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Saman S, Chen CC, Malak N, Khan A, Nasreen N, Khan A, Niaz S, Rehman G, Rodriguez-Vivas RI, Cossío-Bayúgar R. Ethanolic Extracts of Datura innoxia Have Promising Acaricidal Activity against Rhipicephalus microplus as It Blocks the Glutathione S-Transferase Activity of the Target Tick. Genes (Basel) 2022; 14:genes14010118. [PMID: 36672859 PMCID: PMC9859338 DOI: 10.3390/genes14010118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Rhipicephalus microplus is a major bovine ectoparasite that negatively impacts the cattle industry. The acaricidal activity of Datura innoxia ethanolic plant extract against R. microplus, compared with trichlorfon, was examined using the adult immersion test (AIT), and larval packet test (LPT). In vitro acaricidal activity of the selected plant extract against R. microplus engorged females was evaluated at different concentrations (2.5, 5, 10, 20, and 40 mg/mL), and was the same for AIT and LPT. It was further supported by in silico molecular docking of D. innoxia's 21 phytochemicals against the R. microplus Glutathione S-transferases (RmGST) protein's three-dimensional (3D) structure predicted by the trRosetta server. The modeled 3D structure was then evaluated and confirmed with PROCHECK, ERRAT, and Verify3D online servers. To predict the binding mechanisms of these compounds, molecular docking was performed using Auto dock Vina software, and molecular dynamic (MD) simulations were used to investigate the protein atom's dynamic motion. D. innoxia has a relatively higher inhibitory effect on oviposition (from 9.81% to 45.37%) and total larval mortality (42.33% at 24 h and 93.67% at 48 h) at 40 mg/mL. Moreover, the docking results showed that the chemicals norapoatropine and 7-Hydroxyhyoscyamine have strong interactions with active site residues of the target protein, with a docking score of -7.3 and -7.0 Kcal/mol, respectively. The current work also provided a computational basis for the inhibitors of Glutathione S-transferases that were studied in this research work, and this new knowledge should aid in creating new and effective acaricidal chemicals. Furthermore, this plant extract's acaricide activity and its effect on oviposition and larval mortality were established in this work for the first time, indicating the possible use of this extract in the management of ticks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saman Saman
- Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan 23200, Pakistan
| | - Chien-Chin Chen
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
- Department of Pathology, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chiayi 600, Taiwan
- Department of Cosmetic Science, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan 717, Taiwan
| | - Nosheen Malak
- Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan 23200, Pakistan
| | - Afshan Khan
- Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan 23200, Pakistan
| | - Nasreen Nasreen
- Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan 23200, Pakistan
| | - Adil Khan
- Department of Zoology, Bacha Khan University Charsadda, Charsadda 24631, Pakistan
- Correspondence:
| | - Sadaf Niaz
- Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan 23200, Pakistan
| | - Gauhar Rehman
- Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan 23200, Pakistan
| | - Roger I. Rodriguez-Vivas
- Departamento de Salud Animal y Medicina Preventiva, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Merida 97000, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Raquel Cossío-Bayúgar
- Departamento de Artropodología, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Disciplinarias en Salud Animal e Inocuidad, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales Agrícolas y Pecuarias (INIFAP), Boulevard Cuauhnahuac No. 8534, Jiutepec 62574, Morelos, Mexico
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Integrative Alternative Tactics for Ixodid Control. INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13030302. [PMID: 35323601 PMCID: PMC8948879 DOI: 10.3390/insects13030302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary Hard ticks are important for economic and health reasons, and control has mainly relied upon use of synthetic acaricides. Contemporary development of resistance and concerns relating to health and environmental safety have elicited exploration into alternative tactics for hard tick management. Some examples of alternative tactics involve biological control, desiccant dusts, growth regulators, vaccines, cultural methods, and ingested medications. Abstract Ixodids (hard ticks), ectoparasitic arthropods that vector the causal agents of many serious diseases of humans, domestic animals, and wildlife, have become increasingly difficult to control because of the development of resistance against commonly applied synthetic chemical-based acaricides. Resistance has prompted searches for alternative, nonconventional control tactics that can be used as part of integrated ixodid management strategies and for mitigating resistance to conventional acaricides. The quest for alternative control tactics has involved research on various techniques, each influenced by many factors, that have achieved different degrees of success. Alternative approaches include cultural practices, ingested and injected medications, biological control, animal- and plant-based substances, growth regulators, and inert desiccant dusts. Research on biological control of ixodids has mainly focused on predators, parasitoid wasps, infective nematodes, and pathogenic bacteria and fungi. Studies on animal-based substances have been relatively limited, but research on botanicals has been extensive, including whole plant, extract, and essential oil effects on ixodid mortality, behavior, and reproduction. The inert dusts kaolin, silica gel, perlite, and diatomaceous earth are lethal to ixodids, and they are impervious to environmental degradation, unlike chemical-based toxins, remaining effective until physically removed.
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Ramachandran PD, Muniyappa MD, Kanapadinchareveetil S, Nair SN, Ajithkumar KG, Samraj S, Rajappan A, Varghese A, Kalarickal DC, Ravindran R, Ghosh S, Juliet S. Modulation of the PGE 2-Mediated Pathway in the Eclosion Blocking Effect of Flumethrin and Terpenoid Subfraction Isolated from Artemesia nilagirica in Rhipicephalus annulatus. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26164905. [PMID: 34443500 PMCID: PMC8401071 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26164905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostaglandins are a group of important cell-signaling molecules involved in the regulation of ovarian maturation, oocyte development, egg laying and associated behaviors in invertebrates. However, the presence of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), the key enzymes for PGE2 biosynthesis and its interference by drugs were not investigated previously in the ovary of ticks. The present study was undertaken to assess the modulation of the PGE2-mediated pathway in the eclosion blocking effect of flumethrin and terpenoid subfraction isolated from Artemisia nilagirica in Rhipicephalus annulatus ticks. The acaricidal activities and chemical profiling of the terpenoid subfraction were performed. The localization of the cyclooxygenase1 (COX1) and prostaglandin E synthase (PGES) enzymes and the quantification of PGE2 in the ovaries of the ticks treated with methanol (control), flumethrin and terpenoid subfraction were also undertaken. In addition, the vitellogenin concentration in hemolymph was also assayed. Both flumethrin and the terpenoid subfraction of A. nilagirica elicited a concentration-dependent inhibition of fecundity and blocking of hatching of the eggs. The COX1 could not be detected in the ovaries of treated and control ticks, while there was no significant difference observed in the concentration of vitellogenin (Vg) in them. The presence of PGES in the oocytes of control ticks was confirmed while the immunoreactivities against PGES were absent in the vitellogenic oocytes of ticks treated with flumethrin and terpenoid subfraction. The levels of PGE2 were below the detection limit in the ovaries of the flumethrin-treated ticks, while it was significantly lower in the ovaries of the terpenoid subfraction-treated ticks. Hence, the prostaglandin E synthase and PGE2 were identified as very important mediators for the signaling pathway for ovarian maturation and oviposition in ticks. In addition, the key enzyme for prostaglandin biosynthesis, PGES and the receptors for PGE2 can be exploited as potential drug targets for tick control. The detection of PGES by immunohistochemistry and quantification of PGE2 by LC-MSMS can be employed as valuable tools for screening newer compounds for their eclosion blocking acaricidal effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panicker Devyani Ramachandran
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Lakkidi, P. O., Wayanad 673576, Kerala, India; (P.D.R.); (M.D.M.); (S.K.); (S.N.N.); (S.S.); (S.J.)
| | - Mahesh Doddadasarahalli Muniyappa
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Lakkidi, P. O., Wayanad 673576, Kerala, India; (P.D.R.); (M.D.M.); (S.K.); (S.N.N.); (S.S.); (S.J.)
| | - Sreelekha Kanapadinchareveetil
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Lakkidi, P. O., Wayanad 673576, Kerala, India; (P.D.R.); (M.D.M.); (S.K.); (S.N.N.); (S.S.); (S.J.)
| | - Suresh Narayanan Nair
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Lakkidi, P. O., Wayanad 673576, Kerala, India; (P.D.R.); (M.D.M.); (S.K.); (S.N.N.); (S.S.); (S.J.)
| | - Karapparambu Gopalan Ajithkumar
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Lakkidi, P. O., Wayanad 673576, Kerala, India; (K.G.A.); (A.V.); (D.C.K.)
| | - Sujith Samraj
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Lakkidi, P. O., Wayanad 673576, Kerala, India; (P.D.R.); (M.D.M.); (S.K.); (S.N.N.); (S.S.); (S.J.)
| | - Anoopraj Rajappan
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Lakkidi, P. O., Wayanad 673576, Kerala, India;
| | - Anju Varghese
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Lakkidi, P. O., Wayanad 673576, Kerala, India; (K.G.A.); (A.V.); (D.C.K.)
| | - Deepa Chundayil Kalarickal
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Lakkidi, P. O., Wayanad 673576, Kerala, India; (K.G.A.); (A.V.); (D.C.K.)
| | - Reghu Ravindran
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Lakkidi, P. O., Wayanad 673576, Kerala, India; (K.G.A.); (A.V.); (D.C.K.)
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +91-9447713422
| | - Srikanta Ghosh
- Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122, Bareilly, India;
| | - Sanis Juliet
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Lakkidi, P. O., Wayanad 673576, Kerala, India; (P.D.R.); (M.D.M.); (S.K.); (S.N.N.); (S.S.); (S.J.)
- Center for Ethnopharmacology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Lakkidi, P. O., Wayanad 673576, Kerala, India
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Ratnadass A, Deguine JP. Crop protection practices and viral zoonotic risks within a One Health framework. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 774:145172. [PMID: 33610983 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Recent viral zoonotic epidemics have been attributed partially to the negative impact of human activities on ecosystem biodiversity. Agricultural activities, particularly conventional crop protection (CP) practices, are a major threat to global biodiversity, ecosystem health and human health. Here we review interactions between CP practices and viral zoonoses (VZs), the first time this has been done. It should be noted that a) VZs stand at the interface between human, animal and ecosystem health; b) some VZs involve arthropod vectors that are affected by CP practices; and c) some crop pests, or their natural enemies are vertebrate reservoirs/carriers of certain VZs, and their contact with humans or domestic animals is affected by CP practices. Our review encompasses examples highlighting interactions between VZs and CP practices, both efficiency improvement-based (i.e. conventional with agrochemical insecticides and rodenticides), substitution-based (i.e. mainly with physical/mechanical or biopesticidal pest control), and redesign-based (i.e. mainly with conservation biological pest control, including some forms of crop-livestock integration). These CP practices mainly target arthropod and vertebrate pests. They also target, to a lesser extent, weeds and plant pathogens. Conventional and some physical/mechanical control methods and some forms of biopesticidal and crop-livestock integration practices were found to have mixed outcomes in terms of VZ risk management. Conversely, practices based on biological control by habitat conservation of arthropod or vertebrate natural enemies, falling within the Agroecological Crop Protection (ACP) framework, result in VZ prevention at various scales (local to global, and short-term to long-term). ACP addresses major global challenges including climate resilience, biodiversity conservation and animal welfare, and helps integrate plant health within the extended "One Health" concept.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Ratnadass
- CIRAD, UPR HortSys, F-97455 Saint-Pierre, Réunion, France; HortSys, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, Montpellier, France.
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Torres-Santos PT, Farias IF, Almeida MD, Passos GS, Ribeiro LAA, Rolim LA, Pontes MC, Almeida JRGS, Horta MC. Acaricidal efficacy and chemical study of hexane extracts of the leaves of Neoglaziovia variegata (Bromeliaceae) against the tick Rhipicephalus microplus. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2021; 84:263-270. [PMID: 33860415 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-021-00611-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The frequent use of acaricides against the tick Rhipicephalus microplus increases the risk of development of resistance. Recent studies have revealed that Neoglaziovia variegata, an indigenous plant species known in Brazil as 'caroá', has a deleterious effect against R. microplus. In the current study, extracts of N. variegata were studied for their possible acaricidal properties. A hexane extract of N. variegata leaves was fractionated in a chromatography column and the fractions were tested in adult tick immersion tests in triplicate using three concentrations (5, 10 and 25 mg/ml). All the fractions had harmful effects on the ticks. However, three fractions were more efficaceous. Phytochemical analysis indicated that stigmast-5-en-3-ol and stigmastanol were most abundant; they might be responsible for the acaricidal effects, making them potentially useful as alternative agents to control the tick R. microplus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula T Torres-Santos
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, Federal University of São Francisco Valley, Petrolina, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Ila F Farias
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, Federal University of São Francisco Valley, Petrolina, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Mainara D Almeida
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, Federal University of São Francisco Valley, Petrolina, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Gleisiane S Passos
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, Federal University of São Francisco Valley, Petrolina, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Luciano A A Ribeiro
- Collegiate of Pharmacy, Federal University of São Francisco Valley, Petrolina, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Larissa A Rolim
- Collegiate of Pharmacy, Federal University of São Francisco Valley, Petrolina, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Michelle C Pontes
- Center for Studies and Research of Medicinal Plants, Federal University of São Francisco Valley, Petrolina, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Jackson R G S Almeida
- Collegiate of Pharmacy, Federal University of São Francisco Valley, Petrolina, Pernambuco, Brazil
- Center for Studies and Research of Medicinal Plants, Federal University of São Francisco Valley, Petrolina, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Mauricio C Horta
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, Federal University of São Francisco Valley, Petrolina, Pernambuco, Brazil.
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Shanmuganath C, Kumar S, Singh R, Sharma AK, Saminathan M, Saini M, Chigure G, Fular A, Kumar R, Juliet S, Upadhaya D, Kumar B, Srivastava S, Ghosh S. Development of an efficient antitick natural formulation for the control of acaricide-resistant ticks on livestock. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2021; 12:101655. [PMID: 33503550 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2021.101655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Animal production has a key role in global economic development and food security. Ticks, specifically Rhipicephalus microplus cause substantial economic and health impacts on more than eighty percent of the world cattle population. Though synthetic acaricides play a major role in tick management, their injudicious usage has caused environmental pollution and also promote the establishment of multi-acaricide resistant tick populations which is a matter of great concern. To provide an effective tool for controlling these resistant ticks, the present work was aimed to develop safe and inexpensive antitick natural formulations. Our bioprospection studies of Ageratum conyzoides plant established it as a species potentially having strong acaricidal activity due to the presence of potent acaricidal phyto-chemicals. To develop a suitable antitick natural formulation, 41 samples/fractions/formulations were prepared from the dry powder of the whole aerial part of the A. conyzoides plant using different techniques and delivery matrices. The strongest antitick effect was recorded for formulation ACF6, which demonstrated 87 ± 6% mean mortality with 57 % inhibition of oviposition in treated female ticks. Ticks treated with the ACF6 formulation showed a significant (p < 0.001) reduction in cuticular protein (1.238 ± 0.01 mg/mL) as compared to control ticks (2.928 ± 0.01 mg/mL) but no significant difference in chitin content of treated ticks and control ticks was observed. The formulation was found safe in a rat model as no significant differences in biochemical and haematological parameters among treated and control rats were noted. Histopathological studies indicated no sign of hepatocellular necrosis and no significant changes in the weights of liver and spleen was recorded. The overall in vivo efficacy of the formulation was 85 % for experimentally infested cattle with direct mortality of more than 80 % within 96 h post-application. The lethal effect of the formulation was in the form of drying and dead ticks 1-2 d after application. The developed formulation has the potential to be adopted as an alternative tick control measure in an ecofriendly manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Shanmuganath
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243122, U.P., India
| | - Satyanshu Kumar
- ICAR-Directorate of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research, Boriavi, Anand, 387310, Gujarat, India
| | - Raghuraj Singh
- ICAR-Directorate of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research, Boriavi, Anand, 387310, Gujarat, India
| | - Anil Kumar Sharma
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243122, U.P., India
| | - M Saminathan
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243122, U.P., India
| | - Mohini Saini
- Division of Biochemistry, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243122, U.P., India
| | - Gajanan Chigure
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243122, U.P., India
| | - Ashutosh Fular
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243122, U.P., India
| | - Rajesh Kumar
- Division of Agricultural Chemicals, ICAR- Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Sanis Juliet
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Wayanad, 673576, Kerala, India
| | - Deepak Upadhaya
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243122, U.P., India
| | - Bhanu Kumar
- Pharmacognosy and Ethnopharmacology Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, 226001, U.P., India
| | - Sharad Srivastava
- Pharmacognosy and Ethnopharmacology Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, 226001, U.P., India
| | - Srikanta Ghosh
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243122, U.P., India.
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Udayan D, Nair SN, Juliet S, Ravindran R, Athalathil S, Adarshkrishna TP, Ajithkumar KG, Sreelekha KP, Chandrashekar L, Ghosh S. Acaricidal Activity of Artemisia nilagirica Leaves Against Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) annulatus Ticks. PLANTA MEDICA 2020; 86:1335-1344. [PMID: 32663894 DOI: 10.1055/a-1161-0220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Since time immemorial, human beings have used various parts of plants in either prevention or treatment of ailments. Plants are rich sources of secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, steroids, terpenoids, flavonoids, and phenolic compounds with a high structural diversity. Many plants/herbs with specific biological activities such as antitumor, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antifungal, sedative, and acaricidal activity have been reported. Artemisia nilagirica (C. B. Clarke) Pamp. (Compositae) is a plant traditionally used for insect control in the southern part of India. Previous studies have demonstrated the activity of Artemisia species against pests. The present study thus evaluates the acaricidal activity of crude ethanolic extract of A. nilagirica leaves and its fractions against Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) annulatus. Ticks are ectoparasites that transmit several protozoal, viral, and rickettsial diseases. In south India, R. (B.) annulatus is the commonly observed tick species. Control of these acarine parasites that adversely affect milk and meat production is a tough task. Chemical acaricides such as organophosphates, synthetic pyrethroids, amitraz, and ivermectin are commonly used in tick control. The high cost, environmental hazards, and development of acaricidal resistance are some of the drawbacks of these chemical acaricides. Plant-based formulations are one of the promising approaches for the control of ectoparasites. Previously, extracts from various medicinal/aromatic plants were reported for acaricidal activity from our laboratory, such as Tetrastigma leucostaphylum (Dennst.) Alston, Chassalia curviflora (Wall.) Thwaites, Jatropha curcas L., and Ageratum conyzoides Hieron. Biochemical quantification, fluorescence analysis, and primary phytochemical analysis are already reported for the ethanolic extract and its fractions of areal parts of A. nilagirica. Phytochemical characterization of ethanolic extract of A. nilagirica from Kerala, India was shown to have the presence of terpenoids, flavonoids, steroids, saponins, fixed oils and fats, tannins, and glycosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darsana Udayan
- Centre for Ethnopharmacology, Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Wayanad, Kerala, India
| | - Suresh Narayanan Nair
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala, India
| | - Sanis Juliet
- Centre for Ethnopharmacology, Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Wayanad, Kerala, India
| | - Reghu Ravindran
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Wayanad, Kerala, India
| | - Sunil Athalathil
- Centre for Ethnopharmacology, Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Wayanad, Kerala, India
| | | | | | - Kana Padinchareveetil Sreelekha
- Centre for Ethnopharmacology, Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Wayanad, Kerala, India
| | - Leena Chandrashekar
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Pookode, Wayanad, Kerala, India
| | - Srikant Ghosh
- Division of Parasitology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, UP, India
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Figueiredo JCG, Nunes YRF, de Oliveira Vasconcelos V, Arruda SR, Morais-Costa F, Santos GSC, Alvez FS, Duarte ER. Effects of leaf extracts of Protium spruceanum against adult and larval Rhipicephalus microplus. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2019; 79:447-458. [PMID: 31792752 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-019-00447-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Rhipicephalus microplus is the ectoparasite responsible for large economic losses in cattle herds. The aim of this study was to investigate the in vitro action of leaf extracts of Protium spruceanum on resistant strains of this tick. Ethanolic extracts (EE) and ethyl acetate extracts (EAE) of P. spruceanum leaves were used against engorged females and larvae by biocarrapaticidogram and larval package (TPL) tests. Chromatographic analyses were performed using a gas chromatograph and showed the presence of the flavonoid catechin in both extracts and the terpenoid β-amirine only in EAE. EE and EAE were not effective in altering the mortality of engorged females; however, 92% of females treated with the extracts reduced the postures and > 90% of larval hatching was inhibited at 100 mg/ml of extracts. Acaricidal efficacies were > 80% for 100 mg/ml EE and > 90% for EAE at 50 mg/ml. In TPL tests, EE and EAE promoted larval mortality > 88% at 100 mg/ml. In this study, EAE was more effective against adult females and larvae than EE, representing an alternative agent for the integrated control of R. microplus.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C G Figueiredo
- Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros, Brasil, Avenida Dr. Ruy Braga, S/N - Bairro Vila Mauricéia, Montes Claros, MG, 39401-089, Brazil
| | - Y R F Nunes
- Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros, Brasil, Avenida Dr. Ruy Braga, S/N - Bairro Vila Mauricéia, Montes Claros, MG, 39401-089, Brazil
| | - Viviane de Oliveira Vasconcelos
- Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros, Brasil, Avenida Dr. Ruy Braga, S/N - Bairro Vila Mauricéia, Montes Claros, MG, 39401-089, Brazil.
| | - S R Arruda
- Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros, Brasil, Avenida Dr. Ruy Braga, S/N - Bairro Vila Mauricéia, Montes Claros, MG, 39401-089, Brazil
| | - F Morais-Costa
- Instituto de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brasil, Avenida Universitária 1000, Bairro Universitário, Montes Claros, MG, 39400-006, Brazil
| | - G S C Santos
- Instituto de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brasil, Avenida Universitária 1000, Bairro Universitário, Montes Claros, MG, 39400-006, Brazil
| | - F S Alvez
- Instituto de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brasil, Avenida Universitária 1000, Bairro Universitário, Montes Claros, MG, 39400-006, Brazil
| | - E R Duarte
- Instituto de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brasil, Avenida Universitária 1000, Bairro Universitário, Montes Claros, MG, 39400-006, Brazil
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9
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Use of Carbonized Fallen Leaves of Jatropha Curcas L. as a Soil Conditioner for Acidic and Undernourished Soil. AGRONOMY-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/agronomy9050236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Jatropha (Jatropha curcas L.) represents a renewable bioenergy source in arid regions, where it is used to produce not only biodiesel from the seed oil, but also various non-oil biomass products, such as fertilizer, from the seed cake following oil extraction from the seeds. Jatropha plants also generate large amounts of fallen leaves during the cold or drought season, but few studies have examined the utilization of this litter biomass. Therefore, in this study, we produced biochar from the fallen leaves of jatropha using a simple and economical carbonizer that was constructed from a standard 200 L oil drum, which would be suitable for use in rural communities, and evaluated the use of the generated biochar as a soil conditioner for the cultivation of Swiss chard (Beta vulgaris subsp. cicla “Fordhook Giant”) as a model vegetable in an acidic and undernourished soil in Botswana. Biochar application improved several growth parameters of Swiss chard, such as the total leaf area. In addition, the dry weights of the harvested shoots were 1.57, 1.88, and 2.32 fold higher in plants grown in soils containing 3%, 5%, and 10% biochar, respectively, compared with non-applied soil, suggesting that the amount of biochar applied to the soil was positively correlated with yield. Together, these observations suggest that jatropha fallen leaf biochar could function as a soil conditioner to enhance crop productivity.
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10
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Cen-Pacheco F, Ortiz-Celiseo A, Peniche-Cardeña A, Bravo-Ruiz O, López-Fentanes FC, Valerio-Alfaro G, Fernández JJ. Studies on the bioactive flavonoids isolated from Azadirachta indica. Nat Prod Res 2019; 34:3483-3491. [PMID: 30835540 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2019.1579808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Two novel natural metabolites, 3-O-butyl-(-)-epicatechin (1) and 3-O-butyl-(-)-epigallocatechin (2), as well as several known substances, (-)-epicatechin (3), (+)-gallocatechin (4), (-)-epigallocatechin (5), azadirachtin A (6), trilinolein (7) and octadecanoic acid-tetrahydrofuran-3,4-diyl ester (8), were isolated from the bark of Azadirachta indica. The structures of all compounds were established by comprehensive and comparative spectroscopic analysis of NMR and ESI-HRMS data. The new metabolites 1 and 2 represent one of the few examples of natural compounds with a butyl ether group moiety. The acaricidal activity of the compounds was tested using a standard Shaw larval immersion assay. All the compounds, except 7, possess a LD50 value less than or equal to 7.2 mM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Araceli Ortiz-Celiseo
- Food Research and Development Unit, Technological Institute of Veracruz, México and Faculty of Bioanalysis, Veracruz University, Veracruz, Veracruz, México
| | - Alvaro Peniche-Cardeña
- Faculty of Medicine Veterinary and Zootechnics, Veracruz University, Veracruz, Veracruz, México
| | - Omar Bravo-Ruiz
- Faculty of Medicine Veterinary and Zootechnics, Veracruz University, Veracruz, Veracruz, México
| | | | - Gerardo Valerio-Alfaro
- Food Research and Development Unit Technological Institute of Veracruz, Veracruz, Veracruz, México
| | - José J Fernández
- Institute of Bio-Organic Chemistry Antonio González, Department of Organic Chemistry, University of La Laguna, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
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11
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Adenubi OT, Ahmed AS, Fasina FO, McGaw LJ, Eloff JN, Naidoo V. Pesticidal plants as a possible alternative to synthetic acaricides in tick control: A systematic review and meta-analysis. INDUSTRIAL CROPS AND PRODUCTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2018.06.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
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12
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Adenubi OT, Ali Abdalla M, Ahmed AS, Njoya EM, McGaw LJ, Eloff JN, Naidoo V. Isolation and characterization of two acaricidal compounds from Calpurnia aurea subsp. aurea (Fabaceae) leaf extract. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2018; 75:345-354. [PMID: 29846853 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-018-0269-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The menace caused by ticks and tick-borne diseases is a major limitation to the livestock industry in Africa. The high costs and non-availability of synthetic, chemical acaricides to resource-limited farmers, resistance of ticks to available acaricides and residue problems in meat and milk consumed by humans further complicate matters. The use of plant extracts as a possible source of new acaricides has received much interest in the last decade. In our endeavour to discover natural acaricidal compounds, tick toxicant bioassays were conducted and the chloroform fraction of Calpurnia aurea ethanol leaf extract had good acaricidal activity. Further purification of the fraction revealed two flavonoids, isolated from C. aurea for the first time. These flavonoids were characterized as apigenin-7-O-β-D-glycoside and isorhoifolin by means of NMR spectroscopic and mass spectrometry analysis. Isorhoifolin was the most potent compound (LC50 = 0.65 mg/ml), was not cytotoxic and should be further investigated for its potential as an acaricidal agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olubukola T Adenubi
- Phytomedicine Programme, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa.
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Agriculture, PMB 2240, Alabata, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria.
| | - Muna Ali Abdalla
- Phytomedicine Programme, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa
| | - Aroke S Ahmed
- Phytomedicine Programme, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa
| | - Emmanuel M Njoya
- Phytomedicine Programme, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa
| | - Lyndy J McGaw
- Phytomedicine Programme, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa
| | - Jacobus N Eloff
- Phytomedicine Programme, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa
| | - Vinny Naidoo
- Biomedical Research Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa
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13
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Ravindran R, Chithra ND, Deepa PE, Ajithkumar KG, Chandrasekhar L, Sreelekha K, Nair SN, Juliet S, Ghosh S. In vitro effects of caffeic acid, nortriptyline, precocene I and quercetin against Rhipicephalus annulatus (Acari: Ixodidae). EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2017; 71:183-193. [PMID: 28110429 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-017-0105-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, the acaricidal effects of caffeic acid, nortriptyline, precocene I and quercetin against Rhipicephalus annulatus (syn. Boophilus annulatus) Say (Acari: Ixodidae) were evaluated. Adult immersion technique (24 ticks immersed for 2 min in one dilution of the compound) was used for the assessment of the effects of caffeic acid (0.39-100 mg/mL), nortriptyline (0.625-50 mg/L), precocene I (0.004488-5 mg/mL) and quercetin (6.25-100 mg/mL) against R. annulatus. Adult tick mortality, reproductive index, inhibition of fecundity and hatching were calculated. Caffeic acid, nortriptyline, precocene I and quercetin revealed very low adult mortality and inhibition of fecundity, even at the highest concentration tested. Quercetin (>50 mg/mL) caused blocking of hatching of eggs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reghu Ravindran
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Wayanad, Kerala, 673 576, India.
| | - Nayikottummal Devadas Chithra
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Wayanad, Kerala, 673 576, India
| | - Pattanur Edathil Deepa
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Wayanad, Kerala, 673 576, India
| | | | - Leena Chandrasekhar
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Wayanad, Kerala, 673 576, India
| | - Kanapadinchareveetil Sreelekha
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Wayanad, Kerala, 673 576, India
| | - Suresh Narayanan Nair
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Wayanad, Kerala, 673 576, India
| | - Sanis Juliet
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Wayanad, Kerala, 673 576, India
| | - Srikanta Ghosh
- Division of Parasitology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, UP, 243 122, India
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14
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Ajith Kumar KG, Sharma AK, Kumar S, Ray DD, Rawat AKS, Srivastava S, Ghosh S. Comparative in vitro anti-tick efficacy of commercially available products and newly developed phyto-formulations against field collected and resistant tick lines of Rhipicephalus ( Boophilus) microplus. J Parasit Dis 2016; 40:1590-1596. [PMID: 27876990 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-015-0736-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus is considered as one of the most widely distributed tick species ecto-parasitizing on livestock and causes fatal diseases with significant production loss. To address the problem of controlling acaricide resistant tick infestations on animals, attention has been paid to develop eco-friendly phyto-acaricides. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the comparative anti-tick activities of commercially available herbal and chemical products with chemically characterized phyto-formulations developed recently against field ticks and resistant tick lines of R. (B.) microplus. The chemical product Butox® Vet was found nearly passive against all the tested resistant tick lines. However, one of the commercial polyherbal product, Zerokeet® showed an efficacy (E%) of 41.8-75.4 % ([Formula: see text]) using recommended dilution (1:2) against field ticks and resistant tick lines. However, the other commercial product, Erina® EP has very limited efficacy against all the tested tick. In comparison, the newly developed phyto-formulation, NBA/13/B/2 and NAC-01 conferred an E% of 82.4-91.3 % ([Formula: see text]) and 62.3-94.6 % ([Formula: see text]), respectively, against tested resistant ticks. Results indicated higher marketing potentiality of newly developed formulation in the existing tick problem scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- K G Ajith Kumar
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, UP 243122 India
| | - Anil Kumar Sharma
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, UP 243122 India
| | - Sachin Kumar
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, UP 243122 India
| | - D D Ray
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, UP 243122 India
| | - A K S Rawat
- Pharmacognosy and Ethnopharmacology Division, CSIR- National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, UP 226001 India
| | - Sharad Srivastava
- Pharmacognosy and Ethnopharmacology Division, CSIR- National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, UP 226001 India
| | - Srikant Ghosh
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, UP 243122 India
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15
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Chauhan N, Kumar P, Mishra S, Verma S, Malik A, Sharma S. Insecticidal activity of Jatropha curcas extracts against housefly, Musca domestica. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:14793-14800. [PMID: 25989859 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-4686-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The hexane and ether extracts of leaves, bark and roots of Jatropha curcas were screened for their toxicity against different developmental stages of housefly. The larvicidal, pupicidal and adulticidal activities were analysed at various concentrations (0.78-7.86 mg/cm(2)) of hexane and ether extracts. The lethal concentration values (LC50) of hexane extract of J. curcas leaves were 3.0 and 0.27 mg/cm(2) for adult and larval stages of housefly, respectively, after 48 h. Similarly, the ether extract of leaf showed the LC50 of 2.20 and 4.53 mg/cm(2) for adult and larval stages of housefly. Least toxicity was observed with hexane root extract of J. curcas with LC50 values of 14.18 and 14.26 mg/cm(2) for adult and larvae of housefly, respectively, after 48 h. The variation in LC50 against housefly pupae was found to be 8.88-13.10 mg/cm(2) at various J. curcas extract concentrations. The GC-MS analysis of J. curcas leaf extract revealed the presence of trans-phytol (60.81 %), squalene (28.58 %), phytol (2.52 %) and nonadecanone (1.06 %) as major components that could be attributed for insecticidal activity of J. curcas extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitin Chauhan
- Applied Microbiology Laboratory, Centre for Rural Development and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Peeyush Kumar
- Applied Microbiology Laboratory, Centre for Rural Development and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Sapna Mishra
- Applied Microbiology Laboratory, Centre for Rural Development and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Sharad Verma
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Centre for Rural Development and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Anushree Malik
- Applied Microbiology Laboratory, Centre for Rural Development and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi, 110016, India.
| | - Satyawati Sharma
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Centre for Rural Development and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi, 110016, India
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16
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Ghosh S, Tiwari SS, Kumar B, Srivastava S, Sharma AK, Kumar S, Bandyopadhyay A, Julliet S, Kumar R, Rawat AKS. Identification of potential plant extracts for anti-tick activity against acaricide resistant cattle ticks, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Acari: Ixodidae). EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2015; 66:159-171. [PMID: 25717008 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-015-9890-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
To develop an eco-friendly tick control method, seven plant extracts were prepared using 50 and 95% ethanol and evaluated for acaricidal activity against cattle tick, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. The adult immersion test was adopted for testing different extracts. Based on 72 h screening criterion, 95% ethanolic extracts of Datura metel fruits and Argemone mexicana whole plant were found effective showing more than 50% mortality of treated ticks. The 95% ethanolic extracts of D. metel fruits and A. mexicana whole plant exhibited acaricidal and reproductive inhibitory effects on treated ticks. The LC90 values of D. metel and A. mexicana extracts were determined as 7.13 and 11.3%, respectively. However, although both the extracts were found efficacious against deltamethrin-resistant IVRI-4 and multi-acaricide resistant IVRI-5 lines of R. (B.) microplus, they caused less mortality than treated ticks of the reference IVRI-I line. Phytochemical studies indicated the presence of alkaloids and glucosides in D. metel fruits and alkaloids, terpenoids, flavonoids and phenolics in A. mexicana whole plant extracts. The results indicated that these botanicals may play an important role in reducing the use of chemicals for tick control and possibly to manage resistant tick population in environment friendly manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srikanta Ghosh
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243122, UP, India,
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17
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Kumar A, Tewari S. Origin, Distribution, Ethnobotany and Pharmacology of Jatropha curcas. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.3923/rjmp.2015.48.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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18
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Acaricidal activity of petroleum ether extract of leaves of Tetrastigma leucostaphylum (Dennst.) Alston against Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) annulatus. ScientificWorldJournal 2014; 2014:715481. [PMID: 25436226 PMCID: PMC4243479 DOI: 10.1155/2014/715481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Revised: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The acaricidal activity of the petroleum ether extract of leaves of Tetrastigma leucostaphylum (Dennst.) Alston (family: Vitaceae) against Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) annulatus was assessed using adult immersion test (AIT). The per cent of adult mortality, inhibition of fecundity, and blocking of hatching of eggs were studied at different concentrations. The extract at 10% concentration showed 88.96% inhibition of fecundity, 58.32% of adult tick mortality, and 50% inhibition of hatching. Peak mortality rate was observed after day 5 of treatment. Mortality of engorged female ticks, inhibition of fecundity, and hatching of eggs were concentration dependent. The LC50 value of the extract against R. (B.) annulatus was 10.46%. The HPTLC profiling of the petroleum ether extract revealed the presence of at least seven polyvalent components. In the petroleum ether extract, nicotine was identified as one of the components up to a concentration of 5.4%. However, nicotine did not reveal any acaricidal activity up to 20000 ppm (2%). Coconut oil, used as diluent for dissolving the extract, did not reveal any acaricidal effects. The results are indicative of the involvement of synergistic or additive action of the bioactive components in the tick mortality and inhibition of the oviposition.
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19
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Manjunathachar HV, Saravanan BC, Kesavan M, Karthik K, Rathod P, Gopi M, Tamilmahan P, Balaraju BL. Economic importance of ticks and their effective control strategies. ASIAN PACIFIC JOURNAL OF TROPICAL DISEASE 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/s2222-1808(14)60725-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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20
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Insecticidal Activity of Some Traditionally Used Ethiopian Medicinal Plants against Sheep Ked Melophagus ovinus. J Parasitol Res 2014; 2014:978537. [PMID: 24649357 PMCID: PMC3932204 DOI: 10.1155/2014/978537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Revised: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Twelve medicinal plants and a commercially used drug Ivermectin were examined for insecticidal activity against Melophagus ovinus sheep ked at different time intervals using in vitro adult immersion test. The findings show that at 3.13 µL/mL, 6.25 µL/mL and 12.5 µL/mL concentration of Cymbopogon citratus, Foeniculum vulgare and Eucalyptus globulus essential oils respectively, recorded 100% mortalities against M. ovinus within 3 hour of exposure. Significantly higher insecticidal activity of essential oils was recorded (P = 0.00) when compared to 10 μ g/mL Ivermectin after 3-hour exposure of M. ovinus at a concentration of ≥1.57 μ L/mL, ≥3 μ L/mL, and ≥12.7 μ L/mL essential oils of C. citratus, F. vulgare, and E. globulus, respectively. Among essential oils, C. citratus has showed superior potency at a three-hour exposure of the parasite (P = 0.00) at a concentration of ≥0.78 μ L/mL. Strong antiparasitic activity was recorded by aqueous extract of Calpurnia aurea (80% mortality) at a concentration of 200 mg/mL within 24 h among aqueous extracts of 9 medicinal plants. The results indicated all the four medicinal plants, particularly those tested essential oils, can be considered as potential candidates for biocontrol of M. ovinus sheep ked.
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21
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Ratnadass A, Wink M. The phorbol ester fraction from Jatropha curcas seed oil: potential and limits for crop protection against insect pests. Int J Mol Sci 2012. [PMID: 23203190 PMCID: PMC3546684 DOI: 10.3390/ijms131216157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The physic nut shrub, Jatropha curcas (Euphorbiaceae), has been considered as a “miracle tree”, particularly as a source of alternate fuel. Various extracts of the plant have been reported to have insecticidal/acaricidal or molluscicidal/anthelminthic activities on vectors of medical or veterinary interest or on agricultural or non-agricultural pests. Among those extracts, the phorbol ester fraction from seed oil has been reported as a promising candidate for use as a plant-derived protectant of a variety of crops, from a range of pre-harvest and post-harvest insect pests. However, such extracts have not been widely used, despite the “boom” in the development of the crop in the tropics during recent years, and societal concerns about overuse of systemic chemical pesticides. There are many potential explanations to such a lack of use of Jatropha insecticidal extracts. On the one hand, the application of extracts potentially harmful to human health on stored food grain, might not be relevant. The problem of decomposition of phorbol esters and other compounds toxic to crop pests in the field needing further evaluation before such extracts can be widely used, may also be a partial explanation. High variability of phorbol ester content and hence of insecticidal activity among physic nut cultivars/ecotypes may be another. Phytotoxicity to crops may be further limitation. Apparent obstacles to a wider application of such extracts are the costs and problems involved with registration and legal approval. On the other hand, more studies should be conducted on molluscicidal activity on slugs and land snails which are major pests of crops, particularly in conservation agriculture systems. Further evaluation of toxicity to natural enemies of insect pests and studies on other beneficial insects such as pollinators are also needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Ratnadass
- Cirad, HortSys Research Unit, TA B-103/PS4, F-34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +33-467-593-114; Fax: +33-467-615-688
| | - Michael Wink
- Institute of Pharmacy & Molecular Biotechnology (IPMB), Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany; E-Mail:
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