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Fathima A F, Khan I, Irfhan N M, Ahmed N Z, Anwar N, Khan MS, Yadav DK, Shamsi S, Shamsi A. In vitro and Ex vivo study targeting the development of a Lavandula stoechas L. ( Ustukhuddūs) loaded Unani Transdermal patch: Implication of Unani Medicine in the treatment of Nisyan (Dementia). Heliyon 2024; 10:e25284. [PMID: 38322847 PMCID: PMC10845912 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Ustukhuddūs (Lavandula stoechas L.) has been extensively used orally and topically in treating various neurological disorders, including dementia. The optimum potential of traditional dosage forms of Ustukhuddūs is limited for various reasons. Transdermal drug delivery system (TDDS) is a novel means of drug delivery and is known to overcome the drawbacks associated with traditional dosage forms. The current study aimed at fabricating and evaluating Ustukhuddūs hydro-alcoholic extract (UHAE) and essential oil (UEO) loaded matrix-type transdermal patches having a combination of hydrophilic - hydroxyl propyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) and hydrophobic - ethyl cellulose (EC) polymers. ATR-FTIR, DSC, XRD, and SEM analysis were carried out to study drug-polymer interactions, confirming the formation of developed patches and drug compatibility with excipients. We assessed the fabricated patches to evaluate their physicochemical properties, in vitro drug release, and permeation characteristics via ex vivo experiments. The physicochemical characteristics of patches showcased the development of good and stable films with clarity, smoothness, homogeneity, optimum flexibility and free from causing skin irritancy or sensitization. In vitro drug release and ex vivo permeation profile of developed patches were evaluated employing Franz diffusion cells. UHAE and UEO patches exhibited a cumulative drug release of 81.61 and 85.24 %, respectively, in a sustained-release manner and followed non-Fickian release mechanisms. The ex vivo permeation data revealed 66.82 % and 76.41 % of drug permeated from UHAE and UEO patches, respectively. The current research suggests that the formulated patches are more suitable for TDDS and hold potential significance in the treatment of dementia, contributing to enhanced patient compliance, thereby highlighting the implication of Unani Medicine in Nisyan (Dementia) treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhath Fathima A
- Regional Research Institute of Unani Medicine, Chennai, 600013, India
| | - Imran Khan
- National Institute of Unani Medicine, Bengaluru, 560091, India
| | | | - Zaheer Ahmed N
- Central Council for Research in Unani Medicine, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Noman Anwar
- Regional Research Institute of Unani Medicine, Chennai, 600013, India
| | - Mohd Shahnawaz Khan
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Dharmendra Kumar Yadav
- Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Shariq Shamsi
- National Institute of Unani Medicine, Bengaluru, 560091, India
| | - Anas Shamsi
- Centre of Medical and Bio-allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, United Arab Emirates
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Ahmed NZ, John Davis GD, Khan AA, Prabhakar L, Ram Paratap M, Afnaan Z, Devi Sri M, Anwar N. Arq Ajīb - a wonder Unani formulation for inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein and main protease - an in silico approach. J Complement Integr Med 2023; 20:637-649. [PMID: 34679263 DOI: 10.1515/jcim-2021-0241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The current pandemic caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona-Virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has become a global health menace with significant morbidity and mortality besides huge socioeconomic implications. Despite the approval of few vaccines for the prevention of the disease, the discovery of safe and effective countermeasures especially from natural sources is of paramount importance, as the number of cases continues escalating. Arq Ajīb has long been used for various diseases and its ingredients have been reported for antiviral, antimicrobial, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant activities. The present study investigates the inhibitory effect of phytocompound of Arq Ajīb on potential drug targets of SARS-CoV-2. METHODS The structures of phytocompounds present in Arq Ajīb were retrieved from PubChem database and some were illustrated using Marvin Sketch. SARS-CoV-2 S glycoprotein (PDB ID: 6LZG) and 3CLpro (PDB ID: 7BQY) were selected as the target protein. Dock Prep module in UCSF Chimera software was used for receptor structure processing. AutoDock Vina was used to calculate the binding affinities between the protein and ligands and to predict most promising compounds with best scores. RESULTS Molecular docking results predicted that the phytocompounds of Arq Ajīb had good binding affinity and interaction with S glycoprotein and 3CLpro. Quercetin and Isorhoifolin from Mentha arvensis were identified as promising candidates with the potential to interact with 3CLpro and spike glycoprotein and inhibit the viral replication and its entry into the host. CONCLUSIONS Arq Ajīb may prove valuable for developing novel therapeutic candidate for COVID-19; however, it has to be substantiated further with in-vitro and in-vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Zaheer Ahmed
- Regional Research Institute of Unani Medicine, Chennai, India
| | - G Dicky John Davis
- Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research (Deemed to be University), Chennai, India
| | - Asim Ali Khan
- Central Council for Research in Unani Medicine, M/o AYUSH, Govt of India, New Delhi, India
| | - Lavanya Prabhakar
- Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research (Deemed to be University), Chennai, India
| | - Meena Ram Paratap
- Central Council for Research in Unani Medicine, M/o AYUSH, Govt of India, New Delhi, India
| | - Zeba Afnaan
- Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research (Deemed to be University), Chennai, India
| | - Meera Devi Sri
- Regional Research Institute of Unani Medicine, Chennai, India
| | - Noman Anwar
- Regional Research Institute of Unani Medicine, Chennai, India
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Asad F, Naz S, Ali T, Gul Y, Jamal R, Shaheen Z, Tasadaq M, Nadeem A, Anwar N, Batool N, Bano S. Effect of natural and synthetic androgen hormone on sex reversal of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). BRAZ J BIOL 2023; 84:e272413. [PMID: 37255178 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.272413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to produce a monosex population of all male Nile tilapia (Oreochromis spp.) using 17α-methyl testosterone and common carp testes (as a source of natural androgen). Trial was conducted into two consecutive phases, the first was fry (4-5 days old)administration with negative control (without hormone) and positive control (with hormone) feed viz., MT1:60mg/kg, MT2:70mg/kg (17α-MT), carp testis CT1:70% and CT2:80% for 30 days to reverse the sex of male fish and the second phase was nursing the fingerlings for two months on control diet (32% Crude protein).Results revealed a significant growth rate (P<0.05) in the control group where final weight (4.8±0.34ab) and weight gained was recorded as 0.66±0.03ac. In proximate chemical composition of body meat, CT2 treatment showed maximum retention of crude protein, crude fat, and ash whereas dry matter showed maximum retention in MT2 and CT1 treatments. Morphological and histological examination revealed significant difference (p<0.05) in phenotypic males of Nile tilapia fed with the highest percent in MT-treated diet (MT2) of 95±0.58a while MT1, CT2 and CT1 had males of 85±6.0b, 70±5.0b and 65±6.5b, respectively. It was concluded that synthetic androgen (17αMT) was more effective for masculinization but natural androgen scan be an alternative method to produce male tilapia population in an environment-friendly manner as they are inexpensive, eco-friendly, and radially available. These results suggested that synthetic and natural androgen supplementation in the diet plays a significant role in improving growth performance and body composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Asad
- Government College University Faisalabad, Zoology Department, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - S Naz
- Government College University Faisalabad, Zoology Department, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - T Ali
- Government College University Faisalabad, Zoology Department, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Y Gul
- Government College Women University Faisalabad, Zoology Department, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - R Jamal
- Government College University Faisalabad, Zoology Department, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Z Shaheen
- Government College University Faisalabad, Zoology Department, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - M Tasadaq
- Government College University Faisalabad, Zoology Department, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - A Nadeem
- Government College University Faisalabad, Zoology Department, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - N Anwar
- Government College University Faisalabad, Zoology Department, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - N Batool
- Government College University Faisalabad, Zoology Department, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - S Bano
- Government College University Faisalabad, Zoology Department, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan
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Anwar N, Ahmed NZ, Fathima AF, Khan AA. Analytical review of Tiryāq-i-Wabāī - A Unani panacea for the control of COVID-19. J Herb Med 2023; 39:100653. [PMID: 37073363 PMCID: PMC10101772 DOI: 10.1016/j.hermed.2023.100653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
Introduction COVID-19 has affected the whole world drastically and led to a substantial loss of human life. Relentless research is underway to identify effective treatment to control the disease. Traditional systems are also being explored to search for a potent drug. Unani formulation 'Tiryāq-i-Wabāī' has long been used in cholera, plague and other epidemic diseases. This review is aimed at analysing the possible role of Tiryāq-i-Wabāī in the prevention and control of COVID-19. Methodology Unani classical texts and Pharmacopoeias available in the library of Regional Research Institute of Unani Medicine, Chennai were reviewed to collect information related to epidemics, commonly prescribed drugs during epidemics, and therapeutic uses of Tiryāq-i-Wabāī ingredients. ScienceDirect, Springer, PubMed and Google Scholar were searched to collect information regarding current pandemic and pharmacological activities of ingredients and phytoconstituents present in the formulation. The collected data was analyzed and interpreted. Results Tiryāq-i-Wabāī was found to be the most recommended prophylactic and curative drug during epidemics. The formulation ingredients, Sibr (Aloe vera (L.) Burm.f.), Murr Makki (Commiphora myrrha (T.Nees) Engl.) and Zāfrān (Crocus sativus L.) are categorized under Tiryāqi Advia (literally - antidote drugs) and are considered to be very effective in SARS related conditions. These ingredients have been reported to exhibit immunomodulatory, antioxidant, antiviral, antibacterial, antitussive, smooth muscle relaxant, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory activities corroborating the traditional use of Tiryāq-i-Wabāī. Conclusion Scientific data imply great potential and utility of the formulation which could be a possible alternative approach for the prevention and control of current and future pandemics.
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Ahmed NZ, Anwar N, Begum S, Parvez A, Ezhil R, Anjum N. Effect of Ḥijāma (wet cupping), Dalk (massage) and Bukhūr (medicated steam) in amelioration of Waja al-Zahr (non-specific low back pain) - an open prospective clinical trial. J Complement Integr Med 2022; 19:1025-1032. [PMID: 34265876 DOI: 10.1515/jcim-2021-0099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Low back pain is the most widespread musculoskeletal ailment and a common cause of disability worldwide. Conventional medicine typically treats low back pain with a combination of physical therapy; activity modification and rest; pain-relieving and anti-inflammatory medications which are associated with huge socioeconomic implications and adverse drug reactions. In contrast Ḥijāma, Dalk and Bukhūr are ancient medical techniques recommended in the management of musculoskeletal disorders with little or no adverse effects. To evaluate the safety and effectiveness of Ḥijāma bi'l Shart (wet cupping), followed by Dalk (Massage) with Roghan Dafli and Bukhūr (medicated steam) with Tukhm Soya (Anethum graveolens Linn) in patients of Waja al-Zahr (Non-specific Low back pain). METHODS Patients of either gender in the age group of 18-50 years with low back pain persisting for four weeks or more as chief complaint were recruited in the trial. The study was GCP compliant. The duration of the protocol therapy carried out was 14 days. RESULTS Ninty two patients of NSLBP were screened, of which 34 who fulfilled the inclusion criteria and were willing to participate in the study were recruited. Three participants were lost to follow-ups due to personal reasons and 31 patients completed the trial during the study period. Overall therapeutic response observed in this study was 97% while 3% of the patients did not respond to intervention. CONCLUSIONS The study findings imply that there is a credible evidence to ensure that the regimens intervened are safe and effective in ameliorating the symptoms of Waja al-Zahr.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noor Zaheer Ahmed
- Regional Research Institute of Unani Medicine, Chennai, India
- Central Council for Research in Unani Medicine, Ministry of AYUSH, Govt of India, New Delhi, India
| | - Noman Anwar
- Regional Research Institute of Unani Medicine, Chennai, India
- Central Council for Research in Unani Medicine, Ministry of AYUSH, Govt of India, New Delhi, India
| | - Shahida Begum
- Regional Research Institute of Unani Medicine, Chennai, India
- Central Council for Research in Unani Medicine, Ministry of AYUSH, Govt of India, New Delhi, India
| | - Athar Parvez
- Central Council for Research in Unani Medicine, Ministry of AYUSH, Govt of India, New Delhi, India
- Regional Research Institute of Unani Medicine, Srinagar, J&K, India
| | - Radhakrishnan Ezhil
- Regional Research Institute of Unani Medicine, Chennai, India
- Central Council for Research in Unani Medicine, Ministry of AYUSH, Govt of India, New Delhi, India
| | - Nighat Anjum
- Central Council for Research in Unani Medicine, Ministry of AYUSH, Govt of India, New Delhi, India
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Ahmed NZ, Agibothu Kupparam HK, Akbar S, Hissar S, Anwar N, Thiruvengadam K, Anjum N, Khan AA, Dar S, Natarajan S. Effects of co-administration of Unani pharmacopoeia formulations Qurs Tabasheer Sartani and Arq Hara Bhara with CAT-I antitubercular drugs in rats. J Complement Integr Med 2021; 18:517-525. [PMID: 33964191 DOI: 10.1515/jcim-2020-0262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Tuberculosis continues to be a major public health problem globally, despite incredible advancements in healthcare system. In Unani system of medicine, Qurs Tabasheer Sarthani (QTS) and Arq Hara Bhara (AHB) have been traditionally used for tuberculosis like conditions. The study was aimed to investigate the effects of co-administration of QTS and AHB with category I first line antitubercular drugs (CAT-I) on the indices of liver and kidney function in rats. METHODS QTS and AHB were prepared individually and mixed to achieve final compound Unani pharmacopoeia formulation (UPF). The human equivalent doses for rats were calculated and administered with and without CAT-I. The effects of the formulations on serum indices of kidney and liver function, hematological markers and plasma CAT-I drug levels were estimated at 14th, 60th & 180th days of treatment. RESULTS The administration of UPF, CAT-I and UPF + CAT-I altered the levels of aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and gamma glutamyltransferase (GGT) and haematological markers. These alterations were within permissible range and randomly distributed among groups during various time points. Administration of CAT-I alone resulted in moderate histopathological changes which were completely abrogated in CAT-I + UPF co-administered animals. The co-administration of UPF with CAT-I improved the plasma peak rifampicin (RIF) levels, without altering the liver and kidney functions. CONCLUSIONS The co-administration of UPF with ATT improved liver and kidney functions and increased the plasma levels of RIF. These beneficial findings provide a scope to evaluate the pharmacokinetic studies in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noor Zaheer Ahmed
- Regional Research Institute of Unani Medicine (RRIUM), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Seema Akbar
- Regional Research Institute of Unani Medicine (RRIUM), Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir, India
| | - Syed Hissar
- ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (NIRT), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Noman Anwar
- Regional Research Institute of Unani Medicine (RRIUM), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kannan Thiruvengadam
- ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (NIRT), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Nighat Anjum
- Central Council for Research in Unani Medicine, Ministry of AYUSH, Govt. of India, New Delhi, India
| | - Asim Ali Khan
- Central Council for Research in Unani Medicine, Ministry of AYUSH, Govt. of India, New Delhi, India
| | - Showkat Dar
- Regional Research Institute of Unani Medicine (RRIUM), Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir, India
| | - Saravanan Natarajan
- ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (NIRT), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Anwar N, Ahmed NZ, Fathima AF, Begum S, Khan AA. Emergence of antimicrobial resistance and magnitude of Unani medicine - scope and challenges. J Complement Integr Med 2021; 18:477-483. [PMID: 33544550 DOI: 10.1515/jcim-2020-0092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Emergence of antimicrobial resistance, with practically all newly developed and even more potent antibiotics like carbapenem and colistin, has become a matter of great public health concern. A number of common diseases of public health importance are becoming harder and sometimes impossible to treat due to increased resistance of pathogens. These alarming threats seek prime attention of scientific community to develop newer antibiotics with long-lasting efficacy, least side effects, and low economic burden. Unani classical texts have enormous citations on different infectious diseases. Many single drugs and compound formulations are in vogue since ages for the treatment of infectious diseases. Use of Afaviya (spices), Mufarrehat (exhilarants), Tiryaqi Advia (drugs with antidote properties) and Sirka (vinegar) is highly advocated in treating various infectious diseases. Though, enormous research activities have been undertaken worldwide to explore and develop newer antibiotics from natural resources, indicating massive magnitude of natural products in treating various infectious diseases, however, the higher plants, still largely seems to be unexplored. Moreover, elaborated and well controlled clinical studies are still lacking to authenticate their clinical significance. Hence, a rigorous, well-designed & well-structured research is highly paramount to ascertain the provision of newer, relatively safe and cost effective natural antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noman Anwar
- Regional Research Institute of Unani Medicine, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - N Zaheer Ahmed
- Regional Research Institute of Unani Medicine, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - A Farhath Fathima
- Department of Ilm-us-Saidla, National Institute of Unani Medicine, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Shehnaz Begum
- Regional Research Institute of Unani Medicine, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Asim Ali Khan
- Central Council for Research in Unani Medicine, Ministry of AYUSH, Govt. of India, New Delhi, India
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Ahmed NZ, Ahmed K, Anwar N, Ezhil R, Anjum N, Khan AA. Lithotriptic effect of Safūf Hajar-al Yahūd in patients of Hasat-ul Kilya (Nephrolithiasis) - an open prospective clinical validation trial. J Complement Integr Med 2020; 18:139-146. [PMID: 32427123 DOI: 10.1515/jcim-2019-0301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hasat-ul Kilya (Nephrolithiasis) is one of the most common chronic conditions and has been known to the mankind since antiquity. The incidence is increasing globally with geographic, racial and gender variation in its occurrence. Medical management of Nephrolithiasis still poses a considerable challenge for modern medical practice. Unani drugs possessing lithotriptic activity are not only cost effective but also have least side effects. Safūf Hajar-al Yahūd has been used since long for the treatment of Hasat-ul Kilya (Nephrolithiasis) but no documentary evidence based on scientific parameters as to its safety and efficacy are available. OBJECTIVE To validate the safety and efficacy of Safūf Hajar-al Yahūd in the treatment of Hasat-ul Kilya. METHODOLOGY An open prospective clinical trial was carried out on 107 subjects of renal calculi of 3-7 mm diameter diagnosed by Ultrasonogram-KUB (USG-KUB). Subjects were evaluated by clinical history & examination, laboratory investigations followed by USG-KUB for confirmation. The safety was assessed by reporting of adverse events and by pathological and biochemical investigations. Assessment of efficacy was based on improvement observed in VAS score and expulsion/reduction of stone size as detected by USG-KUB. RESULTS Substantial reduction (53%) in the size of calculi confirmed by USG-KUB and considerable lowering of VAS score (75%) were observed with the active intervention in majority of the cases. CONCLUSION The trial has revealed that the Unani pharmacopoeal formulation Safūf Hajar-al Yahūd was well tolerated and has the therapeutic potential in the reduction and expulsion of renal calculi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noor Zaheer Ahmed
- Central Council for Research in Unani Medicine, New Delhi, Ministry of AYUSH, Govt of India, India.,Regional Research Institute of Unani Medicine, Chennai, 600013, India
| | - Kabiruddin Ahmed
- Regional Research Institute of Unani Medicine, Chennai, India.,Central Council for Research in Unani Medicine, New Delhi, Ministry of AYUSH, Govt of India, India
| | - Noman Anwar
- Regional Research Institute of Unani Medicine, Chennai, India.,Central Council for Research in Unani Medicine, New Delhi, Ministry of AYUSH, Govt of India, India
| | - Radhakrishnan Ezhil
- Regional Research Institute of Unani Medicine, Chennai, India.,Central Council for Research in Unani Medicine, New Delhi, Ministry of AYUSH, Govt of India, India
| | - Nighat Anjum
- Central Council for Research in Unani Medicine, New Delhi, Ministry of AYUSH, Govt of India, India
| | - Asim Ali Khan
- Central Council for Research in Unani Medicine, New Delhi, Ministry of AYUSH, Govt of India, India
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Wenker Z, Pagano B, Wahab S, Wade G, Bari K, Safdar K, Schoech M, Anwar N, Makramalla A. 3:09 PM Abstract No. 318 Abnormal doppler findings in transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt using the new GORE VIATORR controlled expansion endoprosthesis: a retrospective single-center analysis. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvir.2019.12.373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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Anwar N, Merchant M, Werel T, Tooth A, Uttleyl L, Gokal R. A Prospective, Randomized Study of the Comparative Safety and Efficacy of Intraperitoneal Imipenem versus Vancomycin and Netilmicin in the Treatment of Peritonitis on CAPD. Perit Dial Int 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/089686089501500214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- N. Anwar
- Department of Renal Medicine, Manchester Royal Infirmary Manchester, U.K
| | - M. Merchant
- Department of Renal Medicine, Manchester Royal Infirmary Manchester, U.K
| | - T. Werel
- Department of Renal Medicine, Manchester Royal Infirmary Manchester, U.K
| | - A. Tooth
- Department of Microbiology Manchester Royal Infirmary Manchester, U.K
| | - L. Uttleyl
- Department of Renal Medicine, Manchester Royal Infirmary Manchester, U.K
| | - R. Gokal
- Department of Renal Medicine, Manchester Royal Infirmary Manchester, U.K
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Anwar N, Shah M, Saleem S, Rahman H. Plant mediated synthesis of silver nanoparticles and their biological applications. B CHEM SOC ETHIOPIA 2018. [DOI: 10.4314/bcse.v32i3.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Borhany M, Anwar N, Tariq H, Fatima N, Arshad A, Naseer I, Shamsi T. Acute blood transfusion reactions in a tertiary care hospital in Pakistan - an initiative towards haemovigilance. Transfus Med 2018; 29:275-278. [PMID: 29845667 DOI: 10.1111/tme.12541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In this study, we report acute blood transfusion reactions at our hospital, compare our analysis with the reported data and identify areas for improvement. BACKGROUND Haemovigilance programmes have been implemented in many countries, and adverse events associated with blood transfusion are published in their annual reports. Pakistan has no current established programme. MATERIAL AND METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted, and all adverse reactions reported to the blood bank from January 2014 to March 2016 were included. An adverse response in the patient, related to administration of blood (within 24 h), was considered an immediate transfusion reaction. RESULTS During the study period, 20 956 blood components were issued. A total of 32 (0·15%) adverse reactions were documented. Allergic reactions were the most common adverse event observed in 15 (46·8%) of the cases. Febrile non-haemolytic transfusion reaction (FNHTR) was the second most common reaction seen in nine (28%) followed by bacterial contamination in four (12·5%) and acute haemolytic reaction in two (6·2%) of the cases. CONCLUSION The low incidence indicates underreporting and the need for a formal haemovigilance system. International benchmarking between different medical systems is helpful to identify areas in the transfusion process that have to be changed to improve transfusion safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Borhany
- Department of Blood Bank and Transfusion Medicine, National Institute of Blood Disease and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - N Anwar
- Department of Blood Bank and Transfusion Medicine, National Institute of Blood Disease and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - H Tariq
- Department of Blood Bank and Transfusion Medicine, National Institute of Blood Disease and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - N Fatima
- Department of Blood Bank and Transfusion Medicine, National Institute of Blood Disease and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - A Arshad
- Department of Blood Bank and Transfusion Medicine, National Institute of Blood Disease and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - I Naseer
- Department of Blood Bank and Transfusion Medicine, National Institute of Blood Disease and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - T Shamsi
- Department of Blood Bank and Transfusion Medicine, National Institute of Blood Disease and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Karachi, Pakistan
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Anwar N, Khurram S, Nadeem M, Shamsi T. Additional cytogenetic abnormalities in chronic myeloid leukemia and outcome - Experience from Pakistan. Ann Oncol 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdx664.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Anwar N, Yt K, Ahmad MA, Salam S, Asif M, Akhtar M, Ahmad S. Antimicrobial and wound healing potential of Marham-e-Aatshak (A Herb-o-Mineral formulation). Pak J Pharm Sci 2017; 30:1535-1543. [PMID: 29084670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Marham-e-Aatshak (MA) is a Unani ointment, with wide use for treating chronic and infectious wounds since long time. This study was designed to screen the antimicrobial and wound healing potential of MA to validate the ethno-therapeutic claims. The agar diffusion method was used to study the antimicrobial action of MA as well as for all of its ingredients. Inhibition zone diameters were measured and MIC values were calculated. Wound healing activity was studied in models of both, excision and incision wounds. Wound contractibility was measured at different intervals in excision wound model; similarly tensile strength was measured in incision wound model. MA and its ingredients showed remarkable inhibitory activity against most of the organisms. In excision wound, a significantly enhanced wound contraction and significantly reduced epithelialization period was observed. In incision wound, significant increase in the mean breaking strength in the test group was observed. The results indicate that MA is capable of fighting against wound infections and able to potentiate the natural healing process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noman Anwar
- Regional Research Institute of Unani Medicine, Chennai, Under CCRUM, New Delhi, Ministry of AYUSH, Govt. of India
| | - Kamal Yt
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Collage of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, KSA
| | - Mohd Aftab Ahmad
- Department of Ilmul Advia, Faculty of Medicine, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Shahana Salam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, KSA
| | - Mohd Asif
- Department of Ilmul Advia, Faculty of Medicine, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Mohd Akhtar
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Sayeed Ahmad
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
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Anwar N, Arshad A, Faraz S, Ahmed S, Fatima N, Shamsi T. Next Generation Sequencing: The Dawn of New Era of Diagnosis in Myelodysplastic Syndromes from Pakistan. Leuk Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/s0145-2126(17)30282-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Anwar N, Arshad A, Nadeem M, Sharif S, Shan S, Khurram S, Fatima N, Shamsi T. Clinicohematological and Cytogenetic Profile of Myelodysplastic Syndromes in Pakistan – Compare and Contrast. Leuk Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/s0145-2126(17)30281-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Khurram S, Borhany M, Anwar N, Naseer I, Boota S, Mirza I, Nadeem M, Shamsi T. Frequency and reasons of donor deferral prior to blood donation process: a single centre experience. Transfus Med 2016; 27:10-15. [PMID: 27730692 DOI: 10.1111/tme.12368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Revised: 07/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to determine the frequency and reasons for donor deferral prior to the blood donation process in our population. BACKGROUND Transfusion is an irreversible event that carries potential risks as well as benefits to the recipient. Therefore, donor selection prior to blood donation is one of the most important steps in ensuring the safety of blood and blood products. METHODS A cross-sectional study was carried out at the blood bank department in our hospital from January 2012 to December 2014. All the blood donors who visited our department in the study period were included in this study. RESULTS A total of 25 901 potential donations were recorded during the study period, comprising 24 309 (93·8%) replacement and 1592 (6·2%) voluntary donations. Females accounted for only 222 (0·9%) of potential donations. Deferral occurred in 3156 (12·2%) of attempts; 280 (1·1%) were permanently deferred, while 2876 (11·1%) were temporarily deferred. The most common reason for permanent deferral was a history of hepatitis B infection (n = 147, 4·7% of all deferrals). Major reasons for temporary donor deferral were low levels of haemoglobin (n = 971, 30·76%), low levels of platelets (n = 611, 19·35%) and previous history of jaundice (n = 192, 6·1%). CONCLUSIONS This study reported a fairly similar pattern of donor deferrals as in other regional studies. Low haemoglobin levels and a history of hepatitis B infection were the most common factors for temporary and permanent donor deferrals, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Khurram
- Department of Blood Bank, National Institute of Blood Disease and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - M Borhany
- Department of Blood Bank, National Institute of Blood Disease and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - N Anwar
- Department of Blood Bank, National Institute of Blood Disease and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - I Naseer
- Department of Blood Bank, National Institute of Blood Disease and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - S Boota
- Department of Blood Bank, National Institute of Blood Disease and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - I Mirza
- Department of Blood Bank, National Institute of Blood Disease and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - M Nadeem
- Department of Blood Bank, National Institute of Blood Disease and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - T Shamsi
- Department of Blood Bank, National Institute of Blood Disease and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Karachi, Pakistan
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Anwar N, Zaman N, Nimmi N, Chowdhury TA, Khan MH. Factors Associated with Periodontal Disease in Pregnant Diabetic Women. Mymensingh Med J 2016; 25:289-295. [PMID: 27277362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
There have been an association between systemic diseases and hormonal changes particularly diabetes which has been cited as a risk factor in the progression of periodontitis in pregnant women. The incidence and severity of periodontal diseases are increasing at a higher rate and a common condition in pregnant diabetic women among Bangladeshi population. This cross sectional study included 200 pregnant women who were selected from gynecological department and examined at the dental unit. The clinical parameters used were the Silness and Loe plaque index (PI), gingival scores and periodontal status and any relationship to socio demographic variables (age, occupation, level of education and urban or rural residence) and clinical variables (gestation period, previous pregnancy, type of diabetes and periodontal maintenance) were evaluated. The results showed that these clinical parameters increased concomitantly with an increase in the stage of pregnancy and in women with multiple pregnancies. Increased age, lower level of education, unemployment and patients residing in rural areas were associated with significantly higher gingival scores and periodontal measures. Women with increased age and multiple pregnancies usually have less interest to frequent periodontal maintenance showing a significant statistical relation between an increased age and changes in gingival and periodontal status; however no significant association was found between increased age and plaque index. It is concluded that gingival inflammatory symptoms are aggravated during pregnancy in diabetic women and are related to different clinical and demographic variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Anwar
- Dr Nabila Anwar, Post Graduate Student, Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Anwar N, Khan MS, Kabir H, Ahmad S. Effect of detoxification (tadbeer) in content of toxic metabolites of Strychnos nux-vomica: A Unani approach for its use in human. J Pharm Bioallied Sci 2015; 7:314-6. [PMID: 26681891 PMCID: PMC4678976 DOI: 10.4103/0975-7406.168034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Azaraqi (Strychnos nux-vomica, Loganiaceae) has been the important Unani medicine since long time as a stimulant, anti-inflammatory, and blood purifier. It has been used very frequently by the Unani practitioner. But the Unani system recommends application of azaraqi in medicine only after its detoxification (tadbeer) may be because of the presence of its deadly poisonous alkaloids (strychnine and brucine). In the present investigation, an attempt has been made to quantify the actual content of their toxic alkaloids before and after the tadbeer. Materials and Methods: A sensitive high-performance thin layer chromatographic (HPTLC) method has been developed for estimation of strychnine and brucine in different samples of azaraqi before and after tadbeer. Precoated HPTLC silica gel plates were used as stationary phase and (toluene: Ethyl acetate: Dietylamine 7:2:1 v/v/v) was used as mobile phase. Result: The Rf value of strychnine and brucine was found as 0.53 and 0.41, respectively. Detection and quantification were performed by densitometry at 270 nm. The calibration plot was linear in the range of 50–1000 ng of strychnine and brucine, respectively, with the correlation coefficient (r2) 0.993 and 0.991 for strychnine and brucine, respectively, which confirms good linearity. The content of strychnine was 0.175, 0.07, 0.18, 0.051, and 0.075% w/w whereas brucine was 0.16, 0.117, 0.061, 0.045, and 0.057 in crude azaraqi, azaraqi without outer cover, azaraqi outer cover only, azaraqi mudabbar and azaraqi mudabbar by fried in ghee, respectively. Conclusion: The detoxification results in sharp decrease in content of toxic metabolites. The process by boiling in milk was found much effective but tedious as compare to frying method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noman Anwar
- Department of Ilmul Advia, Faculty of Medicine, Hamdard University, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi, India
| | - Masood Shah Khan
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Bioactive Natural Product Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hamdard University, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi, India ; Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, Mohammad Ali Jauhar University, Rampur, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Hifzul Kabir
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Bioactive Natural Product Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hamdard University, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi, India
| | - Sayeed Ahmad
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Bioactive Natural Product Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hamdard University, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi, India
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Anwar N, Bibi A, Grech P, Wilson S. 38: Diagnostic rate of physician performed cutting needle pleural biopsy. Lung Cancer 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/s0169-5002(15)50038-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Leyakath Ali Khan S, Anwar N, Nuttal E, Clarke S, Zaman F. 136 Lung cancer from symptoms to referral across the Lancashire and South Cumbria Network. Lung Cancer 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/s0169-5002(14)70137-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Badar F, Anwar N. SP3-28 Is vaccination against the human papillomavirus for prevention of the cervix uteri cancer indicated in Pakistan where there is no Pap smear cervical cancer screening program-a public health perspective? Br J Soc Med 2011. [DOI: 10.1136/jech.2011.142976o.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Majeed U, Jamshed A, Hameed S, Shah MA, Anwar N, Ahmed Q, Mohsin F. Invasive carcinoma of uterine cervix in young females under 20 years. J OBSTET GYNAECOL 2009; 29:269-70. [DOI: 10.1080/01443610902734978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Siddiqui N, Siddique MK, Muazzam IA, Faiz R, Anwar N, Badar F. Breast cancer in very young Pakistani women at a cancer hospital in Lahore. J Clin Oncol 2008. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2008.26.15_suppl.11596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Eckardt AJ, Swales C, Bhattacharya K, Wassef WY, Phelan NP, Zubair S, Martins N, Patel S, Moquin B, Anwar N, Leung K, Levey JM. Open access colonoscopy in the training setting: which factors affect patient satisfaction and pain? Endoscopy 2008; 40:98-105. [PMID: 18253904 DOI: 10.1055/s-2007-995469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIM Patient satisfaction with colonoscopy is important for quality assurance; it may be affected by various factors, including patient characteristics, physician training level, and procedural or organizational features. We aimed to analyze how these factors influenced patient satisfaction and pain in an outpatient training setting. METHODS Consecutive patients for open access colonoscopy (OAC) were enrolled in a prospective, single-blinded, controlled study. Primary and secondary outcomes were satisfaction and pain scores with and without trainee participation. A multivariate analysis was designed to achieve an 80 % power with an alpha value of 0.05. RESULTS 368 patients were enrolled. Satisfaction with the procedure was high (mean score 1.36; 1 = best to 5 = worst). In the multivariate analysis only waiting time in the endoscopy suite was significantly associated with lower satisfaction scores ( P = 0.024). Satisfaction was unaffected by patient factors (gender, American Society of Anesthesiologists' [ASA] score, anxiety, etc). Higher pain scores were associated with higher anxiety levels ( P = 0.02), female gender ( P = 0.02), longer procedure ( P< 0.001), and lower sedation levels ( P = 0.001); trainee involvement (49 % of procedures) did not adversely affect satisfaction or pain scores. CONCLUSIONS Patient satisfaction with OAC using sedation appears to depend primarily on organizational factors (waiting time beforehand). In contrast, pain is associated with patient characteristics (female gender, anxiety) and procedural factors (lower sedation, longer procedure). Trainee participation did not affect satisfaction or pain scores, a finding which may help to reassure patients undergoing OAC with trainee participation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Eckardt
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, UMass Memorial Medical Center, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States.
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Anwar N, Siddiqui M. Opinions on suicide: a web-based discussion group in a programme on biomedical ethics in Pakistan. Indian J Med Ethics 2007; 4:181-183. [PMID: 18630240 DOI: 10.20529/ijme.2007.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- N Anwar
- Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Centre, 7A Block R3, JoharTown, Lahore, Punjab 54000, Pakistan.
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Kostelka M, Walther T, Rastan A, Fabricius A, Daehnert I, Bellinghausen W, Anwar N, Janousek J, Mohr FW. Congenital cardiac surgery in newborns – current outcome. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2007. [DOI: 10.1055/s-2007-967327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Ender J, Häntschel D, Kuntze T, Birnbaum U, Anwar N, Mohr FW. Implementation of a recovery room for patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2007. [DOI: 10.1055/s-2007-967606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Anwar N, Goodman M, Hulme P, Elsmore P, Greenhalgh M, McKeown B. Amelogenin as a target for real time PCR quantitation of forensic templates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ics.2005.12.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Welch MG, Keune JD, Welch-Horan TB, Anwar N, Anwar M, Ludwig RJ, Ruggiero DA. Secretin: hypothalamic distribution and hypothesized neuroregulatory role in autism. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2004; 24:219-41. [PMID: 15176437 DOI: 10.1023/b:cemn.0000018618.59015.a2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
1. This study aims (1) to determine whether secretin is synthesized centrally, specifically by the HPA axis and (2) to discuss, on the basis of the findings in this and previous studies, secretin's possible neuroregulatory role in autism. 2. An immunocytochemical technique with single-cell resolution was performed in 12 age/weight-matched male rats pretreated with stereotaxic microinjection of colchicine (0.6 microg/kg) or vehicle into the lateral ventricle. Following 2-day survival, rats were anesthetized and perfused for immunocytochemistry. Brain segments were blocked and alternate frozen 30-microm sections incubated in rabbit antibodies against secretin, vasoactive intestinal peptide, glucagon, or pituitary-adenylate-cyclase-activating peptide. Adjacent sections were processed for Nissl stain. Preadsorption studies were performed with members of the secretin peptide family to demonstrate primary antibody specificity. 3. Specificity of secretin immunoreactivity (ir) was verified by clear-cut preadsorption control data and relatively high concentrations and distinct topographic localization of secretin ir to paraventricular/supraoptic and intercalated hypothalamic nuclei. Secretin levels were upregulated by colchicine, an exemplar of homeostatic stressors, as compared with low constitutive expression in untreated rats. 4. This study provides the first direct immunocytochemical demonstration of secretinergic immunoreactivity in the forebrain and offers evidence that the hypothalamus, like the gut, is capable of synthesizing secretin. Secretin's dual expression by gut and brain secretin cells, as well as its overlapping central distribution with other stress-adaptation neurohormones, especially oxytocin, indicates that it is stress-sensitive. A neuroregulatory relationship between the peripheral and central stress response systems is suggested, as is a dual role for secretin in conditioning both of those stress-adaptation systems. Colchicine-induced upregulation of secretin indicates that secretin may be synthesized on demand in response to stress, a possible mechanism of action that may underlie secretin's role in autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Welch
- Laboratory of Childhood Regulatory Disorders, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, Division of Neuroscience, NYSPI, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, New York 10032, USA.
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Fathy O, Zeid MA, Abdallah T, Fouad A, Eleinien AA, el-Hak NG, Eleibiedy G, el-Wahab MA, Sultan A, Anwar N, Ezzat F. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy: a report on 2000 cases. Hepatogastroenterology 2003; 50:967-71. [PMID: 12845960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS This is a retrospective study to evaluate the results of laparoscopic cholecystectomy after 2000 cases at a single center. METHODOLOGY Between June 1992 and February 2000, 2000 patients (1458 females and 542 males, mean age 39.8 years) with symptomatic gallstones underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy. All cases were diagnosed by abdominal ultrasonography. Preoperative endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography was done for 31 patients. Four trocars were used for all except 20 cases. RESULTS The mean operative time was 45 +/- 15 minutes. Conversion to open cholecystectomy occurred in 147 patients (7.35%). Adhesions were the commonest cause of conversion (2.9%). There was no technique-related mortality. Bile duct injury occurred in 7 cases (0.35%), reconstruction by Rouxen-Y hepaticojejunostomy was necessary in 5 cases and the injury was successfully managed by endoscopic stent in 2 cases. Bile leakage occurred in 11 cases (0.55%), peritonitis in 5 cases (0.25%), internal hemorrhage in 9 cases (0.45%), cystic artery injury in 17 cases (0.85%), pneumothorax in one case (0.05%) and subcutaneous emphysema in 3 cases (0.15%). CONCLUSIONS Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is a good alternative to open cholecystectomy with an acceptable morbidity. Conversion to open cholecystectomy at the proper time will prevent major complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Fathy
- Gastroenterology Surgery Centre, Mansoura University, Gehan Street, Mansoura, Egypt
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Ender J, Anwar N, Brose S, Engel M, Retry A, Autschbach R. Epicardial echocardiography for correct placement of the intracardial biventricular assist device (Impella). Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2002; 50:92-4. [PMID: 11981709 DOI: 10.1055/s-2002-26692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Correct placement of the intracardial biventricular assist device (Impella) as a supporting system for off-pump coronary surgery is routinely checked by transesophageal echocardiography and invasive pressure measurements. However, it remains difficult to verify the accurate position of the right heart system when the posterior wall is exposed. METHODS In 23 patients undergoing augmented beating heart CABG surgery, the correct placement of the lmpella-system was controlled by TEE as well as by a new 15-6 L epicardial echotransducer (EE) (Agilent, Andover, MA). RESULTS TEE assisted well in inserting the system in all patients. The correct placement of the distal end of the right heart system 1.5 cm behind the pulmonary valve was verified in 18/23 cases by TEE vs. 23/23 cases by EE. Dislocation of the devices during tilting of the heart could only be verified by EE. CONCLUSIONS Epicardial echocardiography is a useful, innovative method for monitoring the correct placement of the new intracardial biventricular assist device during beating-heart surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ender
- Abteilung für Anästhesiologie und Intensivmedizin II, Leipzig, Germany.
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Morley SL, Cole MJ, Ison CA, Camaraza MA, Sotolongo F, Anwar N, Cuevas I, Carbonero M, Campa HC, Sierra G, Levin M. Immunogenicity of a serogroup B meningococcal vaccine against multiple Neisseria meningitidis strains in infants. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2001; 20:1054-61. [PMID: 11734711 DOI: 10.1097/00006454-200111000-00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The serogroup B meningococcus is responsible for the majority of cases of meningococcal disease in temperate countries. Infants and young children <2 years of age are at greatest risk of disease. This study assessed the immunogenicity in infants of a serogroup B meningococcal outer membrane protein vaccine that has been used extensively in disease outbreaks in Cuba and several Latin American countries and shown to be efficacious in teenagers. METHOD One hundred five healthy infants entering the routine vaccination schedule in Havana, Cuba, were given either 2 or 3 doses of the serogroup B meningococcal vaccine VA-MENGOC-BC at 3.5, 5.5 and 7.5 months of age. Immune response pre- and postvaccination was determined by the conventional serum bactericidal assay (SBA), a more sensitive novel whole blood bactericidal assay (WBA) and immunoglobulin ELISA. RESULTS In 52 and 46% of infants >50% killing of the vaccine serogroup B strain (B:4:P1.19,15) and serogroup C strain, respectively, was demonstrated by the WBA after 2 doses of the vaccine. Serum bactericidal activity (4-fold increase in titer) was induced in only 27% against the vaccine serogroup B strain and in 14% against the serogroup C strain. The changes in WBA and SBA were mirrored by the serogroup B and C immunoglobulin ELISA. Cross-reactive immunogenicity against other (heterologous) serogroup B strains was demonstrated for one of the four further strains assessed by WBA. By age 16 to 18 months SBA, WBA and ELISA responses had declined considerably. The addition of a third dose of vaccine did not appear to significantly influence immunogenicity at 17 months of age. CONCLUSION The serogroup B outer membrane protein vaccine VA-MENGOC-BC induces a demonstrable immune response in infants against both the serogroup B vaccine strain and against a serogroup C strain. Cross-reactive immunogenicity against other (heterologous) serogroup B strains is limited in this age group.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Morley
- Departments of Paediatrics and Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Imperial College School of Medicine, St. Mary's Campus, London, UK.
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Ison C, Anwar N, Morley S, Cole M, Levin M. Assessment of the immune response to meningococci. J Infect 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0163-4453(00)80102-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Ison CA, Anwar N, Cole MJ, Galassini R, Heyderman RS, Klein NJ, West J, Pollard AJ, Morley S, Levin and the Meningococcal RE. Assessment of immune response to meningococcal disease: comparison of a whole-blood assay and the serum bactericidal assay. Microb Pathog 1999; 27:207-14. [PMID: 10502461 DOI: 10.1006/mpat.1999.0296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A whole-blood assay (WBA), which assesses the complete bactericidal activity of blood, was compared with the serum bactericidal assay (SBA), which measures antibody and complement mediated cell lysis. Twenty children infected with serogroup B strains and 25 infected with serogroup C strains were studied 8-12 weeks after disease, and 29 healthy children were used as controls. The infecting strain (convalescent children only) and two reference strains, MC58 (B:15:P1.7, 16) and NCTC 8554 (C:NT:P1.5) were used. In children previously infected with a serogroup B strain, bactericidal activity was detected in 95% and 85% to their infecting strain by the WBA (>50% killing) and the SBA (s), respectively. Bactericidal activity to the reference serogroup B and C strain was detected by WBA in 70 and 75% of children, respectively, and the SBA in 45% and 20%. In contrast bactericidal activity was detected to both serogroup C strains in >80% of children previously infected with a serogroup C strain using either assay and in 48% (WBA) and 20% (SBA) to the reference serogroup B strain. Levels of bactericidal activity were detectable in fewer control children. Children convalescing from meningococcal disease develop an immune response to their infecting strain, detectable by both the WBA and SBA, which is independent of age. However, the WBA appears to be a more sensitive measure of bactericidal activity to heterologous strains than the SBA.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Ison
- Departments of Infectious Diseases & Microbiology, and Paediatrics, Imperial College School of Medicine, St Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, U.K
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Jack DL, Dodds AW, Anwar N, Ison CA, Law A, Frosch M, Turner MW, Klein NJ. Activation of complement by mannose-binding lectin on isogenic mutants of Neisseria meningitidis serogroup B. J Immunol 1998; 160:1346-53. [PMID: 9570553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mannose-binding lectin (MBL) is a serum protein that has been demonstrated to activate the classical complement pathway and to function directly as an opsonin. Although MBL deficiency is associated with a common opsonic defect and a predisposition to infection, the role of the protein in bacterial infection remains unclear. We have investigated MBL binding to Neisseria meningitidis serogroup B1940 and three isogenic mutants, and the subsequent activation of the two major isoforms of C4 (C4A and C4B) by an associated serine protease, MASP. The mutants lacked expression of the capsular polysaccharide (siaD-), the lipo-oligosaccharide (LOS) outer core that prevented LOS sialylation (cpsD-), or both capsule and LOS outer core (cps-). Using flow cytometry, it was possible to detect strong MBL binding to the cps- and cpsD- mutants over a wide range of concentrations. In contrast, minimal or no MBL binding was detected on the parent organism, with binding to siaD- only at higher MBL concentrations. C4 was activated and bound by mutants that had previously bound MBL/MASP, but there was no significant difference in the amounts of C4A and C4B bound. When sialic acid residues were removed from the parent organism by neuraminidase treatment, the binding of both MBL and C4 increased significantly. Our results suggest that MBL may bind to and activate complement on these encapsulated organisms, and the major determinants of these effects are the LOS structure and sialylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Jack
- Immunobiology Unit, Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
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Sugden D, Anwar N, Klein DC. Rat pineal alpha 1-adrenoceptor subtypes: studies using radioligand binding and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis. Br J Pharmacol 1996; 118:1246-52. [PMID: 8818350 PMCID: PMC1909588 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1996.tb15530.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
1. The pharmacological characteristics of alpha 1-adrenoceptor binding sites in rat pineal gland membranes, detected by use of a selective alpha 1-adrenoceptor antagonist ([125I]-iodo-2-[beta-(4-hydroxyphenyl) ethylaminomethyl]tetralone, [125I]-HEAT), were investigated with the alkylating agent, chloroethylclonidine (CEC), and in competition experiments with a number of adrenoceptor agonists and antagonists. 2. Chloroethylclonidine (CEC) treatment (10 microM, 10 min) of rat pineal membranes inactivated approximately 70% of specific [125I]-HEAT binding sites. Higher concentrations of CEC (up to 100 microM) or longer treatment periods (up to 40 min) were no more effective. 3. Adrenoceptor agonists and antagonists competitively inhibited [125I]-HEAT binding with Hill coefficients close to unity indicating a single alpha 1-adrenoceptor subtype is present. The affinity (Ki) of subtype selective agonists (oxymetazoline, SDZ NVI-085) and antagonists (5-methylurapidil, WB4101, benoxathian, phentolamine) was consistent with binding to an alpha 1B-adrenoceptor subtype. 4. The (-)- and (+)-enantiomers of niguldipine had an equal and low affinity for alpha 1-adrenoceptor binding sites both in untreated (log Ki-6.66 and -6.90 respectively) and CEC-treated membranes in which approximately 70% of sites had been inactivated (log Ki-6.41 and -6.86 respectively). This indicates that the small proportion of alpha 1-adrenoceptors insensitive to CEC are not alpha 1A-adrenoceptors. 5. mRNA was isolated from rat pinealocytes, cDNA was synthesized and then amplified by the polymerase chain reaction with alpha 1-adrenoceptor subtype specific primers. These experiments identified both alpha 1A- and alpha 1B-adrenoceptor mRNA, but not alpha 1D-mRNA in rat pinealocytes, although all three adrenoceptor subtypes were readily identified in rat brain cortex. 6. These data indicate that although both alpha 1A- and alpha 1B-adrenoceptor mRNAs are present in the pineal the major subtype of alpha 1-adrenoceptor expressed is the alpha 1B.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Sugden
- Biomedical Sciences Division, King's College London
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Anwar N, Hutchison AJ, Manos J, Uttley L, Brenchley P, Gokal R. Peritoneal dialysate IgG/C3 levels do not predict susceptibility to peritonitis. ARCH ESP UROL 1996; 16:154-7. [PMID: 9147549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the usefulness of dialysate IgG and C3 concentrations in predicting likelihood of developing peritonitis. DESIGN Prospective, longitudinal, and comparative study. SETTING Single university teaching hospital dialysis unit and outpatient clinic. PATIENTS Thirty-four uremic patients were studied (20 males, 14 females: mean age 47.2, range 20-73 years). Monthly serum and overnight dialysate (eight- to eleven-hour dwell) samples were obtained for IgG and C3 estimations over the first six months of the study, and trimonthly samples were obtained thereafter. All patients performed exchanges using standard transfer sets (Baxter system II, Baxter Healthcare Ltd., Thetford, Norfolk, U.K.), used no hypertonic fluid (3.86%) for overnight exchanges, and were followed up for a minimum of 18 months. OUTCOME MEASURES Dialysate and serum levels of IgG and C3; peritonitis episodes. RESULTS Forty-five episodes of peritonitis occurred in 24 patients during the study period. We examined opsonin levels in the group as a whole, and then in two subgroups of patients: those who remained peritonitis-free throughout the study, and those who did not. There were no significant differences between IgG and C3 levels in the two groups at any time point, and large interpatient and intrapatient variation in levels were seen. CONCLUSION Dialysate levels of IgG and C3 from the overnight dwell are not helpful in predicting the risk of developing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis peritonitis in individual patients. No correlation was found between opsonin levels and onset of clinical peritonitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Anwar
- Department of Renal Medicine, Manchester Royal Infirmary, UK
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Abstract
To investigate the mechanism of the increase in alcohol bioavailability by ranitidine, we determined by nuclear scan the changes in gastric emptying of a 10% ethanol solution (containing 0.3 g ethanol/kg body weight and 300 microCi of technetium-labeled diethylene triamine pentacetic acid) in 8 normal men, before and after treatment with 300 mg ranitidine orally each evening for 1 week. We compared these changes with those of ethanol bioavailability, calculated by integration of the Michaelis-Menten function over the entire alcohol curves after random i.v. and, on a separate day, oral administration of the same ethanol dose, pre- and post-ranitidine. With ranitidine, we found an acceleration of gastric emptying in 7 of 8 subjects, with 20% shortening of the time to 50% emptying (51.8 +/- 4.1 min vs 64.3 +/- 3.4, without ranitidine; P < .001 by paired t test). Despite the disappearance (from the stomach) of most of the dose by the end of the blood alcohol curves, only 83 +/- 4% reached the systemic blood vs 64 +/- 4% without ranitidine (P < .02), most likely because of a shortened exposure of alcohol dehydrogenase to optimal ethanol concentrations. As a result, after oral but not intravenous alcohol administration, ranitidine increased blood alcohol concentrations (29 +/- 4 mg/dl vs 22 +/- 3, without ranitidine; P < .02), with a corresponding decrease in first pass metabolism of ethanol from 107 +/- 16 mg/kg to 47 +/- 16 (P < .01).
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Affiliation(s)
- I Amir
- Alcohol Research and Treatment Center, Bronx VA Medical Center, NY 10468, USA
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Anwar N, Kingma DW, Bloch AR, Mourad M, Raffeld M, Franklin J, Magrath I, el Bolkainy N, Jaffe ES. The investigation of Epstein-Barr viral sequences in 41 cases of Burkitt's lymphoma from Egypt: epidemiologic correlations. Cancer 1995; 76:1245-52. [PMID: 8630905 DOI: 10.1002/1097-0142(19951001)76:7<1245::aid-cncr2820760723>3.0.co;2-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is associated with many human neoplasms, including Burkitt's lymphoma (BL). Endemic BL in central Africa is more often EBV-associated than BL in the United States, where seroconversion for EBV occurs somewhat later than in Africa. Therefore, the EBV association rate in BL may correlate more with the socioeconomic status of the population studied, which influences the age of EBV seroconversion, than with such factors as malaria, which may relate to the overall higher incidence rate in endemic regions. METHODS Forty-one patients with BL in Egypt, which differs both climatically and racially from central African countries (i.e., Kenya, Uganda) where BL is endemic, were analyzed. All biopsies were evaluated for EBV-encoded RNAs (EBER1) by RNA in situ hybridization, analyzed for p53 protein expression using the monoclonal antibody D07, and immunophenotyped using a panel of monoclonal antibodies that included L26 (CD20), Leu 22 (CD43), and A6 (CD45RO). Twelve cases were evaluable for EBV subtype by polymerase chain reaction with EBV-specific primers. RESULTS The median age at diagnosis was 9 years (range, 2-22 years). The biopsy site was extranodal in 29 patients and nodal in 12 patients. All 41 cases were documented as B-cell neoplasms. A hybridization signal for EBER1 RNA was identified in greater than 95% of the neoplastic cells in 30 of 41 cases (73%), whereas no signal was observed in 11 cases (27%). Epstein-Barr virus subtype 1 was found in 10 patients, subtype 2 in two patients. Immunostaining for p53 was observed in greater than 5% of the neoplastic cells in 9 of 37 cases (24%). No significant correlation was observed between EBV positivity and sex, biopsy site, or p53 immunostaining. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of EBV in BL from Egypt is slightly lower than in BL in endemic regions, but significantly higher than in sporadic BL. Epstein-Barr virus positivity probably reflects the socioeconomic status of the patient population, and age at seroconversion. The prevalence of EBV subtype 1 suggests that immunodeficiency does not play a role in Egyptian Burkitt's lymphoma, in contrast to endemic Burkitt's lymphoma, in which holoendemic malaria is thought to contribute to immunodeficiency, a higher incidence rate, and the observed prevalence of subtype 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Anwar
- National Cancer Institute, Cairo, Egypt
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Abstract
With several hundred cases reported there is still much speculation about the etiology of idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis. We report an unusual case of retroperitoneal fibrosis with histologically identical lesion in the maxillary sinus, which has not been previously described. Both lesions showed dramatic response to corticosteroids but relapsed frequently on withdrawal of steroids, highlighting the importance of long-term follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Anwar
- Department of Renal Medicine, Manchester Royal Infirmary, UK
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Curtis LD, Anwar N, Briggs JD, Buckels JA, Jones M, Karim MS, Koffman G, McGregor E, Neild G, Riad HN. Misoprostol in renal transplantation. Transplant Proc 1993; 25:602. [PMID: 8438432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L D Curtis
- Research & Development, G.D. Searle & Co, High Wycombe, United Kingdom
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Anwar N, Bhatnagar D, Short CD, Mackness MI, Durrington PN, Prais H, Gokal R. Serum lipoprotein (a) concentrations in patients undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1993; 8:71-4. [PMID: 8381941 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.ndt.a092277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipoprotein (a) is a subspecies of low-density lipoprotein which possesses as part of its protein moiety a mutant form of plasminogen termed apolipoprotein (a), and which may be closely related to the risk of ischaemic heart disease and cerebral infarction. We have investigated the serum concentrations of lipoprotein (a) and other lipoproteins in 24 male patients on CAPD and compared them to healthy men (n = 100) and to age-matched healthy controls (n = 38). The most striking finding was a substantial elevation of serum lipoprotein (a) in CAPD patients in whom it was 46.9 (2.2-168) mg/dl (median and range) compared to 9.0 (< 0.6-87.4) mg/dl in healthy control group and 6.7 (< 0.6-84.2) mg/dl in age-matched controls (both P < 0.001). Patients, when compared to healthy men, also had significantly increased serum triglycerides (median and range, 1.94 (0.55-8.00) versus 1.24 (0.36-4.40) mmol/l; P < 0.001), very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (median and range, 0.98 (0.10-3.71) versus 0.46 (0.10-1.17) mmol/l; P < 0.001), and lower-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (mean +/- 1 SD, 1.26 +/- 0.29 versus 1.35 +/- 0.31 mmol/l). Of these, however, only the difference in very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol remained statistically significant (P < 0.001) in comparison to age-matched controls. The marked elevation of serum lipoprotein (a) in patients on CAPD may be due to increased hepatic synthesis as a consequence of the substantial amounts of plasma proteins lost in the dialysate. Elevated serum lipoprotein (a) concentrations in CAPD patients may contribute to their risk of coronary artery disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Anwar
- Renal Unit, Manchester Royal Infirmary, UK
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Anwar N, Gokal R. Simultaneous occurrence of IgA nephropathy and sarcoidosis in the context of pre-existent minimal change nephrotic syndrome. Nephron Clin Pract 1993; 65:310-2. [PMID: 8247198 DOI: 10.1159/000187494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Simultaneous occurrence of IgA nephropathy and sarcoidosis is described in a 42-year-old Asian female, who earlier had a steroid-resistant, no light microscopy change nephrotic syndrome that resolved spontaneously. Occurrence of three, apparently unrelated conditions in this case may be fortuitous, or causally related. We discuss the possible causal relationship amongst these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Anwar
- Department of Renal Medicine, Manchester Royal Infirmary, UK
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Merchant MR, Anwar N, Were A, Uttley L, Tooth JA, Gokal R. Imipenem versus netilmicin and vancomycin in the treatment of CAPD peritonitis. Adv Perit Dial 1992; 8:234-7. [PMID: 1361795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
Imipenem/cilastatin is a new thienamycin antibiotic with a broad bactericidal spectrum. We undertook a prospective randomised study to compare the safety and efficacy of intraperitoneal (IP) imipenem/cilastatin (2 gm daily) [group A; 21 patients, mean age 49.2 years] with a combination of IP netilmicin and vancomycin (500 and 60-100 mg daily resp.) [group B; 20 patients, mean age 55.2 years] in CAPD peritonitis. Each patient underwent 4 daily CAPD exchanges with antibiotics in alternate exchanges. The causative organisms were similar in both the groups as was the duration of therapy (gr.A: 6.8 +/- 0.27 days; gr.B: 7.2 +/- 0.51 days; p = NS). Complete cure was marginally better with imipenem/cilastatin (gr.A; 94.1%, gr.B: 83.3%) with less relapses (gr.A: 1 episode; gr.B: 3 episodes). One episode in gr.A (S. aureus) and 2 in gr.B (Yeast & Proteus) failed to resolve and required catheter removal. Two gr. A patients developed generalised convulsions which settled after discontinuation of the drug. Whilst the results show no significant difference in the outcome in the two groups, the use of IP imipenem would offer a possible advantage as a single antibiotic. Larger experience is needed before imipenem can be recommended as a 'blind' first line agent for CAPD peritonitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Merchant
- Department of Renal Medicine, Manchester Royal Infirmary, United Kingdom
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Abstract
1 In the isolated basilar artery of the rabbit, gamma-aminobutyrate acid (GABA) (ED50 +/- s.e. mean, 2.4 +/- 1.1 x 10(-5) M) produced a relaxation, if the tone had been increased with 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT). 2 3-Aminoproprane sulphonic acid (3-APS) produced a similar, but smaller relaxation, while baclofen had no effect. The relaxation produced by GABA was inhibited by bicuculline. 3 Transmural electrical stimulation produced a reproducible contraction of the isolated basilar artery. In 9 out 14 preparations GABA (ED50 +/- s.e. mean, 5.6 +/- 2.1 x 10(-7) M) caused a reduction of the response, with a maximum of 49.2 +/- 4.3%. Bicuculline did not inhibit these responses to GABA. 4 Baclofen (ED50 +/- s.e. mean, 6.8 +/- 1.4 x 10(-7) M) produced a similar inhibition (47.4 +/- 3.2% maximum) but 3-APS had no effect. 5 GABA (10(-4) M) had no effect on the tone of isolated mesenteric or internal carotid arteries from the rabbit, whether or not the tone was increased with 5-HT. Similarly, GABA (10(-4) M) did not produce any change in the responses to transmural stimulation in isolated mesenteric or internal carotid arteries. 6 These findings are consistent with the presence of two types of GABA receptor on the rabbit basilar artery.
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Rathaur S, Anwar N, Saxena JK, Ghatak S. Setaria cervi: enzymes in microfilariae and in vitro action of antifilarials. Z Parasitenkd 1982; 68:331-8. [PMID: 7157943 DOI: 10.1007/bf00927411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Microfilariae of bovine filarial parasite Setaria cervi are equipped with the enzymes of glycolysis, pentose phosphate and PEP-succinate pathways and thus resemble the adult form in its metabolic pattern. Malate dehydrogenase was the most active enzyme in microfilariae followed by lactic dehydrogenase and fumarase, while phosphoglucoisomerase, PEP-carboxykinase and FDP-aldolase were comparatively less active. The very low ratio of PK/PEPCK in S. cervi microfilariae indicates active fixation of CO2 into PEP to produce oxalacetate. Centperazine and diethylcarbamazine significantly inhibited PEP-carboxykinase, fumarate reductase and succinic dehydrogenase, suggesting that these antifilarials probably exert microfilaricidal action by blocking the PEP-succinate pathway.
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Anwar N, Mason DF. Actions of dopamine and apomorphine on the vasoconstrictor responses of perfused mesenteric arteries of mouse, rat and rabbit. J Pharm Pharmacol 1981; 33:150-4. [PMID: 6116755 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1981.tb13738.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Dopamine (10(-7)--10(-6) M) and apomorphine (5 x 10(-7)--5 x 10(-6) M) inhibited the vasoconstrictor responses of the perfused mesenteric artery preparations of rat, rabbit and mouse to adrenergic nerve stimulation but did not affect responses to added noradrenaline. The inhibitory effects of both dopamine and apomorphine were prevented by haloperidol (3 x 10(-7) M) but not by yohimbine (3 x 10(-8) M) in rat and rabbit mesenteric artery preparations. In contrast, yohimbine (3 x 10(-8) M), but not haloperidol, antagonized the inhibitory effect of dopamine and apomorphine in mouse mesenteric artery preparations. In higher concentrations, dopamine (10(-6)--10(-4) M) produced a direct vascoconstrictor effect, which involved post-junctional alpha-adrenoceptors in all three species. However, in preparations contracted with 10(-7) M 5-hydroxytryptamine and in the presence of phentolamine (3 x 10(-7) M) and propranolol (10(-6) M), dopamine (10(-6)--10(-4) M) produced a direct relaxant effect in rabbit mesenteric artery preparations but not in those of rat and mouse. It is suggested that inhibition of neurogenic vasoconstrictor responses, by dopamine and apomorphine, may be mediated through a specific prejunctional inhibitory dopamine receptor in the mesenteric artery of rat and rabbit whereas in the mouse they involve activation of alpha-adrenoceptors.
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