1
|
Wei L, Wong D, Jeoh T, Marco ML. Intestinal delivery of encapsulated bacteriocin peptides in cross-linked alginate microcapsules. Food Res Int 2024; 188:114473. [PMID: 38823837 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2024.114473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
Oral delivery of larger bioactive peptides (>20 amino acids) to the small intestine remains a challenge due to their sensitivity to proteolytic degradation and chemical denaturation during gastrointestinal transit. In this study, we investigated the capacity of crosslinked alginate microcapsules (CLAMs) formed by spray drying to protect Plantaricin EF (PlnEF) (C-EF) in gastric conditions and to dissolve and release PlnEF in the small intestine. PlnEF is an unmodified, two-peptide (PlnE: 33 amino acids; PlnF: 34 amino acids) bacteriocin produced by Lactiplantibacillus plantarum with antimicrobial and gut barrier protective properties. After 2 h incubation in simulated gastric fluid (SGF) (pH 1.5), 43.39 % ± 8.27 % intact PlnEF was liberated from the CLAMs encapsulates, as determined by an antimicrobial activity assay. Transfer of the undissolved fraction to simulated intestinal fluid (SIF) (pH 7) for another 2 h incubation resulted in an additional release of 16.13 % ± 4.33 %. No active PlnEF was found during SGF or sequential SIF incubations when pepsin (2,000 U/ml) was added to the SGF. To test PlnEF release in C-EF contained in a food matrix, C-EF was mixed in peanut butter (PB) (0.15 g C-EF in 1.5 g PB). A total of 12.52 % ± 9.09 % active PlnEF was detected after incubation of PB + C-EF in SGF without pepsin, whereas no activity was found when pepsin was included. Transfer of the remaining PB + C-EF fractions to SIF yielded the recovery of 46.67 % ± 13.09 % and 39.42 % ± 11.53 % active PlnEF in the SIF following exposure to SGF and to SGF with pepsin, respectively. Upon accounting for the undissolved fraction after SIF incubation, PlnEF was fully protected in the CLAMs-PB mixture and there was not a significant reduction in active PlnEF when pepsin was present. These results show that CLAMs alone do not guard PlnEF bacteriocin peptides from gastric conditions, however, mixing them in PB protected against proteolysis and improved intestinal release.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wei
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - Dana Wong
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - Tina Jeoh
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - Maria L Marco
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Contente D, Díaz-Formoso L, Feito J, Hernández PE, Muñoz-Atienza E, Borrero J, Poeta P, Cintas LM. Genomic and Functional Evaluation of Two Lacticaseibacillus paracasei and Two Lactiplantibacillus plantarum Strains, Isolated from a Rearing Tank of Rotifers ( Brachionus plicatilis), as Probiotics for Aquaculture. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:64. [PMID: 38254954 PMCID: PMC10815930 DOI: 10.3390/genes15010064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Aquaculture plays a crucial role in meeting the increasing global demand for food and protein sources. However, its expansion is followed by increasing challenges, such as infectious disease outbreaks and antibiotic misuse. The present study focuses on the genetic and functional analyses of two Lacticaseibacillus paracasei (BF3 and RT4) and two Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (BF12 and WT12) strains isolated from a rotifer cultivation tank used for turbot larviculture. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) and bioinformatics analyses confirmed their probiotic potential, the absence of transferable antibiotic resistance genes, and the absence of virulence and pathogenicity factors. Bacteriocin mining identified a gene cluster encoding six plantaricins, suggesting their role in the antimicrobial activity exerted by these strains. In vitro cell-free protein synthesis (IV-CFPS) analyses was used to evaluate the expression of the plantaricin genes. The in vitro-synthesized class IIb (two-peptide bacteriocins) plantaricin E/F (PlnE/F) exerted antimicrobial activity against three indicator microorganisms, including the well-known ichthyopathogen Lactococcus garvieae. Furthermore, MALDI-TOF MS on colonies detected the presence of a major peptide that matches the dimeric form of plantaricins E (PlnE) and F (PlnF). This study emphasizes the importance of genome sequencing and bioinformatic analysis for evaluating aquaculture probiotic candidates. Moreover, it provides valuable insights into their genetic features and antimicrobial mechanisms, paving the way for their application as probiotics in larviculture, which is a major bottleneck in aquaculture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diogo Contente
- Grupo de Seguridad y Calidad de los Alimentos por Bacterias Lácticas, Bacteriocinas y Probióticos (SEGABALBP), Sección Departamental de Nutrición y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (D.C.); (L.D.-F.); (P.E.H.); (E.M.-A.); (J.B.); (L.M.C.)
| | - Lara Díaz-Formoso
- Grupo de Seguridad y Calidad de los Alimentos por Bacterias Lácticas, Bacteriocinas y Probióticos (SEGABALBP), Sección Departamental de Nutrición y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (D.C.); (L.D.-F.); (P.E.H.); (E.M.-A.); (J.B.); (L.M.C.)
| | - Javier Feito
- Grupo de Seguridad y Calidad de los Alimentos por Bacterias Lácticas, Bacteriocinas y Probióticos (SEGABALBP), Sección Departamental de Nutrición y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (D.C.); (L.D.-F.); (P.E.H.); (E.M.-A.); (J.B.); (L.M.C.)
| | - Pablo E. Hernández
- Grupo de Seguridad y Calidad de los Alimentos por Bacterias Lácticas, Bacteriocinas y Probióticos (SEGABALBP), Sección Departamental de Nutrición y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (D.C.); (L.D.-F.); (P.E.H.); (E.M.-A.); (J.B.); (L.M.C.)
| | - Estefanía Muñoz-Atienza
- Grupo de Seguridad y Calidad de los Alimentos por Bacterias Lácticas, Bacteriocinas y Probióticos (SEGABALBP), Sección Departamental de Nutrición y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (D.C.); (L.D.-F.); (P.E.H.); (E.M.-A.); (J.B.); (L.M.C.)
| | - Juan Borrero
- Grupo de Seguridad y Calidad de los Alimentos por Bacterias Lácticas, Bacteriocinas y Probióticos (SEGABALBP), Sección Departamental de Nutrición y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (D.C.); (L.D.-F.); (P.E.H.); (E.M.-A.); (J.B.); (L.M.C.)
| | - Patrícia Poeta
- Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Team (MicroART), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Science (AL4AnimalS), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Luis M. Cintas
- Grupo de Seguridad y Calidad de los Alimentos por Bacterias Lácticas, Bacteriocinas y Probióticos (SEGABALBP), Sección Departamental de Nutrición y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (D.C.); (L.D.-F.); (P.E.H.); (E.M.-A.); (J.B.); (L.M.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ruiz MJ, García MD, Canalejo LMM, Krüger A, Padola NL, Etcheverría AI. Antimicrobial activity of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum against shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli. J Appl Microbiol 2023; 134:lxad202. [PMID: 37660235 DOI: 10.1093/jambio/lxad202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The aim of the present work was to characterize the Lactiplantibacillus sp. LP5 strain, isolated from pork production, and identify bacteriocin-like inhibitory substances produced by this strain. METHODS AND RESULTS In this study, LP5 was identified by species-specific PCR and 16S rRNA sequencing. Additionally, bacterial growth kinetics, antimicrobial activity, the detection of genes related to plantaricin production, and the genetic expression of plantaricins were determined. Lactiplantibacillus sp. LP5 was identified as Lactiplantibacillus plantarum. The well-diffusion test using cell-free supernatants (CFS), neutralized CFS, CFS treated with catalase, and CFS treated with proteinase K showed that inhibitory effects on a Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) strain were produced by bacteriocins. The PCR technique allowed the detection of genes encoding E/F plantaricins, as well as J/K and whole genome sequencing, and bacteriocin mining analysis allowed us to confirm the presence of these plantaricins. CONCLUSIONS We can conclude that the inhibitory effect of L. plantarum LP5 isolated from pigs against the STEC EDL933 strain could be associated with the bacteriocins production and represents a potential use as a probiotic strain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María Julia Ruiz
- Department of Animal Health and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Centre (CIVETAN), CONICET-CICPBA, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, National University of the Centre of the Province of Buenos Aires, Tandil CP7000, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mauro Daniel García
- Department of Animal Health and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Centre (CIVETAN), CONICET-CICPBA, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, National University of the Centre of the Province of Buenos Aires, Tandil CP7000, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Luis Manuel Medina Canalejo
- Food Science and Technology Department, International Agrifood Campus of Excellence, Charles Darwin Annex Building, Campus de Rabanales, University of Córdoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Alejandra Krüger
- Department of Animal Health and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Centre (CIVETAN), CONICET-CICPBA, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, National University of the Centre of the Province of Buenos Aires, Tandil CP7000, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nora Lía Padola
- Department of Animal Health and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Centre (CIVETAN), CONICET-CICPBA, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, National University of the Centre of the Province of Buenos Aires, Tandil CP7000, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Analía Inés Etcheverría
- Department of Animal Health and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Centre (CIVETAN), CONICET-CICPBA, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, National University of the Centre of the Province of Buenos Aires, Tandil CP7000, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kouadri Boudjelthia N, Belabbas M, Bekenniche N, Monnoye M, Gérard P, Riazi A. Probiotic Properties of Lactic Acid Bacteria Newly Isolated from Algerian Raw Cow's Milk. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2091. [PMID: 37630651 PMCID: PMC10458746 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11082091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aims to screen new LAB from Algerian cow's milk to assess their probiotic properties. Molecular identification and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry methods were used to identify the LAB isolates. The probiotic potential of isolates was determined with in vitro tests of survival to gastrointestinal conditions (pH 2, 0.3% pepsin, 0.5% bile salts, 0.1% trypsin, and 0.1% pancreatic amylase) and antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. Eight isolates were identified as Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (100%) and one isolate as Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus (95.75%). The MALDI-TOF MS analysis of the isolates confirms that the strains belong to the group of lactobacilli bacteria, particularly Lactiplantibacillus plantarum. The high survival rate reflects a good strain tolerance to the in vitro host simulated gastrointestinal conditions. All bacteria exhibit an antibacterial activity strain with inhibition zone diameters ranging from 4.9 mm against Aspergillus niger ATCC 106404 to 17.47 mm against Candida albicans ATCC 10231. The antioxidant activity with the highest DPPH scavenging activity (92.15%) was obtained with the LbN09 strain. In light of these results, some of the strains isolated from raw milk of the local Algerian breed cows show promising probiotic properties, giving them a possible use in preserving food from microbial spoilage and oxidation during storage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nacima Kouadri Boudjelthia
- Laboratory of Beneficial Microorganisms, Functional Food and Health, Department of Food Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Life Sciences, Abdelhamid Idn Badis University, Mostaganem 27000, Algeria;
| | - Meryem Belabbas
- Department of Agronomy Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Life Sciences, DjillaliLiabès University, Sidi Bel Abbes 22000, Algeria;
| | - Nahla Bekenniche
- Laboratory of Food Technology and Nutrition, Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural and Life Sciences, Abdelhamid Ibn Badis University, Mostaganem 27000, Algeria;
| | - Magali Monnoye
- Micalis Institute, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Paris-Saclay University, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; (M.M.); (P.G.)
| | - Philippe Gérard
- Micalis Institute, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Paris-Saclay University, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; (M.M.); (P.G.)
| | - Ali Riazi
- Laboratory of Beneficial Microorganisms, Functional Food and Health, Department of Food Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Life Sciences, Abdelhamid Idn Badis University, Mostaganem 27000, Algeria;
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Flynn J, Ryan A, Hudson SP. Pre-formulation and delivery strategies for the development of bacteriocins as next generation antibiotics. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2021; 165:149-163. [PMID: 34020021 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2021.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Bacteriocins, a class of antimicrobial peptide produced by bacteria, may offer a potential alternative to traditional antibiotics, an important step towards mitigating the ever-increasing antimicrobial resistance crisis. They are active against a range of clinically relevant Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Bacteriocins have been discussed in the literature for over a century. Although they are used as preservatives in food, no medicine based on their antimicrobial activity exists on the market today. In order to formulate them into clinical antibiotics, pre-formulation studies on their biophysical and physicochemical properties that will influence their activity in vivo and their stability during manufacture must be elucidated. Thermal, pH and enzymatic stability of bacteriocins are commonly studied and regularly reported in the literature. Solubility, permeability and aggregation properties on the other hand are less frequently reported for many bacteriocins, which may contribute to their poor clinical progression. Promising cytotoxicity studies report that bacteriocins exhibit few cytotoxic effects on a variety of mammalian cell lines, at active concentrations. This review highlights the lack of quantitative data and in many cases even qualitative data, on bacteriocins' solubility, stability, aggregation, permeability and cytotoxicity. The formulation strategies that have been explored to date, proposed routes of administration, trends in in vitro/in vivo behaviour and efforts in clinical development are discussed. The future promise of bacteriocins as a new generation of antibiotics may require tailored local delivery strategies to fulfil their potential as a force to combat antimicrobial-resistant bacterial infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James Flynn
- Department of Chemical Sciences, SSPC, the SFI Research Centre for Pharmaceuticals, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Ireland
| | - Aoibhín Ryan
- Department of Chemical Sciences, SSPC, the SFI Research Centre for Pharmaceuticals, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Ireland
| | - Sarah P Hudson
- Department of Chemical Sciences, SSPC, the SFI Research Centre for Pharmaceuticals, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Ireland.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Amer SA, Abushady HM, Refay RM, Mailam MA. Enhancement of the antibacterial potential of plantaricin by incorporation into silver nanoparticles. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2021; 19:13. [PMID: 33474592 PMCID: PMC7817718 DOI: 10.1186/s43141-020-00093-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Background Bacteriocins are proteinaceous compounds produced from lactic acid bacteria. Bacteriocins are well-known for their antibacterial potential and safety for application in food. However, the commercial availability of bacteriocin is facing several limitations; among them is the low yield and short stability period. That calls for a new strategy for overcoming these hurdles. Among these approaches is incorporating bacteriocin in nanoparticles. So, the aim of this study was to enhance the plantaricin produced from isolated Lactobacillus plantarum strain using nanotechnology. Results In this study, the plnEF genes encoding plantaricin EF have been identified and sequenced (accession number of MN172264.1). The extracted bacteriocin (EX-PL) was obtained by the ammonium sulfate method. Then, it was used for biosynthesizing plantaricin-incorporated silver nanoparticles (PL-SNPs). The synthesized nanoparticles were confirmed by SEM-EDAX analysis. The antibacterial activity of both combined (PL-SNPs) and extracted plantaricin (EX-PL) were tested against some strains of foodborne pathogenic bacteria. The results revealed that the antibacterial activities were increased by 99.2% on the combination of bacteriocin with the silver nanoparticle. The MIC of EX-PL (7.6 mg/mL) has been lowered after incorporating into silver nanoparticles and reached 0.004 mg/mL for PL-SNPs. Despite that extracted plantaricin showed no inhibitory activity towards Listeria monocytogenes, plantaricin-incorporated silver nanoparticles displayed inhibitory activity against this strain. Furthermore, the stability period at 4 °C was increased from 5 days to 60 days for EX-PL and PL-SNPs, respectively. Conclusions Plantaricin-incorporated silver nanoparticles possess higher antibacterial activity and more stability than the free one, which makes it more fitting for combating foodborne pathogens and open more fields for applications in both food and pharmaceutical industries. Graphical abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s43141-020-00093-z.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Adel Amer
- Agricultural Research Centre (ARC), Food Technology Research Institute (FTRI), Giza, Egypt.
| | | | | | - Mahmoud Ahmed Mailam
- Agricultural Research Centre (ARC), Food Technology Research Institute (FTRI), Giza, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
The biodiversity of Lactobacillus spp. from Iranian raw milk Motal cheese and antibacterial evaluation based on bacteriocin-encoding genes. AMB Express 2017; 7:176. [PMID: 28921480 PMCID: PMC5603468 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-017-0474-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactobacilli, as the largest group of lactic acid bacteria, produce large amounts of antimicrobial metabolites such as organic acids, fatty acids, ammonia, hydrogen peroxide, diacetyl and bacteriocin, which inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacteria and increase shelf life of food. The aim of this study was to identify the Lactobacillus spp. isolated from Iranian raw milk Motal cheese and to detect the presence of bacteriocin genes in the isolated Lactobacillus strains exhibiting antimicrobial activity. For this purpose, 6 Motal cheese samples from Dasht-e-Moghan region, Iran, were subjected to microbial characterization. Nineteen Lactobacillus spp. were isolated and subsequently identified based on biochemical and molecular methods. According to the sequencing of isolates, Lactobacillus spp. consisted primarily of Lactobacillus brevis, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus casei and Lactobacillus buchneri. The identified isolates were then evaluated for antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Listeria innocua ATCC 33090 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923. The results of PCR analysis using specific primers of genes encoding Bacteriocin, revealed the presence of Plantaricin A and Plantaricin EF in all Lactobacillus plantarum isolates and Brevicin 174A in 5 of Lactobacillus brevis isolates, whereas the gene encoding Pediocin PA-1 was not observed in any of examined isolates. It is therefore concluded that bacteriocinogenic isolates could be recommended as suitable candidates to be used as starter, adjunct-starter or antimicrobial agents for production of fermented and non-fermented products.
Collapse
|
8
|
Comparison of Antibacterial Activity of Lactobacillus plantarum Strains Isolated from Two Different Kinds of Regional Cheeses from Poland: Oscypek and Korycinski Cheese. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017. [PMID: 28626762 PMCID: PMC5463104 DOI: 10.1155/2017/6820369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Oscypek and korycinski are traditional Polish cheeses, exclusively produced in Tatra and in Podlasie region, respectively, produced from raw, unpasteurized milk. The 29 Lactobacillus plantarum strains were isolated on MRS agar from 12 cheese samples and used as a material for study. The main purpose of the work was to assess the antimicrobial properties and recognition of selected strains for the unique antagonistic activity and preservation role in food. It has been found that the highest antimicrobial activity was observed in the case of L. monocytogenes strains; however, the level of that activity was different depending on the Lb. plantarum strain. Strains from oscypek produced broad spectrum, and a few strains isolated from korycinski cheese produced a narrow spectrum of antimicrobial compounds, other than organic acids and hydrogen peroxide. Moreover, the antagonistic activity shown by Lb. plantarum strains is connected with the source from which a given strain was isolated. Strains isolated from oscypek cheese represented stronger activity against L. monocytogenes, whereas strains isolated from korycinski cheese were more active against E. coli. Strains Lb. plantarum Os13 and Kor14 could be considered as good candidates for protective cultures to extend durability of food products.
Collapse
|