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Kienbacher CL, Herkner H, Alemu F, Rhodes JM, Al Rasheed N, Aldeghaither I, Barnawi E, Williams KA. Social mass gathering events influence emergency medical services call volume. Front Public Health 2024; 12:1394384. [PMID: 38873322 PMCID: PMC11169686 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1394384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Prior literature suggests that mass gathering events pose challenges to an emergency medical services (EMS) system. We aimed to investigate whether events influence EMS call rates. Materials and methods This study is a retrospective review of all primary response ambulance calls in Rhode Island (US) between January 1st, 2018 and August 31st, 2022. The number of EMS calls per day was taken from the state's EMS registry. Event data was collected using a Google (Google LLC, Mountain View, CA) search. We used separate Poisson regression models with the number of ambulance calls as the dependent and the social event categories sports, agricultural, music events, and public exhibitions as independent variables. All models controlled for the population at risk and the period of the COVID-19 pandemic. Results are presented as increases or decreases in calls per 100,000 inhabitants from the mean over the study period. Results The mean number of daily EMS calls was 38 ± 4 per 100,000 inhabitants. EMS encountered significantly more missions on days with music events (+3, 95% CI [2; 3]) and public exhibitions (+2, 95% CI [1; 2]). In contrast, days with agricultural events were associated with fewer calls (-1, 95% CI [-1; 0]). We did not find any effect of sports events on call rates. Conclusion Increased ambulance call volumes are observed on days with music events and public exhibitions. Days with agricultural events are associated with fewer EMS calls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calvin Lukas Kienbacher
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Division of Emergency Medical Services, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Harald Herkner
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Feven Alemu
- Rhode Island Department of Health, Division of Emergency Medical Services, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Jason M. Rhodes
- Rhode Island Department of Health, Division of Emergency Medical Services, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Norah Al Rasheed
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Division of Emergency Medical Services, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
- Department of Emergency Medicine, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ibrahem Aldeghaither
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Division of Emergency Medical Services, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Prince Mohammed Bin Abdulaziz Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Esam Barnawi
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Division of Emergency Medical Services, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
- Pediatric Emergency Department, Emergency Medicine Administration, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kenneth Alan Williams
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Division of Emergency Medical Services, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
- Rhode Island Department of Health, Division of Emergency Medical Services, Providence, RI, United States
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Çalışkan C, Kuday AD, Özcan T, Dağ N, Kınık K. Quantitative Metrics in Mass-Gathering Studies: A Comprehensive Systematic Review. Prehosp Disaster Med 2024; 39:195-205. [PMID: 38576262 DOI: 10.1017/s1049023x2400027x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Mass gatherings are events where many people come together at a specific location for a specific purpose, such as concerts, sports events, or religious gatherings, within a certain period of time. In mass-gathering studies, many rates and ratios are used to assess the demand for medical resources. Understanding such metrics is crucial for effective planning and intervention efforts. Therefore, this systematic review aims to investigate the usage of rates and ratios reported in mass-gathering studies. METHODS In this systematic review, the PRISMA guidelines were followed. Articles published through December 2023 were searched on Web of Science, Scopus, Cochrane, and PubMed using the specified keywords. Subsequently, articles were screened based on titles, abstracts, and full texts to determine their eligibility for inclusion in the study. Finally, the articles that were related to the study's aim were evaluated. RESULTS Out of 745 articles screened, 55 were deemed relevant for inclusion in the study. These included 45 original research articles, three special reports, three case presentations, two brief reports, one short paper, and one field report. A total of 15 metrics were identified, which were subsequently classified into three categories: assessment of population density, assessment of in-event health services, and assessment of out-of-event health services. CONCLUSION The findings of this study revealed notable inconsistencies in the reporting of rates and ratios in mass-gathering studies. To address these inconsistencies and to standardize the information reported in mass-gathering studies, a Metrics and Essential Ratios for Gathering Events (MERGE) table was proposed. Future research should promote consistency in terminology and adopt standardized methods for presenting rates and ratios. This would not only enhance comparability but would also contribute to a more nuanced understanding of the dynamics associated with mass gatherings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cüneyt Çalışkan
- Department of Disaster Medicine, Hamidiye Institute of Health Sciences, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Türkiye
- Department of Emergency Aid and Disaster Management, Hamidiye Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Ahmet Doğan Kuday
- Department of Disaster Medicine, Hamidiye Institute of Health Sciences, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Tuğba Özcan
- Department of Disaster Medicine, Hamidiye Institute of Health Sciences, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Nihal Dağ
- Department of Disaster Medicine, Hamidiye Institute of Health Sciences, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Türkiye
- Department of Emergency Aid and Disaster Management, Hamidiye Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Kerem Kınık
- Department of Disaster Medicine, Hamidiye Institute of Health Sciences, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Türkiye
- Department of Emergency Aid and Disaster Management, Hamidiye Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Türkiye
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Pigeon MA, Hertelendy A, Hart A, Lund A, Ranse J, Ciottone G. Mass Gathering Event Medical Preparedness and Response: A Review of Canadian Legislation and Guidelines. Disaster Med Public Health Prep 2024; 18:e50. [PMID: 38465378 DOI: 10.1017/dmp.2024.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The mass gathering event (MGE) industry is growing globally, including in countries such as Canada. MGEs have been associated with a greater prevalence of injury and illness when compared with daily life events, despite most participants having few comorbidities. As such, adequate health, safety, and emergency medical planning is required. However, there is no single entity regulating these concerns for MGEs, resulting in the responsibility for health planning lying with event organizers. This study aims to compare the legislative requirements for MGE medical response systems in the 13 provinces and territories of Canada. METHODS This study is a cross-sectional descriptive analysis of Canadian legislation. Lists of publicly available legislative requirements were obtained by means of the emergency medical services directors and Health Ministries. Descriptive statistics were performed to compare legislation. RESULTS Of the 13 provinces and territories, 10 responded. For the missing 3, a law library review confirmed the absence of specific legislation. Most (n = 6; 60%) provinces and territories referred to provisions in their Public Health laws. Four confirmed that MGE medical response was a municipal or local concern to be addressed by the event organizers. CONCLUSIONS No provinces could list specific legislation guiding safety, health, and medical response for an MGE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc-Antoine Pigeon
- BIDMC Disaster Medicine Fellowship, Boston, MA, USA
- Département de médecine de famille et médecine d'urgence, Faculté de médecine, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Attila Hertelendy
- BIDMC Disaster Medicine Fellowship, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Information Systems and Business Analytics, College of Business, & Herbert Werheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Alexander Hart
- BIDMC Disaster Medicine Fellowship, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, CT, USA
- University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Adam Lund
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jamie Ranse
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Gold Coast Health, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
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Goldberg SA, Battistini V, Cash RE, Kelleher M, Laporte C, Peters G, Goralnick E. A retrospective review of out of hospital cardiac arrest at Gillette Stadium: 10 years of experience at a large sports venue. Resusc Plus 2023; 14:100386. [PMID: 37056959 PMCID: PMC10085775 DOI: 10.1016/j.resplu.2023.100386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Rates of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) at major sporting events are as high as 0.7 per 100,000 attendees. However, factors contributing to OHCA at mass gatherings have not been well-described. We describe our experience with ten years of medical oversight and OHCA care at a professional football stadium. Methods We performed a retrospective review of OHCA events between August 2010 and January 2020 at a 65,878-seat football stadium, with a single transporting EMS agency and a single receiving hospital. We analyzed EMS incident reports and matched patients to hospital records for outcome data. Results A total of 7,767,345 people attended 115 football games during the study period. There were 21 OHCAs (0.27 per 100,000 attendees). Ninety-five percent of OHCAs were witnessed and 71.4% had an initial shockable rhythm, with bystander AED use in 47.6%. Median EMS response time was 2 minutes (IQR 1-6). For 7 patients defibrillated by EMS, time to defibrillation was 4 minutes (IQR 4-11). Return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) occurred in 71%, with 47% having good 30-day neurologic survival. All patients with an initial rhythm of asystole died. Conclusion The ROSC rate at our stadium exceeded 70% with almost half surviving with good neurologic outcomes, substantially higher than that reported for the general public. We hope that our experience will provide valuable lessons to other similarly sized stadiums.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A. Goldberg
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Corresponding author at: Department of Emergency Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | | | | | | | - Christopher Laporte
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Foxborough Fire Department, Foxborough, MA, USA
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Cunha Filho GARD, Arliani GG, Yamada AF, Cohen M, Ejnisman B, Andreoli CV. MEDICAL PLANNING FOR MASS GATHERING SPORTS EVENTS IN BRAZIL. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2023. [DOI: 10.1590/1517-8692202329012021_0404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Introduction: Medical planning for mass gathering events is founded on the structuring of assistance to the population involved and the preservation of the response capacities of the local healthcare system. Large sporting events attended by crowds are increasingly common in society. These events have been shown to be dangerous, generating higher incidences of injuries and illnesses than usual. Thus, planning and the interaction among various public and private sectors are required for the prevention of and response to emergencies and incidents involving multiple victims. Methods: Recently published studies on medical planning for large sports events and current federal agency legislation were selected to conduct an updated review on the subject. Results: After reading titles and abstracts, 159 papers were chosen for a full reading, 50 of which met the eligibility criteria and were included as the basis for this review. The size of the audience, the weather, and the behavior of the crowd seem to contribute significantly to the estimated need for resources in sporting events. Conclusion: Mass events require planning for prevention and to strengthen the resilience of host communities. There is a still a lack of evidence that these events increase the risk of the mass spreading of disease. Level of Evidence: V; Expert opinion .
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Abstract
Mass vaccination campaigns have been used effectively to limit the impact of communicable disease on public health. However, the scale of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) vaccination campaign is unprecedented. Mass vaccination sites consolidate resources and experience into a single entity and are essential to achieving community ("herd") immunity rapidly, efficiently, and equitably. Health care systems, local and regional public health entities, emergency medical services, and private organizations can rapidly come together to solve problems and achieve success. As medical directors at several mass vaccination sites across the United States, we describe key mass vaccination site concepts, including site selection, operational models, patient flow, inventory management, staffing, technology, reporting, medical oversight, communication, and equity. Lessons learned from experience operating a diverse group of mass vaccination sites will help inform not only sites operating during the current pandemic, but also may serve as a blueprint for future outbreaks of highly infectious communicable disease.
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Murthy NC, Holland DP, Chamberlain AT, Smith S, Callahan J, Smith W. The 6 E Framework of Public Health Preparedness for Mass Gatherings-Lessons Learned From Super Bowl LIII, Fulton County, Georgia, 2019. JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH MANAGEMENT AND PRACTICE 2021; 27:E197-E204. [PMID: 32833878 PMCID: PMC8291143 DOI: 10.1097/phh.0000000000001237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT On February 3, 2019, Atlanta, Georgia, hosted Super Bowl LIII, which is classified as a National Special Security Event. The festivities comprising this major sporting event brought approximately half a million people to Atlanta, which posed significant challenges to the local public health community. As the lead local agency for public health planning, preparedness, and response efforts, Fulton County Board of Health (FCBOH) needed to address multiple specific tasks based on core functional areas outlined in the Emergency Support Function (ESF) 8 (eg, bioterrorism preparedness and epidemiological surveillance). PROGRAM To prepare for the Super Bowl, FCBOH developed a systematic approach to ensure community-wide public health preparedness for mass gatherings. This approach came to be known as the 6 E framework, which consists of (1) engaging stakeholders, (2) examining current capabilities and identifying gaps, (3) establishing roles and responsibilities, (4) executing plans to fill gaps, (5) exercising plans, and (6) evaluating impact. IMPLEMENTATION We define each step of the 6 E framework and present practical examples of how FCBOH implemented each step when preparing for the Super Bowl. Challenges that FCBOH faced and the lessons learned in the process are illustrated. The 6 E framework provides a systematic approach to community preparedness and allows local health departments to tailor the approach to serve local public health needs. EVALUATION The successful implementation of the 6 E framework allowed for stakeholders at the federal, state, and local levels (including law enforcement) to effectively coordinate an epidemiological investigation and response when 4 staff members reported gastrointestinal symptoms after eating at a feeding station. DISCUSSION Preparation for the Super Bowl required months of diligent cross-sectoral and cross-jurisdictional partnership building, and the 6 E framework can help other local public health jurisdictions prepare to host major mass gatherings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil C. Murthy
- Preventive Medicine Residency Program, Division of Scientific Education and Professional Development, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia (Dr Murthy); Office of Medical and Preventive Services (Dr Holland), Office of Epidemiology (Dr Chamberlain and Ms Sasha Smith), and Office of Emergency Preparedness (Mr Callahan and Ms Wendy Smith), Fulton County Board of Health, Atlanta, Georgia; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (Dr Holland), and Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health (Dr Chamberlain), Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - David P. Holland
- Preventive Medicine Residency Program, Division of Scientific Education and Professional Development, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia (Dr Murthy); Office of Medical and Preventive Services (Dr Holland), Office of Epidemiology (Dr Chamberlain and Ms Sasha Smith), and Office of Emergency Preparedness (Mr Callahan and Ms Wendy Smith), Fulton County Board of Health, Atlanta, Georgia; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (Dr Holland), and Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health (Dr Chamberlain), Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Allison T. Chamberlain
- Preventive Medicine Residency Program, Division of Scientific Education and Professional Development, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia (Dr Murthy); Office of Medical and Preventive Services (Dr Holland), Office of Epidemiology (Dr Chamberlain and Ms Sasha Smith), and Office of Emergency Preparedness (Mr Callahan and Ms Wendy Smith), Fulton County Board of Health, Atlanta, Georgia; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (Dr Holland), and Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health (Dr Chamberlain), Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Sasha Smith
- Preventive Medicine Residency Program, Division of Scientific Education and Professional Development, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia (Dr Murthy); Office of Medical and Preventive Services (Dr Holland), Office of Epidemiology (Dr Chamberlain and Ms Sasha Smith), and Office of Emergency Preparedness (Mr Callahan and Ms Wendy Smith), Fulton County Board of Health, Atlanta, Georgia; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (Dr Holland), and Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health (Dr Chamberlain), Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - John Callahan
- Preventive Medicine Residency Program, Division of Scientific Education and Professional Development, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia (Dr Murthy); Office of Medical and Preventive Services (Dr Holland), Office of Epidemiology (Dr Chamberlain and Ms Sasha Smith), and Office of Emergency Preparedness (Mr Callahan and Ms Wendy Smith), Fulton County Board of Health, Atlanta, Georgia; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (Dr Holland), and Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health (Dr Chamberlain), Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Wendy Smith
- Preventive Medicine Residency Program, Division of Scientific Education and Professional Development, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia (Dr Murthy); Office of Medical and Preventive Services (Dr Holland), Office of Epidemiology (Dr Chamberlain and Ms Sasha Smith), and Office of Emergency Preparedness (Mr Callahan and Ms Wendy Smith), Fulton County Board of Health, Atlanta, Georgia; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (Dr Holland), and Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health (Dr Chamberlain), Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
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Craven P, Hansroth J, Quedado KD, Goode CS, Dragan S, Monseau A, Balcik B, Chill N, Findley SW. Lessons on Mass Gatherings Learned From the 2019 Union Cycliste Internationale Mountain Bike World Cup. Cureus 2021; 13:e14275. [PMID: 33954076 PMCID: PMC8092131 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.14275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI) Mountain Bike World Cup in 2019 provided unique challenges for effective prehospital care. While on-site medical care has demonstrated improved outcomes along with reduced emergency department and emergency medical services (EMS) utilization, this aspect has not been well documented in the literature with respect to rural mass gathering events (MGEs). Conducted at a large mass gathering event in a geographically isolated area, this study aimed to assess the medical needs at this specific event and will hopefully assist in future coordination of similar events. All patients who were treated at the event clinic were included in the analysis. Primary investigators collected and recorded data while providing care. We believe the on-site clinic was successful in reducing barriers to healthcare by improving access, streamlining the treatment process, and optimizing resource utilization. This benefit extended to race participants, support staff, spectators, and the local EMS system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Craven
- Emergency Medicine, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, USA
| | - Joseph Hansroth
- Emergency Medicine, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, USA
| | - Kimberly D Quedado
- Emergency Medicine, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, USA
| | - Christopher S Goode
- Emergency Medicine, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, USA
| | - Shane Dragan
- Emergency Medicine, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, USA
| | - Aaron Monseau
- Emergency Medicine, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, USA
| | - Brenden Balcik
- Emergency Medicine, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, USA
| | - Nicholas Chill
- Emergency Medicine, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, USA
| | - Scott W Findley
- Emergency Medicine, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, USA
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Tajima T, Takazawa Y, Yamada M, Moriya T, Sato H, Higashihara J, Toyama Y, Chosa E, Nakamura A, Kono I. Spectator medicine at an international mega sports event: Rugby World Cup 2019 in Japan. Environ Health Prev Med 2020; 25:72. [PMID: 33234126 PMCID: PMC7684143 DOI: 10.1186/s12199-020-00914-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Rugby World Cup (RWC) is one of the biggest international mega sports events in the world. This study was conducted to identify and evaluate the volume, nature, and severity of spectator medical care in the stadiums of 12 venues across Japan during RWC 2019. Method This was a retrospective review of medical records from spectator medical rooms of 45 official matches of RWC 2019 between September 20 and November 2, 2019. All patients in the stadium who visited the spectator medical room and were transferred to a hospital were included. The wet bulb globe temperature (WBGT) value at the kick-off time of each match, the number of visits to the spectator medical room, and the number of transfers to a hospital were reviewed and analyzed. The patient presentation rate (PPR) was calculated per 10,000 attendees. Severity categories were defined as mild or severe. Mild cases were considered non-life threatening requiring minimal medical intervention, and severe cases required transport to a hospital. Result The total number of visits to the spectator medical room was 449 with a PPR of 2.63. Most cases (91.5%) were mild in severity. The PPR was significantly higher for the matches held with a WBGT over 25 °C than for the matches under 21 °C (PPR 4.27 vs 2.04, p = 0.04). Thirty-eight cases were transferred to a hospital by ambulance; the PPR was 0.22. The most common reasons for transfer to the hospital were heat illness and fracture/dislocation, at a rate of 15.8% each. The incidence rate of cardiopulmonary arrest per 10,000 attendees was 0.0059 during RWC 2019. Conclusion Preparation and provision of appropriate medical service for spectators is a key factor for mass-gathering events. During RWC 2019, the majority (91.5%) of patients who sought medical attention did so for minor complaints, which were easily assessed and managed. On the other hand, a higher WBGT situation contributes significantly to an increased PPR (< 21 versus > 25, 2.04 versus 4.27, p = 0.04). Careful medical preparation, management, and development of public education programs for higher WBGT situations will be required in the future for similar international mega sports events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Tajima
- Rugby World Cup 2019 Organising Committee, Tokyo, Japan. .,Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Medicine of Sensory and Motor Organs, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki, 889-1692, Japan.
| | - Yuji Takazawa
- Rugby World Cup 2019 Organising Committee, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Sports Medicine and Sportology, Graduate School of Medicine, Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mutsuo Yamada
- Rugby World Cup 2019 Organising Committee, Tokyo, Japan.,Faculty of Health and Sports Sciences, Ryutsu Keizai University, Ryugasaki, Japan
| | - Takuro Moriya
- Rugby World Cup 2019 Organising Committee, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Chiba Rosai Hospital, Ichihara, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Sato
- Rugby World Cup 2019 Organising Committee, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Neurosurgery, Seirei Mikatahara General Hospital, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Junichiro Higashihara
- Rugby World Cup 2019 Organising Committee, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Gynecology, Higashihara Clinic, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yukimasa Toyama
- Rugby World Cup 2019 Organising Committee, Tokyo, Japan.,Toyama Orthopaedic Clinic, Osaka, Japan
| | - Etsuo Chosa
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Medicine of Sensory and Motor Organs, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki, 889-1692, Japan
| | - Akihiko Nakamura
- Rugby World Cup 2019 Organising Committee, Tokyo, Japan.,Nakamura Surgery and Pediatrics Clinic, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ichiro Kono
- Rugby World Cup 2019 Organising Committee, Tokyo, Japan.,University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
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Abstract
Mass gatherings (MGs) are held throughout the world. The aim of this review was to assess and identify the health threats based on the type of the MG, type of diseases, and injuries. Research platforms such as Web of Science, Medline, and Scopus were searched through June 2017. All epidemiologic studies that investigated the health threats during the MGs, such as communicable diseases, injuries, high-risk behaviors, and environmental health problems, were included in this review. Out of 1264 references, 45 articles were included in the review.Three main types of MGs include religious, festival, and sporting event; and fairs such as trade, book, and agricultural types were also reported in the selected studies. In the religious MGs, infectious diseases were the most common health threat. Road traffic accidents and environmental health problems were additional health threats. At MG sporting events, injuries were the most common health problems. Infectious diseases and alcohol and drug-related disorders were other reported public health concerns. In the festival MGs, alcohol and drug-related problems were commonly reported. This review showed that health threats vary, based on the type of mass gathering. The health organizers of MGs should consider the type of the MG and the health needs and safety of the participants to help them plan their action and provide the needed health care services.
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Environmental Influences on Patient Presentations: Considerations for Research and Evaluation at Mass-Gathering Events. Prehosp Disaster Med 2019; 34:552-556. [DOI: 10.1017/s1049023x19004813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
AbstractAim:This paper discusses the need for consistency in mass-gathering research and evaluation from an environmental reporting perspective.Background:Mass gatherings occur frequently throughout the world. Having an understanding of the complexities of mass gatherings is important to inform health services about the possible required health resources. Factors within the environmental, psychosocial, and biomedical domains influence the usage of health services at mass gatherings. A minimum data set (MDS) has been proposed to standardize collection of biomedical data across various mass gatherings, and there is a need for an environmental component. The environmental domain includes factors such as the nature of the event, availability of drugs or alcohol, venue characteristics, and meteorological factors.Method:This research used an integrative literature review design. Manuscripts were collected using keyword searches from databases and journal content pages from 2003 through 2018. Data were analyzed and categorized using the existing MDS as a framework.Results:In total, 39 manuscripts were identified that met the inclusion criteria.Conclusion:In collecting environmental data from mass gatherings, there must be an agreed-upon MDS. A set of variables can be used to collect de-identified environmental variables for the purpose of making comparisons across societies for mass-gathering events (MGEs).
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