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Sukkar SG, Traverso N, Furfaro AL, Tasso B, Marengo B, Domenicotti C, Pisciotta L, Pasta A, Marinari UM, Pronzato MA, Cottalasso D. Whey proteins inhibit food intake and tend to improve oxidative balance in obese zucker rats. Eat Weight Disord 2021; 26:2453-2461. [PMID: 33426629 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-020-01100-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Whey proteins (WP), obtained from milk after casein precipitation, represent a heterogeneous group of proteins. WP are reported to inhibit food intake in diet-induced experimental obesity; WP have been proposed as adjuvant therapy in oxidative stress-correlated pathologies. This work evaluates the effects of WP in comparison with casein, as a source of alimentary proteins, on food intake, weight growth and some indexes of oxidative equilibrium in Zucker Rats, genetically prone to obesity. METHODS We monitored food intake and weight of Zucker Rats during the experiment, and some markers of oxidative equilibrium. RESULTS WP induced significant decrease of food intake in comparison to casein (WP 80.41 ± 1.069 ml/day; CAS: 88.95 ± 1.084 ml/day; p < 0.0005). Body weight growth was slightly reduced, and the difference was just significant (WP 128.2 ± 6.56 g/day; CAS 145.2 ± 3.29 g/day; p = 0.049), while plasma HNE level was significantly lower in WP than in CAS (WP 41.2 ± 6.3 vs CAS 69.61 ± 4.69 pmol/ml, p = 0.007). Mild amelioration of oxidative equilibrium was indicated by a slight increase of total glutathione both in the liver and in the blood and a significant decrease of plasma 4-hydroxynonenal in the group receiving WP. CONCLUSIONS The effect of WP on food intake and weight growth in Zucker Rats is particularly noteworthy since the nature of their predisposition to obesity is genetic; the possible parallel amelioration of the oxidative balance may constitute a further advantage of WP since oxidative stress is believed to be interwoven to obesity, metabolic syndrome and their complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- S G Sukkar
- Dietetics and Nutritional Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino Di Genova, Largo R. Benzi 2, 16132, Genoa, Italy.
| | - N Traverso
- DIMES, General Pathology Section, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - A L Furfaro
- DIMES, General Pathology Section, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - B Tasso
- DISCIFAR, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - B Marengo
- DIMES, General Pathology Section, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - C Domenicotti
- DIMES, General Pathology Section, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - L Pisciotta
- Dietetics and Nutritional Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino Di Genova, Largo R. Benzi 2, 16132, Genoa, Italy
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Genoa, DIMI, Genoa, Italy
| | - A Pasta
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Genoa, DIMI, Genoa, Italy
| | - U M Marinari
- DIMES, General Pathology Section, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - M A Pronzato
- DIMES, General Pathology Section, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - D Cottalasso
- DIMES, General Pathology Section, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
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Boscaini S, Cabrera‐Rubio R, Golubeva A, Nychyk O, Fülling C, Speakman JR, Cotter PD, Cryan JF, Nilaweera KN. Depletion of the gut microbiota differentially affects the impact of whey protein on high-fat diet-induced obesity and intestinal permeability. Physiol Rep 2021; 9:e14867. [PMID: 34057306 PMCID: PMC8165735 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Whey protein isolate (WPI) is considered a dietary solution to obesity. However, the exact mechanism of WPI action is still poorly understood but is probably connected to its beneficial effect on energy balance, adiposity, and metabolism. More recently its ability to modulate the gut microbiota has received increasing attention. Here, we used a microbiota depletion, by antibiotic cocktail (ABX) administration, to investigate if the gut microbiota mediates the physiological and metabolic changes observed during high-fat diet (HFD)-WPI consumption. C57BL/6J mice received a HFD containing WPI (HFD-WPI) or the control non-whey milk protein casein (HFD-CAS) for 5 or 10 weeks. HFD-fed mice supplemented with WPI showed reduced body weight gain, adiposity, Ob gene expression level in the epidydimal adipose tissue (eWAT) and plasma leptin relative to HFD-CAS-fed mice, after 5- or 10-weeks intervention both with or without ABX treatment. Following 10-weeks intervention, ABX and WPI had an additive effect in lowering adiposity and leptin availability. HFD-WPI-fed mice showed a decrease in the expression of genes encoding pro-inflammatory markers (MCP-1, TNFα and CD68) within the ileum and eWAT, compared to HFD-CAS-fed mice, without showing alterations following microbiota depletion. Additionally, WPI supplementation decreased HFD-induced intestinal permeability disruption in the distal ileum; an effect that was reversed by chronic ABX treatment. In summary, WPI reverses the effects of HFD on metabolic and physiological functions through mainly microbiota-independent mechanisms. Moreover, we demonstrate a protective effect of WPI on HFD-induced inflammation and ileal permeability disruption, with the latter being reversed by gut microbiota depletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Boscaini
- Teagasc Food Research CentreMooreparkIreland
- APC Microbiome IrelandUniversity College CorkCorkIreland
- Department of Anatomy and NeuroscienceUniversity College CorkCorkIreland
| | - Raul Cabrera‐Rubio
- Teagasc Food Research CentreMooreparkIreland
- APC Microbiome IrelandUniversity College CorkCorkIreland
| | - Anna Golubeva
- APC Microbiome IrelandUniversity College CorkCorkIreland
- Department of Anatomy and NeuroscienceUniversity College CorkCorkIreland
| | | | - Christine Fülling
- APC Microbiome IrelandUniversity College CorkCorkIreland
- Department of Anatomy and NeuroscienceUniversity College CorkCorkIreland
| | - John R. Speakman
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental BiologyInstitute of Genetics and Developmental BiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Institute of Biological and Environmental SciencesUniversity of AberdeenAberdeenScotland
- Center for Energy Metabolism and Reproduction, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of SciencesShenzhenChina
| | - Paul D. Cotter
- Teagasc Food Research CentreMooreparkIreland
- APC Microbiome IrelandUniversity College CorkCorkIreland
| | - John F. Cryan
- APC Microbiome IrelandUniversity College CorkCorkIreland
- Department of Anatomy and NeuroscienceUniversity College CorkCorkIreland
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3
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Nychyk O, Barton W, Rudolf AM, Boscaini S, Walsh A, Bastiaanssen TFS, Giblin L, Cormican P, Chen L, Piotrowicz Y, Derous D, Fanning Á, Yin X, Grant J, Melgar S, Brennan L, Mitchell SE, Cryan JF, Wang J, Cotter PD, Speakman JR, Nilaweera KN. Protein quality and quantity influence the effect of dietary fat on weight gain and tissue partitioning via host-microbiota changes. Cell Rep 2021; 35:109093. [PMID: 33979605 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated how protein quantity (10%-30%) and quality (casein and whey) interact with dietary fat (20%-55%) to affect metabolic health in adult mice. Although dietary fat was the main driver of body weight gain and individual tissue weight, high (30%) casein intake accentuated and high whey intake reduced the negative metabolic aspects of high fat. Jejunum and liver transcriptomics revealed increased intestinal permeability, low-grade inflammation, altered lipid metabolism, and liver dysfunction in casein-fed but not whey-fed animals. These differential effects were accompanied by altered gut size and microbial functions related to amino acid degradation and lipid metabolism. Fecal microbiota transfer confirmed that the casein microbiota increases and the whey microbiota impedes weight gain. These data show that the effects of dietary fat on weight gain and tissue partitioning are further influenced by the quantity and quality of the associated protein, primarily via effects on the microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleksandr Nychyk
- Food Biosciences Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, County Cork P61 C996, Ireland
| | - Wiley Barton
- Food Biosciences Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, County Cork P61 C996, Ireland; VistaMilk Research Centre, Teagasc, Moorepark, Fermoy, County Cork P61 C996, Ireland
| | - Agata M Rudolf
- Key State Laboratory for Molecular Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Serena Boscaini
- Food Biosciences Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, County Cork P61 C996, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork T12 YT20, Ireland
| | - Aaron Walsh
- Food Biosciences Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, County Cork P61 C996, Ireland
| | - Thomaz F S Bastiaanssen
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork T12 YT20, Ireland; APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork T12 YT20, Ireland
| | - Linda Giblin
- Food Biosciences Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, County Cork P61 C996, Ireland; VistaMilk Research Centre, Teagasc, Moorepark, Fermoy, County Cork P61 C996, Ireland
| | - Paul Cormican
- Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Grange, Dunsany, County Meath, Ireland
| | - Liang Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory for Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yolanda Piotrowicz
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK
| | - Davina Derous
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK
| | - Áine Fanning
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork T12 YT20, Ireland
| | - Xiaofei Yin
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, Institute of Food and Health and Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jim Grant
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15, Ireland
| | - Silvia Melgar
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork T12 YT20, Ireland
| | - Lorraine Brennan
- VistaMilk Research Centre, Teagasc, Moorepark, Fermoy, County Cork P61 C996, Ireland; School of Agriculture and Food Science, Institute of Food and Health and Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sharon E Mitchell
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK
| | - John F Cryan
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork T12 YT20, Ireland; APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork T12 YT20, Ireland
| | - Jun Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Paul D Cotter
- Food Biosciences Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, County Cork P61 C996, Ireland; VistaMilk Research Centre, Teagasc, Moorepark, Fermoy, County Cork P61 C996, Ireland; APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork T12 YT20, Ireland
| | - John R Speakman
- Key State Laboratory for Molecular Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK; CAS Center of Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, China; Center for Energy Metabolism and Reproduction, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Kanishka N Nilaweera
- Food Biosciences Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, County Cork P61 C996, Ireland; VistaMilk Research Centre, Teagasc, Moorepark, Fermoy, County Cork P61 C996, Ireland.
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4
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Ma Z, Zhang F, Ma H, Chen X, Yang J, Yang Y, Yang X, Tian X, Yu Q, Ma Z, Zhou X. Effects of different types and doses of whey protein on the physiological and intestinal flora in D-galactose induced aging mice. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0248329. [PMID: 33857162 PMCID: PMC8049228 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0248329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The elderly usually suffer from many diseases. Improving the quality of life of the elderly is an urgent social issue. In this present study, D-galactose treated aging mice models were used to reveal the effects of different animal sources and different doses of whey protein (WP) on the immune indexes organs and intestinal flora. A total of 9 groups were set up, including normal control (NC), negative control (NS), positive control (Vc), low-, medium- and high-doses of cow WP intervention groups (CL, CM and CH for short, correspondingly) and low-, medium- and high-doses of goat WP intervention groups (GL, GM and GH for short, correspondingly). The body weight gain, thymus/body weight ratio, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, malondialdehyde (MDA) content, spleen immunoglobulins G (IgG), spleen interleukin-2 (IL-2) and spleen interleukin-2 (IL-6) were measured. Then, the intestinal contents were collected, and 16s genes of intestinal bacteria were sequenced to reveal the changes in bacterial flora structure. WP intervention significantly increased the weight gain, thymus/body ratio and SOD activity, but decrease the content of MDA. WP intervention increased some immune indicators. All the WP treated aging mice showed similar values of physiological indexes to that of the Vc group, even better. The relative abundance of Lactobacillus and Stenotrophomonas was increased and decreased, respectively, by both cow and goat WP. Lactobacillus may be involved in regulating the functional repair of organisms. In contrast, Stenotrophomonas might play a negative role in the immune and antioxidant capacity of the body. Combining physiological indicators and intestinal flora structure, low-concentration WP for cow and goat might be optimal for aging models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuolin Ma
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Fumei Zhang
- China-Malaysia National Joint lab, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
- Gannan Research Institute of Yak Milk, Hezuo, Gansu, China
- Department of Medicine, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Hongxin Ma
- China-Malaysia National Joint lab, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Xinghao Chen
- China-Malaysia National Joint lab, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Jiaqing Yang
- China-Malaysia National Joint lab, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Yiyan Yang
- China-Malaysia National Joint lab, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Xueying Yang
- China-Malaysia National Joint lab, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Xiaojing Tian
- China-Malaysia National Joint lab, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
- Gannan Research Institute of Yak Milk, Hezuo, Gansu, China
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Qunli Yu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Zhongren Ma
- China-Malaysia National Joint lab, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
- Gannan Research Institute of Yak Milk, Hezuo, Gansu, China
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Xueyan Zhou
- China-Malaysia National Joint lab, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
- Gannan Research Institute of Yak Milk, Hezuo, Gansu, China
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
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5
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Boscaini S, Cabrera‐Rubio R, Nychyk O, Roger Speakman J, Francis Cryan J, David Cotter P, Nilaweera KN. Age- and duration-dependent effects of whey protein on high-fat diet-induced changes in body weight, lipid metabolism, and gut microbiota in mice. Physiol Rep 2020; 8:e14523. [PMID: 32748559 PMCID: PMC7399378 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine whey protein has been demonstrated to exert a positive effect on energy balance, lipid metabolism, and nutrient absorption. Additionally, it affects gut microbiota configuration. Thus, whey protein is considered as good dietary candidate to prevent or ameliorate metabolic diseases, such as obesity. However, the relationship that links energy balance, metabolism, and intestinal microbial population mediated by whey protein intake remains poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the beneficial effects attributed to whey protein in the context of high-fat diet (HFD) in mice at two different ages, with short or longer durations of whey protein supplementation. Here, a 5-week dietary intervention with HFD in combination with either whey protein isolate (WPI) or the control nonwhey milk protein casein (CAS) was performed using 5-week or 10-week-old C57BL/6J mice. Notably, the younger mice had no prior history of ingestion of WPI, while older mice did. 5-week-old HFD-WPI-fed mice showed a decrease in weight gain and changes in the expression of genes within the epidydimal white adipose tissue including those encoding leptin, inflammatory marker CD68, fasting-induced adipose factor FIAF and enzymes involved in fatty acids catabolism, relative to HFD-CAS-fed mice. Differences in β-diversity and higher proportions of Lactobacillus murinus, and related functions, were evident within the gut microbiota of HFD-WPI mice. However, none of these changes were observed in mice that started the HFD dietary intervention at 10-weeks-old, with an extended period of WPI supplementation. These results suggest that the effect of whey protein on mouse body weight, adipose tissue, and intestinal parameters depends on diet duration and stage of life during which the diet is provided. In some instances, WPI influences gut microbiota composition and functional potential, which might orchestrate observed metabolic and physiological modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Boscaini
- Food Biosciences DepartmentTeagasc Food Research Centre, MooreparkFermoyIreland
- APC Microbiome IrelandUniversity College CorkCorkIreland
- Department of Anatomy and NeuroscienceUniversity College CorkCorkIreland
| | - Raul Cabrera‐Rubio
- Food Biosciences DepartmentTeagasc Food Research Centre, MooreparkFermoyIreland
- APC Microbiome IrelandUniversity College CorkCorkIreland
| | - Oleksandr Nychyk
- Food Biosciences DepartmentTeagasc Food Research Centre, MooreparkFermoyIreland
| | - John Roger Speakman
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental BiologyInstitute of Genetics and Developmental BiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Institute of Biological and Environmental SciencesUniversity of AberdeenAberdeenScotland
| | - John Francis Cryan
- APC Microbiome IrelandUniversity College CorkCorkIreland
- Department of Anatomy and NeuroscienceUniversity College CorkCorkIreland
| | - Paul David Cotter
- Food Biosciences DepartmentTeagasc Food Research Centre, MooreparkFermoyIreland
- APC Microbiome IrelandUniversity College CorkCorkIreland
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6
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[Iron status, weight changes and body composition during anemia recovery in an experimental model: the effect of fermented goat or cow milk]. NUTR HOSP 2020; 34:568-576. [PMID: 31973543 DOI: 10.20960/nh.02817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Objective: to provide detailed information on iron status, body changes, food intake, hepatosomatic index, and body composition during recovery from severe iron deficiency anemia with fermented cow or goat milk. Material and methods: sixty male Wistar albino rats were divided into two experimental groups (control and anemic) and fed ad libitum an AIN-93G diet for 40 days, receiving a normal Fe diet (45 mg/kg of diet) or a low-Fe diet (5 mg/kg of diet), respectively. After induction of anemia, both the control and anemic groups were additionally fed for 30 days either a fermented cow milk-based or fermented goat milk-based diet with normal Fe content. Hematological and iron-related biochemical parameters, weight changes, food intake, hepatosomatic index, and body composition were assessed. Results: The hepatosomatic index was higher in the anemic group versus the control group. In both groups fed a fermented goat milk-based diet the hepatosomatic index was higher due to lower body weight and a higher liver weight. Food intake, weight gain, and total body fat were lower, whereas lean mass and free and total water were higher in the anemic group as compared to the control group. In both animal groups fed a fermented goat milk-based diet body weight and body fat were lower and the percentages of lean mass and free water and total water were higher. Conclusion: Iron deficiency decreased weight gain, lean mass, and body fat, indicating lower energy stores. Fermented goat milk-based diet recovers more efficiently iron status, decreased adiposity, and increased energy expenditure.
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Althwab SA, Alsudais MA, Mousa HM, Ashoush IS, Hamad EM. Reduction of Lipid Profile and Adipocyte Size in Rats Fed on High-fat Diet Using Camel Milk and Whey Protein Mixture. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH 2020. [DOI: 10.3136/fstr.26.527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sami A. Althwab
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University
| | - Monther A. Alsudais
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University
| | - Hassan M. Mousa
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University
| | - Ihab S. Ashoush
- Food Science Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University
| | - Essam M. Hamad
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University
- Dairy Sci. Dept., Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University
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Nilaweera KN, Speakman JR. Regulation of intestinal growth in response to variations in energy supply and demand. Obes Rev 2018; 19 Suppl 1:61-72. [PMID: 30511508 PMCID: PMC6334514 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The growth of the intestine requires energy, which is known to be met by catabolism of ingested nutrients. Paradoxically, during whole body energy deficit including calorie restriction, the intestine grows in size. To understand how and why this happens, we reviewed data from several animal models of energetic challenge. These were bariatric surgery, cold exposure, lactation, dietary whey protein intake and calorie restriction. Notably, these challenges all reduced the adipose tissue mass, altered hypothalamic neuropeptide expression and increased intestinal size. Based on these data, we propose that the loss of energy in the adipose tissue promotes the growth of the intestine via a signalling mechanism involving the hypothalamus. We discuss possible candidates in this pathway including data showing a correlative change in intestinal (ileal) expression of the cyclin D1 gene with adipose tissue mass, adipose derived-hormone leptin and hypothalamic expression of leptin receptor and the pro-opiomelanocortin gene. The ability of the intestine to grow in size during depletion of energy stores provides a mechanism to maximize assimilation of ingested energy and in turn sustain critical functions of tissues important for survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- K N Nilaweera
- Department of Food Biosciences, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Fermoy, County Cork, Ireland
| | - J R Speakman
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
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9
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Aydın B, Atlı Şekeroğlu Z, Şekeroğlu V. Effects of whey protein and conjugated linoleic acid on acrolein-induced cardiac oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and dyslipidemia in rats. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 107:901-907. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.08.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 08/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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Zhang Z, Zhang R, Qin ZZ, Chen JP, Xu JY, Qin LQ. Effects of Chronic Whey Protein Supplementation on Atherosclerosis in ApoE -/- Mice. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2018; 64:143-150. [PMID: 29710032 DOI: 10.3177/jnsv.64.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Whey protein is associated with improvement of metabolic syndrome. This study aimed to evaluate effects of whey protein on atherosclerosis in ApoE-/- mice. Male ApoE-/- mice were fed with a high-fat/cholesterol diet (HFCD), or HFCD supplemented with 10% or 20% whey protein for 18 wk. At the end of experiment, serum lipid profiles and inflammatory cytokines were assayed. Livers were examined using HE staining and Oil Red O staining. Aortas were used for en face and cryosection analyses to observe aortic lesions. Western blotting analysis was used to assess relative protein expression of cholesterol metabolism in the liver and aorta. No significant differences were observed in body weight or food intake among the three groups. Liver examination demonstrated decreased lipid droplets and cholesterol content in the whey-protein-supplemented groups. En face lesion of the aorta revealed a 21.51% and 31.78% lesion reduction in the HFCD supplemented with 10% and 20% whey groups, respectively. Decreased lesion was also observed in cryosection analysis. Whey protein significantly increased the serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level by 46.43% and 67.86%. The 20% whey protein significantly decreased serum IL-6 (a proinflammatory cytokine) by 70.99% and increased serum IL-10 (an anti-inflammatory cytokine) by 83.35%. Whey protein potently decreased lipogenic enzymes (ACC and FAS) in the liver and NF-κB expression in the liver and aorta. Whey protein significantly increased protein expression of two major cholesterol transporters (ABCA1 and ABCG1) in the liver and aorta. Thus, chronic whey protein supplementation can improve HFCD-induced atherosclerosis in ApoE null mice by regulating circulating lipid and inflammatory cytokines and increasing expressions of ABCA1 and ABCG1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Zhang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Soochow University
| | - Ru Zhang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Soochow University
| | - Zhi-Zhen Qin
- School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University
| | - Jia-Ping Chen
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Soochow University
| | - Jia-Ying Xu
- Key Laboratory of Radiation Biology, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University
| | - Li-Qiang Qin
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Soochow University.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Disease, School of Public Health, Soochow University
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Kar SK, Jansman AJM, Benis N, Ramiro-Garcia J, Schokker D, Kruijt L, Stolte EH, Taverne-Thiele JJ, Smits MA, Wells JM. Dietary protein sources differentially affect microbiota, mTOR activity and transcription of mTOR signaling pathways in the small intestine. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0188282. [PMID: 29149221 PMCID: PMC5693410 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary protein sources can have profound effects on host-microbe interactions in the gut that are critically important for immune resilience. However more knowledge is needed to assess the impact of different protein sources on gut and animal health. Thirty-six wildtype male C57BL/6J mice of 35 d age (n = 6/group; mean ± SEM body weight 21.9 ± 0.25 g) were randomly assigned to groups fed for four weeks with semi synthetic diets prepared with one of the following protein sources containing (300 g/kg as fed basis): soybean meal (SBM), casein, partially delactosed whey powder, spray dried plasma protein, wheat gluten meal and yellow meal worm. At the end of the experiment, mice were sacrificed to collect ileal tissue to acquire gene expression data, and mammalian (mechanistic) target of rapamycin (mTOR) activity, ileal digesta to study changes in microbiota and serum to measure cytokines and chemokines. By genome-wide transcriptome analysis, we identified fourteen high level regulatory genes that are strongly affected in SBM-fed mice compared to the other experimental groups. They mostly related to the mTOR pathway. In addition, an increased (P < 0.05) concentration of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor was observed in serum of SBM-fed mice compared to other dietary groups. Moreover, by 16S rRNA sequencing, we observed that SBM-fed mice had higher (P < 0.05) abundances of Bacteroidales family S24-7, compared to the other dietary groups. We showed that measurements of genome-wide expression and microbiota composition in the mouse ileum reveal divergent responses to diets containing different protein sources, in particular for a diet based on SBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumya K. Kar
- Host Microbe Interactomics Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Animal Breeding and Genomics Centre, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Alfons J. M. Jansman
- Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Nirupama Benis
- Host Microbe Interactomics Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Animal Breeding and Genomics Centre, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Javier Ramiro-Garcia
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Laboratory of System and Synthetic Biology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Dirkjan Schokker
- Animal Breeding and Genomics Centre, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Leo Kruijt
- Animal Breeding and Genomics Centre, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ellen H. Stolte
- Host Microbe Interactomics Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Mari A. Smits
- Host Microbe Interactomics Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Animal Breeding and Genomics Centre, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jerry M. Wells
- Host Microbe Interactomics Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
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12
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Nilaweera KN, Cabrera-Rubio R, Speakman JR, O'Connor PM, McAuliffe A, Guinane CM, Lawton EM, Crispie F, Aguilera M, Stanley M, Boscaini S, Joyce S, Melgar S, Cryan JF, Cotter PD. Whey protein effects on energy balance link the intestinal mechanisms of energy absorption with adiposity and hypothalamic neuropeptide gene expression. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2017; 313:E1-E11. [PMID: 28325732 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00356.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
We tested the hypothesis that dietary whey protein isolate (WPI) affects the intestinal mechanisms related to energy absorption and that the resulting energy deficit is compensated by changes in energy balance to support growth. C57BL/6 mice were provided a diet enriched with WPI with varied sucrose content, and the impact on energy balance-related parameters was investigated. As part of a high-sucrose diet, WPI reduced the hypothalamic expression of pro-opiomelanocortin gene expression and increased energy intake. The energy expenditure was unaffected, but epididymal weight was reduced, indicating an energy loss. Notably, there was a reduction in the ileum gene expression for amino acid transporter SLC6a19, glucose transporter 2, and fatty acid transporter 4. The composition of the gut microbiota also changed, where Firmicutes were reduced. The above changes indicated reduced energy absorption through the intestine. We propose that this mobilized energy in the adipose tissue and caused hypothalamic changes that increased energy intake, acting to counteract the energy deficit arising in the intestine. Lowering the sucrose content in the WPI diet increased energy expenditure. This further reduced epididymal weight and plasma leptin, whereupon hypothalamic ghrelin gene expression and the intestinal weight were both increased. These data suggest that when the intestine-adipose-hypothalamic pathway is subjected to an additional energy loss (now in the adipose tissue), compensatory changes attempt to assimilate more energy. Notably, WPI and sucrose content interact to enable the component mechanisms of this pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanishka N Nilaweera
- Food Biosciences Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, County Cork, Ireland;
| | - Raul Cabrera-Rubio
- Food Biosciences Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, County Cork, Ireland
| | - John R Speakman
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland
| | - Paula M O'Connor
- Food Biosciences Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, County Cork, Ireland
| | - AnneMarie McAuliffe
- Food Biosciences Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, County Cork, Ireland
| | - Caitriona M Guinane
- Food Biosciences Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, County Cork, Ireland
| | - Elaine M Lawton
- Food Biosciences Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, County Cork, Ireland
| | - Fiona Crispie
- Food Biosciences Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, County Cork, Ireland
| | - Mònica Aguilera
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Maurice Stanley
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Serena Boscaini
- Food Biosciences Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, County Cork, Ireland
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and
| | - Susan Joyce
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Silvia Melgar
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - John F Cryan
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and
| | - Paul D Cotter
- Food Biosciences Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, County Cork, Ireland
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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13
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Diaz-Castro J, Moreno-Fernandez J, Pulido-Moran M, Alférez MJM, Robles-Rebollo M, Ochoa JJ, López-Aliaga I. Changes in Adiposity and Body Composition during Anemia Recovery with Goat or Cow Fermented Milks. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:4057-4065. [PMID: 28475318 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b00666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
To date, no studies are available about adipose tissue modifications during anemia recovery; therefore, the aim of this study is to provide detailed information about adipose tissue homeostasis during anemia recovery with fermented milks. Forty male Wistar rats were placed on a pre-experimental period of 40 days, divided in two groups (normal-Fe diet and Fe-deficient diet). Then rats were fed fermented goat or cow milk-based diets with normal-Fe content during 30 days. Ghrelin and adiponectin decreased in both groups of animals fed fermented goat milk, whereas leptin and NEFA increased. UCP-1 decreased in anemic rats fed either fermented milk, and irisin greatly increased in both groups of animals fed fermented goat milk. Fermented goat milk reduces adiposity, inducing leptin elevation and ghrelin reduction. Conversely, plasma adiponectin concentrations decreased in animals fed fermented goat milk, showing an inverse correlation with NEFA, an important marker of lipid mobilization, indicating increased lipolysis. Irisin up-regulation in animals fed fermented goat milk contributes to a favorable metabolic profile and the browning of adipose tissue during anemia recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Diaz-Castro
- Department of Physiology, University of Granada , Granada, Spain
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix Verdú", University of Granada , Granada, Spain
| | - Jorge Moreno-Fernandez
- Department of Physiology, University of Granada , Granada, Spain
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix Verdú", University of Granada , Granada, Spain
| | - Mario Pulido-Moran
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix Verdú", University of Granada , Granada, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, University of Granada , Granada, Spain
| | - María J M Alférez
- Department of Physiology, University of Granada , Granada, Spain
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix Verdú", University of Granada , Granada, Spain
| | - María Robles-Rebollo
- Department of Physiology, University of Granada , Granada, Spain
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix Verdú", University of Granada , Granada, Spain
| | - Julio J Ochoa
- Department of Physiology, University of Granada , Granada, Spain
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix Verdú", University of Granada , Granada, Spain
| | - Inmaculada López-Aliaga
- Department of Physiology, University of Granada , Granada, Spain
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix Verdú", University of Granada , Granada, Spain
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14
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Aslam MN, Jepsen KJ, Khoury B, Graf KH, Varani J. Bone structure and function in male C57BL/6 mice: Effects of a high-fat Western-style diet with or without trace minerals. Bone Rep 2016; 5:141-149. [PMID: 27350956 PMCID: PMC4920365 DOI: 10.1016/j.bonr.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Osteoporosis occurs in both women and men, but most of what we know about the condition comes from studies in females. The present study examined bone structure and function over an 18-month period in male C57BL/6 mice maintained on either a rodent chow diet (AIN76A) or a high-fat, Western-style diet (HFWD). Effects of mineral supplementation were assessed in both diets. METHODS Trabecular and cortical bone structure in femora and vertebrae were assessed by micro-CT analysis. Following this, bone stiffness and strength measurements were made. Finally, bone levels of several cationic trace elements were quantified, and serum biomarkers of bone metabolism evaluated. RESULTS Bone loss occurred over time in both diets but was more rapid and extensive in mice on the HFWD. Dietary mineral supplementation reduced bone loss in both diets and increased bone stiffness in the femora and bone stiffness and strength in the vertebrae. Bone content of strontium was increased in response to mineral supplementation in both diets. CONCLUSIONS Bone loss was more severe in mice on the HFWD and mineral supplementation mitigated the effects of the HFWD. In comparison to previous findings with female C57BL/6 mice, the present studies indicate that males are more sensitive to diet and benefited from a healthy diet (AIN76A), while females lost as much bone on the healthy diet as on the HFWD. Male mice benefited from mineral supplementation, just as females did in the previous study.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karl J. Jepsen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Basma Khoury
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Kristin H. Graf
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - James Varani
- Department of Pathology, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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15
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Calcium Reduces Liver Injury in Mice on a High-Fat Diet: Alterations in Microbial and Bile Acid Profiles. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0166178. [PMID: 27851786 PMCID: PMC5113033 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A high-fat “Western-style” diet (HFWD) promotes obesity-related conditions including non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), the histologic manifestation of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). In addition to high saturated fat and processed carbohydrates, the typical HFWD is deficient in calcium. Calcium-deficiency is an independent risk factor for many conditions associated with the Western-style diet. However, calcium has not been widely evaluated in the context of NAFLD. The goal of the present study was to determine if dietary calcium supplementation could protect mice fed a HFWD from NAFLD, specifically by decreasing non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and its down-stream consequences. Male C57BL/6NCrl mice were maintained for 18-months on a HFWD containing dietary calcium at either 0.41 gm/kg feed (unsupplemented) or 5.25 gm/kg feed (supplemented). Although there was no difference in body weight or steatosis, calcium-supplemented mice were protected against downstream consequences of hepatic steatosis, manifested by lower inflammation, less fibrosis, and by lower overall histologic NAFLD activity scores (NAS). Calcium supplementation correlated with distinctly segregating gut fecal and cecal microbial communities as defined by 16S rRNA gene sequence. Further, calcium supplementation also correlated with decreased hepatic concentration of the major conjugated murine primary bile acid, tauro-β-muricholic acid (as well as a decrease in the parent unconjugated bile acid). Thus, calcium was protective against progression of diet-induced hepatic steatosis to NASH and end-stage liver disease, suggesting that calcium supplementation may effectively protect against adverse hepatic consequences of HFWD in cases where overall diet modification cannot be sustained. This protective effect occurred in concert with calcium-mediated gut microbial community shifts and alterations of the hepatic bile acid pool.
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16
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Kim JH, Yeon SJ, Hong GE, Park W, Lee CH. Effects of Whey Powder Supplementation on Dry-Aged Meat Quality. Korean J Food Sci Anim Resour 2016; 36:397-404. [PMID: 27433111 PMCID: PMC4942555 DOI: 10.5851/kosfa.2016.36.3.397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2016] [Revised: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the effect of dietary supplementation with whey powder (WP, 1g/kg feed) from weaning to slaughter (150 d) on dry-aged loin quality of pigs. Fifty-eight pigs were randomly divided into two dietary treatment groups (seven replications of four pigs per treatments). Basal diet with 0.1% whey powder was supplied to the WP group. Basal diet was used for the control group (CON). Diet whey protein did not appear to influence the moisture or protein contents. However, ash and fat contents were significantly (p<0.05) decreased in the WP group compared to the control group. Drip loss was significantly (p<0.05) lower in the WP group than that of the control group. Increasing redness with decreasing lightness was found in the inner loin of the WP group. Calcium and iron contents in the WP group were significantly higher than those in the control group. Protein degradation was higher in the WP group than that in the control group (p<0.05), whereas shear force was lower in the WP group than that in the control group (p<0.05). In conclusion, the basal diet supplemented with 0.1% whey powder influence negatively the lipid oxidation of meat whereas the texture property and mineral composition of meat from whey powder fed pigs are developed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Chi-Ho Lee
- Corresponding author: Chi-Ho Lee, Konkuk University of Food Science and Technology, Seoul 05029, Korea. Tel: +82-2-450-3681, Fax: +82-2-450-1948, E-mail:
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17
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Mobley CB, Fox CD, Ferguson BS, Pascoe CA, Healy JC, McAdam JS, Lockwood CM, Roberts MD. Effects of protein type and composition on postprandial markers of skeletal muscle anabolism, adipose tissue lipolysis, and hypothalamic gene expression. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2015; 12:14. [PMID: 25792976 PMCID: PMC4365970 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-015-0076-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background We examined the acute effects of different dietary protein sources (0.19 g, dissolved in 1 ml of water) on skeletal muscle, adipose tissue and hypothalamic satiety-related markers in fasted, male Wistar rats (~250 g). Methods Oral gavage treatments included: a) whey protein concentrate (WPC, n = 15); b) 70:30 hydrolyzed whey-to-hydrolyzed egg albumin (70 W/30E, n = 15); c) 50 W/50E (n = 15); d) 30 W/70E (n = 15); and e) 1 ml of water with no protein as a fasting control (CTL, n = 14). Results Skeletal muscle analyses revealed that compared to CTL: a) phosphorylated (p) markers of mTOR signaling [p-mTOR (Ser2481) and p-rps6 (Ser235/236)] were elevated 2–4-fold in all protein groups 90 min post-treatment (p < 0.05); b) WPC and 70 W/30E increased muscle protein synthesis (MPS) 104% and 74% 180 min post-treatment, respectively (p < 0.05); and c) 70 W/30E increased p-AMPKα (Thr172) 90 and 180-min post-treatment as well as PGC-1α mRNA 90 min post-treatment. Subcutaneous (SQ) and omental fat (OMAT) analyses revealed: a) 70 W/30 W increased SQ fat phosphorylated hormone-sensitive lipase [p-HSL (Ser563)] 3.1-fold versus CTL and a 1.9–4.4-fold change versus all other test proteins 180 min post-treatment (p < 0.05); and b) WPC, 70 W/30E and 50 W/50E increased OMAT p-HSL 3.8–6.5-fold 180 min post-treatment versus CTL (p < 0.05). 70 W/30E and 30 W/70E increased hypothalamic POMC mRNA 90 min post-treatment versus CTL rats suggesting a satiety-related response may have occurred in the former groups. However, there was a compensatory increase in orexigenic AGRP mRNA in the 70 W/30E group 90 min post-treatment versus CTL rats, and there was a compensatory increase in orexigenic NPY mRNA in the 30 W/70E group 90 min post-treatment versus CTL rats. Conclusions Higher amounts of whey versus egg protein stimulate the greatest post-treatment anabolic skeletal muscle response, though test proteins with higher amounts of WPH more favorably affected post-treatment markers related to adipose tissue lipolysis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12970-015-0076-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Brooks Mobley
- School of Kinesiology, Molecular and Applied Sciences Laboratory, Auburn University, 301 Wire Road, Office 286, Auburn, AL 36849 USA
| | - Carlton D Fox
- School of Kinesiology, Molecular and Applied Sciences Laboratory, Auburn University, 301 Wire Road, Office 286, Auburn, AL 36849 USA
| | - Brian S Ferguson
- School of Kinesiology, Molecular and Applied Sciences Laboratory, Auburn University, 301 Wire Road, Office 286, Auburn, AL 36849 USA
| | - Corrie A Pascoe
- School of Kinesiology, Molecular and Applied Sciences Laboratory, Auburn University, 301 Wire Road, Office 286, Auburn, AL 36849 USA
| | - James C Healy
- School of Kinesiology, Molecular and Applied Sciences Laboratory, Auburn University, 301 Wire Road, Office 286, Auburn, AL 36849 USA
| | - Jeremy S McAdam
- School of Kinesiology, Molecular and Applied Sciences Laboratory, Auburn University, 301 Wire Road, Office 286, Auburn, AL 36849 USA
| | | | - Michael D Roberts
- School of Kinesiology, Molecular and Applied Sciences Laboratory, Auburn University, 301 Wire Road, Office 286, Auburn, AL 36849 USA
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18
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Tranberg B, Madsen AN, Hansen AK, Hellgren LI. Whey-reduced weight gain is associated with a temporary growth reduction in young mice fed a high-fat diet. J Nutr Biochem 2014; 26:9-15. [PMID: 25315863 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2014.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Revised: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Whey protein consumption reportedly alleviates parameters of the metabolic syndrome. Here, we investigated the effects of whey protein isolate (whey) in young mice fed a high-fat diet. We hypothesized that whey as the sole protein source reduced early weight gain associated with retarded growth and decreased concentration of insulin-like growth factor-1. Moreover, we hypothesized that these changes were explained by increased nitrogen loss via elevated urea production and/or increased energy expenditure. Male 5-week-old C57BL/6 mice were fed high-fat diets with the protein source being either whey, casein or a combination of both for 5 weeks. After 1, 3 or 5 weeks, respectively, the mice were subjected to a meal challenge with measurements of blood and urinary urea before and 1 and 3 h after eating a weighed meal of their respective diets. In a subset of mice, energy expenditure was measured by indirect calorimetry during the first week of dietary intervention. Observed exclusively during the first week of intervention, whey significantly reduced body length (P<.01) and weight gain (P<.001) correlating positively with plasma concentrations of insulin-like growth factor-1. The combination diet displayed intermediate results indicating an interactive effect. Urea production, urea cycle activity, food intake and energy expenditure were unaffected by protein source. In conclusion, whey decreased growth-related parameters exclusively during the first week of dietary intervention. The early effect of whey could not be explained by food intake, energy expenditure, urea production or urea cycle activity but was correlated with plasma levels of insulin-like growth factor-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britt Tranberg
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Andreas N Madsen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Axel K Hansen
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Lars I Hellgren
- Department of Systems Biology, Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark.
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Schellekens H, Nongonierma AB, Clarke G, van Oeffelen WE, FitzGerald RJ, Dinan TG, Cryan JF. Milk protein-derived peptides induce 5-HT2C-mediated satiety in vivo. Int Dairy J 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2014.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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20
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Hirahatake KM, Slavin JL, Maki KC, Adams SH. Associations between dairy foods, diabetes, and metabolic health: potential mechanisms and future directions. Metabolism 2014; 63:618-27. [PMID: 24636056 PMCID: PMC5367265 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2014.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Revised: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological evidence supports an inverse relationship between adequate intake of dairy foods and susceptibility to type 2 diabetes (T2D). The biological mechanisms responsible for this association remain to be established. This review provides a current perspective on proposed mechanisms that may underlie these effects, and highlights how randomized clinical trials can be applied to investigate these relationships. Results from epidemiological studies generally support that consumption of milk and dairy products is associated with a lower incidence of T2D or improvements in glucose homeostasis indices, and studies of animal and cell models support a positive effect of dairy-rich diets or components on metabolic and inflammation factors relevant to T2D and insulin resistance. Emerging evidence indicates that dairy components that alter mitochondrial function (e.g., leucine actions on silent information regulator transcript 1 (SIRT1)-associated pathways), promote gut microbial population shifts, or influence inflammation and cardiovascular function (e.g., Ca-regulated peptides calcitonin gene-related peptide [CGRP] or calcitonin) should be considered as possible mechanistic factors linking dairy intake with lower risk for T2D. The possibility that dairy-derived trans-palmitoleic acid (tC16:1) has metabolic bioactivities has also been proposed. Pre-clinical and clinical studies focusing specifically on these parameters are needed to validate hypotheses regarding the potential roles of dairy products and their components on the determinants of glucose tolerance, particularly insulin sensitivity, pancreatic endocrine function, and inflammation in individuals at-risk for T2D development. Such experiments would complement epidemiological studies and add to the evidence base for recommendations regarding consumption of dairy products and their individual components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin M Hirahatake
- Obesity & Metabolism Research Unit, USDA-ARS Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, CA
| | - Joanne L Slavin
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN
| | | | - Sean H Adams
- Obesity & Metabolism Research Unit, USDA-ARS Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, CA; Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA.
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21
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McAllan L, Skuse P, Cotter PD, Connor PO, Cryan JF, Ross RP, Fitzgerald G, Roche HM, Nilaweera KN. Protein quality and the protein to carbohydrate ratio within a high fat diet influences energy balance and the gut microbiota in C57BL/6J mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88904. [PMID: 24520424 PMCID: PMC3919831 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Macronutrient quality and composition are important determinants of energy balance and the gut microbiota. Here, we investigated how changes to protein quality (casein versus whey protein isolate; WPI) and the protein to carbohydrate (P/C) ratio within a high fat diet (HFD) impacts on these parameters. Mice were fed a low fat diet (10% kJ) or a high fat diet (HFD; 45% kJ) for 21 weeks with either casein (20% kJ, HFD) or WPI at 20%, 30% or 40% kJ. In comparison to casein, WPI at a similar energy content normalised energy intake, increased lean mass and caused a trend towards a reduction in fat mass (P = 0.08), but the protein challenge did not alter oxygen consumption or locomotor activity. WPI reduced HFD-induced plasma leptin and liver triacylglycerol, and partially attenuated the reduction in adipose FASN mRNA in HFD-fed mice. High throughput sequence-based analysis of faecal microbial populations revealed microbiota in the HFD-20% WPI group clustering closely with HFD controls, although WPI specifically increased Lactobacillaceae/Lactobacillus and decreased Clostridiaceae/Clostridium in HFD-fed mice. There was no effect of increasing the P/C ratio on energy intake, but the highest ratio reduced HFD-induced weight gain, fat mass and plasma triacylglycerol, non-esterified fatty acids, glucose and leptin levels, while it increased lean mass and oxygen consumption. Similar effects were observed on adipose mRNA expression, where the highest ratio reduced HFD-associated expression of UCP-2, TNFα and CD68 and increased the diet-associated expression of β3-AR, LPL, IR, IRS-1 and GLUT4. The P/C ratio also impacted on gut microbiota, with populations in the 30/40% WPI groups clustering together and away from the 20% WPI group. Taken together, our data show that increasing the P/C ratio has a dramatic effect on energy balance and the composition of gut microbiota, which is distinct from that caused by changes to protein quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam McAllan
- Food Biosciences Department, Teagasc, Fermoy, County Cork, Ireland
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Peter Skuse
- Food Biosciences Department, Teagasc, Fermoy, County Cork, Ireland
- Department of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Paul D. Cotter
- Food Biosciences Department, Teagasc, Fermoy, County Cork, Ireland
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Paula O' Connor
- Food Biosciences Department, Teagasc, Fermoy, County Cork, Ireland
| | - John F. Cryan
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - R. Paul Ross
- Food Biosciences Department, Teagasc, Fermoy, County Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Helen M. Roche
- UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular & Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Dairy foods and dairy protein consumption is inversely related to markers of adiposity in obese men and women. Nutrients 2013; 5:4665-84. [PMID: 24264228 PMCID: PMC3847755 DOI: 10.3390/nu5114665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Revised: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of intervention studies have reported that the prevalence of obesity may be in part inversely related to dairy food consumption while others report no association. We sought to examine relationships between energy, protein and calcium consumption from dairy foods (milk, yoghurt, cheese, dairy spreads, ice-cream) and adiposity including body mass index (BMI), waist (WC) and hip circumference (HC), and direct measures of body composition using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (% body fat and abdominal fat) in an opportunistic sample of 720 overweight/obese Australian men and women. Mean (SD) age, weight and BMI of the population were 51 ± 10 year, 94 ± 18 kg and 32.4 ± 5.7 kg/m2, respectively. Reduced fat milk was the most commonly consumed dairy product (235 ± 200 g/day), followed by whole milk (63 ± 128 g/day) and yoghurt (53 ± 66 g/day). Overall dairy food consumption (g/day) was inversely associated with BMI, % body fat and WC (all p < 0.05). Dairy protein and dairy calcium (g/day) were both inversely associated with all adiposity measures (all p < 0.05). Yoghurt consumption (g/day) was inversely associated with % body fat, abdominal fat, WC and HC (all p < 0.05), while reduced fat milk consumption was inversely associated with BMI, WC, HC and % body fat (all p < 0.05). Within a sample of obese adults, consumption of dairy products, dairy protein, and calcium was associated with more favourable body composition.
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Tranberg B, Hellgren LI, Lykkesfeldt J, Sejrsen K, Jeamet A, Rune I, Ellekilde M, Nielsen DS, Hansen AK. Whey protein reduces early life weight gain in mice fed a high-fat diet. PLoS One 2013; 8:e71439. [PMID: 23940754 PMCID: PMC3735523 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
An increasing number of studies indicate that dairy products, including whey protein, alleviate several disorders of the metabolic syndrome. Here, we investigated the effects of whey protein isolate (whey) in mice fed a high-fat diet hypothesising that the metabolic effects of whey would be associated with changes in the gut microbiota composition. Five-week-old male C57BL/6 mice were fed a high-fat diet ad libitum for 14 weeks with the protein source being either whey or casein. Faeces were collected at week 0, 7, and 13 and the fecal microbiota was analysed by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analyses of PCR-derived 16S rRNA gene (V3-region) amplicons. At the end of the study, plasma samples were collected and assayed for glucose, insulin and lipids. Whey significantly reduced body weight gain during the first four weeks of the study compared with casein (P<0.001–0.05). Hereafter weight gain was similar resulting in a 15% lower final body weight in the whey group relative to casein (34.0±1.0 g vs. 40.2±1.3 g, P<0.001). Food intake was unaffected by protein source throughout the study period. Fasting insulin was lower in the whey group (P<0.01) and glucose clearance was improved after an oral glucose challenge (P<0.05). Plasma cholesterol was lowered by whey compared to casein (P<0.001). The composition of the fecal microbiota differed between high- and low-fat groups at 13 weeks (P<0.05) whereas no difference was seen between whey and casein. In conclusion, whey initially reduced weight gain in young C57BL/6 mice fed a high-fat diet compared to casein. Although the effect on weight gain ceased, whey alleviated glucose intolerance, improved insulin sensitivity and reduced plasma cholesterol. These findings could not be explained by changes in food intake or gut microbiota composition. Further studies are needed to clarify the mechanisms behind the metabolic effects of whey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britt Tranberg
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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Whey protein isolate counteracts the effects of a high-fat diet on energy intake and hypothalamic and adipose tissue expression of energy balance-related genes. Br J Nutr 2013; 110:2114-26. [PMID: 23731955 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114513001396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The intake of whey protein isolate (WPI) is known to reduce high-fat diet (HFD)-induced body-weight gain and adiposity. However, the molecular mechanisms are not fully understood. To this end, we fed C57BL/6J mice for 8 weeks with diets containing 10 % energy as fat (low-fat diet, LFD) or 45 % energy as fat (HFD) enriched with either 20 % energy as casein (LFD and HFD) or WPI (high-fat WPI). Metabolic parameters and the hypothalamic and epididymal adipose tissue expression of energy balance-related genes were investigated. The HFD increased fat mass and plasma leptin levels and decreased the dark-phase energy intake, meal number, RER, and metabolic (VO₂ and heat) and locomotor activities compared with the LFD. The HFD increased the hypothalamic tissue mRNA expression of the leptin receptor, insulin receptor (INSR) and carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1b (CPT1b). The HFD also reduced the adipose tissue mRNA expression of GLUT4 and INSR. In contrast, WPI reduced fat mass, normalised dark-phase energy intake and increased meal size in HFD-fed mice. The dietary protein did not have an impact on plasma leptin, insulin, glucose or glucagon-like peptide 1 levels, but increased plasma TAG levels in HFD-fed mice. At a cellular level, WPI significantly reduced the HFD-associated increase in the hypothalamic tissue mRNA expression of the leptin receptor, INSR and CPT1b. Also, WPI prevented the HFD-induced reduction in the adipose tissue mRNA expression of INSR and GLUT4. In comparison with casein, the effects of WPI on energy intake and hypothalamic and adipose tissue gene expression may thus represent a state of reduced susceptibility to weight gain on a HFD.
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25
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Thomas AP, Dunn TN, Drayton JB, Oort PJ, Adams SH. A dairy-based high calcium diet improves glucose homeostasis and reduces steatosis in the context of preexisting obesity. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2013; 21:E229-35. [PMID: 23404741 DOI: 10.1002/oby.20039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2012] [Accepted: 07/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE High dietary calcium (Ca) in the context of a dairy food matrix has been shown to reduce obesity development and associated inflammation in diet-induced obese (DIO) rodents. The influence of Ca and dairy on these phenotypes in the context of preexisting obesity is not known. Furthermore, interpretations have been confounded historically by differences in body weight gain among DIO animals fed dairy-based protein or high Ca. DESIGN AND METHODS Adiposity along with associated metabolic and inflammatory outcomes were measured in DIO mice previously fattened for 12 week on a soy protein-based obesogenic high fat diet (45% energy, 0.5% adequate Ca), then fed one of three high fat diets (n = 29-30/group) for an additional 8 week: control (same as lead-in diet), high-Ca (1.5% Ca), or high-Ca + nonfat dry milk (NFDM). RESULTS AND CONCLUSION Mice fed high-Ca + NFDM had modestly, but significantly, attenuated weight gain compared to mice fed high-Ca or versus controls (P < 0.001), whereas mice fed high-Ca alone had increased weight gain compared to controls (P < 0.001). Total measured adipose depot weights between groups were similar, as were white adipose tissue inflammation and macrophage infiltration markers (e.g. TNFα, IL-6, CD68 mRNAs). Mice fed high-Ca + NFDM had significantly improved glucose tolerance following a glucose tolerance test, and markedly lower liver triglycerides compared to high-Ca and control groups. Improved metabolic phenotypes in prefattened DIO mice following provision of a diet enriched with dairy-based protein and carbohydrates appeared to be driven by non-Ca components of dairy and were observed despite minimal differences in body weight or adiposity.
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MESH Headings
- Adipose Tissue, White/metabolism
- Adiposity
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/blood
- Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic/blood
- Blood Glucose/analysis
- Blotting, Western
- Calcitriol/blood
- Calcium, Dietary/administration & dosage
- Chemokines/blood
- Cytokines/blood
- Dairy Products
- Diet, High-Fat
- Disease Models, Animal
- Energy Intake
- Glucose Tolerance Test
- Homeostasis
- Inflammation/physiopathology
- Inflammation/prevention & control
- Insulin/blood
- Interleukin-6/blood
- Liver/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Obese
- Obesity/metabolism
- Obesity/physiopathology
- Obesity/prevention & control
- Phenotype
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/blood
- Weight Gain
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony P Thomas
- Graduate Group in Nutritional Biology & Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis. Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, California, USA
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26
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Sousa GTD, Lira FS, Rosa JC, de Oliveira EP, Oyama LM, Santos RV, Pimentel GD. Dietary whey protein lessens several risk factors for metabolic diseases: a review. Lipids Health Dis 2012; 11:67. [PMID: 22676328 PMCID: PMC3393628 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-11-67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2012] [Accepted: 06/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) have grown in prevalence around the world, and recently, related diseases have been considered epidemic. Given the high cost of treatment of obesity/DM-associated diseases, strategies such as dietary manipulation have been widely studied; among them, the whey protein diet has reached popularity because it has been suggested as a strategy for the prevention and treatment of obesity and DM in both humans and animals. Among its main actions, the following activities stand out: reduction of serum glucose in healthy individuals, impaired glucose tolerance in DM and obese patients; reduction in body weight; maintenance of muscle mass; increases in the release of anorectic hormones such as cholecystokinin, leptin, and glucagon like-peptide 1 (GLP-1); and a decrease in the orexigenic hormone ghrelin. Furthermore, studies have shown that whey protein can also lead to reductions in blood pressure, inflammation, and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela T D Sousa
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo-USP, São Paulo/SP, Brazil
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27
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Shi J, Ahlroos-Lehmus A, Pilvi TK, Korpela R, Tossavainen O, Mervaala EM. Metabolic effects of a novel microfiltered native whey protein in diet-induced obese mice. J Funct Foods 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2012.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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28
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Thomas AP, Dunn TN, Drayton JB, Oort PJ, Adams SH. A high calcium diet containing nonfat dry milk reduces weight gain and associated adipose tissue inflammation in diet-induced obese mice when compared to high calcium alone. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2012; 9:3. [PMID: 22269778 PMCID: PMC3284427 DOI: 10.1186/1743-7075-9-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2011] [Accepted: 01/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High dietary calcium (Ca) is reported to have anti-obesity and anti-inflammatory properties. Evidence for these properties of dietary Ca in animal models of polygenic obesity have been confounded by the inclusion of dairy food components in experimental diets; thus, effect of Ca per se could not be deciphered. Furthermore, potential anti-inflammatory actions of Ca in vivo could not be dissociated from reduced adiposity. METHODS We characterized adiposity along with metabolic and inflammatory phenotypes in diet-induced obese (DIO) mice fed 1 of 3 high fat diets (45% energy) for 12 wk: control (n = 29), high-Ca (n = 30), or high-Ca + nonfat dry milk (NFDM) (n = 30). RESULTS Mice fed high-Ca + NFDM had reduced body weight and adiposity compared to high-Ca mice (P < 0.001). Surprisingly, the high-Ca mice had increased adiposity compared to lower-Ca controls (P < 0.001). Hyperphagia and increased feed efficiency contributed to obesity development in high-Ca mice, in contrast to NFDM mice that displayed significantly reduced weight gain despite higher energy intake compared to controls (P < 0.001). mRNA markers of macrophages (e.g., CD68, CD11d) strongly correlated with body weight in all diet treatment groups, and most treatment differences in WAT inflammatory factor mRNA abundances were lost when controlling for body weight gain as a covariate. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that high dietary Ca is not sufficient to dampen obesity-related phenotypes in DIO mice, and in fact exacerbates weight gain and hyperphagia. The data further suggest that putative anti-obesity properties of dairy emanate from food components beyond Ca.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony P Thomas
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Tamara N Dunn
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Josephine B Drayton
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, One Shields Ave., Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Pieter J Oort
- Obesity & Metabolism Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service Western Human Nutrition Research Center, 430 W. Health Sciences Dr., Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Sean H Adams
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, USA.,Obesity & Metabolism Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service Western Human Nutrition Research Center, 430 W. Health Sciences Dr., Davis, CA 95616, USA
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29
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Adams SH. Emerging perspectives on essential amino acid metabolism in obesity and the insulin-resistant state. Adv Nutr 2011; 2:445-56. [PMID: 22332087 PMCID: PMC3226382 DOI: 10.3945/an.111.000737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 284] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of insulin action is most often considered in the context of impaired glucose homeostasis, with the defining feature of diabetes mellitus being elevated blood glucose concentration. Complications arising from the hyperglycemia accompanying frank diabetes are well known and epidemiological studies point to higher risk toward development of metabolic disease in persons with impaired glucose tolerance. Although the central role of proper blood sugar control in maintaining metabolic health is well established, recent developments have begun to shed light on associations between compromised insulin action [obesity, prediabetes, and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)] and altered intermediary metabolism of fats and amino acids. For amino acids, changes in blood concentrations of select essential amino acids and their derivatives, in particular BCAA, sulfur amino acids, tyrosine, and phenylalanine, are apparent with obesity and insulin resistance, often before the onset of clinically diagnosed T2DM. This review provides an overview of these changes and places recent observations from metabolomics research into the context of historical reports in the areas of biochemistry and nutritional biology. Based on this synthesis, a model is proposed that links the FFA-rich environment of obesity/insulin resistance and T2DM with diminution of BCAA catabolic enzyme activity, changes in methionine oxidation and cysteine/cystine generation, and tissue redox balance (NADH/NAD+).
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30
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Björkman MP, Pilvi TK, Kekkonen RA, Korpela R, Tilvis RS. Similar effects of leucine rich and regular dairy products on muscle mass and functions of older polymyalgia rheumatica patients: a randomized crossover trial. J Nutr Health Aging 2011; 15:462-7. [PMID: 21623468 DOI: 10.1007/s12603-010-0276-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Leucine-rich milk and whey proteins have been suggested for prevention of age related loss of muscle mass and strength i.e. sarcopenia. The effects of milk protein supplementation and low intensity home based physical exercise on body composition and muscle functions were investigated. DESIGN A randomized double blind crossover trial. SETTING Community dwelling members of Helsinki rheumatoid association. PARTICIPANTS Older people (N=47, mean age 69.5 years) suffering from polymyalgia rheumatica. INTERVENTION Patients performed as many stand ups as possible twice a day after which they ingested a regular (Control) or a whey protein enriched dairy product with high leucine content (Test). The 8-week intervention periods were separated by a 4-week wash-out. MEASUREMENTS Body composition was measured by dual x-ray absorptiometry and muscle functions by hand grip strength, force platform countermovement jump performance, chair stand test, and walking speed. RESULTS The 16-week home-based post-exercise supplementation resulted in a 1.8% increase (p = 0.052) in lower limb muscle mass. Walking speed (+5.3%, p = 0.007) and chair stand test performance (-12.2 %, p < 0.001) were also improved. Furthermore, a tendency for increased jump power (+3.0%, p = 0.084) was observed. However, significant and consistent differences were not found in the changes of muscle mass indices or muscle functions between supplements, but the test supplement tended to prevent accumulation of body fat. CONCLUSION A low intensity home based exercise program combined with post-exercise milk protein supplementation is feasible despite some gastrointestinal complaints and seems effective in improving the muscle mass and functions of older persons with a inflammatory disease. Further studies are needed to establish, whether and to what extent the use of leucine-enriched whey products prevent or treat age-associated sarcopenia and whether they are superior to the present commercial milk products.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Björkman
- Clinics of Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, Helsinki University Central Hospital, POB 340, FI-00029 HUS, Helsinki, Finland.
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31
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Comparison of the metabolic effects of milk-derived α-lactalbumin and amino acids mixture with equal composition in diet-induced obese mice. J Funct Foods 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2011.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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32
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Xu SP, Mao XY, Ren FZ, Che HL. Attenuating effect of casein glycomacropeptide on proliferation, differentiation, and lipid accumulation of in vitro Sprague-Dawley rat preadipocytes. J Dairy Sci 2011; 94:676-83. [PMID: 21257036 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2010-3827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2010] [Accepted: 10/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Food components with the ability to suppress preadipocyte proliferation and intracellular lipid accumulation may be helpful in the prevention of obesity, which is a worldwide health concern. Casein glycomacropeptide (GMP), which has pronounced gastric inhibitory activity, could potentially possess fat synthesis inhibition properties and an obesity-alleviating capacity. The objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of GMP on the proliferation and differentiation of preadipocytes as well as triglyceride accumulation and glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase activity in preadipocytes isolated from Sprague-Dawley rats. Different dosages (0, 0.31, 0.625, 1.25, 2.5, and 5.0 mg/mL) of GMP were co-incubated with preadipocytes. The proliferation activity of preadipocytes significantly decreased in the GMP-treated group compared with that of the control group without GMP supplementation. The GMP exhibited an inhibitory effect against preadipocyte proliferation in a dose-dependent manner; the maximal antiproliferative effect was obtained with 2.5 mg/mL. The GMP also attenuated differentiation, as revealed by decreased lipid content, and the effect was more pronounced when cells were treated with GMP before or at the beginning of differentiation induction than at later stages of cell differentiation. Cultured preadipocytes treated with GMP accumulated fewer triglycerides and had lower glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase activity than did the control cells without GMP supplementation. In conclusion, GMP can inhibit the proliferation, differentiation, and lipid accumulation of preadipocytes in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Xu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy Science of Beijing and Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, PO Box 303, Beijing 100083, China
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Berthold H, Schulte D, Lapointe JF, Lemieux P, Krone W, Gouni-Berthold I. The whey fermentation product malleable protein matrix decreases triglyceride concentrations in subjects with hypercholesterolemia: A randomized placebo-controlled trial. J Dairy Sci 2011; 94:589-601. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2010-3115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2010] [Accepted: 10/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Supplementary dietary calcium stimulates faecal fat and bile acid excretion, but does not protect against obesity and insulin resistance in C57BL/6J mice. Br J Nutr 2010; 105:1005-11. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114510004654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
There is increased interest in the potential protective role of dietary Ca in the development of metabolic disorders related to the metabolic syndrome. Ca-induced intestinal precipitation of fatty acids and bile acids as well as systemic metabolic effects of Ca on adipose tissue is proposed to play a causal role. In this experiment, we have studied all these aspects to validate the suggested protective effect of Ca supplementation, independent of other dietary changes, on the development of diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance. In our diet intervention study, C57BL/6J mice were fed high-fat diets differing in Ca concentrations (50 v. 150 mmol/kg). Faecal excretion analyses showed an elevated precipitation of intestinal fatty acids (2·3-fold; P < 0·01) and bile acids (2-fold; P < 0·01) on the high-Ca diet. However, this only led to a slight reduction in fat absorption (from 98 to 95 %; P < 0·01), mainly in the distal small intestine as indicated by gene expression changes. We found no effect on body-weight gain. Lipolysis and lipogenesis-related parameters in adipose tissue also showed no significant changes on the high-Ca diet, indicating no systemic effects of dietary Ca on adiposity. Furthermore, early gene expression changes of intestinal signalling molecules predicted no protective effect of dietary Ca on the development of insulin resistance, which was confirmed by equal values for insulin sensitivity on both diets. Taken together, our data do not support the proposed protective effect of dietary Ca on the development of obesity and/or insulin resistance, despite a significant increase in faecal excretion of fatty acids and bile acids.
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35
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Milk-derived proteins and minerals alter serum osteocalcin in prepubertal boys after 7 days. Nutr Res 2010; 30:558-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2010.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2010] [Revised: 06/29/2010] [Accepted: 07/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Mariotti F, Bos C, Huneau JF. When the effect of dairy "protein" on weight gain cannot be solely ascribed to protein. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2010; 18:863; author reply 863-4. [PMID: 20424603 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2009.495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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37
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Astrup A, Kristensen M, Gregersen N, Belza A, Lorenzen J, Due A, Larsen T. Can bioactive foods affect obesity? Ann N Y Acad Sci 2010; 1190:25-41. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05272.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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38
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Astrup A, Chaput JP, Gilbert JA, Lorenzen JK. Dairy beverages and energy balance. Physiol Behav 2010; 100:67-75. [PMID: 20152844 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2010.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2009] [Revised: 01/28/2010] [Accepted: 01/30/2010] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
High dairy intakes have been associated with lower rates of obesity in observational studies, but mechanisms to explain the association are lacking. A high intake of dairy protein reduces spontaneous food intake and may be one important mechanism, but more specific effects of dairy calcium seem to exist. We have found that high versus low calcium intakes from dairy products had no effect on 24-h energy expenditure or substrate oxidation rates, but fecal fat excretion increased approximately 2.5-fold on the high-calcium diets. In a meta-analysis of intervention studies we found that increasing dairy calcium intake by 1200mg/day resulted in increased fecal fat excretion by 5.2 (1.6-8.8) g/day. Newer research shows that humans possess taste receptors for calcium in the gastrointestinal tract and that signaling may be linked to appetite regulation. A new line of evidence suggests that an inadequate calcium intake during an energy restricted weight loss program may trigger hunger and impair compliance to the diet. These mechanisms may be part of the explanation for the protective effects of dairy products with regard to obesity and metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne Astrup
- Department of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Totani N, Tateishi S, Morita A, Kida H. The Mechanism of Weight-Loss Promoting Effects of Oil Heated with Vegetable Protein. J Oleo Sci 2010; 59:463-70. [DOI: 10.5650/jos.59.463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Effects of high-calcium diets with different whey proteins on weight loss and weight regain in high-fat-fed C57BL/6J mice. Br J Nutr 2009; 102:337-41. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114508199445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to compare the effect of different whey protein-containing high-Ca diets on weight loss and weight regain in a model of diet-induced obesity. Obesity was induced in C57BL/6J mice with a high-fat (60 % of energy) diet. Weight loss by energy restriction was performed on four different high-Ca diets (1·8 % CaCO3) containing different whey proteins (18 % of energy): α-lactalbumin (ALA), β-lactoglobulin (BLG), lactoferrin (LF) and whey protein isolate (WPI). After 7 weeks of energy restriction some of the mice were killed and the rest were fed with the same diets ad libitum for 7 weeks. The mice on the LF diet lost significantly more weight than mice on the WPI diet. The body fat content in the ALA and LF groups was significantly lower than in the WPI group (P < 0·05) and the LF group differed significantly even from the BLG group (P < 0·05). Ad libitum feeding after weight loss resulted in weight regain in all groups and only the ALA diet significantly reduced fat accumulation during weight regain. The weight regain was most pronounced in the LF group, but the adipocyte size was still significantly smaller than in the other groups. There were no differences in food intake or apparent fat digestibility between the groups. It can be concluded that a high-Ca diet with ALA significantly improves the outcome of weight loss and subsequent weight regain during the feeding of a high-fat diet in C57BL/6J mice, in comparison with WPI.
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Pilvi TK, Storvik M, Louhelainen M, Merasto S, Korpela R, Mervaala EM. Effect of dietary calcium and dairy proteins on the adipose tissue gene expression profile in diet-induced obesity. JOURNAL OF NUTRIGENETICS AND NUTRIGENOMICS 2008; 1:240-51. [PMID: 19776631 DOI: 10.1159/000151238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2008] [Accepted: 03/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Calcium and dairy proteins have been postulated to explain why the intake of dairy products correlates inversely with body mass index in several populations. We have shown that a high-calcium diet with whey protein attenuates weight gain and now we describe the effects of this diet on adipose tissue gene expression. METHODS Nine-week-old C57Bl/6J mice were divided into two groups (n = 10/group). The control diet was a standard high-fat diet (60% of energy) low in calcium (0.4%). The whey protein diet was a high-calcium (1.8%), high-fat diet with whey protein. After the 21-week treatment, adipose tissue transcript profiling (2 mice/group) was performed using Affymetrix Mouse Genome 430 2.0. RESULTS The high-calcium diet with whey protein altered the expression of 129 genes (+/- 1.2 fold). Quantitative RT-PCR analysis confirmed the significant up-regulation of Adrb3 (p = 0.002) and leptin (p = 0.0019) in the high-calcium whey group. Insulin and adipocytokine signaling pathways were enriched among the up-regulated genes and the fatty acid metabolism pathway among the down-regulated genes. CONCLUSIONS High-calcium diet with whey protein significantly modifies adipose tissue gene expression. These preliminary findings reveal that targets of a high-calcium diet with whey protein include genes for Adrb3 and leptin, and help to explain how the intake of dairy products might attenuate obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taru K Pilvi
- Institute of Biomedicine, Pharmacology, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Pilvi TK, Seppänen-Laakso T, Simolin H, Finckenberg P, Huotari A, Herzig KH, Korpela R, Orešič M, Mervaala EM. Metabolomic changes in fatty liver can be modified by dietary protein and calcium during energy restriction. World J Gastroenterol 2008; 14:4462-72. [PMID: 18680224 PMCID: PMC2731271 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.14.4462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To characterise the effect of energy restriction (ER) on liver lipid and primary metabolite profile by using metabolomic approach. We also investigated whether the effect of energy restriction can be further enhanced by modification of dietary protein source and calcium.
METHODS: Liver metabolomic profile of lean and obese C57Bl/6J mice (n = 10/group) were compared with two groups of weight-reduced mice. ER was performed on control diet and whey protein-based high-calcium diet (whey + Ca). The metabolomic analyses were performed using the UPLC/MS based lipidomic platform and the HPLC/MS/MS based primary metabolite platform.
RESULTS: ER on both diets significantly reduced hepatic lipid accumulation and lipid droplet size, while only whey + Ca diet significantly decreased blood glucose (P < 0.001) and serum insulin (P < 0.01). In hepatic lipid species the biggest reduction was in the level of triacylglycerols and ceramides while the level of cholesterol esters was significantly increased during ER. Interestingly, diacylglycerol to phospholipid ratio, an indicator of relative amount of diabetogenic diglyceride species, was increased in the control ER group, but decreased in the whey + Ca ER group (P < 0.001, vs obese). ER on whey + Ca diet also totally reversed the obesity induced increase in the relative level of lipotoxic ceramides (P < 0.001, vs obese; P > 0.05, vs lean). These changes were accompanied with up-regulated TCA cycle and pentose phosphate pathway metabolites.
CONCLUSION: ER-induced changes on hepatic metabolomic profile can be significantly affected by dietary protein source. The therapeutic potential of whey protein and calcium should be further studied.
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