1
|
Lekhak MM, Patil SS, Deshmukh PV, Lekhak UM, Kumar V, Rastogi A. Genus Barleria L. (Acanthaceae): a review of its taxonomy, cytogenetics, phytochemistry and pharmacological potential. J Pharm Pharmacol 2022; 74:812-842. [PMID: 35199159 DOI: 10.1093/jpp/rgab183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Barleria, a large genus of the Acanthaceae family, comprises more than 300 species with diverse taxonomy, cytogenetics, phytochemistry and pharmacological potential. Therefore, the aim of this review is to critically assess the research on Barleria and provide guidance for future investigations. METHODS The data were obtained from different sources, such as books, theses, journals and some of the websites and internet-based searches, published from 1901 to 2020. Data obtained from PubMed, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, online electronic journals, SpringerLink, Wiley, etc. have also been used. KEY FINDINGS The species of this genus exhibit considerable medicinal properties. Cytogenetical data are scantily available with chromosome counts available for only 24 species. The most common chromosome number is 2n = 2x = 40. So far, 187 compounds are reported from Barleria species. The active principles, their uses, toxicity and pharmacological effects are discussed. Essential oils, flavones, flavonoids, glycosides, terpenes and terpenoids form the major compounds. SUMMARY It is highly recommended that the pharmacological and economic potential of Barleria species should be exploited and more detailed studies and attention be geared towards its utilization and conservation. In addition, to ensure maximum pharmacological benefits and sustainable use, it is necessary to have empirical information explaining its ethnobotanical values as well as commercial potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manoj M Lekhak
- Angiosperm Taxonomy Laboratory, Department of Botany, Shivaji University, Kolhapur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Suraj S Patil
- Angiosperm Taxonomy Laboratory, Department of Botany, Shivaji University, Kolhapur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Pradip V Deshmukh
- Angiosperm Taxonomy Laboratory, Department of Botany, Shivaji University, Kolhapur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Utkarsha M Lekhak
- Department of Biochemistry, The Institute of Science, Dr. Homi Bhabha State University, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Vijay Kumar
- Plant Biotechnology Lab, Division of Research and Development, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
| | - Anshu Rastogi
- Laboratory of Bioclimatology, Department of Ecology and Environmental Protection, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Gangaram S, Naidoo Y, Dewir YH, El-Hendawy S. Phytochemicals and Biological Activities of Barleria (Acanthaceae). PLANTS 2021; 11:plants11010082. [PMID: 35009086 PMCID: PMC8747396 DOI: 10.3390/plants11010082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Plant species belonging to the family Acanthaceae are globally known to possess various medicinal properties and have cultural and economic importance in both traditional medicine and horticulture. They are important to both animals and humans and are used as food or for ornamental purposes worldwide. Barleria is the third largest genus in the family Acanthaceae. A few of the highly important and reported species of Barleria include B. prionitis, B. cristata, B. grandiflora, and B. lupulina. The flowers, leaves, stems, roots, and seed extracts of plants belonging to this genus are rich in bioactive compounds and have exhibited significant medicinal potential for the treatment of various ailments and infections. Evidence derived from several studies has demonstrated the antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antidiabetic, antiulcer, hepatoprotective, analgesic, antiamoebic, antihelminthic, antiarthritic, antihypertensive, antiviral properties and toxicity of extracts, in addition inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activity and biosynthesis of nanoparticles, of the plant and seed extracts of species belonging to Barleria. Studies have reported that bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, quinones, iridoids, phenylethanoid glycosides, the immunostimulant protein “Sankaranin”, and antibiotics isolated from Barleria species are resposnsible for the above biological activities. Traditionally, the genus Barleria has significant medicinal potential; however, there is a scarcity of information on various species that are yet to be evaluated. This review provides a comprehensive report on existing literature, concerning the phytochemistry and biological activities of the genus Barleria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Serisha Gangaram
- School of Life Sciences, Westville Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa; (S.G.); (Y.N.)
| | - Yougasphree Naidoo
- School of Life Sciences, Westville Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa; (S.G.); (Y.N.)
| | - Yaser Hassan Dewir
- Plant Production Department, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh 33516, Egypt
- Correspondence: author:
| | - Salah El-Hendawy
- Plant Production Department, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ismail-Suhaimy NW, Gani SSA, Zaidan UH, Halmi MIE, Bawon P. Optimizing Conditions for Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Polyphenolic Content and Antioxidant Activity of Barleria lupulina Lindl. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:682. [PMID: 33916193 PMCID: PMC8067139 DOI: 10.3390/plants10040682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Barleria lupulina Lindl. (Acanthaceae) as an ornamental plant has been widely used in folklore medicine due to its abundancy in polyphenolic compounds. The present study examined conditions for optimal extraction of antioxidants from B. lupulina leaf extracts by using the microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) method. The effects of ethanol concentrations, microwave power, and extraction time on total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and 2,20-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothizoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) were investigated by single-factor experiments. Response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to observe interactions of three independent variables (ethanol concentrations, microwave power, and extraction time) on the dependent variables (TPC, TFC, DPPH, and ABTS) to establish optimal extraction conditions. Quadratic polynomial equations in all experimental models yielded favorably with fitted models with R2 and R2adj of more than 0.90 and a non-significant lack of fit at p > 0.05. The optimal conditions for the extraction of antioxidant activity were established at 80% (v/v) ethanol, 400 W, and 30 s with TPC (238.71 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g sample), TFC (58.09 mg QE/g sample), DPPH (87.95%), and ABTS (89.56%). Analysis by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QTOF/MS) successfully identified four new phenylethanoid glycoside compounds in the species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noor Wahida Ismail-Suhaimy
- Halal Products Research Institute, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Putra Infoport, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Siti Salwa Abd Gani
- Halal Products Research Institute, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Putra Infoport, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
- Department of Agriculture Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Uswatun Hasanah Zaidan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Mohd Izuan Effendi Halmi
- Department of Land Management, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Paiman Bawon
- Department of Forest Production, Faculty of Forestry, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Anwar N, Ahmed NZ, Fathima AF, Begum S, Khan AA. Emergence of antimicrobial resistance and magnitude of Unani medicine - scope and challenges. JOURNAL OF COMPLEMENTARY & INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 18:477-483. [PMID: 33544550 DOI: 10.1515/jcim-2020-0092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Emergence of antimicrobial resistance, with practically all newly developed and even more potent antibiotics like carbapenem and colistin, has become a matter of great public health concern. A number of common diseases of public health importance are becoming harder and sometimes impossible to treat due to increased resistance of pathogens. These alarming threats seek prime attention of scientific community to develop newer antibiotics with long-lasting efficacy, least side effects, and low economic burden. Unani classical texts have enormous citations on different infectious diseases. Many single drugs and compound formulations are in vogue since ages for the treatment of infectious diseases. Use of Afaviya (spices), Mufarrehat (exhilarants), Tiryaqi Advia (drugs with antidote properties) and Sirka (vinegar) is highly advocated in treating various infectious diseases. Though, enormous research activities have been undertaken worldwide to explore and develop newer antibiotics from natural resources, indicating massive magnitude of natural products in treating various infectious diseases, however, the higher plants, still largely seems to be unexplored. Moreover, elaborated and well controlled clinical studies are still lacking to authenticate their clinical significance. Hence, a rigorous, well-designed & well-structured research is highly paramount to ascertain the provision of newer, relatively safe and cost effective natural antibiotics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noman Anwar
- Regional Research Institute of Unani Medicine, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - N Zaheer Ahmed
- Regional Research Institute of Unani Medicine, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - A Farhath Fathima
- Department of Ilm-us-Saidla, National Institute of Unani Medicine, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Shehnaz Begum
- Regional Research Institute of Unani Medicine, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Asim Ali Khan
- Central Council for Research in Unani Medicine, Ministry of AYUSH, Govt. of India, New Delhi, India
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
The anti-inflammatory properties of Acanthus Ebracteatus, Barleria Lupulina and Clinacanthus Nutans: a systematic review. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:9883-9894. [PMID: 33244664 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-06025-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
This appraisal is comprised of the inflammatory studies that have been conducted on Clinacanthus nutans, Acanthus ebracteatus, and Barleria lupulina. The review aims to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the supporting and contradictory evidence on each plants' anti-inflammatory properties, whilst addressing the gaps in the current literature. The databases used to obtain relevant studies were Google Scholar, ResearchGate, PubMed and Nusearch (University of Nottingham). A total of 13 articles were selected for this review. A. ebracteatus was found to suppress neutrophil migration and weakly inhibits chronic inflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, B. lupulina and C. nutans were shown to possess very similar anti-inflammatory properties. The studies on C. nutans indicated that its anti-inflammatory effect is strongly related to the inhibition of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). Moreover, several phytoconstituents isolated from B. lupulina were shown to activate the anti-inflammatory Nrf2 pathway. Overall, all the studies have provided evidence to support the use of these plants as anti-inflammatory herbal remedies. However, their exact mechanism of action and the responsible phytoconstituents are yet to be established.
Collapse
|
6
|
Mann S, Sharma A, Sarkar A, Kharb R, Malhotra R, Datta B, Gupta RK, Biswas S. Evaluation of Anti-inflammatory Effects of Choerospondias axillaris Fruit's Methanolic Extract in Synoviocytes and CIA Rat Model. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2019; 21:596-604. [PMID: 31820687 DOI: 10.2174/1389201021666191210114127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune, systemic disease mainly affecting joints. Presently, there is no specific treatment/ drug available for curing RA except few supportive medicines. Therefore, the focus has been shifted to medicinal plants for the treatment of such diseases. Choerospondias axillaris commonly known as Lupsi/Lapsi and has been reported to have several properties for the treatment of various diseases. OBJECTIVE The present study has been conducted to explore the anti-inflammatory effects of Choerospondias axillaris fruit extract on Synoviocytes (FLS) and Collagen-Induced Arthritis (CIA) rat model. METHODS Methanolic extract of the Choerospondias axillaris fruit was used for determining phytochemical, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Antioxidant activity of Choerospondias axillaris fruit was determined by free radicals scavenging assays and bioactive compounds were identified via LC-MS/MS analysis. Anti-inflammatory effect was investigated in RA and Osteo Arthritis (OA) primary cells and also in Collagen Induced Arthritis (CIA) rat models. Further, the medicinal properties of anti-inflammatory bioactive compounds were supported by docking studies. RESULTS In-vitro and in-vivo studies showed significant decrease in the levels of inflammatory cytokines. Docking analysis revealed that quercetin inhibits TNF-α having -9.1 kcal/mol binding energy and 10.13 μM inhibitory constant. Quercetin also inhibits IL-6 having -6.6 kcal/mol binding energy and 21.9 μM inhibitory constant. CONCLUSION Observed results suggest that the underutilized fruit Choerospondias axillaris can be used to reduce the inflammation of inflammatory diseases like RA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Mann
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mall Road, Delhi-110007, India
| | - Ankita Sharma
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mall Road, Delhi-110007, India
| | - Ashish Sarkar
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mall Road, Delhi-110007, India
| | - Rupsi Kharb
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mall Road, Delhi-110007, India
| | - Rajesh Malhotra
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi-110029, India
| | - Barun Datta
- Army Hospital Research and Referral, Dhaula Kuan, New Delhi-110010, India
| | - Rajinder K Gupta
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Delhi Technological University, New Delhi-110042, India
| | - Sagarika Biswas
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mall Road, Delhi-110007, India
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kumari R, Kumar S, Kumar A, Goel KK, Dubey RC. Antibacterial, antioxidant and Immuno-modulatory properties in extracts of Barleria lupulina Lindl. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2017; 17:484. [PMID: 29100518 PMCID: PMC5670697 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-017-1989-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antibacterial, immunomodulatory and antioxidant properties of aerial parts of Barleria lupulina Lindl were investigated in the present communication. METHODS The antibacterial, antioxidant and immunomodulatory properties of B. lupulina (methanol soluble leaf and stem extracts) was analyzed by minimum inhibitory concentration, total phenolic contents, DPPH radical scavenging activity, determination of toxicity, hemagglutination antibody titre, delayed type hypersensitivity and neutrophil adhesion test, respectively. RESULTS Methanol soluble leaf extract (MLE) contains more soluble bioactive compounds inhibiting the growth of five bacterial pathogens viz., Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Salmonella typhi even at MICs of 1.25 and 2.5 mg/mL. Aqueous stem extract (ASE) was least effective while MLE was highly effective in inhibiting the growth and survival of bacterial pathogens. While testing the effect of these extracts in animal model, no mortality of albino rats was recorded by using MLE and MSE at the concentrations from 200 to 600 mg/kg of their body weight. The MLE showed significant result in agglutination reaction and induced paw edema volumes when compared with untreated group (control). Both MLE and MSE extracts significantly increased neutrophil adhesion with increase in doses of extracts. MLE was found to have more potent immune-stimulant properties than the MSE. High phenolic contents were found in MSE while lowest IC50 values were found in MLE in term of DPPH radical scavenging activity. CONCLUSIONS Methanol soluble leaf and stem extract of Barleria lupulina contains antibacterial, antioxidants and immunomodulating phytochemical compounds that was effective for antibacterial, antioxidant and immunomodulatory properties. These may be used as synthetic drug.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reshma Kumari
- Department of Botany & Microbiology, Gurukul Kangri University, Haridwar, 249404 India
| | - Sumit Kumar
- Department of Botany & Microbiology, Gurukul Kangri University, Haridwar, 249404 India
| | - Ashwani Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gurukul Kangri University, Haridwar, 249404 India
| | - Kapil Kumar Goel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gurukul Kangri University, Haridwar, 249404 India
| | - Ramesh Chandra Dubey
- Department of Botany & Microbiology, Gurukul Kangri University, Haridwar, 249404 India
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Alagar Yadav S, Ramalingam S, Jebamalairaj A, Subban R, Sundaram KM. Biochemical fingerprint and pharmacological applications of Barleria noctiflora L.f. leaves. JOURNAL OF COMPLEMENTARY & INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE 2017; 13:365-376. [PMID: 27476103 DOI: 10.1515/jcim-2015-0106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Background Antioxidant and antihistamine agents from Barleria noctiflora L.f. as natural source due to the existing modern medicine give various adverse effects to overcome these problems with natural products. MethodsB. noctiflora leaves extract was fractionated with column chromatography; the homogenized fractions were monitored with thin layer chromatography (TLC) and characterized by using UV-visible, FT-IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and mass spectrometry spectral studies. The volatile phytoconstituents of B. noctiflora extract were analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Phytoconstituents from B. noctiflora leaves extract were screened for their antioxidant and antihistamine potential in vitro (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity, 2,2'-azinobis-3-ethylbenzothiozoline-6-sulfonic acid radical decolouration assay, nitric oxide radical scavenging activity, superoxide radical scavenging activity and hydrogen peroxide radical scavenging activity) and in silico (molecular docking), respectively. Results Antioxidant and antihistamine barlerinoside has been isolated and characterized from the leaves of B. noctiflora L.f. Barlerinoside revealed their free-radical scavenging ability on OH-, OH•, NO-, O2- and H2O2 radicals and found high percentage inhibition against OH- radical at the IC50 value of 50.45±2.52 µg. The methanol (MeOH) extract of B. noctiflora leaves contains cyclotene; N,N-dimethylglycine; tetrahydrocyclopenta [1,3] dioxin-4-one; phenol, 2-methoxy-; benzofuran, 2-methyl-; 1,4:3,6-dianhydro-α-d-glucopyranose; 2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol; 1,3;2,5-dimethylene-l-rhamnitol; levoglucosan and bicyclo[2.2.2]oct-7-ene-2,5-dione as being the major compounds. Among phytoconstituents present in the extract, the hexestrol; 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, bis(2-methylpropyl) ester; 1-(3,6,6-trimethyl-1,6,7,7a-tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]pyran-1-yl) ethanone; megastigmatrienone; furan interacted with histamine H1 receptor and bind at GLU-177 and ASP-178 with high binding energy score -13.95, -13.41, -12.56, -12.03, and -11.72 kcal/mol, respectively, and the expected hydrolysed products of compound-1a and compound-1b from barlerinoside showed -8.91 and -8.68 kcal/mol binding energy against the histamine H1 receptor. This showed that the active ligands exactly bind with active binding site of the protein. ConclusionsWe can conclude that isolated barlerinoside from B. noctflora L.f. has potent antioxidant activity against synthetic free radicals and antihistamine activity against histamine H1 receptor.
Collapse
|
9
|
Senger DR, Hoang MV, Kim KH, Li C, Cao S. Anti-inflammatory activity of Barleria lupulina: Identification of active compounds that activate the Nrf2 cell defense pathway, organize cortical actin, reduce stress fibers, and improve cell junctions in microvascular endothelial cells. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2016; 193:397-407. [PMID: 27660013 PMCID: PMC5436582 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Hot aqueous extracts of the plant Barleria lupulina (BL) are used for treating inflammatory conditions and diabetic vascular complications. AIM OF THE STUDY The goal was to identify active compounds in hot aqueous extracts of BL (HAE-BL) that are consistent with a role in reducing inflammation and reducing the vascular pathology associated with diabetes. In particular, we examined activation of the Nrf2 cell defense pathway because our initial findings indicated that HAE-BL activates Nrf2, and because Nrf2 is known to suppress inflammation. Activation of Nrf2 by HAE-BL has not been described previously. MATERIALS AND METHODS Human endothelial cells, real-time PCR, western blotting, cytoskeletal analyses, and assay-guided fractionation with HPLC were used to identify specific compounds in HAE-BL that activate the Nrf2 cell defense pathway and reduce markers of inflammation in vitro. RESULTS HAE-BL potently activated the Nrf2 cell defense pathway in endothelial cells consistent with its traditional use and reported success in reducing inflammation. Assay guided fractionation with HPLC identified three alkyl catechols: 4-ethylcatechol, 4-vinylcatechol, and 4-methylcatechol, that are each potent Nrf2 activators. In addition to activating Nrf2, HAE-BL and akyl catechols each profoundly improved organization of the endothelial cell actin cytoskeleton, reduced actin stress fibers, organized cell-cell junctions, and induced expression of mRNA encoding claudin-5 that is important for formation of endothelial tight junctions and reducing vascular leak. CONCLUSIONS HAE-BL contains important alkyl catechols that potently activate the Nrf2 cell defense pathway, improve organization of the endothelial cell cytoskeleton, and organize tight cell junctions. All of these properties are consistent with a role in reducing inflammation and reducing vascular leak. Because activation of the Nrf2 cell defense pathway also prevents cancers, neuro-degeneration, age-related macular degeneration, and also reduces the severity of chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder and multiple sclerosis, HAE-BL warrants additional consideration for these other serious disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Donald R Senger
- Department of Pathology and Center for Vascular Biology Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Mien V Hoang
- Department of Pathology and Center for Vascular Biology Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Ki Hyun Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Chunshun Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Daniel K Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawaii at Hilo, 200 W. Kawili Street, Hilo, HI 96720, USA
| | - Shugeng Cao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Daniel K Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawaii at Hilo, 200 W. Kawili Street, Hilo, HI 96720, USA.
| |
Collapse
|