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ALOTAIBI TAREQF, THACKRAY ALICEE, ROBERTS MATTHEWJ, ALANAZI TURKIM, BISHOP NICOLETTEC, WADLEY ALEXJ, KING JAMESA, O’DONNELL EMMA, STEINER MICHAELC, SINGH SALLYJ, STENSEL DAVIDJ. Acute Running and Coronary Heart Disease Risk Markers in Male Cigarette Smokers and Nonsmokers: A Randomized Crossover Trial. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2021; 53:1021-1032. [PMID: 33196606 PMCID: PMC8048727 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cigarette smoking is an independent risk factor for coronary heart disease and is associated with impaired postprandial metabolism. Acute exercise reduces postprandial lipemia and improves other coronary heart disease risk markers in nonsmokers. Less is known about responses in cigarette smokers. METHODS Twelve male cigarette smokers (mean ± SD; age = 23 ± 4 yr, body mass index = 24.9 ± 3.0 kg·m-2) and 12 male nonsmokers (age = 24 ± 4 yr, body mass index = 24.1 ± 2.0 kg·m-2) completed two, 2-d conditions (control and exercise) in a randomized crossover design. On day 1, participants rested for 9 h (0800-1700) in both conditions except a 60-min treadmill run (65% ± 7% peak oxygen uptake, 2.87 ± 0.54 MJ) was completed between 6.5 and 7.5 h (1430-1530) in the exercise condition. On day 2 of both conditions, participants rested and consumed two high-fat meals over 8 h (0900-1700) during which 13 venous blood samples and nine resting arterial blood pressure measurements were collected. RESULTS Smokers exhibited higher postprandial triacylglycerol and C-reactive protein than nonsmokers (main effect group effect size [Cohen's d] ≥ 0.94, P ≤ 0.034). Previous day running reduced postprandial triacylglycerol, insulin, and systolic and diastolic blood pressure (main effect condition d ≥ 0.28, P ≤ 0.044) and elevated postprandial nonesterified fatty acid and C-reactive protein (main effect condition d ≥ 0.41, P ≤ 0.044). Group-condition interactions were not apparent for any outcome across the total postprandial period (0-8 h; all P ≥ 0.089), but the exercise-induced reduction in postprandial triacylglycerol in the early postprandial period (0-4 h) was greater in nonsmokers than smokers (-21%, d = 0.43, vs -5%, d = 0.16, respectively; group-condition interaction P = 0.061). CONCLUSIONS Acute moderate-intensity running reduced postprandial triacylglycerol, insulin, and resting arterial blood pressure the day after exercise in male cigarette smokers and nonsmokers. These findings highlight the ability of acute exercise to augment the postprandial metabolic health of cigarette smokers and nonsmokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- TAREQ F. ALOTAIBI
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UNITED KINGDOM
- Leicester Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Centre for Exercise and Rehabilitation Science, Glenfield Hospital, University Hospitals of Leicester, Leicester, UNITED KINGDOM
- King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, SAUDI ARABIA
| | - ALICE E. THACKRAY
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UNITED KINGDOM
- Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust and the University of Leicester, Leicester, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - MATTHEW J. ROBERTS
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UNITED KINGDOM
- Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust and the University of Leicester, Leicester, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - TURKI M. ALANAZI
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UNITED KINGDOM
- King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, SAUDI ARABIA
| | - NICOLETTE C. BISHOP
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UNITED KINGDOM
- Leicester Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Centre for Exercise and Rehabilitation Science, Glenfield Hospital, University Hospitals of Leicester, Leicester, UNITED KINGDOM
- Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust and the University of Leicester, Leicester, UNITED KINGDOM
- Department of Respiratory Sciences, College of Life Sciences, NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre–Respiratory, Glenfield Hospital, University of Leicester, Leicester, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - ALEX J. WADLEY
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UNITED KINGDOM
- Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust and the University of Leicester, Leicester, UNITED KINGDOM
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - JAMES A. KING
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UNITED KINGDOM
- Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust and the University of Leicester, Leicester, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - EMMA O’DONNELL
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - MICHAEL C. STEINER
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UNITED KINGDOM
- Leicester Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Centre for Exercise and Rehabilitation Science, Glenfield Hospital, University Hospitals of Leicester, Leicester, UNITED KINGDOM
- Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust and the University of Leicester, Leicester, UNITED KINGDOM
- Department of Respiratory Sciences, College of Life Sciences, NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre–Respiratory, Glenfield Hospital, University of Leicester, Leicester, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - SALLY J. SINGH
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UNITED KINGDOM
- Leicester Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Centre for Exercise and Rehabilitation Science, Glenfield Hospital, University Hospitals of Leicester, Leicester, UNITED KINGDOM
- Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust and the University of Leicester, Leicester, UNITED KINGDOM
- Department of Respiratory Sciences, College of Life Sciences, NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre–Respiratory, Glenfield Hospital, University of Leicester, Leicester, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - DAVID J. STENSEL
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UNITED KINGDOM
- Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust and the University of Leicester, Leicester, UNITED KINGDOM
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McAllister MJ, Steadman KS, Renteria LI, Case MJ, Butawan MB, Bloomer RJ, McCurdy KW. Acute Resistance Exercise Reduces Postprandial Lipemia and Oxidative Stress in Resistance-Trained Men. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 36:2139-2146. [PMID: 33009352 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
McAllister, MJ, Steadman, KS, Renteria, LI, Case, MJ, Butawan, MB, Bloomer, RJ, and McCurdy, KW. Acute resistance exercise reduces postprandial lipemia and oxidative stress in resistance-trained men. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2020-Acute ingestion of a high-fat meal (HFM) results in significant increases in postprandial triacylglycerols (TAG) and markers of oxidative stress (OS). Combined aerobic and resistance exercise can attenuate postprandial lipemia; however, it is not clear if acute resistance exercise alone can reduce postprandial OS. The purpose of this study was to determine if acute resistance exercise can attenuate postprandial OS and to compare the effects of moderate versus high-intensity resistance exercise in this regard. Nine (n = 9) moderately resistance-trained individuals completed 3 testing conditions in a randomized order as follows: (a) rest (no exercise), (b) moderate intensity (3 sets of 10 repetitions at 68% 1 repetition maximum [RM]), and (c) high-intensity resistance exercise (4 sets of 6 repetitions at 85% 1RM). Exercises included barbell back squat, bench press, straight leg deadlift, lat pull-down, upright row, and sit-ups. A HFM was ingested 12 hours after each condition. Blood samples were collected immediately before as well as 2 and 4 hours after ingestion and analyzed for TAG, cholesterol (CHOL), insulin, malondialdehyde (MDA), total nitrate/nitrite (NOx), glutathione (GSH), and advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP). When comparing 4 hour area under curve (AUC) data between conditions, AOPP demonstrated a significantly lower AUC after the moderate-intensity condition compared with resting condition. In addition, resistance exercise resulted in significantly higher plasma NOx concentrations as well as lower TAG and CHOL concentrations after HFM ingestion. Resistance exercise also prevented a decline in GSH that was induced by the HFM. These results demonstrate that acute resistance exercise can attenuate postprandial OS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J McAllister
- Department of Health and Human Performance, Texas State University, San Marcos, Texas
| | - Kambri S Steadman
- Department of Health and Human Performance, Texas State University, San Marcos, Texas
| | - Liliana I Renteria
- Department of Health and Human Performance, Texas State University, San Marcos, Texas
| | - Marcus J Case
- Department of Health and Human Performance, Texas State University, San Marcos, Texas
| | - Matthew B Butawan
- College of Health Sciences and not School of Health Studies, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Richard J Bloomer
- College of Health Sciences and not School of Health Studies, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Kevin W McCurdy
- Department of Health and Human Performance, Texas State University, San Marcos, Texas
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The flavoring and not the nicotine content is a decisive factor for the effects of refill liquids of electronic cigarette on the redox status of endothelial cells. Toxicol Rep 2020; 7:1095-1102. [PMID: 32953462 PMCID: PMC7484539 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2020.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The pattern of the effect on Ea.hy926 redox status differs among flavored e-liquids. Tobacco flavored e-liquids increase ROS generation with concomitant increase in TBARS. Vanilla flavored e-liquids profile depends on the nicotine content. Apple/mint flavored e-liquids activate the cellular antioxidant defense. Flavorings and not the nicotine content play a key role in free radical generation.
Electronic cigarettes are constantly gaining ground as they are considered less harmful than conventional cigarettes, and there is also the perception that they may serve as a potential smoking cessation tool. Although the acute effects of electronic cigarette use have been extensively studied, the long-term potential adverse effects on human health remain largely unknown. It has been well-established that oxidative stress is involved in the development of various pathological conditions. So far, most studies on e-cigarettes concern the effects on the respiratory system while fewer have focused on the vascular system. In the present study, we attempted to reveal the effects of electronic cigarette refill liquids on the redox state of human endothelial cells (EA.hy926 cell line). For this purpose, the cytotoxic effect of three e-liquids with different flavors (tobacco, vanilla, apple/mint) and nicotine concentrations (0, 6, 12, 18 mg/ml) were initially examined for their impact on cell viability of EA.hy926 cells. Then, five redox biomarkers [reduced form of glutathione (GSH), reactive oxygen species (ROS), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and protein carbonyls (CARBS)] were measured. The results showed a disturbance in the redox balance in favor of free radicals in tobacco flavored e-liquids while vanilla flavored e-liquids exhibited a more complex profile depending on the nicotine content. The most interesting finding of the present study concerns the apple/mint flavored e-liquids that seemed to activate the cellular antioxidant defense and, thus, to protect the cells from the adverse effects of free radicals. Conclusively, it appears that the flavorings and not the nicotine content play a key role in the oxidative stress-induced toxicity of the e-liquids.
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Key Words
- 8-OH-dG, 8-hydroxy-deoxyguanosine
- CARBS, protein carbonyls
- CO, carbon monoxide
- DCF-DA, 2′,7′-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate
- DMEM, Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium
- DNPH, 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine
- DPPH, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl
- DPPHH, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazine
- E-cigarettes
- E-liquids
- ENDS, electronic nicotine delivery systems
- EPR, electronic paramagnetic resonance
- Endothelial cells
- FSC, forward light scattering
- GSH
- GSH, reduced form of glutathione
- HCL, hydrochloric acid
- HCN, hydrogen cyanide
- MDA, malondialdehyde
- Oxidative stress
- PBS, phosphate buffered saline
- PG, propylene glycol
- ROS
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SSC, side light scattering
- TAC, total antioxidant capacity
- TBA, thiobarbituric acid
- TBARS, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances
- TCA, trichloroacetic acid
- Tris-HCl, trishydroxymethylaminomethane hydrochloride
- VG, vegetable glycerin
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Kolovou GD, Watts GF, Mikhailidis DP, Pérez-Martínez P, Mora S, Bilianou H, Panotopoulos G, Katsiki N, Ooi TC, Lopez-Miranda J, Tybjærg-Hansen A, Tentolouris N, Nordestgaard BG. Postprandial Hypertriglyceridaemia Revisited in the Era of Non-Fasting Lipid Profile Testing: A 2019 Expert Panel Statement, Narrative Review. Curr Vasc Pharmacol 2019; 17:515-537. [DOI: 10.2174/1570161117666190503123911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Postprandial hypertriglyceridaemia, defined as an increase in plasma triglyceride-containing
lipoproteins following a fat meal, is a potential risk predictor of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease
and other chronic diseases. Several non-modifiable factors (genetics, age, sex and menopausal status)
and lifestyle factors (diet, physical activity, smoking status, obesity, alcohol and medication use) may
influence postprandial hypertriglyceridaemia. This narrative review considers the studies published over
the last decade that evaluated postprandial hypertriglyceridaemia. Additionally, the genetic determinants
of postprandial plasma triglyceride levels, the types of meals for studying postprandial triglyceride response,
and underlying conditions (e.g. familial dyslipidaemias, diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome,
non-alcoholic fatty liver and chronic kidney disease) that are associated with postprandial hypertriglyceridaemia
are reviewed; therapeutic aspects are also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genovefa D. Kolovou
- Cardiology Department and LDL-Apheresis Unit, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, Athens, Greece
| | - Gerald F. Watts
- Lipid Disorders Clinic, Department of Cardiology, Royal Perth Hospital, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - Dimitri P. Mikhailidis
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Royal Free Hospital Campus, University College London Medical School, University College London (UCL), London, United Kingdom
| | - Pablo Pérez-Martínez
- Lipid and Atherosclerosis Unit, IMIBIC/Reina Sofia University Hospital/University of Cordoba, and CIBER Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutricion (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Samia Mora
- Center for Lipid Metabolomics, Divisions of Preventive and Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Helen Bilianou
- Department of Cardiology, Tzanio Hospital, Piraeus, Greece
| | | | - Niki Katsiki
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology-Metabolism, Diabetes Center, AHEPA University Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Teik C. Ooi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Ottawa, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - José Lopez-Miranda
- Lipid and Atherosclerosis Unit, IMIBIC/Reina Sofia University Hospital/University of Cordoba, and CIBER Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutricion (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Anne Tybjærg-Hansen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nicholas Tentolouris
- First Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laiko General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Børge G. Nordestgaard
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Fang X, Azain M, Crowe-White K, Mumaw J, Grimes JA, Schmiedt C, Barletta M, Rayalam S, Park HJ. Effect of Acute Ingestion of Green Tea Extract and Lemon Juice on Oxidative Stress and Lipid Profile in Pigs Fed a High-Fat Diet. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:antiox8060195. [PMID: 31234608 PMCID: PMC6617406 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8060195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Green tea and its catechins have been shown to ameliorate high fat diet-induced oxidative stress and hyperlipidemia. However, low bioavailability of catechins limits their therapeutic potential. Lemon juice (LJ) has been suggested to enhance the bioavailability of catechins in vitro. This study investigated the antioxidative and hypolipidemic efficacy of a single dose of green tea extract (GTE) or GTE plus LJ (GTE + LJ) in high-fat diet fed pigs. Sixteen pigs ingested a single dose of GTE (190 mg/kg/day) or GTE + LJ (0.75 mL/kg/day) mixed with low-fat (LF; 5% fat) or high-fat (HF; 22% fat) diets and blood samples were collected for 24 h. Plasma catechin level peaked at two hours, and gradually returned to baseline after six hours following the intake. The addition of LJ significantly increased plasma catechin level. The diet containing GTE did not lower plasma cholesterol and triacylglycerol (TG) concentrations, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase activity, or malondialdehyde concentration in 24 h in HF-fed pigs. Addition of a single dose of LJ, however, significantly decreased plasma TG level in LF groups but did not cause further changes on any other markers compared to the GTE alone. Our findings indicate limited effect of a single meal containing GTE on plasma antioxidant enzymes, lipid profile, and lipid peroxidation in pigs and no significant synergistic/additive action of adding LJ to GTE within 24 h in pigs. A study with a longer treatment period is warranted to further understand the potential role of GTE in reducing HF diet-induced oxidative stress and the possible synergistic role of LJ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Fang
- Department of Foods and Nutrition, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| | - Michael Azain
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| | - Kristi Crowe-White
- Department of Human Nutrition, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA.
| | - Jennifer Mumaw
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| | - Janet A Grimes
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| | - Chad Schmiedt
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| | - Michele Barletta
- Department of Large Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| | - Srujana Rayalam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Suwanee, GA 30024, USA.
| | - Hea Jin Park
- Department of Foods and Nutrition, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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Bloomer RJ, Butawan M, Smith NJG. Chronic Marijuana Smoking Does Not Negatively Impact Select Blood Oxidative Stress Biomarkers in Young, Physically Active Men and Women. Health (London) 2018. [DOI: 10.4236/health.2018.107071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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A Chilean Berry Concentrate Protects against Postprandial Oxidative Stress and Increases Plasma Antioxidant Activity in Healthy Humans. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:8361493. [PMID: 28243359 PMCID: PMC5294375 DOI: 10.1155/2017/8361493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 11/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study formulated and characterized an antioxidant-rich concentrate of berries (BPC-350) produced in Chile, which was used to perform a crossover study aimed at determining the effect of the berries on the modulation of plasma postprandial oxidative stress and antioxidant status. Healthy male volunteers (N = 11) were randomly assigned to three experimental meals: (1) 250 g of ground turkey burger (GTB) + 500 mL of water; (2) 250 g of GTB + 500 mL of 5% BPC-350; (3) 250 g of GTB prepared with 6% BPC-350 + 500 mL of 5% BPC-350. Venous blood samples were collected prior to meal intake and every hour for six hours after intake. Malondialdehyde (MDA), carbonyls in proteins, and DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) antioxidant capacity were quantified in plasma. Significant differences indicated that BPC-350 decreases MDA plasma concentration and protein carbonyls (p < 0.05). Additionally, a significant increase in the DPPH antioxidant capacity was observed in Meals 2 and 3 when compared to Meal 1 (p < 0.05). The results are discussed in terms of oxidative reactions that occur during digestion at the stomach level and the important effect of oxidative reactions that occur during the thermal processing of red meat.
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Koubaa A, Triki M, Trabelsi H, Masmoudi L, Sahnoun Z, Hakim A. Changes in Antioxidant Defense Capability and Lipid Profile after 12-Week Low- Intensity Continuous Training in Both Cigarette and Hookah Smokers: A Follow-Up Study. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130563. [PMID: 26121249 PMCID: PMC4488294 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
To examine the impact of low-intensity continuous training program on antioxidant defense capability and lipid profile in male cigarette or hookah smokers. Forty-three male adults participated in a 12-week continuous training program at an intensity of 40% of VO2max. All subjects were subjected to anthropometric, physical and biochemical tests before and after the training program. The increase of Glutathione reductase (GR) and Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is significant only for cigarette smokers (CS) and hookah smokers (HS) groups. The Malondialdehyde (MDA) decrease and α-tocopherol increase are significant only for HS group. GPx was increased in NS, CS and HS by 2.6% (p< 0.01), 2% (p< 0.05) and 1.7% (p< 0.05) respectively. Likewise, significant improvements of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and TC / HDL-C ratio were observed in three groups. En contrast no significant changes were recorded in triglycerides (TG). Also, significant reduction of total cholesterol (TC) for CS group (p< 0.01) and HS groups (p< 0.05). This continuous training program appears to have an important role in lipid levels improving and oxidative stress attenuation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdessalem Koubaa
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Sfax Medicine Faculty SMF, Avenue Majida Boulila, Sfax, 3029, Tunisia; Research Unit (EM2S), Sfax Institute of Sport and Physical Education, Airport Road, P.O Box 384, Sfax, 3000, Tunisia
| | - Moez Triki
- Laboratory of cardio-circulatory, respiratory, and hormonal adaptations to muscular exercise, 98/UR08-67, Ibn El Jazzar Medicine Faculty, University of Sousse, Avenue Mohamed Karoui, Sousse, 4002, Tunisia
| | - Hajer Trabelsi
- Research Unit (EM2S), Sfax Institute of Sport and Physical Education, Airport Road, P.O Box 384, Sfax, 3000, Tunisia
| | - Liwa Masmoudi
- Research Unit (EM2S), Sfax Institute of Sport and Physical Education, Airport Road, P.O Box 384, Sfax, 3000, Tunisia
| | - Zouhair Sahnoun
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Sfax Medicine Faculty SMF, Avenue Majida Boulila, Sfax, 3029, Tunisia
| | - Ahmed Hakim
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Sfax Medicine Faculty SMF, Avenue Majida Boulila, Sfax, 3029, Tunisia
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Influence of acute exercise of varying intensity and duration on postprandial oxidative stress. Eur J Appl Physiol 2014; 114:1913-24. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-014-2912-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Kowalska K, Zalewska M, Milnerowicz H. The Application of Capillary Electrophoresis in the Determination of Glutathione in Healthy Women's Blood. J Chromatogr Sci 2014; 53:353-9. [DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmu035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW In this review we discuss the postprandial pathophysiological mechanisms that promote vascular disease, the evidence for a role of postprandial lipaemia (PPL) in vascular disease and the effect of modifiable and nonmodifiable factors in PPL. RECENT FINDINGS PPL refers to the dynamic changes in serum lipids and lipoproteins (mainly in serum triglycerides) that occur after a fat load or a meal. Recent data indicate that postprandial or nonfasting triglyceride levels are better predictors of cardiovascular risk, suggesting that efficiency of postprandial handling of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins plays a role in the causation of vascular disease. SUMMARY The recent finding that postprandial serum triglyceride levels are even better than fasting serum triglyceride levels as predictors of vascular disease indicate that it is better to measure an index of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (in most cases serum triglyceride levels) in the postprandial period than in the postabsorptive fasting state. Moreover, by the time the postabsorptive state is reached, some of these proatherogenic triglyceride-rich lipoprotein changes may be missed in the measurement.
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Abstract
This review examines the effect of prior exercise on postprandial triacylglycerol (pTAG) concentrations, an independent risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Numerous studies have shown that a single bout of exercise reduces pTAG concentrations; however, several modulators such as exercise energy expenditure/deficit, mode of exercise (aerobic/resistance/high intensity/intermittent exercise or combinations), type of meal (moderate or high fat), time frame between exercise and meal and target group may individually or in conjunction influence this effect. On the other hand, at least for aerobic exercise, training reduces pTAG concentrations transiently (~2 days); therefore, exercise sessions should be frequent enough to maintain this clinically significant improvement. For the healthy population, it seems that a subject's preference and ability determine which type of exercise to undertake to attenuate pTAG concentrations; an energy expenditure of ~30 kJ/kg of body mass (or ~2-2.5 MJ) not combined with a corresponding increase in energy intake is required; for resistance or intermittent exercise, for those following a moderate rather than a high-fat diet, and for those with obesity (expressed as kJ/kg of body mass), a smaller energy expenditure is probably sufficient. More studies are needed to investigate dose-response/plateau effects, as well as the threshold of energy expenditure in those with diabetes mellitus and other high-risk populations. Finally, investigation of the underlying mechanisms may be clinically helpful in individualizing the appropriate intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria I. Maraki
- Laboratory of Nutrition & Clinical Dietetics, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
| | - Labros S. Sidossis
- Laboratory of Nutrition & Clinical Dietetics, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
- Department of Internal Medicine, Sealy Center on Aging, Institute for Translational Sciences and Shriners Hospital for Children, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, TX, USA
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Wang MX, Jiao JH, Li ZY, Liu RR, Shi Q, Ma L. Lutein supplementation reduces plasma lipid peroxidation and C-reactive protein in healthy nonsmokers. Atherosclerosis 2013; 227:380-5. [PMID: 23398944 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2013.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2012] [Revised: 01/12/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to determine whether lutein affected biomarkers related to cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in healthy nonsmokers. METHODS A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of lutein supplementation was conducted in healthy nonsmokers. 117 eligible subjects were randomly assigned to receive 10 or 20 mg/d of lutein or placebo for 12 weeks. Levels of plasma carotenoid concentrations, total antioxidant capacity (TAOC), the lipoprotein profile, and antioxidant enzymes activities were determined at baseline and at 6, and 12 weeks after the initiation of treatment. Biomarkers of oxidative damage to protein and lipids, and C-reactive protein (CRP) concentrations were measured at baseline and after supplementation. RESULTS Plasma lutein and TAOC significantly increased in both active treatment groups during 12 weeks. A significant reduction was found in malondialdehyde in the 20 mg lutein group. CRP concentration decreased in a dose-dependent manner for lutein supplementation, and there was a significant between-group difference in CRP between the 20 mg lutein and the placebo group. Serum CRP was directly related to the change in plasma lutein and TAOC for both active treatment groups. CONCLUSION The results support the possibility that lutein supplementation reduce biomarkers of CVD risk via decreased lipid peroxidation and inflammatory response by increasing plasma lutein concentrations and antioxidant capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Xu Wang
- School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, 76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
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Tanni SE, Correa CR, Angeleli AY, Vale SA, Coelho LS, Godoy I. Increased production of hydrogen peroxide by peripheral blood monocytes associated with smoking exposure intensity in smokers. J Inflamm (Lond) 2012; 9:45. [PMID: 23170847 PMCID: PMC3526447 DOI: 10.1186/1476-9255-9-45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2012] [Accepted: 11/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED BACKGROUND Smoking is known to be associated with oxidative stress; however, it has not been elucidated whether the oxidative response is influenced by the intensity of smoking exposure. OBJECTIVES Evaluate the effect of smoking exposure on the secretion of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) by the peripheral blood monocytes of smokers. METHODS A total of 25 smokers (50.3±8.8 years, 48% male) underwent the following evaluations: spirometry, pulse oximetry, body composition and total peripheral blood count. Peripheral blood monocyte (PBM) cultures were isolated and maintained, and IL-6 and TNF-α were measured in the plasma and in the supernatants of spontaneous and stimulated cultures. H2O2 was evaluated in the supernatants of the PBM cultures, and a subset of the PBM culture supernatants was stimulated with phorbol myristate acetate (PMA). We also evaluated 38 healthy controls (49.1±8.2 years, 42% male). RESULTS The spontaneous and stimulated monocytes' secretion of H2O2 were statistically higher in the smokers than in the healthy controls (p<0.001). The H2O2 secretions were statistically significant higher after stimulation with PMA in both groups (p<0.001). In the multiple regression analysis, we identified a positive, statistically significant association between pack-years of smoking and the spontaneous secretion of H2O2 by PBM culture, adjusted for potential confounding variables. The association between PBM culture secretion of H2O2 and the production of TNF-α and IL-6 was not significant. CONCLUSION We identified a positive association between higher production of H2O2 in smokers and higher smoking exposure during life. The influence of pack-years smoking may be a key modifiable factor in oxidative stress associated to smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzana E Tanni
- Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Disciplina de Pneumologia, Univ Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
- Departamento de Clínica Médica da Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, UNESP, Distrito de Rubião Júnior, Botucatu, SP, 18618-970, Brazil
| | - Camila R Correa
- Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Univ Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Departamento de Patologia, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Aparecida Y Angeleli
- Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Disciplina de Pneumologia, Univ Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Simone A Vale
- Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Disciplina de Pneumologia, Univ Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Liana S Coelho
- Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Disciplina de Pneumologia, Univ Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Irma Godoy
- Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Disciplina de Pneumologia, Univ Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
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Hunter DC, Brown R, Green T, Thomson C, Skeaff M, Williams S, Todd JM, Lister CE, McGhie T, Zhang J, Martin H, Rippon P, Stanley R, Skinner MA. Changes in markers of inflammation, antioxidant capacity and oxidative stress in smokers following consumption of milk, and milk supplemented with fruit and vegetable extracts and vitamin C. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2011; 63:90-102. [DOI: 10.3109/09637486.2011.601286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Martarelli D, Cocchioni M, Scuri S, Pompei P. Diaphragmatic Breathing Reduces Postprandial Oxidative Stress. J Altern Complement Med 2011; 17:623-8. [DOI: 10.1089/acm.2010.0666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Martarelli
- School of Pharmacy, Unit of Experimental Medicine and Public Health, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Mario Cocchioni
- School of Pharmacy, Hygiene and Public Health Research Centre, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Stefania Scuri
- School of Pharmacy, Hygiene and Public Health Research Centre, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Pierluigi Pompei
- School of Pharmacy, Unit of Experimental Medicine and Public Health, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
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Fisher-Wellman KH, Bloomer RJ. Exacerbated postprandial oxidative stress induced by the acute intake of a lipid meal compared to isoenergetically administered carbohydrate, protein, and mixed meals in young, healthy men. J Am Coll Nutr 2011; 29:373-81. [PMID: 21041812 DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2010.10719854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the oxidative stress response following isocaloric consumption of a lipid, carbohydrate, protein, and mixed meal. DESIGN Ten young (27.3 ± 7.0 years), healthy (body mass index = 24.9 ± 4.0 kg·m(-2)) men consumed isocaloric test meals on 4 separate days, separated by 1 week, in a random-order crossover design. Blood samples were collected premeal and at 1, 2, 4, and 6 hours postmeal and assayed for various markers of oxidative stress, as well as triglycerides (TAG) and glucose. Total area under the curve (AUC) was calculated for each variable, and a 4 × 5 analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to further analyze data. RESULTS Significant meal effects were noted for hydrogen peroxide AUC (p = 0.004), with values higher for the lipid meal compared with all other meals (p < 0.05). Contrasts revealed greater AUC for TAG (p = 0.05), malondialdehyde (p = 0.002), and nitrate/nitrite (p = 0.02) for the lipid meal compared with the protein meal. With regard to the ANOVA, oxidative stress values were highest for the lipid meal and increased from 2-6 hours postmeal following lipid ingestion (p < 0.05). No other meals resulted in a significant increase in oxidative stress (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that when controlling for total dietary energy, a lipid meal results in the greatest increase in postprandial oxidative stress in a sample of young, healthy men.
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Bloomer RJ, Fisher-Wellman KH. Systemic oxidative stress is increased to a greater degree in young, obese women following consumption of a high fat meal. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2011; 2:19-25. [PMID: 20046641 PMCID: PMC2763227 DOI: 10.4161/oxim.2.1.7860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2008] [Revised: 01/06/2009] [Accepted: 01/15/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
High fat meals induce oxidative stress, which is associated with the pathogenesis of disease. Obese individuals have elevated resting biomarkers of oxidative stress compared to non-obese. We compared blood oxidative stress biomarkers in obese (n = 14; 30 ± 2 years; BMI 35 ± 1 kg•m−2) and non-obese (n = 16; 24 ± 2 years; BMI 23 ± 1 kg•m−2) women, in response to a high fat meal. Blood samples were collected pre-meal (fasted), and at 1, 2, 4 and 6 hours post meal, and assayed for trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC), xanthine oxidase activity (XO), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), malondialdehyde (MDA), triglycerides (TAG), and glucose. An obesity status effect was noted for all variables (p < 0.001; MDA p = 0.05), with obese women having higher values than non-obese, except for TEAC, for which values were lower. Time main effects were noted for all variables (p ≤ 0.01) except for TEAC and glucose, with XO, H2O2, MDA and TAG increasing following feeding with a peak response at the four or six hour post feeding time point. While values tended to decline by six hours post feeding in the non-obese women (agreeing with previous studies), they were maintained (MDA) or continued to increase (XO, H2O2 and TAG) in the obese women. While no interaction effects were noted (p > 0.05), contrasts revealed greater values in obese compared to non-obese women for XO, H2O2, MDA, TAG and glucose, and lower values for TEAC at times from 1–6 hours post feeding (p ≤ 0.03). We conclude that young, obese women experience a similar pattern of increase in blood oxidative stress biomarkers in response to a high fat meal, as compared to non-obese women. However, the overall oxidative stress is greater in obese women, and values appear to remain elevated for longer periods of time post feeding. These data provide insight into another potential mechanism related to obesity-mediated morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Bloomer
- Cardiorespiratory/Metabolic Laboratory, The University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee 38152, USA.
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Bloomer RJ, Fisher-Wellman KH. Lower postprandial oxidative stress in women compared with men. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 7:340-9. [PMID: 20869634 DOI: 10.1016/j.genm.2010.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/27/2010] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies indicate that oxidative stress is increased following intake of a high-fat meal, mediated in large part by the triglyceride (TG) response to feeding as well as fasting oxidative stress values. It has been suggested that women may process TG more efficiently after high-fat meals, based on the antilipidemic properties of estrogen. It has also been reported that women present with lower fasting oxidative stress values than do men. It is possible that women experience attenuated postprandial oxidative stress compared with men. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to compare the postprandial TG and oxidative stress response after a lipid meal in healthy men and women. METHODS This study was conducted at The University of Memphis in Memphis, Tennessee, from October to December 2008. Blood samples were collected before (in a 10-hour fasted state), and at 1, 2, 4, and 6 hours after ingestion of a lipid load (heavy whipping cream at 1 g · kg(-1)). Blood samples were analyzed for TG, malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)), and nitrate/nitrite (NOx). The AUC was calculated for each variable and results were compared using a t test. Effect-size calculations were performed using Cohen's d. RESULTS Samples from 10 men and 10 women, aged 18 to 47 years (17 subjects aged <37 years), were compared. AUC data were not significantly different for TG (mean [SEM] 330 [48] vs 354 [34] mg · dL(-1) · 6h(-1) for men and women, respectively; effect size = 0.09) or NOx (165 [25] vs 152 [17] μmol · L(-1) · 6h(-1) for men and women; effect size = 0.09). However, significant differences were noted for MDA (10.7 [1.3] vs 6.1 [0.5] μmol · L(-1) · 6h(-1) for men and women, respectively; P = 0.002; effect size = 0.61) and H(2)O(2) (154 [23] vs 86 [8] μmol · L(-1) · 6h(-1) for men and women; P = 0.013; effect size = 0.53). CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that women experience lower oxidative stress than do men, with regard to MDA and H(2)O(2), after ingestion of a lipid load in the form of heavy whipping cream. Considering the strong association between oxidative stress and cardiovascular disease, lower postprandial oxidative stress may be one mechanism associated with decreased risk of cardiovascular disease in women compared with men. Further research is needed to confirm this hypothesis.
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Leelarungrayub D, Pratanaphon S, Pothongsunun P, Sriboonreung T, Yankai A, Bloomer RJ. Vernonia cinerea Less. supplementation and strenuous exercise reduce smoking rate: relation to oxidative stress status and beta-endorphin release in active smokers. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2010; 7:21. [PMID: 20500899 PMCID: PMC2891663 DOI: 10.1186/1550-2783-7-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2010] [Accepted: 05/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of Vernonia cinerea Less. (VC) supplementation and exercise on oxidative stress biomarkers, beta-endorphin release, and the rate of cigarette smoking. Methods Volunteer smokers were randomly divided into four groups: group 1: VC supplement; group 2: exercise with VC supplement; group 3: exercise; and group 4: control. VC was prepared by wash and dry techniques and taken orally before smoking, matching the frequency of strenuous exercise (three times weekly). Before and after a two month period, exhaled carbon monoxide (CO), blood oxidative stress (malondialdehyde [MDA], nitric oxide [NOx], protein hydroperoxide [PrOOH] and total antioxidant capacity [TAC]), beta-endorphin and smoking rate were measured, and statistically analyzed. Results In Group 1, MDA, PrOOH, and NOx significantly decreased, whereas TAC increased (p < 0.05). In Group 2, MDA and PrOOH decreased (p < 0.05), with no other changes noted (p > 0.05). In Group 3, MDA, PrOOH, NOx, TAC, and beta-endorphin levels increased significantly (p < 0.05). Group 4 showed no change in oxidative stress variables or beta-endorphine levels (p > 0.05). All groups had lower levels of CO after the intervention. The smoking rate for light cigarette decreased in group 2(62.7%), 1(59.52%), 3 (53.57%) and 4(14.04%), whereas in self-rolled cigarettes it decreased in group 1 (54.47%), 3 (42.30%), 2 (40%) and 4 (9.2%). Conclusion Supplementation with Vernonia cinerea Less and exercise provided benefit related to reduced smoking rate, which may be related to oxidaive stress and beta-endorphine levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donrawee Leelarungrayub
- Oxidative Stress and Exercise Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand, 50200.
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Abstract
COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) is the most common pulmonary disease and is the only common cause of death in which mortality is presently rising. It is caused by the inhalation of smoke, which leads to oxidative stress and inflammation both in the lungs and systemically. Reduced physical activity is a well-recognized consequence of the condition, but we argue here that inactivity is itself an early cause of lung function decline and symptoms. This hypothesis is supported by data from population studies that link activity levels to decline in spirometric indices, both in smokers and non-smokers. In addition, smokers with low physical activity levels are more likely to be diagnosed subsequently with COPD. Physical exercise reduces oxidative stress, has an anti-inflammatory effect and reduces the frequency of upper respiratory tract infections, providing a number of mechanisms by which it could attenuate the harmful effects of smoking. There is sufficient evidence to justify population trials of lifestyle interventions aimed at improving physical activity levels and reducing lung function decline in people diagnosed with early COPD through spirometry screening.
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Bloomer RJ, Fisher-Wellman KH, Tucker PS. Effect of oral acetyl L-carnitine arginate on resting and postprandial blood biomarkers in pre-diabetics. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2009; 6:25. [PMID: 19490608 PMCID: PMC2697148 DOI: 10.1186/1743-7075-6-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2009] [Accepted: 06/02/2009] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Resting and postprandial oxidative stress is elevated in those with metabolic disorders such as diabetes. Antioxidant supplementation may attenuate the rise in oxidative stress following feeding. Therefore we sought to determine the effects of acetyl L-carnitine arginate (ALCA) on resting and postprandial biomarkers of glucose and lipid metabolism, as well as oxidative stress. Methods Twenty-nine pre-diabetic men and women were randomly assigned to either 3 g·day-1 of ALCA (n = 14; 31 ± 3 yrs) or placebo (n = 15; 35 ± 3 yrs) in a double-blind design, to consume for eight weeks. Fasting blood samples were taken from subjects both pre and post intervention. After each fasting sample was obtained, subjects consumed a high fat, high carbohydrate meal and additional blood samples were taken at 1, 2, 4, and 6 hours post meal. Samples were analyzed for a variety of metabolic variables (e.g., glucose, HbA1c, lipid panel, C-reactive protein, nitrate/nitrite, and several markers of oxidative stress). Area under the curve (AUC) was calculated for each variable measured post meal, both pre and post intervention. Results ALCA, but not placebo, resulted in an increase in nitrate/nitrite (25.4 ± 1.9 to 30.1 ± 2.8 μmol·L-1) from pre to post intervention, with post intervention values greater compared to placebo (p = 0.01). No other changes of statistical significance were noted (p > 0.05), although ALCA resulted in slight improvements in glucose (109 ± 5 to 103 ± 5 mg·dL-1), HbA1c (6.6 ± 1.1 to 6.2 ± 1.2%), and HOMA-IR (3.3 ± 1.3 to 2.9 ± 1.2). AUC postprandial data were not statistically different between ALCA and placebo for any variable (p > 0.05). However, nitrate/nitrite demonstrated a moderate effect size (r = 0.35) for increase from pre (139.50 ± 18.35 μmol·L-1·6 hr-1) to post (172.40 ± 21.75 μmol·L-1·6 hr-1) intervention with ALCA, and the magnitude of decrease following feeding was not as pronounced as with placebo. Conclusion Supplementation with ALCA results in an increase in resting nitrate/nitrite in pre-diabetics, without any statistically significant change in other metabolic or oxidative stress variables measured at rest or post meal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Bloomer
- Cardiorespiratory/Metabolic Laboratory, The University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee 38152, USA.
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Bloomer RJ, Fisher-Wellman K. The role of exercise in minimizing postprandial oxidative stress in cigarette smokers. Nicotine Tob Res 2009; 11:3-11. [PMID: 19246436 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntn005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Cigarette smoking continues to pose a significant health burden on society. Two well-described mechanistic links associating smoking with morbidity and mortality include elevated blood lipids and increased oxidative stress. These variables have traditionally been measured while an individual is fasting, but evidence suggests that postprandial lipemia and oxidative stress provide more important information concerning susceptibility to disease, in particular cardiovascular disease. Cigarette smokers have elevated levels of biomarkers of oxidative stress at rest and experience impaired postprandial lipid and glucose metabolism. We have confirmed these findings while noting an exaggerated oxidative stress response to high-fat feeding. Smoking cessation is without question the best approach to minimizing smoking-induced ill health and disease, but success rates among those who attempt to quit are dismal. Other means to decrease a smoker's susceptibility to oxidative stress-related disease are needed. We propose that exercise may aid in attenuating postprandial oxidative stress, and we do so in 3 distinct ways. First, exercise stimulates an increase in endogenous antioxidant enzyme activity. Second, exercise improves blood triglyceride clearance via a reduced chylomicron-triglyceride half-life and an enhanced lipoprotein lipase activity. Third, exercise improves blood glucose clearance via an enhanced glucose 4 transport protein translocation and protein content, as well as insulin-insulin receptor binding and postreceptor signaling. Improvements in antioxidant status, as well as lipid and glucose processing, may aid greatly in minimizing feeding-induced oxidative stress in smokers. If so, and in accordance with the recent joint initiative of the American College of Sports Medicine and the American Medical Association, exercise may be viewed as a "medicine" for cigarette smokers at increased risk for postprandial oxidative stress. Research into this area may provide insight into the potential benefits of exercise for this purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Bloomer
- Cardiorespiratory/Metabolic Laboratory, 161F Elma Neal Roane Field House, The University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA.
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Melton CE, Tucker PS, Fisher-Wellman KH, Schilling BK, Bloomer RJ. Acute exercise does not attenuate postprandial oxidative stress in prediabetic women. PHYSICIAN SPORTSMED 2009; 37:27-36. [PMID: 20048485 DOI: 10.3810/psm.2009.04.1680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Individuals with impaired lipid and glucose metabolism are at increased risk for postprandial oxidative stress. Acute exercise can attenuate the rise in both blood triglyceride (TAG) and glucose, and increase antioxidant enzyme activity after food intake, which may decrease the oxidative stress response. This study investigated the effect of acute exercise on blood TAG and oxidative stress biomarkers in prediabetic women. Sixteen prediabetic women (30 +/- 3 years of age; fasting blood glucose, 107 +/- 3 mg x dL(-1); body mass index, 32 +/- 2 kg x m(-2)) consumed a high-fat meal with and without a session of aerobic exercise 15 minutes preceding the meal (45-minute duration, 65% heart rate reserve), in a random order cross-over design. Blood samples were collected premeal (fasted) and at 1, 2, 4, and 6 hours postmeal and assayed for Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC), xanthine oxidase (XO) activity, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), malondialdehyde (MDA), TAG, and glucose. No interaction or condition main effects were noted (P > 0.05). However, time main effects were noted for XO, H2O2, MDA, and TAG (P < 0.0001), with values higher from 1 to 6 hours postmeal compared with premeal, and for TEAC (P = 0.05), with values lower at 4 hours postmeal. Glucose remained relatively unchanged (P > 0.05). Acute exercise, performed at the intensity and duration of the present study, does not influence postprandial TAG and oxidative stress in obese prediabetic women. Such individuals may need a greater volume of exercise for measurable effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtnee E Melton
- Cardiorespiratory/Metabolic Laboratory, The University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA
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Bloomer RJ, Fisher-Wellman KH. Postprandial oxidative stress in exercise trained and sedentary cigarette smokers. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2009; 6:579-91. [PMID: 19440401 PMCID: PMC2672373 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph6020579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2008] [Accepted: 02/02/2009] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Cigarette smokers experience an exaggerated triglyceride (TAG) and oxidative stress response to high fat feeding. Exercise training may serve to attenuate the rise in these variables, by improving TAG clearance and antioxidant defense. We compared blood TAG, antioxidant capacity, and oxidative stress biomarkers in exercise trained (>2 hrs per wk) and untrained smokers matched for age, in response to a high fat test meal. We report here that low volume exercise training can attenuate postprandial lipid peroxidation, but has little impact on blood TAG and other markers of oxidative stress. Higher volumes of exercise may be needed to allow for clinically meaningful adaptations in postprandial lipemia and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Bloomer
- Cardiorespiratory/Metabolic Laboratory, Department of Health and Sport Sciences, The University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA.
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