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Jayathilake AG, Luwor RB, Nurgali K, Su XQ. Molecular Mechanisms Associated with the Inhibitory Role of Long Chain n-3 PUFA in Colorectal Cancer. Integr Cancer Ther 2024; 23:15347354241243024. [PMID: 38708673 PMCID: PMC11072084 DOI: 10.1177/15347354241243024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third leading cause of cancer-related death in the world. Multiple evidence suggests that there is an association between excess fat consumption and the risk of CRC. The long chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC n-3 PUFA), especially eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), are essential for human health, and both in vitro and in vivo studies have shown that these fatty acids can prevent CRC development through various molecular mechanisms. These include the modulation of arachidonic acid (AA) derived prostaglandin synthesis, alteration of growth signaling pathways, arrest of the cell cycle, induction of cell apoptosis, suppression of angiogenesis and modulation of inflammatory response. Human clinical studies found that LC n-3 PUFA combined with chemotherapeutic agents can improve the efficacy of treatment and reduce the dosage of chemotherapy and associated side effects. In this review, we discuss comprehensively the anti-cancer effects of LC n-3 PUFA on CRC, with a main focus on the underlying molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rodney Brain Luwor
- The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Fiona Elsey Cancer Research Institute, Ballarat, VIC, Australia
| | - Kulmira Nurgali
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Australian Institute for Muscular Skeletal Science (AIMSS), Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Xiao Qun Su
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Boutière M, Cottet‐Rousselle C, Coppard C, Couturier K, Féart C, Couchet M, Corne C, Moinard C, Breuillard C. Protein intake in cancer: Does it improve nutritional status and/or modify tumour response to chemotherapy? J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2023; 14:2003-2015. [PMID: 37667552 PMCID: PMC10570073 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.13276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Combating malnutrition and cachexia is a core challenge in oncology. To limit muscle mass loss, the use of proteins in cancer is encouraged by experts in the field, but it is still debated due to their antagonist effects. Indeed, a high protein intake could preserve lean body mass but may promote tumour growth, whereas a low-protein diet could reduce tumour size but without addressing cachexia. Here we used a realistic rodent model of cancer and chemotherapy to evaluate the influence of different protein intakes on cachexia, tumour response to chemotherapy and immune system response. The goal is to gain a closer understanding of the effect of protein intake in cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy. METHODS Female Fischer 344 rats were divided into six groups: five groups (n = 14 per group) with cancer (Ward colon tumour) and chemotherapy were fed with isocaloric diets with 8%, 12%, 16%, 24% or 32% of caloric intake from protein and one healthy control group (n = 8) fed a 16% protein diet, considered as a standard diet. Chemotherapy included two cycles, 1 week apart, each consisting of an injection of CPT-11 (50 mg/kg) followed by 5-fluorouracil (50 mg/kg) the day after. Food intake, body weight, and tumour size were measured daily. On day 9, the rats were euthanized and organs were weighed. Body composition was determined and protein content and protein synthesis (SUnSET method) were measured in the muscle, liver, intestine, and tumour. Immune function was explored by flow cytometry. RESULTS Cancer and chemotherapy led to a decrease in body weight characterized by a decrease of both fat mass (-56 ± 3%, P < 0.05) and fat-free mass (-8 ± 1%, P < 0.05). Surprisingly, there was no effect of protein diet on body composition, muscle or tumour parameters (weight, protein content, or protein synthesis) but a high cumulative protein intake was positively associated with a high relative body weight and high fat-free mass. The immune system was impacted by cancer and chemotherapy but not by the different amount of protein intake. CONCLUSIONS Using a realistic model of cancer and chemotherapy, we demonstrated for the first time that protein intake did not positively or negatively modulate tumour growth. Moreover, our results suggested that a high cumulative protein intake was able to improve moderately nutritional status in chemotherapy treated cancer rodents. Although this work cannot be evaluated clinically for ethical reasons, it nevertheless brings an essential contribution to nutrition management for cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Boutière
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Bioenergetics (LBFA)GrenobleFrance
| | - Cécile Cottet‐Rousselle
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Bioenergetics (LBFA)GrenobleFrance
| | - Céline Coppard
- Université Grenoble Alpes, INSERM, CNRS, Institute for Advanced Biosciences (IAB)GrenobleFrance
| | - Karine Couturier
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Bioenergetics (LBFA)GrenobleFrance
| | | | - Morgane Couchet
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Bioenergetics (LBFA)GrenobleFrance
| | - Christelle Corne
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Alpes University Hospital, Institute of Biology, Laboratory of Metabolic DiseasesGrenobleFrance
| | - Christophe Moinard
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Bioenergetics (LBFA)GrenobleFrance
| | - Charlotte Breuillard
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Bioenergetics (LBFA)GrenobleFrance
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Monirujjaman M, Renani LB, Isesele P, Dunichand-Hoedl AR, Mazurak VC. Increased Expression of Hepatic Stearoyl-CoA Desaturase (SCD)-1 and Depletion of Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA) Content following Cytotoxic Cancer Therapy Are Reversed by Dietary Fish Oil. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043547. [PMID: 36834959 PMCID: PMC9962117 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer treatment evokes impediments to liver metabolism that culminate in fatty liver. This study determined hepatic fatty acid composition and expression of genes and mediators involved in lipid metabolism following chemotherapy treatment. Female rats bearing the Ward colon tumor were administered Irinotecan (CPT-11) +5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and maintained on a control diet or a diet containing eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) + docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (2.3 g/100 g fish oil). Healthy animals provided with a control diet served as a reference group. Livers were collected one week after chemotherapy. Triacylglycerol (TG), phospholipid (PL), ten lipid metabolism genes, leptin, and IL-4 were measured. Chemotherapy increased TG content and reduced EPA content in the liver. Expression of SCD1 was upregulated by chemotherapy, while dietary fish oil downregulated its expression. Dietary fish oil down-regulated expression of the fatty acid synthesis gene FASN, while restoring the long chain fatty acid converting genes FADS2 and ELOVL2, and genes involved in mitochondrial β-oxidation (CPT1α) and lipid transport (MTTP1), to values similar to reference animals. Neither leptin nor IL-4 were affected by chemotherapy or diet. Depletion of EPA is associated with pathways evoking enhanced TG accumulation in the liver. Restoring EPA through diet may pose a dietary strategy to attenuate chemotherapy-associated impediments in liver fatty acid metabolism.
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Monirujjaman M, Bathe OF, Mazurak VC. Dietary EPA+DHA Mitigate Hepatic Toxicity and Modify the Oxylipin Profile in an Animal Model of Colorectal Cancer Treated with Chemotherapy. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14225703. [PMID: 36428795 PMCID: PMC9688617 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14225703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Irinotecan (CPT-11) and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) are commonly used to treat metastatic colorectal cancer, but chemotherapy-associated steatosis/steatohepatitis (CASSH) frequently accompanies their use. The objective of this study was to determine effect of CPT-11+5-FU on liver toxicity, liver oxylipins, and cytokines, and to explore whether these alterations could be modified by dietary eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in the form of fish oil (EPA+DHA). Tumor-bearing animals were administered CPT-11+5-FU and maintained on a control diet or a diet containing EPA+DHA (2.3 g/100 g). Livers were collected one week after chemotherapy for the analysis of oxylipins, cytokines, and markers of liver pathology (oxidized glutathione, GSSH; 4-hydroxynonenal, 4-HNE, and type-I collagen fiber). Dietary EPA+DHA prevented the chemotherapy-induced increases in liver GSSH (p < 0.011) and 4-HNE (p < 0.006). Compared with the tumor-bearing animals, ten oxylipins were altered (three/ten n-6 oxylipins were elevated while seven/ten n-3 oxylipins were reduced) following chemotherapy. Reductions in the n-3 fatty-acid-derived oxylipins that were evident following chemotherapy were restored by dietary EPA+DHA. Liver TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-10 were elevated (p < 0.05) following chemotherapy; dietary EPA+DHA reduced IL-6 (p = 0.09) and eotaxin (p = 0.007) levels. Chemotherapy-induced liver injury results in distinct alterations in oxylipins and cytokines, and dietary EPA+DHA attenuates these pathophysiological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Monirujjaman
- Division of Human Nutrition, Department of Agricultural Food and Nutritional Science, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Research Innovation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Oliver F. Bathe
- Department of Surgery and Oncology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Vera C. Mazurak
- Division of Human Nutrition, Department of Agricultural Food and Nutritional Science, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Research Innovation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-780-492-8048
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Monirujjaman M, Pant A, Nelson R, Bathe O, Jacobs R, Mazurak VC. Alterations in hepatic fatty acids reveal depletion of total polyunsaturated fatty acids following irinotecan plus 5-fluorouracil treatment in an animal model of colorectal cancer. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2021; 174:102359. [PMID: 34740033 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2021.102359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Fatty liver is a side effect of chemotherapy that limits the ability to treat colorectal cancer (CRC) patients in the most effective way. The aim of this study was to determine hepatic fatty acid composition and expression of genes involved in lipid metabolism at two time points following sequential chemotherapy treatment with Irinotecan (CPT-11)+5-fluorouracil (5-FU), agents commonly used to treat human colorectal cancer. Female Fischer 344 rats were provided a semi-purified AIN-76 basal diet with modified fat component. One cycle of chemotherapy consisted of CPT-11+5-FU and was initiated 2 weeks after tumor implantation (D0); a second cycle was given one week later. Two days after each cycle (Day 2 and Day 9), animals were euthanized, and livers collected. Triacylglycerol (TAG) and phospholipid (PL) fractions were isolated using thin layer chromatography and fatty acids (FAs) were quantified using gas chromatography. Expression of 44 lipid metabolism genes were analyzed by qPCR. Total liver TAG level was lowest after the second cycle D0 and D2 (P = 0.05) characterized by lower content of n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). N-6 PUFAs significantly declined with subsequent treatments. Of 44 genes analyzed, 13 genes were altered with CPT-11+5-FU treatment. Expression of genes VLCAD and DGAT1, involved in fatty acid oxidation as well as DGAT1 in TAG synthesis, were significantly elevated after each cycle, whereas expression of genes ELOVL2 and FADS2, involved in fatty acid elongation and desaturation were significantly lower at D9 compared to D2 and D0 (P < 0.03). Hepatic total TAG PUFA was depleted, and genes involved in pathways of PUFA synthesis were down-regulated by chemotherapy treatment. This observation suggests impediments in lipid metabolism in the liver that could potentially impact peripheral availability of essential fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Monirujjaman
- Department of Agricultural Food and Nutritional Science, 4-126 Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Research Innovation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Asha Pant
- Department of Agricultural Food and Nutritional Science, 4-126 Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Research Innovation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Randy Nelson
- Department of Agricultural Food and Nutritional Science, 4-126 Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Research Innovation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Oliver Bathe
- Department of Surgical Oncology, University of Calgary, Canada
| | - Rene Jacobs
- Department of Agricultural Food and Nutritional Science, 4-126 Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Research Innovation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Vera C Mazurak
- Department of Agricultural Food and Nutritional Science, 4-126 Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Research Innovation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2P5, Canada; Department of Oncology, Cross Cancer Institute, University of Alberta, Canada.
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Breuillard C, Moinard C, Goron A, Neveux N, De Reviers A, Mazurak VC, Cynober L, Baracos VE. Dietary citrulline does not modify rat colon tumor response to chemotherapy, but failed to improve nutritional status. Clin Nutr 2021; 40:4560-4568. [PMID: 34229260 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2021.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
During cancer therapy many patients experience significant malnutrition, leading to decreased tolerance to chemotherapy and decreased survival. Dietary citrulline supplementation improves nutritional status in situations such as short bowel syndrome and aging, and is of potential interest in oncology. However, a mandatory prerequisite is to test this amino acid for interaction with tumor growth and chemotherapy response. Dietary citrulline (Cit; 2%), or an isonitrogenous mix of non-essential amino acids (control), was given to Ward colon tumor-bearing rats the day before chemotherapy initiation. Chemotherapy included 2 cycles, one week apart, each consisting of one injection of CPT-11 (50 mg/kg) and of 5-fluorouracil (50 mg/kg) the day after. Body weight, food intake and tumor volume were measured daily. The day after the last injection, rats were killed, muscles (EDL, gastrocnemius), intestinal mucosa, tumor, spleen and liver were weighed. Muscle and intestinal mucosa protein content were measured. Phosphorylated 4E-BP1 was measured in muscle and tumor as a surrogate for biosynthetic activation. FRAPS (Ferric Reducing Ability of Plasma) and thiols in plasma, muscle and tumor were evaluated and plasma amino acids and haptoglobin were measured. Numerous parameters did not differ by diet overall: a) response of tumor mass to treatment, b) tumor antioxidants and phosphorylated 4E-BP1 levels, c) relative body weight and relative food intake, d) weight of EDL, gastrocnemius, intestinal mucosa, spleen and liver and e) plasma haptoglobin concentrations. Moreover, plasma citrulline concentration was not correlated to relative body weight, only cumulated food intake and plasma haptoglobin concentrations were correlated to relative body weight. Citrulline does not alter the tumor response to CPT-11/5FU based therapy but, has no effect on nutritional status, which could be due to the anorexia and the low amount of citrulline and protein ingested.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Breuillard
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada; Nutrition Laboratory EA 4466, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France; Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm U1055, LBFA, Grenoble, France.
| | - C Moinard
- Nutrition Laboratory EA 4466, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France; Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm U1055, LBFA, Grenoble, France
| | - A Goron
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm U1055, LBFA, Grenoble, France
| | - N Neveux
- Nutrition Laboratory EA 4466, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France; Clinical Chemistry, Cochin Hospital, APHP, Paris, France
| | - A De Reviers
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm U1055, LBFA, Grenoble, France
| | - V C Mazurak
- Division of Human Nutrition, Department of Agricultural Food & Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - L Cynober
- Nutrition Laboratory EA 4466, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France; Clinical Chemistry, Cochin Hospital, APHP, Paris, France
| | - V E Baracos
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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7
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Irún P, Lanas A, Piazuelo E. Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Their Bioactive Metabolites in Gastrointestinal Malignancies Related to Unresolved Inflammation. A Review. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:852. [PMID: 31427966 PMCID: PMC6687876 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation takes part in the pathogenesis of some malignancies of the gastrointestinal tract including colorectal (CRC), gastric, and esophageal cancers. The use of ω3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (ω3-PUFA) supplements for chemoprevention or adjuvant therapy of gastrointestinal cancers is being investigated in recent years. Most evidence has been reported in CRC, although their protective role has also been reported for Helicobacter pylori-induced gastric cancer or Barrett’s esophagus-derived adenocarcinoma. Studies based on ω3-PUFA supplementation in animal models of familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) and CRC revealed positive effects on cancer prevention, reducing the number and size of tumors, down-regulating arachidonic acid-derived eicosanoids, upregulating anti-oxidant enzymes, and reducing lipid peroxidation, whereas contradictory results have been found in induced colitis and colitis-associated cancer. Beneficial effects have also been found in FAP and ulcerative colitis patients. Of special interest is their positive effect as adjuvants on radio- and chemo-sensitivity, specificity, and prevention of treatment complications. Some controversial results obtained in CRC might be justified by different dietary sources, extraction and preparation procedures of ω3-PUFAs, difficulties on filling out food questionnaires, daily dose and type of PUFAs, adenoma subtype, location of CRC, sex differences, and genetic factors. Studies using animal models of inflammatory bowel disease have confirmed that exogenous administration of active metabolites derived from PUFAs called pro-resolving mediators like lipoxin A4, arachidonic acid-derived, resolvins derived from eicosapentaenoic (EPA), docosahexaenoic (DHA), and docosapentaenoic (DPA) acids as well as maresin 1 and protectins DHA- and DPA-derived improve disease and inflammatory outcomes without causing immunosuppression or other side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Irún
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Zaragoza, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Angel Lanas
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Zaragoza, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain.,Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Clínico Universitario Lozano Blesa, Zaragoza, Spain.,Departamento de Medicina, Psiquiatría y Dermatología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Elena Piazuelo
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Zaragoza, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain.,Instituto Aragonés de Ciencias de la Salud, Zaragoza, Spain.,Departamento de Farmacología y Fisiología. Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
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8
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Mo A, Wu R, Grady JP, Hanley MP, Toro M, Swede H, Devers TJ, Hartman TJ, Rosenberg DW. Associations of dietary fat with risk of early neoplasia in the proximal colon in a population-based case-control study. Cancer Causes Control 2018; 29:667-674. [PMID: 29846845 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-018-1039-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Excess dietary fat consumption is strongly associated with the risk of colorectal cancer, but less is known about its role in the earliest stages of carcinogenesis, particularly within the proximal colon. In the following case-control study, we evaluated the relationship between the intake of dietary fats and the frequency of early proximal neoplasia [aberrant crypt foci (ACF) or polyps], detectable by high-definition colonoscopy with contrast dye-spray. METHODS Average-risk screening individuals underwent a high-definition colonoscopy procedure as part of larger ongoing clinical study of precancerous lesions in the proximal colon. Dietary fat intake was assessed using the Block Brief Food Frequency Questionnaire, which estimates average dietary intake based on 70 food items. The diets of individuals with no endoscopically identifiable lesions (n = 36) were compared to those with either ACF or polyps detected in the proximal colon. RESULTS In multivariate analysis, high dietary intake of total polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and intake of omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids were positively associated with neoplastic lesions in the proximal colon. When comparing ACF and polyp groups separately, a positive association was observed for both proximal polyps (OR 2.28; CI 1.16-7.09) and ACF (OR 2.86; CI 1.16-7.09) for total PUFA intake. Furthermore, the prevalence of proximal ACF was increased with higher intake of omega-6 (OR 3.54; CI 1.32-9.47) and omega-3 fatty acids (OR 2.29; CI 1.02-5.13), although there was no discernible difference in the omega-6/omega-3 ratio. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that dietary PUFAs may be positively associated with risk of early neoplasia in the proximal colon. This study provides further evidence that dietary PUFA composition may play an important role in altering the microenvironment within the human colon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allen Mo
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Ave., Farmington, CT, 06030-3101, USA.,Colon Cancer Prevention Program, Neag Comprehensive Cancer Center, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Rong Wu
- Connecticut Institute for Clinical and Translational Science, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - James P Grady
- Connecticut Institute for Clinical and Translational Science, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Matthew P Hanley
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Ave., Farmington, CT, 06030-3101, USA.,Colon Cancer Prevention Program, Neag Comprehensive Cancer Center, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Margaret Toro
- Clinal Trials Office, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Helen Swede
- Community Medicine and Health Care, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Thomas J Devers
- Division of Gastroenterology, School of Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Terryl J Hartman
- Rollins School of Public Health, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Daniel W Rosenberg
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Ave., Farmington, CT, 06030-3101, USA. .,Colon Cancer Prevention Program, Neag Comprehensive Cancer Center, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, USA.
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9
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ω-3 Long Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids as Sensitizing Agents and Multidrug Resistance Revertants in Cancer Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18122770. [PMID: 29261109 PMCID: PMC5751368 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18122770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy efficacy is strictly limited by the resistance of cancer cells. The ω-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 LCPUFAs) are considered chemosensitizing agents and revertants of multidrug resistance by pleiotropic, but not still well elucidated, mechanisms. Nowadays, it is accepted that alteration in gene expression, modulation of cellular proliferation and differentiation, induction of apoptosis, generation of reactive oxygen species, and lipid peroxidation are involved in ω-3 LCPUFA chemosensitizing effects. A crucial mechanism in the control of cell drug uptake and efflux is related to ω-3 LCPUFA influence on membrane lipid composition. The incorporation of docosahexaenoic acid in the lipid rafts produces significant changes in their physical-chemical properties affecting content and functions of transmembrane proteins, such as growth factors, receptors and ATP-binding cassette transporters. Of note, ω-3 LCPUFAs often alter the lipid compositions more in chemoresistant cells than in chemosensitive cells, suggesting a potential adjuvant role in the treatment of drug resistant cancers.
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10
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Ebadi M, Field CJ, Lehner R, Mazurak VC. Chemotherapy diminishes lipid storage capacity of adipose tissue in a preclinical model of colon cancer. Lipids Health Dis 2017; 16:247. [PMID: 29258509 PMCID: PMC5735884 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-017-0638-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Accelerated loss of adipose tissue in cancer is associated with shorter survival, and reduced quality of life. Evidence is emerging suggesting tumour association with alterations in adipose tissue, but much less is known about drug-related mechanisms contributing to adipose atrophy. Identification of mechanisms by which tumour and cancer treatments, such as chemotherapy, affect adipose tissue are required to develop appropriate therapeutic interventions to prevent fat depletion in cancer. This pre-clinical study aimed to assess alterations in adipose tissue during the clinical course of cancer. Methods Fischer 344 rats bearing the Ward colorectal tumour were euthanized before chemotherapy, after 1- cycle, or 2-cycles of a combination chemotherapy consisting of Irinotecan (CPT-11) combined with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), which recapitulates first line treatment for human colorectal cancer. Periuterine adipose tissue was isolated. Healthy rats served as a reference group. Histological analysis (hematoxylin and eosin), Real-time PCR (TaqMan) and proteomic analysis (LC-MS/MS) were performed. Results Larger adipocytes (3993.7 ± 52.6 μm2) in tumour-bearing animals compared to the reference group (3227.7 ± 36.7 μm2; p < 0.001) was associated with reduced expression of proteins involved in mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation. The presence of a tumour has a significant effect on phospholipid but not triglyceride fatty acid composition. There were greater proportions of saturated fatty acids concurrent with lower monounsaturated fatty acids within the PL fraction of adipocytes in tumour-bearing animals. Chemotherapy treatment decreased the size of adipocytes (2243.9 ± 30.4 μm2; p < 0.001) and led to depletion of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in adipose tissue triglyceride. Evaluation of the proteome profile revealed decreased expression of proteins involved in ATP generation, β-oxidation, and lipogenesis. Overall, adipose tissue may not be able to efficiently oxidize fatty acids to provide energy to maintain energy demanding pathways like lipogenesis inside the tissue. Conclusions In conclusion, metabolic adaptations to mitochondrial impairment may contribute to diminished lipid storage capacity of adipose tissue following chemotherapy delivery. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12944-017-0638-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Ebadi
- Division of Human Nutrition, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Catherine J Field
- Division of Human Nutrition, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Richard Lehner
- Department of Pediatrics, Group on Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Vera C Mazurak
- Division of Human Nutrition, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada. .,Faculty of Agricultural, Life & Environmental Science 4-002 Li Ka Shing Center for Research Innovation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E1, Canada.
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Almasud AA, Giles KH, Miklavcic JJ, Martins KJB, Baracos VE, Putman CT, Guan LL, Mazurak VC. Fish oil mitigates myosteatosis and improves chemotherapy efficacy in a preclinical model of colon cancer. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0183576. [PMID: 28832677 PMCID: PMC5568380 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study aimed to assess whether feeding a diet containing fish oil was efficacious in reducing tumor- and subsequent chemotherapy-associated myosteatosis, and improving tumor response to treatment. Methods Female Fischer 344 rats were fed either a control diet for the entire study (control), or switched to a diet containing fish oil (2.0 g /100 g of diet) one week prior to tumor implantation (long term fish oil) or at the start of chemotherapy (adjuvant fish oil). Chemotherapy (irinotecan plus 5-fluorouracil) was initiated 2 weeks after tumor implantation (cycle-1) and 1 week thereafter (cycle-2). Reference animals received no tumor or treatment and only consumed the control diet. All skeletal muscle measures were conducted in the gastrocnemius. To assess myosteatosis, lipids were assessed histologically by Oil Red O staining and total triglyceride content was quantified by gas chromatography. Expression of adipogenic transcription factors were assessed at the mRNA level by real-time RT-PCR. Results Feeding a diet containing fish oil significantly reduced tumor- and subsequent chemotherapy-associated increases in skeletal muscle neutral lipid (p<0.001) and total triglyceride content (p<0.03), and expression of adipogenic transcription factors (p<0.01) compared with control diet fed animals. The adjuvant fish oil diet was as effective as the long term fish oil diet in mitigating chemotherapy-associated skeletal muscle fat content, and in reducing tumor volume during chemotherapy compared with control fed animals (p<0.01). Conclusion Long term and adjuvant fish oil diets are equally efficacious in reducing chemotherapy-associated myosteatosis that may be occurring by reducing expression of transcription factors involved in adipogenesis/lipogenesis, and improving tumor-response to chemotherapy in a neoplastic model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa A. Almasud
- Alberta Institute for Human Nutrition, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Kaitlin H. Giles
- Alberta Institute for Human Nutrition, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - John J. Miklavcic
- Alberta Institute for Human Nutrition, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Karen J. B. Martins
- Alberta Institute for Human Nutrition, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Vickie E. Baracos
- Palliative Care Medicine, Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Charles T. Putman
- Exercise Biochemistry Laboratory, Faculty of Physical Education and Recreation; Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Leluo L. Guan
- Functional Genomics and Microbiology, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Vera C. Mazurak
- Alberta Institute for Human Nutrition, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Miccadei S, Masella R, Mileo AM, Gessani S. ω3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids as Immunomodulators in Colorectal Cancer: New Potential Role in Adjuvant Therapies. Front Immunol 2016; 7:486. [PMID: 27895640 PMCID: PMC5108786 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Diet composition may affect the onset and progression of chronic degenerative diseases, including cancer, whose pathogenesis relies on inflammatory processes. Growing evidence indicates that diet and its components critically contribute to human health, affecting the immune system, secretion of adipokines, and metabolic pathways. Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Antineoplastic drugs are widely used for CRC treatment, but drug resistance and/or off-target toxicity limit their efficacy. Dietary ω3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) have been gaining great interest in recent years as possible anti-inflammatory and anticancer agents, especially in areas such as the large bowel, where the pro-inflammatory context promotes virtually all steps of colon carcinogenesis. Growing epidemiological, experimental, and clinical evidence suggests that ω3 PUFA may play a role in several stages of CRC management exhibiting antineoplastic activity against human CRC cells, improving the efficacy of radiation and chemotherapy, ameliorating cancer-associated secondary complications, and preventing CRC recurrence. These effects are most likely related to the immunomodulatory activities of ω3 PUFA that are able to influence several aspects of the inflammatory process ranging from inflammasome activation, leukocyte recruitment, production of immune mediators to differentiation, and activation of immune cells. In this review, we will focus on the potential use of ω3 PUFA as adjuvant agents together with chemo/radiotherapy, highlighting the immunomodulatory effects most likely responsible for their beneficial effects in different stages of CRC management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Miccadei
- Unit of Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy, Department of Research, Advanced Diagnostic and Technological Innovation, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute , Rome , Italy
| | - Roberta Masella
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Istituto Superiore di Sanità , Rome , Italy
| | - Anna Maria Mileo
- Unit of Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy, Department of Research, Advanced Diagnostic and Technological Innovation, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute , Rome , Italy
| | - Sandra Gessani
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità , Rome , Italy
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Abstract
Considerable debate exists regarding the potential antineoplastic effect of dietary long-chain n-3 PUFA contained in fatty fishes. Since the majority of published data has proven that their intake does not induce toxic or carcinogenic effects in humans, their possible preventive use against cancer has been suggested. On the other hand, it is unlikely that they could be effective in cancer patients as a single therapy. Nevertheless, a considerable effort has been put forth in recent years to evaluate the hypothesis that n-3 PUFA might improve the antineoplastic efficiency of currently used anticancer agents. The rationale for this therapeutic combinatory strategy is trying to increase cancer sensitivity to conventional therapies. This could allow the use of lower drug/radiation doses and, thereby, a reduction in the detrimental health effects associated with these treatments. We will here critically examine the studies that have investigated this possibility, by focusing particularly on the biological and molecular mechanisms underlying the antineoplastic effect of these combined treatments. A possible use of n-3 PUFA in combination with the innovative single-targeted anti-cancer therapies, that often are not completely devoid of dangerous side-effects, is also suggested.
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Giles K, Guan C, Jagoe TR, Mazurak V. Diet composition as a source of variation in experimental animal models of cancer cachexia. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2016; 7:110-25. [PMID: 27493865 PMCID: PMC4863732 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Revised: 05/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A variety of experimental animal models are used extensively to study mechanisms underlying cancer cachexia, and to identify potential treatments. The important potential confounding effect of dietary composition and intake used in many preclinical studies of cancer cachexia is frequently overlooked. Dietary designs applied in experimental studies should maximize the applicability to human cancer cachexia, meeting the essential requirements of the species used in the study, matched between treatment and control groups as well as also being generally similar to human consumption. METHODS A literature review of scientific studies using animal models of cancer and cancer cachexia with dietary interventions was performed. Studies that investigated interventions using lipid sources were selected as the focus of discussion. RESULTS The search revealed a number of nutrient intervention studies (n = 44), with the majority including n-3 fatty acids (n = 16), mainly eicosapentaenoic acid and/or docosahexaenoic acid. A review of the literature revealed that the majority of studies do not provide information about dietary design; food intake or pair-feeding is rarely reported. Further, there is a lack of standardization in dietary design, content, source, and overall composition in animal models of cancer cachexia. A model is proposed with the intent of guiding dietary design in preclinical studies to enable comparisons of dietary treatments within the same study, translation across different study designs, as well as application to human nutrient intakes. CONCLUSION The potential for experimental endpoints to be affected by variations in food intake, macronutrient content, and diet composition is likely. Diet content and composition should be reported, and food intake assessed. Minimum standards for diet definition in cachexia studies would improve reproducibility of pre-clinical studies and aid the interpretation and translation of results to humans with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlin Giles
- Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science University of Alberta Edmonton Canada
| | - Chen Guan
- McGill Cancer Nutrition Rehabilitation Program Jewish General Hospital Montreal Canada
| | - Thomas R Jagoe
- McGill Cancer Nutrition Rehabilitation Program Jewish General Hospital Montreal Canada; Department of Medicine McGill University Montreal Canada
| | - Vera Mazurak
- Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science University of Alberta Edmonton Canada
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Xue H, Ren W, Denkinger M, Schlotzer E, Wischmeyer PE. Nutrition Modulation of Cardiotoxicity and Anticancer Efficacy Related to Doxorubicin Chemotherapy by Glutamine and ω-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2015; 40:52-66. [PMID: 25888676 DOI: 10.1177/0148607115581838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Doxorubicin (DOX) has been one of the most effective antitumor agents against a broad spectrum of malignancies. However, DOX-induced cardiotoxicity forms the major cumulative dose-limiting factor. Glutamine and ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are putatively cardioprotective during various stresses and/or have potential chemosensitizing effects during cancer chemotherapy. METHODS Antitumor activity and cardiotoxicity of DOX treatment were evaluated simultaneously in a MatBIII mammary adenocarcinoma tumor-bearing rat model treated with DOX (cumulative dose 12 mg/kg). Single or combined treatment of parenteral glutamine (0.35 g/kg) and ω-3 PUFAs (0.19 g/kg eicosapentaenoic acid and 0.18 g/kg docosahexaenoic acid) was administered every other day, starting 6 days before chemotherapy initiation until the end of study (day 50). RESULTS Glutamine alone significantly prevented DOX-related deterioration of cardiac function, reduced serum cardiac troponin I levels, and diminished cardiac lipid peroxidation while not affecting tumor inhibition kinetics. Single ω-3 PUFA treatment significantly enhanced antitumor activity of DOX associated with intensified tumoral oxidative stress and enhanced tumoral DOX concentration while not potentiating cardiac dysfunction or increasing cardiac oxidative stress. Intriguingly, providing glutamine and ω-3 PUFAs together did not consistently confer a greater benefit; conversely, individual benefits on cardiotoxicity and chemosensitization were mostly attenuated or completely lost when combined. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate an interesting differentiality or even dichotomy in the response of tumor and host to single parenteral glutamine and ω-3 PUFA treatments. The intriguing glutamine × ω-3 PUFA interaction observed draws into question the common assumption that there are additive benefits of combinations of nutrients that are beneficial on an individual basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Xue
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Wenhua Ren
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado
| | | | | | - Paul E Wischmeyer
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado
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Gelsomino G, Corsetto PA, Campia I, Montorfano G, Kopecka J, Castella B, Gazzano E, Ghigo D, Rizzo AM, Riganti C. Omega 3 fatty acids chemosensitize multidrug resistant colon cancer cells by down-regulating cholesterol synthesis and altering detergent resistant membranes composition. Mol Cancer 2013; 12:137. [PMID: 24225025 PMCID: PMC4225767 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-12-137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The activity of P-glycoprotein (Pgp) and multidrug resistance related protein 1 (MRP1), two membrane transporters involved in multidrug resistance of colon cancer, is increased by high amounts of cholesterol in plasma membrane and detergent resistant membranes (DRMs). It has never been investigated whether omega 3 polyunsatured fatty acids (PUFAs), which modulate cholesterol homeostasis in dyslipidemic syndromes and have chemopreventive effects in colon cancer, may affect the response to chemotherapy in multidrug resistant (MDR) tumors. Methods We studied the effect of omega 3 PUFAs docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) in human chemosensitive colon cancer HT29 cells and in their MDR counterpart, HT29-dx cells. Results MDR cells, which overexpressed Pgp and MRP1, had a dysregulated cholesterol metabolism, due to the lower expression of ubiquitin E3 ligase Trc8: this produced lower ubiquitination rate of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase (HMGCoAR), higher cholesterol synthesis, higher cholesterol content in MDR cells. We found that DHA and EPA re-activated Trc8 E3 ligase in MDR cells, restored the ubiquitination rate of HMGCoAR to levels comparable with chemosensitive cells, reduced the cholesterol synthesis and incorporation in DRMs. Omega 3 PUFAs were incorporated in whole lipids as well as in DRMs of MDR cells, and altered the lipid composition of these compartments. They reduced the amount of Pgp and MRP1 contained in DRMs, decreased the transporters activity, restored the antitumor effects of different chemotherapeutic drugs, restored a proper tumor-immune system recognition in response to chemotherapy in MDR cells. Conclusions Our work describes a new biochemical effect of omega 3 PUFAs, which can be useful to overcome chemoresistance in MDR colon cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giada Gelsomino
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, via Santena 5/bis, 10126 Torino, Italy.
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Hajjaji N, Couet C, Besson P, Bougnoux P. DHA Effect on Chemotherapy-Induced Body Weight Loss: An Exploratory Study in a Rodent Model of Mammary Tumors. Nutr Cancer 2012; 64:1000-7. [DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2012.714832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Skender B, Vaculova AH, Hofmanova J. Docosahexaenoic fatty acid (DHA) in the regulation of colon cell growth and cell death: a review. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub 2012; 156:186-99. [PMID: 23069883 DOI: 10.5507/bp.2012.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2012] [Accepted: 09/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Experimental, epidemiological and clinical data substantiate the beneficial role of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in preventing inflammation and cancer of the colon. This review covers the unsaturated docosahexaenoic fatty acid (DHA), describes some of its important cellular and molecular mechanisms, its interaction with another dietary lipid, butyrate and with endogenous apoptotic regulators of the tumour necrosis factor (TNF) family. We also discuss the clinical impact of this knowledge and the use of these lipids in colon cancer prevention and treatment. RESULTS From the literature, DHA has been shown to suppress the growth, induce apoptosis in colon cancer cells in vitro and decrease the incidence and growth of experimental tumours in vivo. Based on these data and our own experimental results, we describe and discuss the possible mechanisms of DHA anticancer effects at various levels of cell organization. We show that DHA can sensitize colon cancer cells to other chemotherapeutic/chemopreventive agents and affect the action of physiological apoptotic regulators of the TNF family. CONCLUSION Use of n-3 PUFAs could be a relatively non-toxic form of supportive therapy for improving colon cancer treatment and slowing down or preventing its recurrence. However, it is necessary to use them with caution, based on solid scientific evidence of their mechanisms of action from the molecular to the cellular and organism levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belma Skender
- Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i. Brno, Czech Republic
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Hajjaji N, Bougnoux P. Selective sensitization of tumors to chemotherapy by marine-derived lipids: a review. Cancer Treat Rev 2012; 39:473-88. [PMID: 22850619 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2012.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2012] [Revised: 06/27/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Despite great improvements, a significant proportion of cancer patients still die, mainly because of the development of metastases. At this stage, current treatments still rely heavily on conventional chemotherapy for most cancers. The efficacy of chemotherapy is dose-dependent, which is limited by toxicity to non-tumor tissues, as a result of its poor tumor selectivity. To improve survival length and preserve quality of life, the challenge is to develop approaches aimed at increasing chemotherapy toxicity to tumor tissue while not affecting non-tumor tissues. Marine-derived lipids, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), have the potential to differentially sensitize tissues to chemotherapy. These lipids enhance the cytotoxicity of 15 anticancer drugs (antimetabolites, alkylating or intercalating agents, microtubule stabilizers, Abl tyrosine kinase inhibitor and arsenic trioxide) to a variety of cancer cell lines or tumors in animals, used as models for breast, prostate, colonic, lung, cervical, ovarian cancers, neuroblastomas, leukemia or lymphomas. However, DHA and EPA do not sensitize non-tumor tissues to anticancer drugs, which suggests that the effect of these lipids is tumor selective. Two phase II clinical trials already support these results, and randomized, phase III trials are ongoing. In this review, we discuss the double-faceted properties of these lipids, and then focus on their potential for transfer to the patient in the light of current therapeutic strategies. Should their beneficial effects be confirmed, the consequences could be considerable by opening up the prospect of systematic supplementation during cancer treatment, a significant shift in current cancer therapeutic paradigms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nawale Hajjaji
- Cancer Research Laboratory, University Hospital of Tours, France.
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