Delwiche
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742
| | - Andrew H Knoll
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - John A Raven
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee at the James Hutton Institute, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, WA 6009, Australia
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology, Ultimo, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Heroen Verbruggen
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Klaas Vandepoele
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium;
- Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
- Bioinformatics Institute Ghent, Ghent University, 9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Olivier De Clerck
- Department of Biology, Phycology Research Group, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
| | - Frederik Leliaert
- Department of Biology, Phycology Research Group, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
- Meise Botanic Garden, 1860 Meise, Belgium
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Ciancia M, Fernández PV, Leliaert F. Diversity of Sulfated Polysaccharides From Cell Walls of Coenocytic Green Algae and Their Structural Relationships in View of Green Algal Evolution. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:554585. [PMID: 33133113 PMCID: PMC7550628 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.554585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Seaweeds biosynthesize sulfated polysaccharides as key components of their cell walls. These polysaccharides are potentially interesting as biologically active compounds. Green macroalgae of the class Ulvophyceae comprise sulfated polysaccharides with great structural differences regarding the monosaccharide constituents, linearity of their backbones, and presence of other acidic substituents in their structure, including uronic acid residues and pyruvic acid. These structures have been thoroughly studied in the Ulvales and Ulotrichales, but only more recently have they been investigated with some detail in ulvophytes with giant multinucleate (coenocytic) cells, including the siphonous Bryopsidales and Dasycladales, and the siphonocladous Cladophorales. An early classification of these structurally heterogeneous polysaccharides was based on the presence of uronic acid residues in these molecules. In agreement with this classification based on chemical structures, sulfated polysaccharides of the orders Bryopsidales and Cladophorales fall in the same group, in which this acidic component is absent, or only present in very low quantities. The cell walls of Dasycladales have been less studied, and it remains unclear if they comprise sulfated polysaccharides of both types. Although in the Bryopsidales and Cladophorales the most important sulfated polysaccharides are arabinans and galactans (or arabinogalactans), their major structures are very different. The Bryopsidales produce sulfated pyruvylated 3-linked β-d-galactans, in most cases, with ramifications on C6. For some species, linear sulfated pyranosic β-l-arabinans have been described. In the Cladophorales, also sulfated pyranosic β-l-arabinans have been found, but 4-linked and highly substituted with side chains. These differences are consistent with recent molecular phylogenetic analyses, which indicate that the Bryopsidales and Cladophorales are distantly related. In addition, some of the Bryopsidales also biosynthesize other sulfated polysaccharides, i.e., sulfated mannans and sulfated rhamnans. The presence of sulfate groups as a distinctive characteristic of these biopolymers has been related to their adaptation to the marine environment. However, it has been shown that some freshwater algae from the Cladophorales also produce sulfated polysaccharides. In this review, structures of sulfated polysaccharides from bryopsidalean, dasycladalean, and cladophoralean green algae studied until now are described and analyzed based on current phylogenetic understanding, with the aim of unveiling the important knowledge gaps that still exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Ciancia
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Agronomía, Departamento de Biología Aplicada y Alimentos, Cátedra de Química de Biomoléculas, CIHIDECAR-CONICET, UBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- *Correspondence: Marina Ciancia, ; Frederik Leliaert,
| | - Paula Virginia Fernández
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Agronomía, Departamento de Biología Aplicada y Alimentos, Cátedra de Química de Biomoléculas, CIHIDECAR-CONICET, UBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Frederik Leliaert
- Meise Botanic Garden, Meise, Belgium
- Ghent University, Faculty of Sciences, Biology Department, Ghent, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Marina Ciancia, ; Frederik Leliaert,
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Baluška F, Lyons S. Energide-cell body as smallest unit of eukaryotic life. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2018; 122:741-745. [PMID: 29474513 PMCID: PMC6215040 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcy022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Background The evolutionary origin of the eukaryotic nucleus is obscure and controversial. Currently preferred are autogenic concepts; ideas of a symbiotic origin are mostly discarded and forgotten. Here we briefly discuss these issues and propose a new version of the symbiotic and archaeal origin of the eukaryotic nucleus. Scope and Conclusions The nucleus of eukaryotic cells forms via its perinuclear microtubules, the primary eukaryotic unit known also as the Energide-cell body. As for all other endosymbiotic organelles, new Energides are generated only from other Energides. While the Energide cannot be generated de novo, it can use its secretory apparatus to generate de novo the cell periphery apparatus. We suggest that Virchow's tenet Omnis cellula e cellula should be updated as Omnis Energide e Energide to reflect the status of the Energide as the primary unit of the eukaryotic cell, and life. In addition, the plasma membrane provides feedback to the Energide and renders it protection via the plasma membrane-derived endosomal network. New discoveries suggest archaeal origins of both the Energide and its host cell.
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13
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Cremen MCM, Leliaert F, Marcelino VR, Verbruggen H. Large Diversity of Nonstandard Genes and Dynamic Evolution of Chloroplast Genomes in Siphonous Green Algae (Bryopsidales, Chlorophyta). Genome Biol Evol 2018; 10:1048-1061. [PMID: 29635329 PMCID: PMC5888179 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evy063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chloroplast genomes have undergone tremendous alterations through the evolutionary history of the green algae (Chloroplastida). This study focuses on the evolution of chloroplast genomes in the siphonous green algae (order Bryopsidales). We present five new chloroplast genomes, which along with existing sequences, yield a data set representing all but one families of the order. Using comparative phylogenetic methods, we investigated the evolutionary dynamics of genomic features in the order. Our results show extensive variation in chloroplast genome architecture and intron content. Variation in genome size is accounted for by the amount of intergenic space and freestanding open reading frames that do not show significant homology to standard plastid genes. We show the diversity of these nonstandard genes based on their conserved protein domains, which are often associated with mobile functions (reverse transcriptase/intron maturase, integrases, phage- or plasmid-DNA primases, transposases, integrases, ligases). Investigation of the introns showed proliferation of group II introns in the early evolution of the order and their subsequent loss in the core Halimedineae, possibly through RT-mediated intron loss.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Frederik Leliaert
- Botanic Garden Meise, 1860 Meise, Belgium.,Department of Biology, Phycology Research Group, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Vanessa R Marcelino
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.,Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, and Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Heroen Verbruggen
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
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Mine I, Sekida S. Fibrous matrix component of cell wall in the giant-celled green alga Valonia utricularis observed by atomic force microscopy in liquid. PROTOPLASMA 2018; 255:1575-1579. [PMID: 29675564 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-018-1251-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The cell walls of the giant-celled green alga Valonia exhibit the "crossed-fibril" arrangement of cellulose microfibrils (CMFs). The existence of fibrous matrix components coiling around the CMFs was recently reported using atomic force microscopy (AFM). To understand the biological role of this fibrous wall component, we attempted to reveal the detailed morphology of the fibrous structure of the cell walls isolated from V. utricularis specimens in artificial seawater (ASW), by using an improved method of AFM. We also investigated the effect of incubation in an acidic environment that had been known to make the cell walls liable to separate into layers, on the morphology of the fibrous structures. Thin, fibrous structures were found to entangle around a single CMF or multiple adjacent CMFs, the thickness of which was 0.85 nm on average. Incubation in acidic ASW (pH 4), greatly modified the morphology of the fibrous structures in quality and quantity, compared with those incubated in the original ASW (pH 8). Thickness of the fibrous structures was increased to 4.63 nm on average, remarkable deformations were observed, and the density of the structures was reduced to less than half by incubation in the acidic ASW. In addition, same fibrous structures extended over CMFs and forming aggregates were observed on the surface of the cell wall layers separated artificially. Fluorescence microscopy of cell walls treated with Vicia villosa lectin conjugated with fluorescein isothiocyanate showed specific labelling of cell wall regions where the fibrous structures were present abundantly as observed by AFM. From these observations, it can be assumed that the fibrous structures of V. utricularis are the matrix component of the cell wall containing N-acetylgalactosamine, involved in the maintenance of the cell wall integrity through bonding the neighboring cell wall layers, and their morphology and function of V. utricularis are sensitive to acidic pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ichiro Mine
- Graduate School of Kuroshio Science, Kochi University, 2-5-1, Akebono-cho, Kochi, 780-8520, Japan.
| | - Satoko Sekida
- Graduate School of Kuroshio Science, Kochi University, 2-5-1, Akebono-cho, Kochi, 780-8520, Japan
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15
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De Clerck O, Kao SM, Bogaert KA, Blomme J, Foflonker F, Kwantes M, Vancaester E, Vanderstraeten L, Aydogdu E, Boesger J, Califano G, Charrier B, Clewes R, Del Cortona A, D’Hondt S, Fernandez-Pozo N, Gachon CM, Hanikenne M, Lattermann L, Leliaert F, Liu X, Maggs CA, Popper ZA, Raven JA, Van Bel M, Wilhelmsson PK, Bhattacharya D, Coates JC, Rensing SA, Van Der Straeten D, Vardi A, Sterck L, Vandepoele K, Van de Peer Y, Wichard T, Bothwell JH. Insights into the Evolution of Multicellularity from the Sea Lettuce Genome. Curr Biol 2018; 28:2921-2933.e5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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16
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Liu F, Melton JT, Bi Y. Mitochondrial genomes of the green macroalga Ulva pertusa (Ulvophyceae, Chlorophyta): novel insights into the evolution of mitogenomes in the Ulvophyceae. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2017; 53:1010-1019. [PMID: 28677163 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.12561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
To further understand the trends in the evolution of mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes or mtDNAs) in the Ulvophyceae, the mitogenomes of two separate thalli of Ulva pertusa were sequenced. Two U. pertusa mitogenomes (Up1 and Up2) were 69,333 bp and 64,602 bp in length. These mitogenomes shared two ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs), 28 transfer RNAs (tRNAs), 29 protein-coding genes, and 12 open reading frames. The 4.7 kb difference in size was attributed to variation in intron content and tandem repeat regions. A total of six introns were present in the smaller U. pertusa mtDNA (Up2), while the larger mtDNA (Up1) had eight. The larger mtDNA had two additional group II introns in two genes (cox1 and cox2) and tandem duplication mutations in noncoding regions. Our results showed the first case of intraspecific variation in chlorophytan mitogenomes and provided further genomic data for the undersampled Ulvophyceae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - James T Melton
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, 35487-0345, USA
| | - Yuping Bi
- Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
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17
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Knoblauch J, Mullendore DL, Jensen KH, Knoblauch M. Pico gauges for minimally invasive intracellular hydrostatic pressure measurements. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 166:1271-9. [PMID: 25232014 PMCID: PMC4226368 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.245746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular pressure has a multitude of functions in cells surrounded by a cell wall or similar matrix in all kingdoms of life. The functions include cell growth, nastic movements, and penetration of tissue by parasites. The precise measurement of intracellular pressure in the majority of cells, however, remains difficult or impossible due to their small size and/or sensitivity to manipulation. Here, we report on a method that allows precise measurements in basically any cell type over all ranges of pressure. It is based on the compression of nanoliter and picoliter volumes of oil entrapped in the tip of microcapillaries, which we call pico gauges. The production of pico gauges can be accomplished with standard laboratory equipment, and measurements are comparably easy to conduct. Example pressure measurements are performed on cells that are difficult or impossible to measure with other methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Knoblauch
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138 (J.K., K.H.J.);School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164 (J.K., D.L.M., M.K.); andDepartment of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby DK-2800, Denmark (K.H.J.)
| | - Daniel L Mullendore
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138 (J.K., K.H.J.);School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164 (J.K., D.L.M., M.K.); andDepartment of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby DK-2800, Denmark (K.H.J.)
| | - Kaare H Jensen
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138 (J.K., K.H.J.);School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164 (J.K., D.L.M., M.K.); andDepartment of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby DK-2800, Denmark (K.H.J.)
| | - Michael Knoblauch
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138 (J.K., K.H.J.);School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164 (J.K., D.L.M., M.K.); andDepartment of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby DK-2800, Denmark (K.H.J.)
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18
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Abstract
The green lineage of chlorophyte algae and streptophytes form a large and diverse clade with multiple independent transitions to produce multicellular and/or macroscopically complex organization. In this review, I focus on two of the best-studied multicellular groups of green algae: charophytes and volvocines. Charophyte algae are the closest relatives of land plants and encompass the transition from unicellularity to simple multicellularity. Many of the innovations present in land plants have their roots in the cell and developmental biology of charophyte algae. Volvocine algae evolved an independent route to multicellularity that is captured by a graded series of increasing cell-type specialization and developmental complexity. The study of volvocine algae has provided unprecedented insights into the innovations required to achieve multicellularity.
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Affiliation(s)
- James G Umen
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri 63132
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19
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Kania U, Fendrych M, Friml J. Polar delivery in plants; commonalities and differences to animal epithelial cells. Open Biol 2014; 4:140017. [PMID: 24740985 PMCID: PMC4043115 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.140017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Although plant and animal cells use a similar core mechanism to deliver proteins
to the plasma membrane, their different lifestyle, body organization and
specific cell structures resulted in the acquisition of regulatory mechanisms
that vary in the two kingdoms. In particular, cell polarity regulators do not
seem to be conserved, because genes encoding key components are absent in plant
genomes. In plants, the broad knowledge on polarity derives from the study of
auxin transporters, the PIN-FORMED proteins, in the model plant
Arabidopsis thaliana. In animals, much information is
provided from the study of polarity in epithelial cells that exhibit basolateral
and luminal apical polarities, separated by tight junctions. In this review, we
summarize the similarities and differences of the polarization mechanisms
between plants and animals and survey the main genetic approaches that have been
used to characterize new genes involved in polarity establishment in plants,
including the frequently used forward and reverse genetics screens as well as a
novel chemical genetics approach that is expected to overcome the limitation of
classical genetics methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urszula Kania
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria), 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
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20
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Niklas KJ, Cobb ED, Crawford DR. The evo-devo of multinucleate cells, tissues, and organisms, and an alternative route to multicellularity. Evol Dev 2014; 15:466-74. [PMID: 24261447 DOI: 10.1111/ede.12055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Multinucleate cells, tissues, or organisms occur in 60 families of land plants and in five otherwise diverse algal lineages (Rhodophyceae, Xanthophyceae, Chlorophyceae, Ulvophyceae, and Charophyceae). Inspection of a morphospace constructed out of eight developmental processes reveals a large number of possible variants of multinucleate cells and organisms that, with two exceptions, are represented by one or more plant species in one or more clades. Thus, most of these permutations of developmental processes exist in nature. Inspection of the morphospace also shows how the siphonous body plan (a multinucleate cell with the capacity for indeterminate growth in size) can theoretically serve as the direct progenitor of a multicellular organism by a process similar to segregative cell division observed in siphonocladean algae. Using molecular phylogenies of algal clades, different evolutionary scenarios are compared to see how the multicellular condition may have evolved from a multinucleate unicellular progenitor. We also show that the siphonous progenitor of a multicellular organism has previously passed through the alignment-of-fitness phase (in which genetic similarity among cells/nuclei minimizes internal genomic conflict) and the export-of-fitness phase (in which genetically similar cells/nuclei collaborate to achieve a reproductively integrated multicellular organism). All that is theoretically required is the evolutionary acquisition of the capacity to compartmentalize its cytoplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl J Niklas
- Department of Plant Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
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21
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Elvira PR, Sekida S, Okuda K. Inducible growth mode switches influence Valonia rhizoid differentiation. PROTOPLASMA 2013; 250:407-414. [PMID: 22307207 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-012-0381-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2011] [Accepted: 01/23/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Cell differentiation and cell type commitment are an integral part of plant growth and development. Investigations on how environmental conditions affect the formation of shoots, roots, and rhizoids can help illustrate how plants determine cell fate and overall morphology. In this study, we evaluated the role of substratum and light on rhizoid differentiation in the coenocytic green alga, Valonia aegagropila. Elongating rhizoids displayed varying growth modes and cell shape upon exposure to different substrata and light conditions. It was found that soft substrata and dark incubation promoted rhizoid elongation via tip growth while subsequent exposure to light prevented tip growth and instead induced swelling in the apical region of rhizoids. Swelling was accompanied by the accumulation of protoplasm in the rhizoid tip through expansion of the cell wall and uninhibited cytoplasmic streaming. Subsequent diffuse growth led to the transformation from slender, rod-shaped rhizoids into spherical thallus-like structures that required photosynthesis. Further manipulation of light regimes caused vacillating cell growth redirections. An elongating V. aegagropila rhizoid cell thus appears capable of growth mode switching that is regulated by immediate environmental conditions thereby influencing ultimate cell shape and function. This is the first description of inducible, multiple growth mode shifts in a single intact plant cell that directly impact its differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Rommel Elvira
- Cell Biology Laboratory, Graduate School of Kuroshio Science, Kochi University, 2-5-1 Akebono-cho, Kochi 780-8520, Japan.
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22
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Baluška F, Volkmann D, Menzel D, Barlow P. Strasburger's legacy to mitosis and cytokinesis and its relevance for the Cell Theory. PROTOPLASMA 2012; 249:1151-1162. [PMID: 22526203 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-012-0404-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2012] [Accepted: 03/22/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Eduard Strasburger was one of the most prominent biologists contributing to the development of the Cell Theory during the nineteenth century. His major contribution related to the characterization of mitosis and cytokinesis and especially to the discovery of the discrete stages of mitosis, which he termed prophase, metaphase and anaphase. Besides his observations on uninucleate plant and animal cells, he also investigated division processes in multinucleate cells. Here, he emphasised the independent nature of mitosis and cytokinesis. We discuss these issues from the perspective of new discoveries in the field of cell division and conclude that Strasburger's legacy will in the future lead to a reformulation of the Cell Theory and that this will accommodate the independent and primary nature of the nucleus, together with its complement of perinuclear microtubules, for the organisation of the eukaryotic cell.
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23
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Volkmann D, Baluška F, Menzel D. Eduard Strasburger (1844-1912): founder of modern plant cell biology. PROTOPLASMA 2012; 249:1163-1172. [PMID: 22543688 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-012-0406-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2012] [Accepted: 03/25/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Eduard Strasburger, director of the Botany Institute and the Botanical Garden at the University of Bonn from 1881 to 1912, was one of the most admirable scientists in the field of plant biology, not just as the founder of modern plant cell biology but in addition as an excellent teacher who strongly believed in "education through science." He contributed to plant cell biology by discovering the discrete stages of karyokinesis and cytokinesis in algae and higher plants, describing cytoplasmic streaming in different systems, and reporting on the growth of the pollen tube into the embryo sac and guidance of the tube by synergides. Strasburger raised many problems which are hot spots in recent plant cell biology, e.g., structure and function of the plasmodesmata in relation to phloem loading (Strasburger cells) and signaling, mechanisms of cell plate formation, vesicle trafficking as a basis for most important developmental processes, and signaling related to fertilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieter Volkmann
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany (IZMB), University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, 53125, Bonn, Germany.
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24
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Hollants J, Decleyre H, Leliaert F, De Clerck O, Willems A. Life without a cell membrane: challenging the specificity of bacterial endophytes within Bryopsis (Bryopsidales, Chlorophyta). BMC Microbiol 2011; 11:255. [PMID: 22103477 PMCID: PMC3252328 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-11-255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2011] [Accepted: 11/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The siphonous green macroalga Bryopsis has some remarkable characteristics. Besides hosting a rich endophytic bacterial flora, Bryopsis also displays extraordinary wound repair and propagation mechanisms. This latter feature includes the formation of protoplasts which can survive in the absence of a cell membrane for several minutes before regenerating into new individuals. This transient 'life without a membrane' state, however, challenges the specificity of the endophytic bacterial communities present and raises the question whether these bacteria are generalists, which are repeatedly acquired from the environment, or if there is some specificity towards the Bryopsis host. RESULTS To answer this question, we examined the temporal stability and the uniqueness of endobiotic bacterial communities within Bryopsis samples from the Mexican west coast after prolonged cultivation. DGGE analysis revealed that Bryopsis endophytic bacterial communities are rather stable and clearly distinct from the epiphytic and surrounding cultivation water bacterial communities. Although these endogenous communities consist of both facultative and obligate bacteria, results suggest that Bryopsis owns some intrinsic mechanisms to selectively maintain and/or attract specific bacteria after repeated wounding events in culture. CONCLUSIONS This suggests that Bryopsis algae seem to master transient stages of life without a cell membrane well as they harbor specific--and possibly ecological significant--endophytic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joke Hollants
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, K,L, Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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Hollants J, Leliaert F, De Clerck O, Willems A. How endo- is endo-? Surface sterilization of delicate samples: a Bryopsis (Bryopsidales, Chlorophyta) case study. Symbiosis 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s13199-010-0068-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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26
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Cocquyt E, Verbruggen H, Leliaert F, De Clerck O. Evolution and cytological diversification of the green seaweeds (Ulvophyceae). Mol Biol Evol 2010; 27:2052-61. [PMID: 20368268 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msq091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The Ulvophyceae, one of the four classes of the Chlorophyta, is of particular evolutionary interest because it features an unrivaled morphological and cytological diversity. Morphological types range from unicells and simple multicellular filaments to sheet-like and complex corticated thalli. Cytological layouts range from typical small cells containing a single nucleus and chloroplast to giant cells containing millions of nuclei and chloroplasts. In order to understand the evolution of these morphological and cytological types, the present paper aims to assess whether the Ulvophyceae are monophyletic and elucidate the ancient relationships among its orders. Our approach consists of phylogenetic analyses (maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference) of seven nuclear genes, small subunit nuclear ribosomal DNA and two plastid markers with carefully chosen partitioning strategies, and models of sequence evolution. We introduce a procedure for fast site removal (site stripping) targeted at improving phylogenetic signal in a particular epoch of interest and evaluate the specificity of fast site removal to retain signal about ancient relationships. From our phylogenetic analyses, we conclude that the ancestral ulvophyte likely was a unicellular uninucleate organism and that macroscopic growth was achieved independently in various lineages involving radically different mechanisms: either by evolving multicellularity with coupled mitosis and cytokinesis (Ulvales-Ulotrichales and Trentepohliales), by obtaining a multinucleate siphonocladous organization where every nucleus provides for its own cytoplasmic domain (Cladophorales and Blastophysa), or by developing a siphonous organization characterized by either one macronucleus or millions of small nuclei and cytoplasmic streaming (Bryopsidales and Dasycladales). We compare different evolutionary scenarios giving rise to siphonous and siphonocladous cytologies and argue that these did not necessarily evolve from a multicellular or even multinucleate state but instead could have evolved independently from a unicellular ancestor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Cocquyt
- Phycology Research Group and Center for Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
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Foissner I, Menzel D, Wasteneys GO. Microtubule-dependent motility and orientation of the cortical endoplasmic reticulum in elongating characean internodal cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 66:142-55. [PMID: 19137584 DOI: 10.1002/cm.20337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Motility of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is predominantly microtubule- dependent in animal cells but thought to be entirely actomyosin-dependent in plant cells. Using live cell imaging and transmission electron microscopy to examine ER motility and structural organization in giant internodal cells of characean algae, we discovered that at the onset of cell elongation, the cortical ER situated near the plasma membrane formed a tight meshwork of predominantly transverse ER tubules that frequently coaligned with microtubules. Microtubule depolymerization increased mesh size and decreased the dynamics of the cortical ER. In contrast, perturbing the cortical actin array with cytochalasins did not affect the transverse orientation but decreased mesh size and increased ER dynamics. Our data suggest that myosin-dependent ER motility is confined to the ER strands in the streaming endoplasm, while the more sedate cortical ER uses microtubule-based mechanisms for organization and motility during early stages of cell elongation. We show further that the ER has an inherent, NEM-sensitive dynamics which can be altered via interaction with the cytoskeleton and that tubule formation and fusion events are cytoskeleton-independent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilse Foissner
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Salzburg, Austria.
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