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Sadia CG, Bonneville JM, Zoh MG, Fodjo BK, Kouadio FPA, Oyou SK, Koudou BG, Adepo-Gourene BA, Reynaud S, David JP, Mouahamadou CS. The impact of agrochemical pollutant mixtures on the selection of insecticide resistance in the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae: insights from experimental evolution and transcriptomics. Malar J 2024; 23:69. [PMID: 38443984 PMCID: PMC10916200 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-023-04791-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are several indications that pesticides used in agriculture contribute to the emergence and spread of resistance of mosquitoes to vector control insecticides. However, the impact of such an indirect selection pressure has rarely been quantified and the molecular mechanisms involved are still poorly characterized. In this context, experimental selection with different agrochemical mixtures was conducted in Anopheles gambiae. The multi-generational impact of agrochemicals on insecticide resistance was evaluated by phenotypic and molecular approaches. METHODS Mosquito larvae were selected for 30 generations with three different agrochemical mixtures containing (i) insecticides, (ii) non-insecticides compounds, and (iii) both insecticide and non-insecticide compounds. Every five generations, the resistance of adults to deltamethrin and bendiocarb was monitored using bioassays. The frequencies of the kdr (L995F) and ace1 (G119S) target-site mutations were monitored every 10 generations. RNAseq was performed on all lines at generation 30 in order to identify gene transcription level variations and polymorphisms associated with each selection regime. RESULTS Larval selection with agrochemical mixtures did not affect bendiocarb resistance and did not select for ace1 mutation. Contrastingly, an increased deltamethrin resistance was observed in the three selected lines. Such increased resistance was not majorly associated with the presence of kdr L995F mutation in selected lines. RNA-seq identified 63 candidate resistance genes over-transcribed in at least one selected line. These include genes coding for detoxification enzymes or cuticular proteins previously associated with insecticide resistance, and other genes potentially associated with chemical stress response. Combining an allele frequency filtering with a Bayesian FST-based genome scan allowed to identify genes under selection across multiple genomic loci, supporting a multigenic adaptive response to agrochemical mixtures. CONCLUSION This study supports the role of agrochemical contaminants as a significant larval selection pressure favouring insecticide resistance in malaria vectors. Such selection pressures likely impact kdr mutations and detoxification enzymes, but also more generalist mechanisms such as cuticle resistance, which could potentially lead to cross-tolerance to unrelated insecticide compounds. Such indirect effect of global landscape pollution on mosquito resistance to public health insecticides deserves further attention since it can affect the nature and dynamics of resistance alleles circulating in malaria vectors and impact the efficacy of control vector strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christabelle G Sadia
- University of Nangui Abrogoua, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire.
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques (CSRS), Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire.
| | - Jean-Marc Bonneville
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine (LECA) UMR 5553, Univ. Grenoble-Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Marius G Zoh
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine (LECA) UMR 5553, Univ. Grenoble-Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, 38000, Grenoble, France
- Vector Control Product Evaluation Centre (VCPEC)/Institut Pierre Richet, Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Behi K Fodjo
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques (CSRS), Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - France-Paraudie A Kouadio
- University of Nangui Abrogoua, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques (CSRS), Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Sebastien K Oyou
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques (CSRS), Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Benjamin G Koudou
- University of Nangui Abrogoua, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques (CSRS), Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | | | - Stephane Reynaud
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine (LECA) UMR 5553, Univ. Grenoble-Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Jean-Philippe David
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine (LECA) UMR 5553, Univ. Grenoble-Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, 38000, Grenoble, France
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Metelo-Matubi E, Zanga J, Binene G, Mvuama N, Ngamukie S, Nkey J, Schopp P, Bamba M, Irish S, Nguya-Kalemba-Maniania J, Fasine S, Nagahuedi J, Muyembe JJ, Mansiangi P. The effect of a mass distribution of insecticide-treated nets on insecticide resistance and entomological inoculation rates of Anopheles gambiae s.l. in Bandundu City, Democratic Repub`lic of Congo. Pan Afr Med J 2021; 40:118. [PMID: 34887992 PMCID: PMC8627145 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2021.40.118.27365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) remain the mainstay of malaria vector control in the Democratic Republic of Congo. However, insecticide resistance of malaria vectors threatens their effectiveness. Entomological inoculation rates and insecticide susceptibility in Anopheles gambiae s.l. were evaluated before and after mass distribution of ITNs in Bandundu City for possible occurrence of resistance. Methods a cross-sectional study was conducted from 15th July 2015 to 15th June 2016. Adult mosquitoes were collected using pyrethrum spray catches and human landing catches and identified to species level and tested for the presence of sporozoites. Bioassays were carried out before and after distribution of ITNs to assess the susceptibility of adult mosquitoes to insecticides. Synergist bioassays were also conducted and target site mutations assessed using Polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results a total of 1754 female An. gambiae s.l. were collected before and after deployment of ITNs. Fewer mosquitoes were collected after the distribution of ITNs. However, there was no significant difference in sporozoite rates or the overall entomological inoculation rate before and after the distribution of ITNs. Test-mosquitoes were resistant to deltamethrin, permethrin, and Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane but susceptible to bendiocarb. Pre-exposure of mosquitoes to Piperonyl butoxide increased their mortality after exposure to permethrin and deltamethrin. The frequency of the Kinase insert domain receptor (kdr)-West gene increased from 92 to 99% before and after the distribution of nets, respectively. Conclusion seasonal impacts could be a limiting factor in the analysis of these data; however, the lack of decrease in transmission after the distribution of new nets could be explained by the high-level of resistance to pyrethroid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emery Metelo-Matubi
- Faculté de Médecine, Université de Bandundu, B.P 548 Bandundu-ville, Bandundu, République Démocratique de Congo.,Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, B.P 1197 KIN 1, Kinshasa, République Démocratique de Congo.,Faculté des Sciences, Département de Biologie, Unité de Recherche Entomologique, B.P 190 KIN XI, Université de Kinshasa, Kinshasa, République Démocratique de Congo
| | - Josué Zanga
- Faculté de Médecine, Ecole de Santé Publique, Département de Santé Environnementale, B.P 834 KIN XI, Université de Kinshasa, Kinshasa, République Démocratique de Congo
| | - Guillaume Binene
- Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, B.P 1197 KIN 1, Kinshasa, République Démocratique de Congo
| | - Nono Mvuama
- Faculté de Médecine, Ecole de Santé Publique, Département de Santé Environnementale, B.P 834 KIN XI, Université de Kinshasa, Kinshasa, République Démocratique de Congo
| | - Solange Ngamukie
- Faculté de Médecine, Ecole de Santé Publique, Département de Santé Environnementale, B.P 834 KIN XI, Université de Kinshasa, Kinshasa, République Démocratique de Congo
| | - Jadis Nkey
- Faculté de Médecine, Université de Bandundu, B.P 548 Bandundu-ville, Bandundu, République Démocratique de Congo
| | - Pauline Schopp
- United States President´s Malaria Initiative and Entomology Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Maxwell Bamba
- Faculté de Médecine, Ecole de Santé Publique, Département de Santé Environnementale, B.P 834 KIN XI, Université de Kinshasa, Kinshasa, République Démocratique de Congo
| | - Seth Irish
- United States President´s Malaria Initiative and Entomology Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | | | - Sylvie Fasine
- Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, B.P 1197 KIN 1, Kinshasa, République Démocratique de Congo
| | - Jonas Nagahuedi
- Faculté des Sciences, Département de Biologie, Unité de Recherche Entomologique, B.P 190 KIN XI, Université de Kinshasa, Kinshasa, République Démocratique de Congo
| | - Jean-Jacques Muyembe
- Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, B.P 1197 KIN 1, Kinshasa, République Démocratique de Congo
| | - Paul Mansiangi
- Faculté de Médecine, Ecole de Santé Publique, Département de Santé Environnementale, B.P 834 KIN XI, Université de Kinshasa, Kinshasa, République Démocratique de Congo
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Chen YA, Lien JC, Tseng LF, Cheng CF, Lin WY, Wang HY, Tsai KH. Effects of indoor residual spraying and outdoor larval control on Anopheles coluzzii from São Tomé and Príncipe, two islands with pre-eliminated malaria. Malar J 2019; 18:405. [PMID: 31806029 PMCID: PMC6896513 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-019-3037-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Vector control is a key component of malaria prevention. Two major vector control strategies have been implemented in São Tomé and Príncipe (STP), indoor residual spraying (IRS) and outdoor larval control using Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (Bti). This study evaluated post-intervention effects of control strategies on vector population density, composition, and knockdown resistance mutation, and their implications for malaria epidemiology in STP. Methods Mosquitoes were collected by indoor and outdoor human landing catches and mosquito light traps in seven districts. Mosquito density was calculated by numbers of captured adult mosquitoes/house/working hour. Mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) was PCR amplified and sequenced to understand the spatial–temporal population composition of malaria vector in STP. Knockdown resistance L1014F mutation was detected using allele-specific PCR. To estimate the malaria transmission risks in STP, a negative binomial regression model was constructed. The response variable was monthly incidence, and the explanatory variables were area, rainfall, entomological inoculation rate (EIR), and kdr mutation frequency. Results Malaria vector in STP is exophilic Anopheles coluzzii with significant population differentiation between Príncipe and São Tomé (mean FST = 0.16, p < 0.001). Both vector genetic diversity and knockdown resistance mutation were relatively low in Príncipe (mean of kdr frequency = 15.82%) compared to São Tomé (mean of kdr frequency = 44.77%). Annual malaria incidence rate in STP had been rapidly controlled from 37 to 2.1% by three rounds of country-wide IRS from 2004 to 2007. Long-term application of Bti since 2007 kept the mosquito density under 10 mosquitoes/house/hr/month, and malaria incidence rate under 5% after 2008, except for a rising that occurred in 2012 (incidence rate = 6.9%). Risk factors of area (São Tomé compared to Príncipe), rainfall, outdoor EIR, and kdr mutation frequency could significantly increase malaria incidence by 9.33–11.50, 1.25, 1.07, and 1.06 fold, respectively. Conclusions Indoor residual spraying could rapidly decrease Anopheles density and malaria incidence in STP. Outdoor larval control using Bti is a sustainable approach for controlling local vector with exophilic feature and insecticide resistance problem. Vector control interventions should be intensified especially at the north-eastern part of São Tomé to minimize impacts of outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-An Chen
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jih-Ching Lien
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Taiwan Anti-Malaria Advisory Mission, São Tomé, São Tomé and Príncipe.
| | - Lien-Fen Tseng
- Taiwan Anti-Malaria Advisory Mission, São Tomé, São Tomé and Príncipe
| | - Chien-Fu Cheng
- Taiwan Anti-Malaria Advisory Mission, São Tomé, São Tomé and Príncipe
| | - Wan-Yu Lin
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Public Health, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hurng-Yi Wang
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kun-Hsien Tsai
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Taiwan Anti-Malaria Advisory Mission, São Tomé, São Tomé and Príncipe. .,Department of Public Health, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Safi NHZ, Ahmadi AA, Nahzat S, Warusavithana S, Safi N, Valadan R, Shemshadian A, Sharifi M, Enayati A, Hemingway J. Status of insecticide resistance and its biochemical and molecular mechanisms in Anopheles stephensi (Diptera: Culicidae) from Afghanistan. Malar J 2019; 18:249. [PMID: 31349836 PMCID: PMC6660931 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-019-2884-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Insecticide resistance of Anopheles stephensi, the main malaria vector in eastern Afghanistan, has been reported previously. This study describes the biochemical and molecular mechanisms of resistance to facilitate effective vector control and insecticide resistance management. Methods Mosquito larvae were collected from the provinces of Kunar, Laghman and Nangarhar from 2014 to 2017. The susceptibility of the reared 3–4 days old adults was tested with deltamethrin 0.05%, bendiocarb 0.1%, malathion 5%, permethrin 0.75% and DDT 4%. Cytochrome P450 content and general esterase, glutathione S-transferase (GST) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activities were measured in the three field populations and the results were compared with those of the laboratory susceptible An. stephensi Beech strain. Two separate allele-specific PCR assays were used to identify L1014, L1014F and L1014S mutations in the voltage gated sodium channel gene of An. stephensi. Probit analysis, ANOVA and Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium were used to analyse bioassay, biochemical assay and gene frequency data respectively. Results The population of An. stephensi from Kunar was susceptible to bendiocarb, apart from this, all populations were resistant to all the other insecticides tested. The differences between all values for cytochrome P450s, general esterases, GSTs and AChE inhibition rates in the Kunar, Laghman and Nangarhar populations were statistically significant when compared to the Beech strain, excluding GST activities between Kunar and Beech due to the high standard deviation in Kunar. The three different sodium channel alleles [L1014 (wild type), L1014F (kdr west) and L1014S (kdr east)] were all segregated in the Afghan populations. The frequencies of kdr east mutation were 22.9%, 32.7% and 35% in Kunar, Laghman and Nangarhar populations respectively. Kdr west was at the lowest frequency of 4.44%. Conclusions Resistance to different groups of insecticides in the field populations of An. stephensi from Kunar, Laghman and Nangarhar Provinces of Afghanistan is caused by a range of metabolic and site insensitivity mechanisms, including esterases, cytochrome P450s and GSTs combined with AChE and sodium channel target site insensitivity. The intensity and frequency of these mechanisms are increasing in these populations, calling for urgent reorientation of vector control programmes and implementation of insecticide resistance management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noor Halim Zahid Safi
- National Malaria and Leishmania Control Programme, Ministry of Public Health, Kabul, Afghanistan
| | - Abdul Ali Ahmadi
- National Malaria and Leishmania Control Programme, Ministry of Public Health, Kabul, Afghanistan
| | - Sami Nahzat
- National Malaria and Leishmania Control Programme, Ministry of Public Health, Kabul, Afghanistan
| | | | | | - Reza Valadan
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.,Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center (MCBRC), Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Atie Shemshadian
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health and Health Sciences Research Centre, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Marzieh Sharifi
- Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center (MCBRC), Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Ahmadali Enayati
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health and Health Sciences Research Centre, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
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Vatandoost H, Abai MR, Akbari M, Raeisi A, Yousefi H, Sheikhi S, Bagheri A. Comparison of CDC Bottle Bioassay with WHO Standard Method for Assessment Susceptibility Level of Malaria Vector, Anopheles stephensi to Three Imagicides. J Arthropod Borne Dis 2019; 13:17-26. [PMID: 31346532 PMCID: PMC6643010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The detection of insecticide resistance in natural populations of Anopheles vectors is absolutely necessary for malaria control. CDC bottle bioassay as a new tools has been employed for detecting the insecticide resistance. For a limit number of mosquito vectors, diagnostic doses and diagnostic times for some insecticides have already been determined using this new assay. For the first time in the area, susceptibility levels of Anopheles stephensi was done with DDT, deltamethrin, and bendiocarb using CDC bottle bioassay and compared results with WHO standard test method. METHODS Anopheles stephensi were collected in larvae stage from the cisterns of drinking water in Chabahar port which considered as old malaria foci, Sistan and Baluchistan province. The field collected larvae were colonized at the insectary of School of Public Health (SPH), Tehran University of Medical Science. The susceptibility tests were carried out on sugar fed female mosquitoes aged 2-3 days, against DDT 4%, bendiocarb 1% and deltamethrin 0.05% using WHO and CDC susceptibility methods. The mortality and knockdown rates, as well as the parameters of regression analysis, including LT50 and LT90, was calculated separately for the WHO and CDC methods. RESULTS The 24h mortality rates of An. stephensi were 28.6% and 25.6% for DDT, 60.8% and 64.6% for bendiocarb and 100% for deltamethrin using both WHO and CDC assay at 30 and 60min respectively. The 50% lethal times (LT50) were estimated 44.9 and 66.2min, 38.9 and 81.8min and 0.7 and 15.0min respectively using both WHO and CDC susceptibility tests. CONCLUSION The similar results of susceptibility levels were shown for DDT, bendiocarb and deltamethrin. The lethal times (LT50) showed significant difference using both WHO and CDC bioassay methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Vatandoost
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health and National Institute of Health Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Department of Chemical Pollutants and Pesticides, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Corresponding authors: Prof Hassan Vatandoost, E-mail: , Mr Mohammad Reza Abai, E-mail:
| | - Mohammad Reza Abai
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health and National Institute of Health Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Department of Chemical Pollutants and Pesticides, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Corresponding authors: Prof Hassan Vatandoost, E-mail: , Mr Mohammad Reza Abai, E-mail:
| | - Morteza Akbari
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health and National Institute of Health Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Raeisi
- Department of Malaria, Center for Disease Control (CDC), Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hemn Yousefi
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health and National Institute of Health Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Soraya Sheikhi
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health and National Institute of Health Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Akbar Bagheri
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health and National Institute of Health Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Grossman MK, Rodriguez J, Barreiro AM, Lenhart A, Manrique-Saide P, Vazquez-Prokopec GM. Fine-scale spatial and temporal dynamics of kdr haplotypes in Aedes aegypti from Mexico. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:20. [PMID: 30626410 PMCID: PMC6327429 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-3275-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As resistance to insecticides increases in disease vectors, it has become exceedingly important to monitor populations for susceptibility. Most studies of field populations of Aedes aegypti have largely characterized resistance patterns at the spatial scale of the city or country, which may not be completely informative given that insecticide application occurs at the scale of the house or city block. Phenotypic resistance to pyrethroids dominates in Ae. aegypti, and it has been partially explained by mutations in the voltage-gated sodium channel gene. Here, we assess community-level patterns of four knockdown resistance (kdr) haplotypes (C1534/I1016, F1534/I1016, C1534/V1016 and F1534/V1016) in Ae. aegypti in 24 randomly chosen city blocks from a city in Yucatán State, Mexico, during both the dry and wet season and over two years. RESULTS Three of the four haplotypes, C1534/I1016, C1534/V1016 and F1534/V1016 were heterogeneous between city blocks at all four sampling time points, and the double mutant haplotype, C1534/I1016, showed a significant increase following the wet season. The F1534/I1016 haplotype was rarely detected, similar to other studies. However, when haplotype frequencies were aggregated to a coarser spatial scale, the differences in space and time were obscured. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide empirical evidence that the selection of kdr alleles is occurring at fine spatial scales, indicating that future studies should include this scale to better understand evolutionary processes of resistance in natural populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa K Grossman
- Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
| | - Julian Rodriguez
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Anuar Medina Barreiro
- Departamento de Zoología, Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Audrey Lenhart
- Center for Global Health/Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria/Entomology Branch, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Pablo Manrique-Saide
- Departamento de Zoología, Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
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Lynd A, Oruni A, Van't Hof AE, Morgan JC, Naego LB, Pipini D, O'Kines KA, Bobanga TL, Donnelly MJ, Weetman D. Insecticide resistance in Anopheles gambiae from the northern Democratic Republic of Congo, with extreme knockdown resistance (kdr) mutation frequencies revealed by a new diagnostic assay. Malar J 2018; 17:412. [PMID: 30400885 PMCID: PMC6219172 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-018-2561-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mutations in the voltage-gated sodium channel at codon 1014 confer knock-down resistance (kdr) to pyrethroids in a wide range of insects. Anopheles gambiae exhibits two mutant alleles at codon 1014, serine and phenylalanine; and both are now widespread across Africa. Existing screening methods only allow for one resistant allele to be detected per assay. A new locked nucleic acid (LNA) qPCR assay was developed for the simultaneous detection of both mutant alleles and the wild type allele in a single assay. This tri-allelic detection assay was assessed as part of a study of the insecticide resistance in An. gambiae sensu stricto (s.s.) in the previously un-sampled area of Nord Ubangi, Democratic Republic of the Congo. METHODS Samples from three sites were tested for insecticide susceptibility using WHO bioassays, with and without the synergist PBO preceding pyrethroid exposures, and were subsequently analysed for frequency and resistance-association of the Vgsc-1014 and Vgsc-N1575Y mutations. Results from the LNA-kdr 1014 assay were compared to results from standard TaqMan-kdr assays. RESULTS Anopheles gambiae sensu lato (s.l.) was by far the predominant vector captured (84%), with only low frequencies of Anopheles funestus s.l. (9%) detected in Nord Ubangi. Molecular identification found An. gambiae s.s. to be the principal vector (99%) although Anopheles coluzzii was detected at very low frequency. Anopheles gambiae were susceptible to the carbamate insecticide bendiocarb, but resistant to DDT and to the pyrethroids permethrin and deltamethrin. Susceptibility to both pyrethroids was partially restored with prior exposure to PBO suggesting likely involvement of metabolic resistance. Anopheles gambiae s.s. was homozygous for kdr resistant alleles with both the L1014F and L1014S mutations present, and the N1575Y polymorphism was present at low frequency. The LNA-kdr assay simultaneously detected both resistant alleles and gave results entirely consistent with those from the two TaqMan-kdr assays. CONCLUSION This study provides rare data on insecticide resistance and mechanisms in Anopheles from the centre of Africa, with the first detection of N1575Y. Nord Ubangi populations of An. gambiae s.s. show insecticide resistance mediated by both metabolic mechanisms and Vgsc mutations. The LNA-kdr assay is particularly suitable for use in populations in which both 1014S and 1014F kdr alleles co-occur and provides robust results, with higher throughput and at a quarter of the cost of TaqMan assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Lynd
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK.
| | - Ambrose Oruni
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - John C Morgan
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Leon Bwazumo Naego
- Avenue de l'infirmerie, Quartier Yola Bokonzo, Gemena, Sud Ubangi, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | | | | | | | | | - David Weetman
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
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Gross AD, Bloomquist JR. Characterizing Permethrin and Etofenprox Resistance in Two Common Laboratory Strains of Anopheles gambiae (Diptera: Culicidae). INSECTS 2018; 9:E146. [PMID: 30360362 PMCID: PMC6316854 DOI: 10.3390/insects9040146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 10/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Anopheles gambiae Giles (Diptera: Culicidae) is the most prolific malaria vector in sub-Saharan Africa, where widespread insecticide resistance has been reported. An. gambiae laboratory strains are commonly used to study the basic biology of this important mosquito vector, and also in new insecticide discovery programs, where insecticide-susceptible and -resistant strains are often used to screen new molecules for potency and cross-resistance, respectively. This study investigated the toxicity of permethrin, a Type-I pyrethroid insecticide, and etofenprox, a non-ester containing pyrethroid insecticide, against An. gambiae at three life stages. This characterization was performed with susceptible (G3; MRA-112) and resistant (Akdr; MRA-1280) An. gambiae strains; the Akdr strain is known to contain the L1014F mutation in the voltage-sensitive sodium channel. Surprisingly, etofenprox displays a lower level of resistance than permethrin against all stages of mosquitoes, except in a headless larval paralysis assay designed to minimize penetration factors. In first-instar An. gambiae larvae, permethrin had significant resistance, determined by the resistance ratio (RR50 = 5), but etofenprox was not significantly different (RR50 = 3.4) from the wild-type strain. Fourth-instar larvae displayed the highest level of resistance for permethrin (RR50 = 108) and etofenprox (RR50 = 35). Permethrin (PC50 = 2 ppb) and etofenprox (PC50 = 9 ppb) resulted in headless larval paralysis (5-h), but resistance, albeit lower, was still present for permethrin (RR50 = 5) and etofenprox (RR50 = 6.9). In adult female mosquitoes, permethrin displayed higher resistance (RR50 = 14) compared to etofenprox (RR50 = 4.3). The level of etofenprox resistance was different from that previously reported for a similar Akron An. gambiae laboratory strain (MRA-913). The chemical synergists piperonyl butoxide (PBO) and diethyl maleate (DEM) were able to synergize permethrin, but not etofenprox in the resistant strain (Akdr). In conclusion, multiple mechanisms are likely involved in pyrethroid resistance, but resistance profiles are dependent upon selection. Etofenprox is an effective insecticide against An. gambiae in the lab but will likely suffer from resistance in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron D Gross
- Neurotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Entomology and Nematology, Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
| | - Jeffrey R Bloomquist
- Neurotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Entomology and Nematology, Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
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9
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Wilson AL, Pinder M, Bradley J, Donnelly MJ, Hamid-Adiamoh M, Jarju LBS, Jawara M, Jeffries D, Kandeh B, Rippon EJ, Salami K, D'Alessandro U, Lindsay SW. Emergence of knock-down resistance in the Anopheles gambiae complex in the Upper River Region, The Gambia, and its relationship with malaria infection in children. Malar J 2018; 17:205. [PMID: 29776361 PMCID: PMC5960171 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-018-2348-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insecticide resistance threatens malaria control in sub-Saharan Africa. Knockdown resistance to pyrethroids and organochlorines in Anopheles gambiae sensu lato (s.l.) is commonly caused by mutations in the gene encoding a voltage-gated sodium channel which is the target site for the insecticide. The study aimed to examine risk factors for knockdown resistance in An. gambiae s.l. and its relationship with malaria infection in children in rural Gambia. Point mutations at the Vgsc-1014 locus, were measured in An. gambiae s.l. during a 2-year trial. Cross-sectional surveys were conducted at the end of the transmission season to measure malaria infection in children aged 6 months-14 years. RESULTS Whilst few Anopheles arabiensis and Anopheles coluzzii had Vgsc-1014 mutations, the proportion of An. gambiae sensu stricto (s.s.) mosquitoes homozygous for the Vgsc-1014F mutation increased from 64.8 to 90.9% during the study. The Vgsc-1014S or 1014F mutation was 80% higher in 2011 compared to 2010, and 27% higher in the villages with indoor residual spraying compared to those without. An increase in the proportion of An. gambiae s.l. mosquitoes with homozygous Vgsc-1014F mutations and an increase in the proportion of An. gambiae s.s. in a cluster were each associated with increased childhood malaria infection. Homozygous Vgsc-1014F mutations were, however, most common in An. gambiae s.s. and almost reached saturation during the study meaning that the two variables were colinear. CONCLUSIONS As a result of colinearity between homozygous Vgsc-1014F mutations and An. gambiae s.s., it was not possible to determine whether insecticide resistance or species composition increased the risk of childhood malaria infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Margaret Pinder
- Durham University, Durham, UK.,Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Banjul, The Gambia
| | - John Bradley
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | | | - Majidah Hamid-Adiamoh
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Banjul, The Gambia
| | | | - Musa Jawara
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Banjul, The Gambia
| | - David Jeffries
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Banjul, The Gambia
| | - Ballah Kandeh
- National Malaria Control Programme, Banjul, The Gambia
| | | | - Kolawole Salami
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Banjul, The Gambia
| | - Umberto D'Alessandro
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.,Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Banjul, The Gambia
| | - Steven W Lindsay
- Durham University, Durham, UK.,London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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10
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Camara S, Koffi AA, Ahoua Alou LP, Koffi K, Kabran JPK, Koné A, Koffi MF, N'Guessan R, Pennetier C. Mapping insecticide resistance in Anopheles gambiae (s.l.) from Côte d'Ivoire. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:19. [PMID: 29310704 PMCID: PMC5759872 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2546-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Insecticide resistance in malaria vectors is an increasing threat to vector control tools currently deployed in endemic countries. Resistance management must be an integral part of National Malaria Control Programmes’ (NMCPs) next strategic plans to alleviate the risk of control failure. This obviously will require a clear database on insecticide resistance to support the development of such a plan. The present work gathers original data on insecticide resistance between 2009 and 2015 across Côte d’Ivoire in West Africa. Methods Two approaches were adopted to build or update the resistance data in the country. Resistance monitoring was conducted between 2013 and 2015 in 35 sentinel sites across the country using the WHO standard procedure of susceptibility test on adult mosquitoes. Four insecticide families (pyrethroids, organochlorides, carbamates and organophosphates) were tested. In addition to this survey, we also reviewed the literature to assemble existing data on resistance between 2009 and 2015. Results High resistance levels to pyrethroids, organochlorides and carbamates were widespread in all study sites whereas some Anopheles populations remained susceptible to organophosphates. Three resistance mechanisms were identified, involving high allelic frequencies of kdr L1014F mutation (range = 0.46–1), relatively low frequencies of ace-1R (below 0.5) and elevated activity of insecticide detoxifying enzymes, mainly mixed function oxidases (MFO), esterase and glutathione S-transferase (GST) in almost all study sites. Conclusion This detailed map of resistance highlights the urgent need to develop new vector control tools to complement current long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) although it is yet unclear whether these resistance mechanisms will impact malaria transmission control. Researchers, industry, WHO and stakeholders must urgently join forces to develop alternative tools. By then, NMCPs must strive to develop effective tactics or plans to manage resistance keeping in mind country-specific context and feasibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soromane Camara
- Institut Pierre Richet/Institut National de Santé Publique (IPR/INSP), BP 1500, Bouake, Côte d'Ivoire.,Université Félix Houphouët Boigny (UFHB), 22 BP 582, Abidjan 22, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Alphonsine A Koffi
- Institut Pierre Richet/Institut National de Santé Publique (IPR/INSP), BP 1500, Bouake, Côte d'Ivoire.
| | - Ludovic P Ahoua Alou
- Institut Pierre Richet/Institut National de Santé Publique (IPR/INSP), BP 1500, Bouake, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Kouakou Koffi
- Université Félix Houphouët Boigny (UFHB), 22 BP 582, Abidjan 22, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Jean-Paul K Kabran
- Institut Pierre Richet/Institut National de Santé Publique (IPR/INSP), BP 1500, Bouake, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Aboubacar Koné
- Institut Pierre Richet/Institut National de Santé Publique (IPR/INSP), BP 1500, Bouake, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Mathieu F Koffi
- Institut Pierre Richet/Institut National de Santé Publique (IPR/INSP), BP 1500, Bouake, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Raphaël N'Guessan
- Institut Pierre Richet/Institut National de Santé Publique (IPR/INSP), BP 1500, Bouake, Côte d'Ivoire.,London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Cédric Pennetier
- Institut Pierre Richet/Institut National de Santé Publique (IPR/INSP), BP 1500, Bouake, Côte d'Ivoire. .,Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs, Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Control (MIVEGEC), UMR 5290 CNRS-IRD-UM, Montpellier, France.
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11
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Nardini L, Hunt RH, Dahan-Moss YL, Christie N, Christian RN, Coetzee M, Koekemoer LL. Malaria vectors in the Democratic Republic of the Congo: the mechanisms that confer insecticide resistance in Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles funestus. Malar J 2017; 16:448. [PMID: 29115954 PMCID: PMC5678590 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-017-2099-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) is characterized as a holoendemic malaria area with the main vectors being Anopheles funestus and members of the Anopheles gambiae complex. Due to political instability and socio-economic challenges in the region, knowledge of insecticide resistance status and resistance mechanisms in these vectors is limited. Mosquitoes were collected from a mining site in the north-eastern part of the country and, following identification, were subjected to extensive testing for the target-site and biochemical basis of resistance. Quantitative real-time PCR was used to assess a suite of 10 genes frequently involved in pyrethroid and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) resistance in An. gambiae females and males. In An. funestus, gene expression microarray analysis was carried out on female mosquitoes. Results In both species, deltamethrin resistance was recorded along with high resistance and suspected resistance to DDT in An. gambiae and An. funestus, respectively. A total of 85% of An. gambiae carried the kdr mutations as either homozygous resistant (RR) (L1014S, L1014F or both) or heterozygous (RS), however only 3% carried the rdl mutant allele (RS) and no ace-1 mutations were recorded. Synergist assays indicated a strong role for P450s in deltamethrin resistance in both species. In An. gambiae, analysis of transcription levels showed that the glutathione-S-transferase, GSTS1-2, produced the highest fold change in expression (7.6-fold in females and 31-fold in males) followed by GSTE2, thioredoxin peroxidase (TPX2), and cytochrome oxidases (CYP6M2 and CYP6P1). All other genes tested produced fold change values below 2. Microarray analysis revealed significant over-transcription of cuticular proteins as well as CYP6M7, CYP6P9a and CYP6P9b in insecticide resistant An. funestus. Conclusions These data show that high levels of deltamethrin resistance in the main malaria vector species, conferred by enzymatic detoxification, are present in the DRC. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12936-017-2099-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Nardini
- Wits Research Institute for Malaria, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2000, South Africa.,Centre for Emerging, Zoonotic & Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, 2131, South Africa
| | - Richard H Hunt
- Wits Research Institute for Malaria, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2000, South Africa.,Centre for Emerging, Zoonotic & Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, 2131, South Africa
| | - Yael L Dahan-Moss
- Wits Research Institute for Malaria, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2000, South Africa.,Centre for Emerging, Zoonotic & Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, 2131, South Africa
| | - Nanette Christie
- Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
| | - Riann N Christian
- Wits Research Institute for Malaria, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2000, South Africa.,Centre for Emerging, Zoonotic & Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, 2131, South Africa
| | - Maureen Coetzee
- Wits Research Institute for Malaria, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2000, South Africa.,Centre for Emerging, Zoonotic & Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, 2131, South Africa
| | - Lizette L Koekemoer
- Wits Research Institute for Malaria, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2000, South Africa. .,Centre for Emerging, Zoonotic & Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, 2131, South Africa.
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12
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Steffler LM, Dolabella SS, Ribolla PEM, Dreyer CS, Araújo ED, Oliveira RG, Martins WFS, La Corte R. Genetic variability and spatial distribution in small geographic scale of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) under different climatic conditions in Northeastern Brazil. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:530. [PMID: 27716392 PMCID: PMC5050563 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1814-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The study of the genetic structure of Aedes aegypti is essential to understanding their population dynamics as well as for the analysis of factors responsible for their resistance and ecological adaptation. The use of molecular markers in identifying differences amongst populations of Ae. aegypti in different geographical areas as well as the temporal variation of the vector populations has contributed to the improvement of vector control strategies. The present study aims to determine the genetic variability of Ae. aegypti populations in a small geographical area (state of Sergipe, Northeastern Brazil) by means of inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) molecular markers. RESULTS ISSR markers revealed a more heterogeneous pattern of genetic diversity among the populations with an expected heterozygosity (H E) ranging from 0.261 ± 0.03 to 0.120 ± 0.032, while a similar trend was detected through SNPs across populations with an H E between 0.375 ± 0.054 and 0.269 ± 0.042. The population's genetic differentiation assessed with ISSR and SNP markers indicated a very low structuring among the populations with the highest diversity observed within the populations 72 % (ISSR) and 92 % (SNP). Clustering analysis also suggested little variation among populations: the seven populations were grouped into only three ISSR clusters and a single panmictic group based on SNP markers. The present study identified a close relationship between the populations, which probably results mainly from passive gene flow between mosquitoes from distinct geographic regions, influenced by humans commuting along roads. CONCLUSIONS There was an intense migration of mosquitos across municipalities, leading to a potential increase in risk of arbovirus and insecticide resistance associated-alleles spreading between mosquito populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizandra Makowski Steffler
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Parasitária, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Av. Mal Rondon s/n, CEP 49.100-000, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Silvio Santana Dolabella
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Parasitária, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Av. Mal Rondon s/n, CEP 49.100-000, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil.,Departamento de Morfologia, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Av. Mal Rondon s/n, CEP 49.100-000, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Paulo Eduardo Martins Ribolla
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Universidade Estadual Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Rubião Junior, CP 510, CEP 18618-900, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carine Spenassatto Dreyer
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Universidade Estadual Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Rubião Junior, CP 510, CEP 18618-900, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Edilson Divino Araújo
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Av. Mal Rondon s/n, CEP 49.100-000, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Rede Nordeste de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Av. Mal Rondon s/n, CEP 49.100-000, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Rosane Gomes Oliveira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Rede Nordeste de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Av. Mal Rondon s/n, CEP 49.100-000, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Walter Fabrício Silva Martins
- Departamento de Biologia/CCBS, Universidade Estadual da Paraíba, R. Baraúnas 351, Campina Grande, CEP 58.429-500, Paraíba, Brasil
| | - Roseli La Corte
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Parasitária, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Av. Mal Rondon s/n, CEP 49.100-000, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil. .,Departamento de Morfologia, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Av. Mal Rondon s/n, CEP 49.100-000, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil.
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13
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Chen H, Li K, Wang X, Yang X, Lin Y, Cai F, Zhong W, Lin C, Lin Z, Ma Y. First identification of kdr allele F1534S in VGSC gene and its association with resistance to pyrethroid insecticides in Aedes albopictus populations from Haikou City, Hainan Island, China. Infect Dis Poverty 2016; 5:31. [PMID: 27133234 PMCID: PMC4852438 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-016-0125-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Aedes albopictus is distributed widely in China, as a primary vector of Dengue fever and Chikungunya fever in south of China. Chemical insecticide control is one of the integrated programmes to prevent mosquito-borne diseases. Long-term applications of pyrethroids have resulted in the development of resistance in Ae. albopictus populations in China. However, the susceptibility of Ae. albopictus to pyrethroids in Hainan Island was unclear. Knockdown resistance (kdr), caused by point mutations in the VGSC gene, is one of the mechanisms that confer resistance to DDT and pyrethroids. This study was to investigate the resistance level of Ae. albopictus populations in Haikou City to three pyrethroid insecticides, and elucidate the relationship between the resistant phenotype and kdr mutations. Methods The Aedes albopictus samples were collected in Xinbu Island (XI), Longtang Town (LT), Shishan Town (ST), Baishamen Park (BP), and Flower Market (FM) from Haikou City, Hainan Island, China. The larval susceptibility to deltamethrin, permethrin and beta-cypermethrin was tested by larval bioassays, and adult susceptibility to deltamethrin and DDT was determined by adult bioassays. The degree of resistance was determined by resistance ratio value (RR50 > 3) for larvae and by mortality for adult. The kdr alleles at codon 1534 of the VGSC gene were genotyped. The relationship between kdr genotypes and resistant phenotypes was analyzed by Chi-square test. Results Out of five populations, assessed by larval bioassays, XI was susceptible to deltamethrin and permethrin; LT was susceptible to permethrin and beta-cypermethrin; and ST was susceptible to permithrin. FM and BP both were resistant to all of the three pyrethroids, and FM showed the highest degree of resistance, with RR50 values from 65.17 to 436.36. A total of 493 individuals from the larval bioassays were genotyped for kdr alleles. Five alleles were detected, including two wildtype alleles, TTC(F) (67.04 %) and TTT(F) (0.41 %), and three mutant alleles, TGC(C) (0.30 %), TCC(S) (31.54 %) and TTG(L) (0.71 %). There was a clear correlation between mutant alleles (or F1534S) and resistant phenotypes (P < 0.01). Conclusion Two novel kdr mutant alleles F1534S and F1534L were detected in the pyrethroid resistant populations of Ae. albopictus in Haikou Hainan, China. For the first time, the mutant F1534S was associated with pyrethroid resistance in Ae. albopictus. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40249-016-0125-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiying Chen
- Department of Tropical Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Kaili Li
- Department of Tropical Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Xiaohua Wang
- Haikou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Haikou, 571100, China.,CDC Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-Warning on Infectious Disease, Haikou, 571100, China
| | - Xinyan Yang
- Haikou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Haikou, 571100, China.,CDC Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-Warning on Infectious Disease, Haikou, 571100, China
| | - Yi Lin
- Haikou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Haikou, 571100, China.,CDC Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-Warning on Infectious Disease, Haikou, 571100, China
| | - Fang Cai
- Haikou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Haikou, 571100, China.,CDC Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-Warning on Infectious Disease, Haikou, 571100, China
| | - Wenbin Zhong
- Haikou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Haikou, 571100, China.,CDC Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-Warning on Infectious Disease, Haikou, 571100, China
| | - Chunyan Lin
- Haikou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Haikou, 571100, China.,CDC Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-Warning on Infectious Disease, Haikou, 571100, China
| | - Zhongling Lin
- Haikou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Haikou, 571100, China.,CDC Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-Warning on Infectious Disease, Haikou, 571100, China
| | - Yajun Ma
- Department of Tropical Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China. .,CDC Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-Warning on Infectious Disease, Haikou, 571100, China.
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14
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Denlinger DS, Creswell JA, Anderson JL, Reese CK, Bernhardt SA. Diagnostic doses and times for Phlebotomus papatasi and Lutzomyia longipalpis sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae) using the CDC bottle bioassay to assess insecticide resistance. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:212. [PMID: 27083417 PMCID: PMC4833940 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1496-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insecticide resistance to synthetic chemical insecticides is a worldwide concern in phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae), the vectors of Leishmania spp. parasites. The CDC bottle bioassay assesses resistance by testing populations against verified diagnostic doses and diagnostic times for an insecticide, but the assay has been used limitedly with sand flies. The objective of this study was to determine diagnostic doses and diagnostic times for laboratory Lutzomyia longipalpis (Lutz & Nieva) and Phlebotomus papatasi (Scopoli) to ten insecticides, including pyrethroids, organophosphates, carbamates, and DDT, that are used worldwide to control vectors. METHODS Bioassays were conducted in 1,000-ml glass bottles each containing 10-25 sand flies from laboratory colonies of L. longipalpis or P. papatasi. Four pyrethroids, three organophosphates, two carbamates and one organochlorine, were evaluated. A series of concentrations were tested for each insecticide, and four replicates were conducted for each concentration. Diagnostic doses were determined only during the exposure bioassay for the organophosphates and carbamates. For the pyrethroids and DDT, diagnostic doses were determined for both the exposure bioassay and after a 24-hour recovery period. RESULTS Both species are highly susceptible to the carbamates as their diagnostic doses are under 7.0 μg/ml. Both species are also highly susceptible to DDT during the exposure assay as their diagnostic doses are 7.5 μg/ml, yet their diagnostic doses for the 24-h recovery period are 650.0 μg/ml for Lu. longipalpis and 470.0 μg/ml for P. papatasi. CONCLUSIONS Diagnostic doses and diagnostic times can now be incorporated into vector management programs that use the CDC bottle bioassay to assess insecticide resistance in field populations of Lu. longipalpis and P. papatasi. These findings provide initial starting points for determining diagnostic doses and diagnostic times for other sand fly vector species and wild populations using the CDC bottle bioassay.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Conor K Reese
- Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, USA
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15
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Gnanguenon V, Agossa FR, Badirou K, Govoetchan R, Anagonou R, Oke-Agbo F, Azondekon R, AgbanrinYoussouf R, Attolou R, Tokponnon FT, Aïkpon R, Ossè R, Akogbeto MC. Malaria vectors resistance to insecticides in Benin: current trends and mechanisms involved. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:223. [PMID: 25886599 PMCID: PMC4395909 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-0833-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Insecticides are widely used to control malaria vectors and have significantly contributed to the reduction of malaria-caused mortality. In addition, the same classes of insecticides were widely introduced and used in agriculture in Benin since 1980s. These factors probably contributed to the selection of insecticide resistance in malaria vector populations reported in several localities in Benin. This insecticide resistance represents a threat to vector control tool and should be monitored. The present study reveals observed insecticide resistance trends in Benin to help for a better management of insecticide resistance. Methods Mosquito larvae were collected in eight sites and reared in laboratory. Bioassays were conducted on the adult mosquitoes upon the four types of insecticide currently used in public health in Benin. Knock-down resistance, insensitive acetylcholinesterase-1 resistance, and metabolic resistance analysis were performed in the mosquito populations based on molecular and biochemical analysis. The data were mapped using Geographical Information Systems (GIS) with Arcgis software. Results Mortalities observed with Deltamethrin (pyrethroid class) were less than 90% in 5 locations, between 90-97% in 2 locations, and over 98% in one location. Bendiocarb (carbamate class) showed mortalities ranged 90-97% in 2 locations and were over 98% in the others locations. A complete susceptibility to Pirimiphos methyl and Fenitrothion (organophosphate class) was observed in all locations with 98-100% mortalities. Knock-down resistance frequencies were high (0.78-0.96) and similar between Anopheles coluzzii, Anopheles gambiae, Anopheles arabiensis, and Anopheles melas. Insensitive acetylcholinesterase-1 was rare (0.002-0.1) and only detected in Anopheles gambiae in concomitance with Knock-down resistance mutation. The maps showed a large distribution of Deltamethrin resistance, Knock-down mutation and metabolic resistance throughout the country, a suspected resistance to Bendiocarb and detection of insensitive acetylcholinesterase-1 from northern Benin, and a wide distribution of susceptible vectors to Pirimiphos methyl and Fenitrothion. Conclusion This study showed a widespread resistance of malaria vectors to pyrethroid previously located in southern Benin, an early emergence of carbamates resistance from northern Benin and a full susceptibility to organophosphates. Several resistance mechanisms were detected in vectors with a potential cross resistance to pyrethroids through Knock-down and metabolic resistance mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virgile Gnanguenon
- Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou (CREC), Cotonou, Benin. .,Faculté des Sciences et Techniques de l'Université d'Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, Benin.
| | - Fiacre R Agossa
- Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou (CREC), Cotonou, Benin. .,Faculté des Sciences et Techniques de l'Université d'Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, Benin.
| | - Kefilath Badirou
- Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou (CREC), Cotonou, Benin. .,Faculté des Sciences et Techniques de l'Université d'Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, Benin.
| | - Renaud Govoetchan
- Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou (CREC), Cotonou, Benin. .,Faculté des Sciences et Techniques de l'Université d'Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, Benin.
| | - Rodrigue Anagonou
- Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou (CREC), Cotonou, Benin. .,Faculté des Sciences et Techniques de l'Université d'Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, Benin.
| | - Fredéric Oke-Agbo
- Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou (CREC), Cotonou, Benin.
| | - Roseric Azondekon
- Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou (CREC), Cotonou, Benin.
| | - Ramziath AgbanrinYoussouf
- Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou (CREC), Cotonou, Benin. .,Faculté des Sciences et Techniques de l'Université d'Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, Benin.
| | - Roseline Attolou
- Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou (CREC), Cotonou, Benin. .,Faculté des Sciences et Techniques de l'Université d'Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, Benin.
| | | | - Rock Aïkpon
- Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou (CREC), Cotonou, Benin. .,Faculté des Sciences et Techniques de l'Université d'Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, Benin.
| | - Razaki Ossè
- Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou (CREC), Cotonou, Benin. .,Université d'Agriculture de Kétou, Kétou, Benin.
| | - Martin C Akogbeto
- Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou (CREC), Cotonou, Benin. .,Faculté des Sciences et Techniques de l'Université d'Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, Benin.
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Wang Y, Yu W, Shi H, Yang Z, Xu J, Ma Y. Historical survey of the kdr mutations in the populations of Anopheles sinensis in China in 1996-2014. Malar J 2015; 14:120. [PMID: 25888824 PMCID: PMC4371805 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-015-0644-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Anopheles sinensis has become an important malaria vector in China. The long-term extensive utilization of pyrethroids for ITNs and IRS for mosquito control in the last three decades has resulted in the occurrence of resistant An. sinensis populations in many regions. Knockdown resistance (kdr), caused by point mutations in the VGSC gene, is one of the mechanisms that confer resistance to DDT and pyrethroids. Recently, several investigations revealed the kdr occurrence in some An. sinensis populations, however, no kdr data were available earlier than 2009. A survey tracking the dynamics of the kdr mutations in past decades would provide invaluable information to understand how the kdr alleles spread in mosquito populations temporally and spatially. Methods A survey was conducted on the kdr alleles at condon 1014 of the VGSC gene and their distributions in 733 specimens of An. sinensis and 232 specimens of the other eight member species of the Anopheles hyrcanus group that were collected from 17 provinces in China in 1996–2014. Results A total of three kdr alleles, TTT (F), TTG (F) and TGT (C) were detected, and TGT (C) and TTT (F) were already present in the specimens from Jiangsu and Shandong as early as 1997. The TTT (F) was the most frequent mutant allele, and largely distributed in central China, namely Shandong, Jiangsu, Anhui, Henan, Shanghai, Jiangxi and Hubei. When data were analysed in three time intervals, 1996–2001, 2005–2009, 2010–2014, the prevalence of kdr alleles increased progressively over time in the populations in central China. In contrast, the kdr alleles were less frequent in the samples from other regions, especially in Yunnan and Hainan, despite the documented presence of pyrethroid resistant populations in those regions. Interestingly, no mutant alleles were detected in all 232 specimens of eight other species in the An. hyrcanus group. Conclusion The survey revealed that the kdr occurrence and accumulation in the An. sinensis populations were more frequent in central China than in the other regions, suggesting that the kdr mutations may contribute significantly to the pyrethroid resistance in the mosquitoes in central China. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12936-015-0644-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Department of Tropical Infectious Diseases, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | - Wanqin Yu
- Department of Biology, Molecular Biology Program, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA.
| | - Hua Shi
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of P. L.A., Beijing, 100071, China.
| | - Zhenzhou Yang
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of P. L.A., Beijing, 100071, China.
| | - Jiannong Xu
- Department of Biology, Molecular Biology Program, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA.
| | - Yajun Ma
- Department of Tropical Infectious Diseases, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
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Silva APB, Santos JMM, Martins AJ. Mutations in the voltage-gated sodium channel gene of anophelines and their association with resistance to pyrethroids - a review. Parasit Vectors 2014; 7:450. [PMID: 25292318 PMCID: PMC4283120 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-7-450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Constant and extensive use of chemical insecticides has created a selection pressure and favored resistance development in many insect species worldwide. One of the most important pyrethroid resistance mechanisms is classified as target site insensitivity, due to conformational changes in the target site that impair a proper binding of the insecticide molecule. The voltage-gated sodium channel (NaV) is the target of pyrethroids and DDT insecticides, used to control insects of medical, agricultural and veterinary importance, such as anophelines. It has been reported that the presence of a few non-silent point mutations in the NaV gene are associated with pyrethroid resistance, termed as 'kdr' (knockdown resistance) for preventing the knockdown effect of these insecticides. The presence of these mutations, as well as their effects, has been thoroughly studied in Anopheles mosquitoes. So far, kdr mutations have already been detected in at least 13 species (Anopheles gambiae, Anopheles arabiensis, Anopheles sinensis, Anopheles stephensi, Anopheles subpictus, Anopheles sacharovi, Anopheles culicifacies, Anopheles sundaicus, Anopheles aconitus, Anopheles vagus, Anopheles paraliae, Anopheles peditaeniatus and Anopheles albimanus) from populations of African, Asian and, more recently, American continents. Seven mutational variants (L1014F, L1014S, L1014C, L1014W, N1013S, N1575Y and V1010L) were described, with the highest prevalence of L1014F, which occurs at the 1014 site in NaV IIS6 domain. The increase of frequency and distribution of kdr mutations clearly shows the importance of this mechanism in the process of pyrethroid resistance. In this sense, several species-specific and highly sensitive methods have been designed in order to genotype individual mosquitoes for kdr in large scale, which may serve as important tolls for monitoring the dynamics of pyrethroid resistance in natural populations. We also briefly discuss investigations concerning the course of Plasmodium infection in kdr individuals. Considering the limitation of insecticides available for employment in public health campaigns and the absence of a vaccine able to brake the life cycle of the malaria parasites, the use of pyrethroids is likely to remain as the main strategy against mosquitoes by either indoor residual spraying (IR) and insecticide treated nets (ITN). Therefore, monitoring insecticide resistance programs is a crucial need in malaria endemic countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula B Silva
- />Laboratório de Malária e Dengue, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, CEP 69067-375 Manaus, Amazonas Brazil
| | - Joselita Maria M Santos
- />Laboratório de Malária e Dengue, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, CEP 69067-375 Manaus, Amazonas Brazil
| | - Ademir J Martins
- />Laboratório de Fisiologia e Controle de Artrópodes Vetores, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- />Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Chang X, Zhong D, Fang Q, Hartsel J, Zhou G, Shi L, Fang F, Zhu C, Yan G. Multiple resistances and complex mechanisms of Anopheles sinensis mosquito: a major obstacle to mosquito-borne diseases control and elimination in China. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e2889. [PMID: 24852174 PMCID: PMC4031067 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria, dengue fever, and filariasis are three of the most common mosquito-borne diseases worldwide. Malaria and lymphatic filariasis can occur as concomitant human infections while also sharing common mosquito vectors. The overall prevalence and health significance of malaria and filariasis have made them top priorities for global elimination and control programmes. Pyrethroid resistance in anopheline mosquito vectors represents a highly significant problem to malaria control worldwide. Several methods have been proposed to mitigate insecticide resistance, including rotational use of insecticides with different modes of action. Anopheles sinensis, an important malaria and filariasis vector in Southeast Asia, represents an interesting mosquito species for examining the consequences of long-term insecticide rotation use on resistance. We examined insecticide resistance in two An. Sinensis populations from central and southern China against pyrethroids, organochlorines, organophosphates, and carbamates, which are the major classes of insecticides recommended for indoor residual spray. We found that the mosquito populations were highly resistant to the four classes of insecticides. High frequency of kdr mutation was revealed in the central population, whereas no kdr mutation was detected in the southern population. The frequency of G119S mutation in the ace-1 gene was moderate in both populations. The classification and regression trees (CART) statistical analysis found that metabolic detoxification was the most important resistance mechanism, whereas target site insensitivity of L1014 kdr mutation played a less important role. Our results indicate that metabolic detoxification was the dominant mechanism of resistance compared to target site insensitivity, and suggests that long-term rotational use of various insecticides has led An. sinensis to evolve a high insecticide resistance. This study highlights the complex network of mechanisms conferring multiple resistances to chemical insecticides in mosquito vectors and it has important implication for designing and implementing vector resistance management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuelian Chang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Bengbu Medical College, Anhui, China
- Program in Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Daibin Zhong
- Program in Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Qiang Fang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Bengbu Medical College, Anhui, China
| | - Joshua Hartsel
- Program in Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Guofa Zhou
- Program in Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Linna Shi
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fujin Fang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Changliang Zhu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guiyun Yan
- Program in Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
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