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Han A, Yang M, Chen B, Cao G, Xu J, Meng T, Liu Y, Wang Z, Zhou Y, Xu N, Han W, Sun H, Mei Q, Zhu L, Xiong M. Microbiome and its relevance to indigenous inflammatory bowel diseases in China. Gene 2024; 909:148257. [PMID: 38367851 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2024.148257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the gastrointestinal tract with an unknown etiology. Although dysbiosis is implicated in its pathogenesis, deep sequencing and oral microbiota study in Chinese IBD patients is absent. AIM To explore the role of oral / intestinal microbiota in patients with IBD and the potential associations therein. METHODS Clinical data, fecal and saliva samples were harvested from 80 patients with IBD (Crohn's disease, CD, n = 69; Ulcerative colitis, UC, n = 11) and 24 normal controls. Microbiomics (16S rRNA sequencing and 16S rRNA full-length sequencing) were used to detect and analyze the difference between IBD patients and normal control. RESULTS Compared with normal controls, a higher abundance of the intestinal Shigella spp. (Shigella flexneri and Shigella sonnei, which were positively relate to the severity of IBD), lower abundance of intestinal probiotics (Prevotella, Faecalibacterium and Roseburia), and higher abundance of oral Neisseria were present in IBD patients with microbiome. The higher inflammation-related markers, impaired hepatic and renal function, and dyslipidaemia were present in patients with IBD. A higher intake of red meat and increased abundance of Clostridium in the gut were found in CD patients, while the elevated abundance of Ruminococcus in the gut was showed in UC ones. The bacterial composition of saliva and fecal samples was completely different, yet there was some correlation in the distribution of dominant probiotics. CONCLUSION Enteric dysbacteriosis and the infections of pathogenic bacteria (Shigella) may associate with the occurrence or development of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anqi Han
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, PR China
| | - Mingya Yang
- Department of Haematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, PR China
| | - Bo Chen
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, PR China
| | - Guodong Cao
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, PR China
| | - Junrui Xu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, PR China
| | - Tao Meng
- Department of General Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, PR China
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, PR China
| | - Zhenzhen Wang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, PR China
| | - Yangliu Zhou
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, PR China
| | - Na Xu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, PR China
| | - Wei Han
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, PR China
| | - Haiyi Sun
- Clinical Medical Collage, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230020, PR China
| | - Qiao Mei
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, PR China.
| | - Lixin Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, PR China.
| | - Maoming Xiong
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, PR China.
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Mohammed Y, Touw CE, Nemeth B, van Adrichem RA, Borchers CH, Rosendaal FR, van Vlijmen BJ, Cannegieter SC. Targeted proteomics for evaluating risk of venous thrombosis following traumatic lower-leg injury or knee arthroscopy. J Thromb Haemost 2022; 20:684-699. [PMID: 34919779 PMCID: PMC9303526 DOI: 10.1111/jth.15623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Patients with lower-leg cast immobilization and patients undergoing knee arthroscopy have an increased risk of venous thrombosis (VT). Guidelines are ambiguous about thromboprophylaxis use, and individual risk factors for developing VT are often ignored. To assist in VT risk stratification and guide thromboprophylaxis use, various prediction models have been developed. These models depend largely on clinical factors and provide reasonably good C-statistics of around 70%. We explored using protein levels in blood plasma measured by multiplexed quantitative targeted proteomics to predict VT. Our aim was to assess whether a VT risk prediction model based on absolute plasma protein quantification is possible. METHODS We used internal standards to quantify proteins in less than 10 μl plasma. We measured 270 proteins in samples from patients scheduled for knee arthroscopy or with lower-leg cast immobilization. The two prospective POT-(K)CAST trails allow complementary views of VT signature in blood, namely pre and post trauma, respectively. From approximately 3000 patients, 31 patients developed VT who were included and matched with double the number of controls. RESULTS Top discriminating proteins between cases and controls included APOC3, APOC4, APOC2, ATRN, F13B, and F2 in knee arthroscopy patients and APOE, SERPINF2, B2M, F13B, AFM, and C1QC in patients with lower-leg cast. A logistic regression model with cross-validation resulted in C-statistics of 88.1% (95% CI: 85.7-90.6%) and 79.6% (95% CI: 77.2-82.0%) for knee arthroscopy and cast immobilization groups respectively. CONCLUSIONS Promising C-statistics merit further exploration of the value of proteomic tests for predicting VT risk upon additional validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yassene Mohammed
- Center for Proteomics and MetabolomicsLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
- University of Victoria ‐ Genome British Columbia Proteomics CentreVictoriaBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - Carolina E. Touw
- Department of Clinical EpidemiologyLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Banne Nemeth
- Department of Clinical EpidemiologyLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Raymond A. van Adrichem
- Department of Clinical EpidemiologyLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Christoph H. Borchers
- Segal Cancer Proteomics CentreSegal Cancer CentreLady Davis InstituteJewish General HospitalMcGill UniversityMontrealQuebecCanada
- Gerald Bronfman Department of OncologyJewish General Hospital, McGill UniversityMontrealQuebecCanada
- Department of Data Intensive Science and EngineeringSkolkovo Institute of Science and TechnologySkolkovo Innovation CenterMoscowRussia
| | - Frits R. Rosendaal
- Department of Clinical EpidemiologyLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Bart J. van Vlijmen
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular MedicineDepartment of Internal MedicineDivision of Thrombosis & HemostasisLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Suzanne C. Cannegieter
- Department of Clinical EpidemiologyLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular MedicineDepartment of Internal MedicineDivision of Thrombosis & HemostasisLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
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Hahn J, Dehghan M, Drouin-Chartier JP, Mentz RJ, Jneid H, Virani SS, Tang WHW, Krittanawong C. Egg Consumption and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease: a Critical Review. CURRENT EMERGENCY AND HOSPITAL MEDICINE REPORTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s40138-021-00225-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Sen S, Saxena R, Tripathi M, Vibha D, Dhiman R. Neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease and glaucoma: overlaps and missing links. Eye (Lond) 2020; 34:1546-1553. [PMID: 32152519 PMCID: PMC7608361 DOI: 10.1038/s41433-020-0836-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The eye is said to be the window into the brain. Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and glaucoma both being diseases of the elderly, have several epidemiological and histological overlaps in pathogenesis. Both these diseases are neurodegenerative conditions. Over the years, a consensus has developed that both may be two ends of a singular spectrum of diseases. Epidemiological studies have shown that more Alzheimer’s patients may be suffering from glaucoma than general healthy population. Retinal ganglion cell damage is a characteristic of both diseases, along with discovery of amyloid-β and tau protein deposition in the retina and aqueous humor of eye. The latter two proteins are known to be pathognomonic of AD. Other pathways such as the insulin receptor pathway also seem to be affected in both diseases similarly. In spite of these overlaps, there are few missing links which still need more evidence, namely, intraocular pressure mechanisms, cerebrospinal fluid pressure and trans-lamina cribrosa pressure gradients, vascular autoregulation factors, etc. Several factors point towards a common pathogenesis at some level for both diseases and prospective studies are necessary to study the natural course of both diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagnik Sen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Rohit Saxena
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
| | - Manjari Tripathi
- Department of Neurology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Deepti Vibha
- Department of Neurology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Rebika Dhiman
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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Zhong VW. Eggs, dietary cholesterol, and cardiovascular disease: the debate continues. J Thorac Dis 2019; 11:E148-E150. [PMID: 31656685 DOI: 10.21037/jtd.2019.09.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Victor W Zhong
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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Kumar P, Choudhary AK, Das N. An association between apo-A4 gene polymorphism (Thr347Ser and Gln360His) and coronary artery disease in northern India. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL HUMAN GENETICS 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmhg.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Agarwal DP. Genetic Predisposition to Cardiovascular Diseases. INT J HUM GENET 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/09723757.2001.11885765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dharam P. Agarwal
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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Yan H, Fei N, Wu G, Zhang C, Zhao L, Zhang M. Regulated Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism in Colon mRNA Expressions of Obese Germfree Mice Responding to Enterobacter cloacae B29 Combined with the High Fat Diet. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1786. [PMID: 27877172 PMCID: PMC5099522 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased evidences have demonstrated that gut microbiota targeted diet intervention can alleviate obesity and related metabolic disorders. The underlying mechanism of interactions among diet, microbiota, and host still remains unclear. Enterobacter cloacae B29, an endotoxin-producing strain dominated in the gut of a morbidly obese volunteer (weight 174.8 kg, BMI 58.8 kg m-2) was isolated and transplanted to germfree mice (inoculated 1010 cells of B29 per day for 1 week). Using deep mRNA sequencing technology, we compared different gene expression profiles in the colon samples of the germfree mice treated with/without B29 and/or high fat diet (HFD) for 16 weeks and identified 279 differential expressed genes in total, including up-regulated genes Apoa4 (fold change, 2.77), Ido1 (2.66), Cyp4a10 (7.01), and down-regulated genes Cyp2e1 (0.11), Cyp26b1 (0.34), Akr1b7 (0.42), Adipoq (0.36), Cyp1a1 (0.11), Apoa1 (0.44), Npc1l1 (0.37), Tff2 (0.13), Apoc1 (0.30), Ctla2a (0.34), Mttp (0.49), Lpl (0.48). Fifty-nine GO biological processes and five KEGG pathways, particularly the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors signaling pathway, were significantly enriched in response to HFD+B29, which were mainly relevant to inflammation and the metabolism of lipid, lipoprotein, and sterols. These functional changes were consistent with the developed obesity, insulin-resistance, and aggravated inflammatory conditions of the HFD+B29 mice. This work provides insight into the gene expression changes in response to HFD+B29, helping to understand the mechanism of the interactions among HFD, B29 and the germfree mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiying Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai, China
| | - Na Fei
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai, China
| | - Guojun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai, China
| | - Chenhong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai, China
| | - Liping Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai, China
| | - Menghui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai, China
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Polimorfismos de los genes LEP, LDLR, APOA4, sus relaciones con sobrepeso, obesidad y riesgo de enfermedades crónicas en adultos del estado Sucre, Venezuela. BIOMEDICA 2015; 36:78-90. [DOI: 10.7705/biomedica.v36i1.2702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Revised: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Li H, Gordon SM, Zhu X, Deng J, Swertfeger DK, Davidson WS, Lu LJ. Network-Based Analysis on Orthogonal Separation of Human Plasma Uncovers Distinct High Density Lipoprotein Complexes. J Proteome Res 2015; 14:3082-94. [PMID: 26057100 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.5b00419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
High density lipoprotein (HDL) particles are blood-borne complexes whose plasma levels have been associated with protection from cardiovascular disease (CVD). Recent studies have demonstrated the existence of distinct HDL subspecies; however, these have been difficult to isolate and characterize biochemically. Here, we present the first report that employs a network-based approach to systematically infer HDL subspecies. Healthy human plasma was separated into 58 fractions using our previously published three orthogonal chromatography techniques. Similar local migration patterns among HDL proteins were captured with a novel similarity score, and individual comigration networks were constructed for each fraction. By employing a graph mining algorithm, we identified 183 overlapped cliques, among which 38 were further selected as candidate HDL subparticles. Each of these 38 subparticles had at least two literature supports. In addition, GO function enrichment analysis showed that they were enriched with fundamental biological and CVD protective functions. Furthermore, gene knockout experiments in mouse model supported the validity of these subparticles related to three apolipoproteins. Finally, analysis of an apoA-I deficient human patient's plasma provided additional support for apoA-I related complexes. Further biochemical characterization of these putative subspecies may facilitate the mechanistic research of CVD and guide targeted therapeutics aimed at its mitigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailong Li
- §Institute for Systems Biology, Jianghan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430056, P.R. China.,†Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation, 3333 Burnet Avenue, MLC 7024, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229-3039, United States
| | - Scott M Gordon
- ‡Center for Lipid and Arteriosclerosis Science, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati, 2120 East Galbraith Road, Cincinnati, Ohio 45237-0507, United States
| | - Xiaoting Zhu
- †Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation, 3333 Burnet Avenue, MLC 7024, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229-3039, United States
| | - Jingyuan Deng
- †Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation, 3333 Burnet Avenue, MLC 7024, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229-3039, United States
| | - Debi K Swertfeger
- †Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation, 3333 Burnet Avenue, MLC 7024, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229-3039, United States
| | - W Sean Davidson
- ‡Center for Lipid and Arteriosclerosis Science, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati, 2120 East Galbraith Road, Cincinnati, Ohio 45237-0507, United States
| | - L Jason Lu
- †Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation, 3333 Burnet Avenue, MLC 7024, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229-3039, United States
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Wang TY, Liu M, Portincasa P, Wang DQH. New insights into the molecular mechanism of intestinal fatty acid absorption. Eur J Clin Invest 2013; 43:1203-23. [PMID: 24102389 PMCID: PMC3996833 DOI: 10.1111/eci.12161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dietary fat is one of the most important energy sources of all the nutrients. Fatty acids, stored as triacylglycerols (also called triglycerides) in the body, are an important reservoir of stored energy and derived primarily from animal fats and vegetable oils. DESIGN Although the molecular mechanisms for the transport of water-insoluble amphipathic fatty acids across cell membranes have been debated for many years, it is now believed that the dominant means for intestinal fatty acid uptake is via membrane-associated fatty acid-binding proteins, that is, fatty acid transporters on the apical membrane of enterocytes. RESULTS These findings indicate that intestinal fatty acid absorption is a multistep process that is regulated by multiple genes at the enterocyte level, and intestinal fatty acid absorption efficiency could be determined by factors influencing intraluminal fatty acid molecules across the brush border membrane of enterocytes. To facilitate research on intestinal, hepatic and plasma triacylglycerol metabolism, it is imperative to establish standard protocols for precisely and accurately measuring the efficiency of intestinal fatty acid absorption in humans and animal models. In this review, we will discuss the chemical structure and nomenclature of fatty acids and summarize recent progress in investigating the molecular mechanisms underlying the intestinal absorption of fatty acids, with a particular emphasis on the physical chemistry of intestinal lipids and the molecular physiology of intestinal fatty acid transporters. CONCLUSIONS A better understanding of the molecular mechanism of intestinal fatty acid absorption should lead to novel approaches to the treatment and the prevention of fatty acid-related metabolic diseases that are prevalent worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony Y Wang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
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Yin YW, Sun QQ, Zhang BB, Hu AM, Liu HL, Wang Q, Hou ZZ. Association between apolipoprotein E gene polymorphism and the risk of coronary artery disease in Chinese population: evidence from a meta-analysis of 40 studies. PLoS One 2013; 8:e66924. [PMID: 23826174 PMCID: PMC3691255 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Epidemiological studies have evaluated the association between apolipoprotein E (ApoE) gene polymorphism and coronary artery disease (CAD) risk which developed inconsistent conclusions. To derive a more precise estimation of the relationship in Chinese population, we performed this meta-analysis. Methods Databases, including PubMed, EMbase, Web of Science, CBMdisc and CNKI, were searched to get the genetic association studies. Additionally, hand searching of the references of identified articles were performed. All the statistical tests were performed using Review Manager 5.1.2 and Stata 11.0. Results We identified a total of 40 studies, including 4,564 CAD cases and 3,985 controls. The results showed evidence for significant association between ApoE ε4 allele and CAD risk (for ε2/ε4 vs. ε3/ε3: OR = 1.86, 95% CI = 1.42–2.43, p<0.00001; for ε3/ε4 vs. ε3/ε3: OR = 2.34, 95% CI = 2.07–2.65, p<0.00001; for ε4/ε4 vs. ε3/ε3: OR = 2.89, 95% CI = 1.87–4.47, p<0.00001; for ε4 allele vs. ε3 allele: OR = 2.11, 95% CI = 1.91–2.35, p<0.00001). Conclusions The present meta-analysis suggests an association between ApoE ε4 allele and increased risk of CAD in Chinese population. However, due to the small sample size in most of the included studies and the selection bias existed in some studies, the results should be interpreted with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Wei Yin
- Department of Emergency, Chinese PLA Air Force General Hospital, Beijing, PR China.
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Perez-Caballero AI, Alcala-Diaz JF, Perez-Martinez P, Garcia-Rios A, Delgado-Casado N, Marin C, Yubero-Serrano E, Camargo A, Caballero J, Malagon MM, Tinahones FJ, Perez-Jimenez F, Lopez-Miranda J, Delgado-Lista J. Lipid metabolism after an oral fat test meal is affected by age-associated features of metabolic syndrome, but not by age. Atherosclerosis 2012; 226:258-62. [PMID: 23141470 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2012.10.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2012] [Revised: 10/13/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Postprandial lipemia influences the development of atherosclerosis. Age has been defined as a regulating factor of the extent of postprandial lipemia, but its independence of other age-associated phenotypic features, such as metabolic syndrome, has not been fully elucidated. METHODS To investigate if age is an independent factor influencing postprandial lipemia, we compared the lipemic response to a rich fatty meal (60% fat) of 88 healthy young men (<30 years old) and 97 older participants (77 metabolic syndrome patients aged > 40; and 20 healthy people > 65) (all ApoE3/E3), at fasting state and at 2nd and 4th postprandial hours. RESULTS We didn't find differences between the healthy young men and the healthy elderly. The metabolic syndrome patients displayed a higher postprandial TG area below the curve than the other two cohorts p < 0.001. ANOVA for repeated measurements confirmed that these differences were significant at every time-point (fasting, 2 h and 4 h). Concomitant higher responses for Large and Small TRL-carried TG and Chol were found in these metabolic syndrome patients. Interestingly, the most significant differences were found for Small-TRL-carried particles, which suggest that this fact may be mainly due to impaired lipid clearance. CONCLUSION Metabolic syndrome may account for the differences in postprandial lipemia that have been attributed to age. In our study, there were no significant differences in postprandial lipemia between a young population (mean age 22.6 years) and a healthy people >65 years one (67.2 years) without metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana I Perez-Caballero
- Lipids and Atherosclerosis Unit, Department of Medicine, IMIBIC, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Universidad de Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
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Ganesan M, Bhaskar S, Mani R, Idris MM, Khaja N, Gulla S, Kumar U, Moova S, Vattam KK, Eppa K, Hasan Q, Pulakurthy UR. The relationship of ACE and CETP gene polymorphisms with cardiovascular disease in a cohort of Asian Indian patients with and those without type 2 diabetes. J Diabetes Complications 2011; 25:303-8. [PMID: 21185205 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2010.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2010] [Revised: 10/20/2010] [Accepted: 10/28/2010] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hypertension and dyslipidemia have been associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD). We investigated the association of candidate gene polymorphisms in angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and cholesterol ester transfer protein (CETP) genes in a cohort of Asian Indian patients with and those without type 2 diabetes. METHODS PCR-based genotyping of insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism of ACE (rs4646994) and -629C>A of CETP (rs1800775) was carried out in 520 individuals, of whom 160 had CVD+type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), 90 were CVD patients without T2DM, 150 had T2DM with no cardiovascular complications, and 120 were age- and sex-matched healthy controls. RESULTS With respect to the ACE gene I/D polymorphism, there was a higher percentage of D/D genotype in CVD+T2DM patients, but it was not statistically significant, while the CETP -629A allele was significantly associated with CVD+T2DM patients (P=.000007; odds ratio=0.46; 95% confidence interval=0.32-0.65) as compared with the normal controls and not with CVD alone. Additive interactions between the AA+I/I genotypes, AC+I/D genotypes, and AC+D/D were identified between the patients and the controls with P values of .0052, .0009, and .0078, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests that candidate gene polymorphism -629C>A of CETP may serve as a susceptibility biomarker for CVD in T2DM patients. Analyzing the combined effect of both ACE and CETP genotypes would enhance the sensitivity and specificity of CVD risk estimation in the T2DM patients in our population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mala Ganesan
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India.
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Das M, Pal S, Ghosh A. Apolipoprotein E gene polymorphism and dyslipidaemia in adult Asian Indians: A population based study from Calcutta, India. INDIAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN GENETICS 2011; 14:87-91. [PMID: 20300302 PMCID: PMC2840797 DOI: 10.4103/0971-6866.45000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
AIM: The study was aimed to determine the association of Apolipoprotein E (apo E) gene polymorphisms on lipid levels in Asian Indian population. METHODS: A total of 350 (184 males and 166 females) adult (30 years and above) Asian Indians of Calcutta and suburb participated in the study. Anthropometric measures, lipids profiles, and blood glucose measures were collected. Out of 350 subjects, a sample of 70 individuals was selected randomly for genotyping after adjusting for age and sex. The apo E gene polymorphisms were determined by agarose gel electrophoresis. RESULTS: The apo E polymorphism showed significant association with dyslipidaemia (P=0.0135) with ε3/4 combination has had the highest occurrence of dyslipidaemia and metabolic syndrome (MS) followed by ε4/4 <ε3/3 <ε2/4 <ε2/3 in decreasing order. CONCLUSIONS: The ε4 allele of apo E gene independent of other risk factors is associated with dyslipidaemia in particular with low HDLc and high TC: HDLc ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mithun Das
- Post Graduate Department of Anthropology, Sree Chaitanya College, Habra, West Bengal, India
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Damani SB, Topol EJ. Emerging clinical applications in cardiovascular pharmacogenomics. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-SYSTEMS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2010; 3:206-15. [PMID: 20730785 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Over one-fourth of the 36 million annual outpatient prescriptions filled in the United States are known to have human genomic biomarker information available that predicts drug safety and efficacy, or both. However, to date, we have not systematically implemented strategies to effectively use this data in clinical practice to improve patient outcomes. Part of the difficulty has stemmed from the only modest predictive capacity of previously identified gene variants, lack of replication of data in multiple studies, and the hesitancy of the clinical community to translate data gleaned from basic and translational research to routine clinical practice. Now, additional key variants that strongly impact drug absorption, metabolism, and excretion are rapidly surfacing through the use of genome-wide association technology. Most importantly, these variants are being validated in independent cohorts of thousands of cases and controls. In the near future, the dramatic reduction in the cost of DNA sequencing will lead to further insight into the common and rare genetic variants that strongly predict our individual response to commonly used medications. The clinical community will need to be prepared to utilize this vital data in aiding their selection of the right drug for the right patient if we expect to significantly reduce the ever increasing burden of societies' most common diseases. Herein, we detail the most clinically compelling and robust examples of pharmacogenomics emerging in the field of cardiovascular disease and hopefully foretell how cardiovascular disease might be treated in the era of genomic medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir B Damani
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Scripps Clinic, Scripps Translational Science Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
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A 12-week worksite health promotion program reduces cardiovascular risk factors in male workers with the apolipoprotein E2 and apolipoprotein E3 genotypes, but not in apolipoprotein E4 genotype. Nutr Res 2009; 29:542-50. [PMID: 19761888 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2009.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2009] [Revised: 07/30/2009] [Accepted: 08/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Worksite health promotion programs focusing on diet and lifestyle modification have been shown to improve health outcomes in workers. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether a 12-week worksite health promotion program shows different response of cardiovascular risk factors in subjects according to apolipoprotein E (Apo E) genotype and obesity level in 141 male Korean industrial workers. We hypothesized that the health changes of a 12-week intervention may not be the same within Apo E genotypes in nonobese and obese subjects. They received 5 face-to-face meetings based on their health profiles. In obese group carrying Apo E3 genotype, body mass index, body fat (%), waist circumference, waist-hip ratio, and systolic blood pressure were decreased, as well as intakes of energy (P = .000) and carbohydrate (P = .005). High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (P = .004) level was improved in individuals with the Apo E2 genotype. These beneficial effects were only observed in individuals with the Apo E2 or Apo E3 genotype. Multiple linear regression revealed that obesity was strongly correlated with waist circumference (P = .002), plasma total cholesterol (P = .037), and changes in dietary cholesterol intake (P = .011) in individuals with the Apo E3 genotype, whereas only changes in dietary fat intake (P = .044) was correlated in those with the Apo E4 genotype. Overall, the results of this study suggest that a health promotion program can be a useful method of improving cardiovascular risk factors and dietary intake in industrial workers with certain genotypes only. Therefore, further research is needed to develop a tailored, long-term worksite health promotion program based on genetic background.
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Subbiah MTR. Understanding the nutrigenomic definitions and concepts at the food-genome junction. OMICS-A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2009; 12:229-35. [PMID: 18687041 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2008.0033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The marked differences in individual response to dietary factors have led to major controversies in nutrition and puzzled nutrition scientists over the last century. The emerging field of nutrigenomics helps us to understand the basis for some of these differences and also promises us the ability to tailor diet based on individual genetic makeup. Great advances in Human Genome Project, documentation of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in candidate genes and their association with metabolic imbalances have gradually added new tests to the nutrigenomic panel. Studies based on ethnopharmacology and phytotherapy concepts showed that nutrients and botanicals can interact with the genome causing marked changes in gene expression. This has led to the commercial development of nutraceuticals and functional foods that can modify negative health effects of individual genetic profile bringing the field to the "food/genome" junction. Despite the promise of nutrigenomics to personalize diet, there is skepticism whether it can truly bring about meaningful modification of the risk factors connected to chronic diseases, due to the lack of large scale nutrition intervention studies. Several intervention studies currently underway in the United States and abroad (Israel, Spain, and France) will further help validate nutrigenomic concepts. France has already introduced a National Nutrition and Health Program to assess nutritional status and risk of major metabolic diseases. As the field(s) related to nutritional genomics advance in their scope, it is essential that: (a) strict guidelines be followed in the nomenclature and definition of the subdisciplines; and (b) the state/federal regulatory guidelines be updated for diagnostic laboratories, especially for those offering tests directly to the public (without a physician's request) to help protect the consumer.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Ravi Subbiah
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati Medical Center Cincinnati, Ohio 45267, USA.
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Faith MS. Behavioral science and the study of gene-nutrition and gene-physical activity interactions in obesity research. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2008; 16 Suppl 3:S82-4. [PMID: 19037220 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2008.524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
This report summarizes emerging opportunities for behavioral science to help advance the field of gene-environment and gene-behavior interactions, based on presentations at The National Cancer Institute (NCI) Workshop, "Gene-Nutrition and Gene-Physical Activity Interactions in the Etiology of Obesity." Three opportunities are highlighted: (i) designing potent behavioral "challenges" in experiments, (ii) determining viable behavioral phenotypes for genetics studies, and (iii) identifying specific measures of the environment or environmental exposures. Additional points are underscored, including the need to incorporate novel findings from neuroimaging studies regarding motivation and drive for eating and physical activity. Advances in behavioral science theory and methods can play an important role in advancing understanding of gene-brain-behavior relationships in obesity onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myles S Faith
- Center for Weight and Eating Disorders, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
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ApoE ε2/ε3/ε4 polymorphism, ApoC-III/ApoE ratio and metabolic syndrome. Clin Exp Med 2008; 7:164-72. [DOI: 10.1007/s10238-007-0142-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2007] [Accepted: 09/25/2007] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Hsu LA, Ko YL, Chang CJ, Teng MS, Wu S, Hu CF. Apolipoprotein A5 gene −1131T/C polymorphism is associated with the risk of metabolic syndrome in ethnic Chinese in Taiwan. Clin Chem Lab Med 2008; 46:1714-9. [DOI: 10.1515/cclm.2008.352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Subbiah MR. Personalizing our diet to improve our health: the potential impact of nutrigenomics. Per Med 2007; 4:233-236. [PMID: 29788666 DOI: 10.2217/17410541.4.3.233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mt Ravi Subbiah
- University of Cincinnati, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine and Molecular Diagnostics Laboratories, ML 557, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA.
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Abstract
The identification of defective structures in the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters ABCG5 and ABCG8 in patients with sitosterolemia suggests that these two proteins are an apical sterol export pump promoting active efflux of cholesterol and plant sterols from enterocytes back into the intestinal lumen for excretion. The newly identified Niemann-Pick C1-like 1 (NPC1L1) protein is also expressed at the apical membrane of enterocytes and plays a crucial role in the ezetimibe-sensitive cholesterol absorption pathway. These findings indicate that cholesterol absorption is a multistep process that is regulated by multiple genes at the enterocyte level and that the efficiency of cholesterol absorption may be determined by the net effect between influx and efflux of intraluminal cholesterol molecules crossing the brush border membrane of the enterocyte. Combination therapy using cholesterol absorption (NPC1L1) inhibitor (ezetimibe) and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors (statins) provides a powerful novel strategy for the prevention and treatment of hypercholesterolemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Q-H Wang
- Department of Medicine, Liver Center and Gastroenterology Division, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Digestive Diseases Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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Subbiah MTR. Nutrigenetics and nutraceuticals: the next wave riding on personalized medicine. Transl Res 2007; 149:55-61. [PMID: 17240315 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2006.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2006] [Revised: 08/30/2006] [Accepted: 09/06/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The Human Genome Project and subsequent identification of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within populations has played a major role in predicting individual response to drugs (pharmacogenetics) leading to the concept of "personalized medicine." Nutritional genomics is a recent off-shoot of this genetic revolution that includes (1) nutrigenomics: the study of interaction of dietary components with the genome and the resulting proteonomic and metabolomic changes; and (2) nutrigenetics: understanding the gene-based differences in response to dietary components and developing nutraceuticals that are most compatible with health based on individual genetic makeup. Despite the extensive data on genetic polymorphisms in humans, its translation into medical practice has been slow because of the time required to accumulate population data on SNP incidence, understand the significance of a given SNP in disease, and develop suitable diagnostic tests. Nutrigenomics revitalized the field by showing that nutrients and botanicals can interact with the genome and modify subsequent gene expression, which has provided a great impetus for nutrigenetic research and nutraceutical development based on nutrigenetics. Polymorphisms in methlyene tetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) (involved in folate metabolism), apolipoprotein E (Apo E) and ApoA1 (in cardiovascular disease), and leptin/leptin receptor (obesity) genes are some good examples for understanding basic nutrigenetics. Developing nutraceuticals to prevent and manage thrombosis risk in women with thrombophilic gene mutations are discussed in the context of the opportunities that exist at the nutrigenetic/pharmacogenetic interphase leading to "personalized nutrition." Further research on individual differences in genetic profiles and nutrient requirements will help establish nutrigenetics as an essential discipline for nutrition and dietetics practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Ravi Subbiah
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267, USA.
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Hubacek JA, Bobkova D. Role of cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase (CYP7A1) in nutrigenetics and pharmacogenetics of cholesterol lowering. Mol Diagn Ther 2006; 10:93-100. [PMID: 16669607 DOI: 10.1007/bf03256448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between dietary composition/cholesterol-lowering therapy and final plasma lipid levels is to some extent genetically determined. It is clear that these responses are under polygenic control, with multiple variants in many genes participating in the total effect (and with each gene contributing a relatively small effect). Using different experimental approaches, several candidate genes have been analyzed to date.Interesting and consistent results have been published recently regarding the A-204C promoter variant in the cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase (CYP7A1) gene. CYP7A1 is a rate-limiting enzyme in bile acid synthesis and therefore plays an important role in maintaining cholesterol homeostasis. CYP7A1-204CC homozygotes have the greatest decrease in total cholesterol level in response to dietary changes in different types of dietary intervention studies. In contrast, one study has reported that the effect of statins in lowering low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol levels was slightly greater in -204AA homozygotes. The CYP7A1 A-204C variant accounts for a significant proportion of the genetic predisposition of the response of plasma cholesterol levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaroslav A Hubacek
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
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Aitken WAE, Chisholm AWAH, Duncan AW, Harper MJ, Humphries SE, Mann JI, Murray Skeaff C, Sutherland WHF, Wallace AJ, Williams SM. Variation in the cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) gene does not influence individual plasma cholesterol response to changes in the nature of dietary fat. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2006; 16:353-363. [PMID: 16829344 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2005.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2005] [Revised: 06/06/2005] [Accepted: 06/23/2005] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Some individuals respond to a greater extent than others to changes in dietary fat and cholesterol even when dietary intake is consistent. A prospective study has been undertaken in which two groups of individuals according to cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) genotype were compared in terms of plasma lipid response to altering the nature of dietary fat in a free-living situation. METHODS AND RESULTS Following genotyping, 35 individuals with the CETP Taq1 B1B1 genotype were paired with age and sex-matched individuals with one or two CETP B2 alleles, to undertake a single crossover trial with a diet high in saturated fat and a diet high in polyunsaturated fat. There was no washout period between the two 4-week phases. Plasma lipoproteins were measured at the beginning and end of each phase. The difference (95% CI) in plasma LDL-cholesterol concentration at the end of the PUFA and SAFA diets was 0.95 (0.71, 1.19) mmol/l in the CETP B1B1 group and 0.80 (0.57, 1.04) mmol/l in the group with at least one CETP B2 allele. The dietary induced changes in the two genotype groups were not significantly different (p=0.38) from each other. Comparable results were observed for plasma total cholesterol. The high PUFA and SAFA diets did not significantly alter plasma HDL concentration in either of the CETP genotype groups. Response was also similar according to apolipoprotein E genotype (E3E3 vs E4+) and lipoprotein lipase genotype (S447X). CONCLUSIONS The results of this study do not support previous studies in which CETP genotype predicted plasma LDL-cholesterol response to diet. CETP genotype does not significantly affect the change in plasma total and LDL-cholesterol concentrations that occur when altering the nature of dietary fat. These data suggest that the influence of genetic factors on total and LDL-cholesterol may be relatively small in comparison with the effect of dietary manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy A E Aitken
- Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Mutch DM, Wahli W, Williamson G. Nutrigenomics and nutrigenetics: the emerging faces of nutrition. FASEB J 2006; 19:1602-16. [PMID: 16195369 DOI: 10.1096/fj.05-3911rev] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The recognition that nutrients have the ability to interact and modulate molecular mechanisms underlying an organism's physiological functions has prompted a revolution in the field of nutrition. Performing population-scaled epidemiological studies in the absence of genetic knowledge may result in erroneous scientific conclusions and misinformed nutritional recommendations. To circumvent such issues and more comprehensively probe the relationship between genes and diet, the field of nutrition has begun to capitalize on both the technologies and supporting analytical software brought forth in the post-genomic era. The creation of nutrigenomics and nutrigenetics, two fields with distinct approaches to elucidate the interaction between diet and genes but with a common ultimate goal to optimize health through the personalization of diet, provide powerful approaches to unravel the complex relationship between nutritional molecules, genetic polymorphisms, and the biological system as a whole. Reluctance to embrace these new fields exists primarily due to the fear that producing overwhelming quantities of biological data within the confines of a single study will submerge the original query; however, the current review aims to position nutrigenomics and nutrigenetics as the emerging faces of nutrition that, when considered with more classical approaches, will provide the necessary stepping stones to achieve the ambitious goal of optimizing an individual's health via nutritional intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Mutch
- Nestlé Research Center, Vers-chez-les-Blanc, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Okada T, Sato NF, Kuromori Y, Miyashita M, Iwata F, Hara M, Harada K, Hattori H. Thr-encoding Allele Homozygosity at Codon 54 of FABP 2 Gene May be Associated with Impaired Delta 6 Desatruase Activity and Reduced Plasma Arachidonic Acid in Obese Children. J Atheroscler Thromb 2006; 13:192-6. [PMID: 16908951 DOI: 10.5551/jat.13.192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alanine-for-threonine substitution at codon 54 (A54T polymorphism) in the fatty acid-binding protein 2 gene (FABP2) has been associated with hypertriglyceridemia and insulin resistance. Impairment in the activity of delta 6 and 5 desaturases is also supposed to be a factor predisposing the development of insulin resistance syndrome. AIM We investigated the relationship between A54T polymorphism in FABP2 and the impairment of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid metabolism in obese children. METHODS Thirty-two obese children participated. During the study, the children continued their habitual diet, which was documented in a 3-day food record using household measures. Anthropometry was performed, and serum lipid and fatty acid composition in plasma were analyzed. The polymorphism of codon 54 in the FABP 2 gene was analyzed. RESULTS The allele frequency was 0.66 and 0.34 for Ala54 and Thr54, respectively. There were no significant differences in age, body mass index, fasting serum glucose, insulin or serum lipoproteins among the three polymorphism groups. These were also no significant differences in the intake of energy, the percentage of energy nutrients or in the dietary lipid composition. The content of arachidonic acid (AA) in plasma was lowest in Thr/Thr54 (p < 0.05). The indices of delta-6 desaturase (D6D) activity in Thr/Thr54 were significantly lower than in Thr/Ala54 or Ala/Ala54 (p < 0.05, p < 0.01, respectively). CONCLUSIONS In obese children, Thr/Thr54 of the FABP 2 gene is associated with impaired activation of D6D and reduced AA content. The results in the LCPUFA profile suggest that Thr/Thr54 may predispose the to development of insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoo Okada
- Department of Pediatrics, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
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Hubacek JA, Skodová Z, Adámková V, Lánská V, Pitha J. APOA5 variant Ser19Trp influences a decrease of the total cholesterol in a male 8 year cohort. Clin Biochem 2005; 39:133-6. [PMID: 16386723 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2005.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2005] [Revised: 09/14/2005] [Accepted: 11/24/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate whether the relationship between dietary composition and plasma lipid levels is genetically determined. DESIGN AND METHODS We have evaluated the influence of common apolipoprotein A5 (APOA5) variants (T-1131 > C, Ser19 > Trp and Val153 > Met) on plasma lipid concentrations in 117 males for whom dietary composition markedly changed and total cholesterol decreased (from 6.21 +/- 1.31 mmol/L in 1988 to 5.43 +/- 1.06 mmol/L in 1996) over an 8 year follow-up study. RESULTS APOA5 T-1131 > C and Val153 > Met variants did not influence the change in lipid measures over time. In Ser/Ser19 homozygotes, the plasma cholesterol was relatively stable over the years (6.1 +/- 1.2 mmol/L in 1988 and 5.6 +/- 1.0 mmol/L in 1996, -8%, P < 0.01). In contrast, in the Trp19 carriers, the decrease of the plasma cholesterol was more than 20% (6.5 +/- 1.6 mmol/L in 1988 and 5.1 +/- 1.0 mmol/L in 1996) (P < 0.001). The difference of the changes is significant (8% vs. 20%, P < 0.005). Changes in other analyzed lipid parameters have not been significantly associated with APOA5 variants. CONCLUSIONS Ser19 > Trp variant in the APOA5 gene may play an important role in an individual's sensitivity to dietary composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Hubacek
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic.
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Tannock LR, O'Brien KD, Knopp RH, Retzlaff B, Fish B, Wener MH, Kahn SE, Chait A. Cholesterol Feeding Increases C-Reactive Protein and Serum Amyloid A Levels in Lean Insulin-Sensitive Subjects. Circulation 2005; 111:3058-62. [PMID: 15939816 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.104.506188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammatory markers associated with elevated cardiovascular risk are increased by cholesterol feeding in animal models. However, whether dietary cholesterol increases inflammatory marker levels in humans is not known. METHODS AND RESULTS C-reactive protein (CRP), serum amyloid A (SAA), and lipoprotein levels were compared in 201 healthy subjects on an American Heart Association-National Cholesterol Education Program step 1 diet at baseline and after addition of 4 eggs per day for 4 weeks. Subjects were classified a priori into 3 groups based on their body mass index (BMI) and insulin sensitivity index (SI): lean insulin sensitive (LIS), mean+/-SEM BMI, 23.2+/-0.3 kg/m2, and SI, 6.7+/-0.3x10(-4)min(-1)/(microU/mL), n=66; lean insulin resistant (LIR), BMI, 24.5+/-0.2 kg/m2 and SI, 2.9+/-0.1x10(-4)min(-1)/(microU/mL), n=76; or obese insulin resistant (OIR), BMI, 31.4+/-0.5 kg/m2 and SI, 2.1+/-0.1x10(-4)min(-1)/(microU/mL), n=59. Insulin resistance and obesity each were associated with increased baseline levels of both CRP (P for trend, <0.001) and SAA (P for trend=0.015). Egg feeding was associated with significant increases in both CRP and SAA in the LIS group (both P<0.01) but not in the LIR or OIR groups. Egg feeding also was associated with a significant increase in non-HDL cholesterol (P<0.001) in LIS subjects; however, there was no correlation between the change in non-HDL cholesterol or changes in either CRP or SAA in this group. CONCLUSIONS A high-cholesterol diet leads to significant increases in both inflammatory markers and non-HDL cholesterol levels in insulin-sensitive individuals but not in lean or obese insulin-resistant subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa R Tannock
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific St, Seattle, WA 98195-6426, USA
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Greenow K, Pearce NJ, Ramji DP. The key role of apolipoprotein E in atherosclerosis. J Mol Med (Berl) 2005; 83:329-42. [PMID: 15827760 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-004-0631-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2004] [Accepted: 11/08/2004] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E is a multifunctional protein that is synthesized by the liver and several peripheral tissues and cell types, including macrophages. The protein is involved in the efficient hepatic uptake of lipoprotein particles, stimulation of cholesterol efflux from macrophage foam cells in the atherosclerotic lesion, and the regulation of immune and inflammatory responses. Apolipoprotein E deficiency in mice leads to the development of atherosclerosis and re-expression of the protein reduces the extent of the disease. This review presents evidence for the potent anti-atherogenic action of apolipoprotein E and describes our current understanding of its multiple functions and regulation by factors implicated in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsty Greenow
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, P.O. Box 911, Cardiff CF10 3US, Wales, UK
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Ellsworth DL, O'Dowd SC, Salami B, Hochberg A, Vernalis MN, Marshall D, Morris JA, Somiari RI. Intensive lifestyle modification: impact on cardiovascular disease risk factors in subjects with and without clinical cardiovascular disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 7:168-75. [PMID: 15539963 DOI: 10.1111/j.1520-037x.2004.3332.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Intensive lifestyle modification programs are intended to stabilize or promote regression of coronary artery disease; however, clinical response is often nonuniform, complicating appropriate utilization of resources and prediction of outcome. This study assessed physiological and psychological benefits to 72 persons participating in a prospective, nonrandomized, four-component lifestyle change program and compared response between patients with clinical cardiovascular disease (CVD) and patients with elevated risk factors for CVD but without clinical manifestations of disease. Subjects entering the program due to elevated risk factor levels alone demonstrated equal or greater benefit, in terms of improvement in primary CVD risk factors and reduction in measures of coronary disease risk developed in the Framingham Heart Study, than those with clinical CVD. These findings suggest that intensive lifestyle change programs may be important for primary prevention in individuals at increased risk of CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darrell L Ellsworth
- Cardiovascular Disease Research Program, Windber Research Institute, 600 Somerset Avenue, Windber, PA 15963, USA.
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St-Pierre DH, George V, Rabasa-Lhoret R, Poehlman ET. Genetic variation and statistical considerations in relation to overfeeding and underfeeding in humans. Nutrition 2004; 20:145-54. [PMID: 14698030 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2003.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David H St-Pierre
- Unité Métabolique, Département de Nutrition, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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Association of apo E polymorphism with variations in lipid and small dense LDL in koreans with alow fat intake. Nutr Res 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0271-5317(03)00153-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Loktionov A. Common gene polymorphisms and nutrition: emerging links with pathogenesis of multifactorial chronic diseases (review). J Nutr Biochem 2003; 14:426-51. [PMID: 12948874 DOI: 10.1016/s0955-2863(03)00032-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Rapid progress in human genome decoding has accelerated search for the role of gene polymorphisms in the pathogenesis of complex multifactorial diseases. This review summarizes the results of recent studies on the associations of common gene variants with multifactorial chronic conditions strongly affected by nutritional factors. Three main individual sections discuss genes related to energy homeostasis regulation and obesity, cardiovascular disease (CVD), and cancer. It is evident that several major chronic diseases are closely related (often through obesity) to deregulation of energy homeostasis. Multiple polymorphic genes encoding central and peripheral determinants of energy intake and expenditure have been revealed over the past decade. Food intake control may be affected by polymorphisms in the genes encoding taste receptors and a number of peripheral signaling peptides such as insulin, leptin, ghrelin, cholecystokinin, and corresponding receptors. Polymorphic central regulators of energy intake include hypothalamic neuropeptide Y, agouti-related protein, melanocortin pathway factors, CART (cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript), some other neuropeptides, and receptors for these molecules. Potentially important polymorphisms in the genes encoding energy expenditure modulators (alpha- and beta- adrenoceptors, uncoupling proteins, and regulators of adipocyte growth and differentiation) are also discussed. CVD-related gene polymorphisms comprising those involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, blood pressure regulation, hemostasis control, and homocysteine metabolism are considered in a separate section with emphasis on multiple polymorphisms affecting lipid transport and metabolism and their interactions with diet. Cancer-associated polymorphisms are discussed for groups of genes encoding enzymes of xenobiotic metabolism, DNA repair enzymes, factors involved in the cell cycle control, hormonal regulation-associated proteins, enzymes related to DNA methylation through folate metabolism, and angiogenesis-related factors. There is an apparent progress in the field with hundreds of new gene polymorphisms discovered and characterized, however firm evidence consistently linking them with pathogenesis of complex chronic diseases is still limited. Ways of improving the efficiency of candidate gene approach-based studies are discussed in a short separate section. Successful unraveling of interaction between dietary factors, polymorphisms, and pathogenesis of several multifactorial diseases is exemplified by studies of folate metabolism in relation to CVD and cancer. It appears that several new directions emerge as targets of research on the role of genetic variation in relation to diet and complex chronic diseases. Regulation of energy homeostasis is a fundamental problem insufficiently investigated in this context so far. Impacts of genetic variation on systems controlling angiogenesis, inflammatory reactions, and cell growth and differentiation (comprising regulation of the cell cycle, DNA repair, and DNA methylation) are also largely unknown and need thorough analysis. These goals can be achieved by complex simultaneous analysis of multiple polymorphic genes controlling carefully defined and selected elements of relevant metabolic and regulatory pathways in meticulously designed large-scale studies.
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Masson LF, McNeill G, Avenell A. Genetic variation and the lipid response to dietary intervention: a systematic review. Am J Clin Nutr 2003; 77:1098-111. [PMID: 12716659 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/77.5.1098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
There is wide interindividual variation in the lipid and lipoprotein responses to dietary change, and the existence of consistent hypo- and hyperresponders supports the hypothesis that responsiveness is related to genetic variation. Many studies have investigated the possibility that the heterogeneity in responsiveness to changes in dietary fat, cholesterol, and fiber intake is explained by variation in genes whose products affect lipoprotein metabolism, eg, apolipoproteins, enzymes, and receptors. A systematic review of the literature was carried out to investigate the effect of genetic variation on the lipid response to dietary intervention. A search strategy for the MEDLINE database retrieved 2540 articles from 1966 to February 2002. This strategy was adapted and performed on the EMBASE database, which retrieved 2473 articles from 1980 to week 9, 2002. Reference lists from relevant journal articles were also checked. This is the first systematic review of the literature, and it summarizes results available from 74 relevant articles. There is evidence to suggest that variation in the genes for apolipoprotein (apo) A-I, apo A-IV, apo B, and apo E contributes to the heterogeneity in the lipid response to dietary intervention. However, the effects of genetic variation are not consistently seen and are sometimes conflicting. Future studies need to have much larger sample sizes based on power calculations and carefully controlled dietary interventions and should investigate the effects of polymorphisms in multiple genes instead of the effects of polymorphisms in single genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey F Masson
- Department of Public Health, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom.
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Siest G, Ferrari L, Accaoui MJ, Batt AM, Visvikis S. Pharmacogenomics of drugs affecting the cardiovascular system. Clin Chem Lab Med 2003; 41:590-9. [PMID: 12747607 DOI: 10.1515/cclm.2003.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The variability in drug response originates partly from genetics, with possible consequences for drug efficacy, adverse effects, and toxicity. Until now, pharmacogenetics mainly indicated the best known source of variability, that is, the variability caused by drug metabolism. However, simultaneous progress in the knowledge of biochemical targets of drugs and of the human genome, together with the development of new technologies, revealed many new sources of human genetic variation, e.g., in receptors or transporters. Drugs are metabolized by various polymorphic phase I enzymes, including cytochromes P450 (CYP). Among them, the most relevant for the metabolism of cardiovascular drugs are CYP3A4, CYP2C9 or CYP2C19, and CYP2D6. The role of phase II enzymes is limited with regard to cardiovascular drugs biotransformation, but some polymorphisms (glutathion-S-transferase; GSH-T) are linked to cardiovascular risk. Phase III proteins or transporters, especially from the ABC family, must also be considered, as their polymorphisms affect cholesterol and other sterols transport. Among pharmacological targets, some proteins were identified as involved in interindividual variations in the response to cardiovascular drugs. Some examples are apolipoprotein E, angiotensin-converting enzyme, and the beta-adrenergic receptor. From the risk concept emphasizing impaired metabolism and adverse effects, we now moved to an approach, which is a personalized, genotype-dependent adaptation of therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gérard Siest
- INSERM U 525, Centre du Médicament, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Henri Poincaré Nancy I, Nancy, France.
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Minihane AM, Finnegan YE, Talmud P, Leigh-Firbank EC, Williams CM. Influence of the APOC3 -2854T>G polymorphism on plasma lipid levels: effect of age and gender. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2002; 1583:311-4. [PMID: 12176399 DOI: 10.1016/s1388-1981(02)00264-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The APOC3 -2854T>G polymorphism lies in the APOC3-A4 intergenic region. In a group of healthy adults, this polymorphism was associated with circulating triglycerides, with 55% lower fasting levels in the homozygous wild-type (TT) compared to the homozygous rare allele (GG) genotype. Age and gender had a significant impact on genotype-triglyceride interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Marie Minihane
- The Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition, School of Food Biosciences, The University of Reading, Whiteknights, UK.
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Abstract
Atherosclerosis and its major clinical manifestation, coronary heart disease, is and will remain the main cause of mortality. Reviews on this subject dealt with factors that enhance development of atherosclerosis. This review deals with a new facet, that some individuals are less prone to develop atherosclerosis: (1) despite high cholesterol intake or (2) despite hypercholesterolemia with elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels. The variability of response of plasma cholesterol to dietary intake was shown to be regulated by liver x receptor (LXR) that determines the rate of intestinal cholesterol absorption through the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) gene family. Other gene products, such as apolipoprotein-E (apo-E), scavenger receptor-B1 (SR-B1) and acyl coenzyme: cholesterol acyltransferase-2 (ACAT-2) affect cholesterol absorption also. The role of a genetic background for relative resistance to atherosclerosis is highlighted by subjects with familial hypercholesterolemia in whom high plasma cholesterol levels has not curtailed their expected life span. Studies in animals have shown that resistance to atherosclerosis in spite of hypercholesterolemia is affected by factors such as high-density lipoprotein (HDL) phospholipids that enhance reverse cholesterol transport, non-responsiveness to induction or lack of monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), C-C chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2), macrophage colony stimulating factor (MCSF), or vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1). Since macrophages have been regarded as pro- or anti-atherogenic, evidence was collated that the high activity of scavenger receptors may contribute towards resistance to atherosclerosis if accompanied by adequate amounts of apo-E for cholesterol removal.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apolipoproteins E/genetics
- Arteriosclerosis/complications
- Arteriosclerosis/genetics
- CD36 Antigens/genetics
- Carrier Proteins/genetics
- Chemokine CCL2/genetics
- Cholesterol/blood
- Cholesterol/genetics
- Cholesterol, Dietary
- Coronary Disease/complications
- Coronary Disease/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins
- Gene Expression Regulation/genetics
- Genetic Markers/genetics
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease/genetics
- Humans
- Hypercholesterolemia/complications
- Hypercholesterolemia/genetics
- Liver X Receptors
- Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/genetics
- Membrane Proteins
- Orphan Nuclear Receptors
- Receptors, CCR2
- Receptors, Chemokine/genetics
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear
- Receptors, Immunologic
- Receptors, Lipoprotein
- Receptors, Retinoic Acid/genetics
- Receptors, Scavenger
- Receptors, Thyroid Hormone/genetics
- Scavenger Receptors, Class B
- Sterol O-Acyltransferase/genetics
- Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1/genetics
- Vascular Resistance/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Stein
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Cancer Research, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
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Effect of apolipoprotein E polymorphism on the serum lipid and insulin response to whole grain consumption in coronary artery disease patients. Nutr Res 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0271-5317(01)00384-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Wang DQH, Paigen B, Carey MC. Genetic factors at the enterocyte level account for variations inintestinal cholesterol absorption efficiency among inbred strains of mice. J Lipid Res 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)31508-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Levy E, Ménard D, Delvin E, Stan S, Mitchell G, Lambert M, Ziv E, Feoli-Fonseca JC, Seidman E. The polymorphism at codon 54 of the FABP2 gene increases fat absorption in human intestinal explants. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:39679-84. [PMID: 11487582 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m105713200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on titration microcalorimetry and Caco-2 cell line transfection studies, it has been suggested that the A54T of the FABP2 gene plays a significant role in the assimilation of dietary fatty acids. However, reports were divergent with regard to the in vivo interaction between this polymorphism and postprandial lipemia. We therefore determined the influence of this intestinal fatty acid-binding protein polymorphism on intestinal fat transport using the human jejunal organ culture model, thus avoiding the interference of various circulating factors capable of metabolizing in vivo postprandial lipids. Analysis of DNA samples from 32 fetal intestines revealed 22 homozygotes for the wild-type Ala-54/Ala-54 genotype (0.83) and 10 heterozygotes for the polymorphic Thr-54/Ala-54 genotype (0.17). The Thr-encoding allele was associated with increased secretion of newly esterified triglycerides, augmented de novo apolipoprotein B synthesis, and elevated chylomicron output. On the other hand, no alterations were found in very low density lipoprotein and high density lipoprotein production, apolipoprotein A-I biogenesis, or microsomal triglyceride transfer protein mass and activity. Similarly, the alanine to threonine substitution at residue 54 did not result in changes in brush border hydrolytic activities (sucrase, glucoamylase, lactase, and alkaline phosphatase) or in glucose uptake or oxidation. Our data clearly document that the A54T polymorphism of FABP2 specifically influences small intestinal lipid absorption without modifying glucose uptake or metabolism. It is proposed that, in the absence of confounding factors such as environmental and genetic variables, the FABP2 polymorphism has an important effect on postprandial lipids in vivo, potentially influencing plasma levels of lipids and atherogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Levy
- Department of Nutrition, Université de Montréal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada.
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