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Xing X, Sun Q, Wang R, Wang Y, Wang R. Impacts of glutamate, an exercise-responsive metabolite on insulin signaling. Life Sci 2024; 341:122471. [PMID: 38301875 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
AIMS Disruption of the insulin signaling pathway leads to insulin resistance (IR). IR is characterized by impaired glucose and lipid metabolism. Elevated levels of circulating glutamate are correlated with metabolic indicators and may potentially predict the onset of metabolic diseases. Glutamate receptor antagonists have significantly enhanced insulin sensitivity, and improved glucose and lipid metabolism. Exercise is a well-known strategy to combat IR. The aims of our narrative review are to summarize preclinical and clinical findings to show the correlations between circulating glutamate levels, IR and metabolic diseases, discuss the causal role of excessive glutamate in IR and metabolic disturbance, and present an overview of the exercise-induced alteration in circulating glutamate levels. MATERIALS AND METHODS A literature search was conducted to identify studies on glutamate, insulin signaling, and exercise in the PubMed database. The search covered articles published from December 1955 to January 2024, using the search terms of "glutamate", "glutamic acid", "insulin signaling", "insulin resistance", "insulin sensitivity", "exercise", and "physical activity". KEY FINDINGS Elevated levels of circulating glutamate are correlated with IR. Excessive glutamate can potentially hinder the insulin signaling pathway through various mechanisms, including the activation of ectopic lipid accumulation, inflammation, and endoplasmic reticulum stress. Glutamate can also modify mitochondrial function through Ca2+ and induce purine degradation mediated by AMP deaminase 2. Exercise has the potential to decrease circulating levels of glutamate, which can be attributed to accelerated glutamate catabolism and enhanced glutamate uptake. SIGNIFICANCE Glutamate may act as a mediator in the exercise-induced improvement of insulin sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaorui Xing
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Qin Sun
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Ruwen Wang
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Yibing Wang
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China.
| | - Ru Wang
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China.
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Engin A. Bariatric Surgery in Obesity: Metabolic Quality Analysis and Comparison of Surgical Options. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1460:697-726. [PMID: 39287870 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-63657-8_24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/19/2024]
Abstract
Obesity is a constantly growing health problem which reduces quality of life and life expectancy. Bariatric surgery (BS) for obesity is considered when all other conservative treatment modalities have failed. Comparison of the multidisciplinary programs with BS regarding to the weight loss showed that substantial and durable weight reduction have been achieved only with bariatric surgical treatments. Although laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy is the most popular BS, it has high long-term failure rates, and it is claimed that one of every three patients will undergo another bariatric procedure within a 10-year period. Although BS provides weight loss and improvement of metabolic comorbidities, in long-term follow-up, weight gain is observed in half of the patients, while decrease in bone mass and nutritional deficiencies occur in up to 90%. Moreover, despite significant weight loss, several psychological aspects of patients are worsened in comparison to preoperative levels. Nearly one-fifth of postoperative patients with "Loss-of-eating control" meet food addiction criteria. Therefore, the benefits of weight loss following bariatric procedures alone are still debated in terms of the proinflammatory and metabolic profile of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atilla Engin
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of General Surgery, Gazi University, Besevler, Ankara, Turkey.
- Mustafa Kemal Mah. 2137. Sok. 8/14, 06520, Cankaya, Ankara, Turkey.
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Vinknes KJ, Olsen T, Zaré HK, Bastani NE, Stolt E, Dahl AF, Cox RD, Refsum H, Retterstøl K, Åsberg A, Elshorbagy A. Cysteine-lowering treatment with mesna against obesity: Proof of concept and results from a human phase I, dose-finding study. Diabetes Obes Metab 2023; 25:3161-3170. [PMID: 37435697 DOI: 10.1111/dom.15210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
AIM To investigate whether mesna-sodium-2-mercaptoethane sulfonate) can reduce diet-induced fat gain in mice, and to assess the safety of single ascending mesna doses in humans to find the dose associated with lowering of plasma tCys by at least 30%. METHODS C3H/HeH mice were shifted to a high-fat diet ± mesna in drinking water; body composition was measured at weeks 0, 2 and 4. In an open, phase I, single ascending dose study, oral mesna (400, 800, 1200, 1600 mg) was administered to 17 men with overweight or obesity. Mesna and tCys concentrations were measured repeatedly for a duration of 48 hours postdosing in plasma, as well as in 24-hour urine. RESULTS Compared with controls, mesna-treated mice had lower tCys and lower estimated mean fat mass gain from baseline (week 2: 4.54 ± 0.40 vs. 6.52 ± 0.36 g; week 4: 6.95 ± 0.35 vs. 8.19 ± 0.34 g; Poverall = .002), but similar lean mass gain. In men with overweight, mesna doses of 400-1600 mg showed dose linearity and were well tolerated. Mesna doses of 800 mg or higher decreased plasma tCys by 30% or more at nadir (4h post-dosing). With increasing mesna dose, tCys AUC0-12h decreased (Ptrend < .001), and urine tCys excretion increased (Ptrend = .004). CONCLUSIONS Mesna reduces diet-induced fat gain in mice. In men with overweight, single oral doses of mesna (800-1600 mg) were well tolerated and lowered plasma tCys efficiently. The effect of sustained tCys-lowering by repeated mesna administration on weight loss in humans deserves investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrine J Vinknes
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Thomas Olsen
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Nasser E Bastani
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Emma Stolt
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anja F Dahl
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Roger D Cox
- MRC Harwell Institute, Mammalian Genetics Unit, Harwell Campus, Oxford, UK
| | - Helga Refsum
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Kjetil Retterstøl
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- The Lipid Clinic, Department of Endocrinology, Morbid Obesity and Preventive Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anders Åsberg
- Department of Transplantation Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Amany Elshorbagy
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
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Lee-Ødegård S, Olsen T, Norheim F, Drevon CA, Birkeland KI. Potential Mechanisms for How Long-Term Physical Activity May Reduce Insulin Resistance. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12030208. [PMID: 35323652 PMCID: PMC8950317 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12030208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin became available for the treatment of patients with diabetes 100 years ago, and soon thereafter it became evident that the biological response to its actions differed markedly between individuals. This prompted extensive research into insulin action and resistance (IR), resulting in the universally agreed fact that IR is a core finding in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). T2DM is the most prevalent form of diabetes, reaching epidemic proportions worldwide. Physical activity (PA) has the potential of improving IR and is, therefore, a cornerstone in the prevention and treatment of T2DM. Whereas most research has focused on the acute effects of PA, less is known about the effects of long-term PA on IR. Here, we describe a model of potential mechanisms behind reduced IR after long-term PA to guide further mechanistic investigations and to tailor PA interventions in the therapy of T2DM. The development of such interventions requires knowledge of normal glucose metabolism, and we briefly summarize an integrated physiological perspective on IR. We then describe the effects of long-term PA on signaling molecules involved in cellular responses to insulin, tissue-specific functions, and whole-body IR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sindre Lee-Ødegård
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway;
| | - Thomas Olsen
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway; (T.O.); (F.N.); (C.A.D.)
| | - Frode Norheim
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway; (T.O.); (F.N.); (C.A.D.)
| | - Christian Andre Drevon
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway; (T.O.); (F.N.); (C.A.D.)
- Vitas Ltd. Analytical Services, Oslo Science Park, 0349 Oslo, Norway
| | - Kåre Inge Birkeland
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway;
- Correspondence:
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Pavão ML, Ferin R, Lima A, Baptista J. Cysteine and related aminothiols in cardiovascular disease, obesity and insulin resistance. Adv Clin Chem 2022; 109:75-127. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.acc.2022.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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6
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Carballal S, Vitvitsky V, Kumar R, Hanna DA, Libiad M, Gupta A, Jones JW, Banerjee R. Hydrogen sulfide stimulates lipid biogenesis from glutamine that is dependent on the mitochondrial NAD(P)H pool. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:100950. [PMID: 34252456 PMCID: PMC8342795 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian cells synthesize H2S from sulfur-containing amino acids and are also exposed to exogenous sources of this signaling molecule, notably from gut microbes. As an inhibitor of complex IV in the electron transport chain, H2S can have a profound impact on metabolism, suggesting the hypothesis that metabolic reprogramming is a primary mechanism by which H2S signals. In this study, we report that H2S increases lipogenesis in many cell types, using carbon derived from glutamine rather than from glucose. H2S-stimulated lipid synthesis is sensitive to the mitochondrial NAD(P)H pools and is enabled by reductive carboxylation of α-ketoglutarate. Lipidomics analysis revealed that H2S elicits time-dependent changes across several lipid classes, e.g., upregulating triglycerides while downregulating phosphatidylcholine. Direct analysis of triglyceride concentration revealed that H2S induces a net increase in the size of this lipid pool. These results provide a mechanistic framework for understanding the effects of H2S on increasing lipid droplets in adipocytes and population studies that have pointed to a positive correlation between cysteine (a substrate for H2S synthesis) and fat mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Carballal
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina and Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CEINBIO), Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Victor Vitvitsky
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Roshan Kumar
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - David A Hanna
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Marouane Libiad
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Aditi Gupta
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Jace W Jones
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Ruma Banerjee
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
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Ahlin S, Cefalo C, Bondia-Pons I, Trošt K, Capristo E, Marini L, Romero M, Zorzano A, Gastaldelli A, Mingrone G, Nolan JJ. Metabolite Changes After Metabolic Surgery - Associations to Parameters Reflecting Glucose Homeostasis and Lipid Levels. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:786952. [PMID: 34975758 PMCID: PMC8716486 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.786952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS To test the hypothesis that adipose tissue gene expression patterns would be affected by metabolic surgery and we aimed to identify genes and metabolic pathways as well as metabolites correlating with metabolic changes following metabolic surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS This observational study was conducted at the Obesity Unit at the Catholic University Hospital of the Sacred Heart in Rome, Italy. Fifteen patients, of which six patients underwent Roux-en-Y gastric bypass and nine patients underwent biliopancreatic diversion, were included. The participants underwent an oral glucose tolerance test and a hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp. Small polar metabolites were analyzed with a two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC×GC-TOFMS). Gene expression analysis of genes related to metabolism of amino acids and fatty acids were analyzed in subcutaneous adipose tissue. All procedures were performed at study start and at follow-up (after 185.3 ± 72.9 days). RESULTS Twelve metabolites were significantly changed after metabolic surgery. Six metabolites were identified as 3-indoleacetic acid, 2-hydroxybutyric acid, valine, glutamic acid, 4-hydroxybenzeneacetic acid and alpha-tocopherol. The branched chain amino acids displayed a significant decrease together with a decrease in BCAT1 adipose tissue mRNA levels. Changes in the identified metabolites were associated to changes in lipid, insulin and glucose levels. CONCLUSIONS Our study has identified metabolites and metabolic pathways that are altered by metabolic surgery and may be used as biomarkers for metabolic improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie Ahlin
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Medical and Surgery Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
- *Correspondence: Sofie Ahlin,
| | - Consuelo Cefalo
- Department of Medical and Surgery Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
| | | | - Kajetan Trošt
- Research Department, Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte, Denmark
| | - Esmeralda Capristo
- Department of Medical and Surgery Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Marini
- Department of Medical and Surgery Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
| | - Montserrat Romero
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBERDEM, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, Barcelona, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonio Zorzano
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBERDEM, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, Barcelona, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Amalia Gastaldelli
- Cardiometabolic Risk Laboratory, Institute of Clinical Physiology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Pisa, Italy
| | - Geltrude Mingrone
- Department of Medical and Surgery Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
- Department of Diabetes & Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King’s College, London, United Kingdom
| | - John J. Nolan
- Research Department, Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
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Does Lifestyle Intervention After Gastric Bypass Surgery Prevent Weight Regain? A Randomized Clinical Trial. Obes Surg 2020; 29:3419-3431. [PMID: 31363961 DOI: 10.1007/s11695-019-04109-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Weight regain after bariatric surgery often starts after 1-2 y, but studies evaluating strategies to prevent weight regain are lacking. The aim of this intervention was to evaluate the efficacy of a 2-y-group-based lifestyle intervention starting approximately 2 y after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) compared with usual care on weight regain and related metabolic risk factors. METHODS A total of 165 patients with a mean of 21 months (range 14-32) after RYGB were randomized to a lifestyle intervention group (LIG) or a usual care group (UCG). Of the 165 participants 86% completed the study. The LIG was offered 16 group meetings over 2 y with focus on healthy diet, physical activity, and behavioural strategies to prevent weight regain, in addition to usual care. RESULTS Mean (SD) total weight loss at study start was 30.1 ± 8.2%, while weight regain during the intervention was 4.9 ± 7.4 and 4.6 ± 9.2% in the LIG and UCG, respectively (P = 0.84). There were no differences in metabolic risk factors between the groups. The LIG participants attended 8 ± 4 group meetings, with no difference in weight regain between participants with high compared to lower participation. In all the participants, a positive association between weight increase from nadir to study start and weight regain during the intervention was found. Participants who reported physical activity ≥ 150 min/wk had smaller % weight regain compared with less active participants (β = - 5.2 [SE 2.0, 95% CI - 9.1 to - 1.4]). CONCLUSION We found no difference in weight regain between LIG and UCG.
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Lee S, Olsen T, Vinknes KJ, Refsum H, Gulseth HL, Birkeland KI, Drevon CA. Plasma Sulphur-Containing Amino Acids, Physical Exercise and Insulin Sensitivity in Overweight Dysglycemic and Normal Weight Normoglycemic Men. Nutrients 2018; 11:nu11010010. [PMID: 30577516 PMCID: PMC6356487 DOI: 10.3390/nu11010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasma sulphur-containing amino acids and related metabolites are associated with insulin sensitivity, although the mechanisms are unclear. We examined the effect of exercise on this relationship. Dysglycemic (n = 13) and normoglycemic (n = 13) men underwent 45 min cycling before and after 12 weeks exercise intervention. We performed hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp, mRNA-sequencing of skeletal muscle and adipose tissue biopsies, and targeted profiling of plasma metabolites by LC-MS/MS. Insulin sensitivity increased similarly in dysglycemic and normoglycemic men after 12 weeks of exercise, in parallel to similar increases in concentration of plasma glutamine, and decreased concentrations of plasma glutamate, cysteine, taurine, and glutathione. Change in plasma concentrations of cysteine and glutathione exhibited the strongest correlations to exercise-improved insulin sensitivity, and expression of a cluster of genes essential for oxidative phosphorylation and fatty acid metabolism in both skeletal muscle and adipose tissue, as well as mitochondria-related genes such as mitofilin. Forty-five min of cycling decreased plasma concentrations of glutamine and methionine, and increased plasma concentrations of glutamate, homocysteine, cystathionine, cysteine, glutathione, and taurine. Similar acute responses were seen in both groups before and after the 12 weeks training period. Both acute and long-term exercise may influence transsulphuration and glutathione biosynthesis, linking exercise-improved insulin sensitivity to oxidative stress and mitochondrial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sindre Lee
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0317 Oslo, Norway.
- Department of Endocrinology, Morbid Obesity and Preventive Medicine, Oslo University Hospital; 0586 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Thomas Olsen
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0317 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Kathrine J Vinknes
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0317 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Helga Refsum
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0317 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Hanne L Gulseth
- Department of Endocrinology, Morbid Obesity and Preventive Medicine, Oslo University Hospital; 0586 Oslo, Norway.
- Department of Non-communicable Diseases, Norwegian Institute of Public Health; 0473 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Kåre I Birkeland
- Department of Endocrinology, Morbid Obesity and Preventive Medicine, Oslo University Hospital; 0586 Oslo, Norway.
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo; 0450 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Christian A Drevon
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0317 Oslo, Norway.
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Wiebe N, Field CJ, Tonelli M. A systematic review of the vitamin B12, folate and homocysteine triad across body mass index. Obes Rev 2018; 19:1608-1618. [PMID: 30074676 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Multiple studies have explored the association between serum or plasma vitamin B12 status and obesity, in part because of the relationship between elevated homocysteine concentrations and atherosclerosis. This review will address the inconsistent finding of these studies with the objective of determining whether vitamin B12 concentrations are lower in people with higher body mass indices. DESIGN MEDLINE and EMBASE were searched to February 2017. Observational studies in general and clinical populations comparing serum/plasma B12 concentrations across groups of different body mass indices were selected. We did network and pairwise meta-analyses of serum/plasma B12, folate and homocysteine using frequentist techniques. Evidence-based items potentially indicating risk of bias were assessed. RESULTS Of 844 citations, we identified 19 eligible observational studies with 7,055 participants. The overall network, while showing no significant inconsistency between indirect and direct comparisons (P = 0.34), was qualitatively inconsistent. Based on the results of the meta-regression, in an exploratory sub-network meta-analysis where obesity groups were combined, we excluded disease-specific populations and studies with inadequate description of populations. The direction of the indirect and direct evidence was consistent. The pairwise results from this sub-network showed lower levels of B12 in people with higher body mass indices: obesity versus control difference in means (MD) -56 pmol L-1 (95% CI -90, -23), obesity versus overweight MD -21 pmol L-1 (95% CI -37, -5) and overweight versus control MD -51 pmol L-1 (95% CI -51, -24). Heterogeneity remained very large for most comparisons, and all the studies carried a high risk for bias. CONCLUSIONS This review did not establish an inverse association (or J-curve) between serum or plasma B12 concentrations and body mass index, but the direct pairwise evidence is consistent with an inverse association and supports further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Wiebe
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - C J Field
- Department of Agricultural, Food & Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - M Tonelli
- Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
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11
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Elshorbagy AK, Samocha-Bonet D, Jernerén F, Turner C, Refsum H, Heilbronn LK. Food Overconsumption in Healthy Adults Triggers Early and Sustained Increases in Serum Branched-Chain Amino Acids and Changes in Cysteine Linked to Fat Gain. J Nutr 2018; 148:1073-1080. [PMID: 29901727 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxy062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Plasma concentrations of branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) and the sulfur-containing amino acid cysteine are associated with obesity and insulin resistance. BCAAs predict future diabetes. Objective We investigated amino acid changes during food overconsumption. Methods Forty healthy men and women with a body mass index (mean ± SEM) of 25.6 ± 0.6 were overfed by 1250 kcal/d for 28 d, increasing consumption of all macronutrients. Insulin sensitivity and body composition were assessed at baseline (day 0) and day 28. Fasting serum amino acids were measured at days 0, 3, and 28. Linear mixed-effects models evaluated the effect of time in the total group and separately in those with low and high body fat gain (below compared with at or above median fat gain, 1.95 kg). At days 0 and 28, insulin-induced suppression of serum amino acids during a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp test and, in a subset (n = 20), adipose tissue mRNA expression of selected amino acid metabolizing enzymes were assessed. Results Weight increased by 2.8 kg. High fat gainers gained 2.6 kg fat mass compared with 1.1 kg in low fat gainers. Valine and isoleucine increased at day 3 (+17% and +22%, respectively; P ≤ 0.002) and remained elevated at day 28, despite a decline in valine (P = 0.019) from day 3 values. Methionine, cystathionine, and taurine were unaffected. Serum total cysteine (tCys) transiently increased at day 3 (+11%; P = 0.022) only in high fat gainers (P-interaction = 0.043), in whom the cysteine catabolic enzyme cysteine dioxygenase (CDO1) was induced (+26%; P = 0.025) in adipose tissue (P-interaction = 0.045). Overconsumption did not alter adipose tissue mRNA expression of the BCAA-metabolizing enzymes branched-chain keto acid dehydrogenase E1α polypeptide (BCKDHA) or branched-chain amino transferase 1 (BCAT1). In the total population at day 0, insulin infusion decreased all serum amino acids (-11% to -47%; P < 0.01), except for homocysteine and tCys, which were unchanged, and glutathione, which was increased by 54%. At day 28, insulin increased tCys (+8%), and the insulin-induced suppression of taurine and phenylalanine observed at day 0, but not that of BCAAs, was significantly impaired. Conclusions These findings highlight the role of nutrient oversupply in increasing fasting BCAA concentrations in healthy adults. The link between cysteine availability, CDO1 expression, and fat gain deserves investigation. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00562393.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amany K Elshorbagy
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Dorit Samocha-Bonet
- Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Diabetes and Metabolism Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
| | - Fredrik Jernerén
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Cheryl Turner
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Helga Refsum
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Nutrition, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Leonie K Heilbronn
- Diabetes and Metabolism Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia.,Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Hanvold SE, Vinknes KJ, Bastani NE, Turner C, Løken EB, Mala T, Refsum H, Aas AM. Plasma amino acids, adiposity, and weight change after gastric bypass surgery: are amino acids associated with weight regain? Eur J Nutr 2017; 57:2629-2637. [PMID: 28856439 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-017-1533-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Plasma concentrations of several amino acids (AAs) are positively correlated with obesity. The aim of this study was to examine if selected plasma AAs are associated with weight regain from 2 to 4 years after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB). METHODS In a prospective study with 165 patients, we examined the relationship between plasma aromatic AAs (AAAs), branched chain AAs (BCAAs), and total cysteine (tCys) 2 years after RYGB, with BMI at 2 years and with weight change from 2 to 4 years after surgery. Analyses were adjusted for relevant covariates. RESULT The investigated AAs at 2 years correlated positively with BMI at 2 years (P ≤ 0.003 for all). BCAAs and AAAs at 2 years correlated inversely with % weight loss from 0 to 2 years (P = 0.002 and P = 0.001, respectively), while the association was not significant for tCys (r = -0.14, P = 0.08). Plasma tCys at 2 years correlated positively with BMI at 4 years (P = 0.010) and with weight regain from 2 to 4 years (P = 0.015). CONCLUSION Plasma AAAs, BCAAs, and tCys at 2 years were associated with BMI at 2 years. In addition, plasma AAAs and BCAAs at 2 years were associated with weight loss from 0 to 2 years, while tCys at 2 years was associated with weight regain from 2 to 4 years after RYGB. These results suggest that high tCys at 2 years may be used as a prognostic marker for future weight regain. The study was registered in ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT0 1270451).
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna E Hanvold
- Section of Nutrition and Dietetics, Division of Medicine, Department of Clinical Service, Oslo University Hospital Aker, Oslo, Norway.
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Kathrine J Vinknes
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Nasser E Bastani
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Cheryl Turner
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Elin B Løken
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tom Mala
- Division of Medicine, Department of Morbid Obesity and Bariatric Surgery, Oslo University Hospital Aker, Oslo, Norway
| | - Helga Refsum
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Anne-Marie Aas
- Section of Nutrition and Dietetics, Division of Medicine, Department of Clinical Service, Oslo University Hospital Aker, Oslo, Norway
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Poloni S, Spritzer PM, Mendes RH, D'Almeida V, Castro K, Sperb-Ludwig F, Kugele J, Tucci S, Blom HJ, Schwartz IVD. Leptin concentrations and SCD-1 indices in classical homocystinuria: Evidence for the role of sulfur amino acids in the regulation of lipid metabolism. Clin Chim Acta 2017; 473:82-88. [PMID: 28801090 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2017.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2017] [Revised: 08/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We describe body composition, lipid metabolism and Stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 (SCD-1) indices in patients with classical homocystinuria (HCU). METHODS Eleven treated HCU patients and 16 healthy controls were included. Body composition and bone mineral density were assessed by dual X-ray absorptiometry. Sulfur amino acids (SAA) and their derivatives (total homocysteine, cysteine, methionine, S-adenosylmethionine, S-adenosylhomocysteine, and glutathione), lipids (free fatty acids, acylcarnitines, triglycerides and lipoproteins), glucose, insulin, leptin, adiponectin, and isoprostanes were measured in plasma. Insulin resistance was evaluated by HOMA-IR. To estimate liver SCD-1 activity, SCD-16 [16:1(n-7)/16:0] and SCD-18 [18:1(n-9)/18:0] desaturation indices were determined. RESULTS In HCU patients, SCD-16 index was significantly reduced (p=0.03). A trend of an association of SCD-16 index with cysteine was observed (r=0.624, p=0.054). HCU patients displayed lower lean mass (p<0.05), with no differences in fat mass percentage. Leptin and low-density lipoprotein concentrations were lower in HCU patients (p<0.05). Femur bone mineral density Z-scores were correlated with plasma cysteine (r=0.829; p=0.04) and total homocysteine (r=-0.829; p=0.04) in HCU patients. CONCLUSIONS We report alterations in leptin and SCD-1 in HCU patients. These results agree with previous findings from epidemiologic and animal studies, and support a role for SAA on lipid homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soraia Poloni
- Post-Graduation Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; BRAIN Laboratory (Basic Research and Advanced Investigations in Neurosciences) - Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Poli Mara Spritzer
- Gynecological Endocrinology Unit, Division of Endocrinology, Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Roberta H Mendes
- BRAIN Laboratory (Basic Research and Advanced Investigations in Neurosciences) - Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Vânia D'Almeida
- Laboratory of Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Department of Psychobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Kamila Castro
- Medical Genetics Service, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Sperb-Ludwig
- BRAIN Laboratory (Basic Research and Advanced Investigations in Neurosciences) - Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Johanna Kugele
- Laboratory for Clinical Biochemistry and Metabolism, University Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sara Tucci
- Laboratory for Clinical Biochemistry and Metabolism, University Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Henk J Blom
- Laboratory for Clinical Biochemistry and Metabolism, University Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ida V D Schwartz
- Post-Graduation Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; BRAIN Laboratory (Basic Research and Advanced Investigations in Neurosciences) - Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Medical Genetics Service, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
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Does Bariatric Surgery Improve Obesity Associated Comorbid Conditions. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 960:545-570. [PMID: 28585216 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-48382-5_24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is a constantly growing health problem which reduces quality of life and life expectancy. Bariatric surgery for obesity is taken into account when all other conservative treatment modalities have failed. Comparison of the multidisciplinary programs with bariatric surgery regarding to weight loss showed that substantial and durable weight reduction have been achieved only with bariatric surgical treatments. However, the benefits of weight loss following bariatric procedures are still debated regarding the pro-inflammatory and metabolic profile of obesity.
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Tulipani S, Griffin J, Palau-Rodriguez M, Mora-Cubillos X, Bernal-Lopez RM, Tinahones FJ, Corkey BE, Andres-Lacueva C. Metabolomics-guided insights on bariatric surgery versus behavioral interventions for weight loss. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2016; 24:2451-2466. [PMID: 27891833 DOI: 10.1002/oby.21686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review the metabolomic studies carried out so far to identify metabolic markers associated with surgical and dietary treatments for weight loss in subjects with obesity. METHODS The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were followed. RESULTS Thirty-two studies successfully met the eligibility criteria. The metabolic adaptations shared by surgical and dietary interventions mirrored a state of starvation ketoacidosis (increase of circulating ketone bodies), an increase of acylcarnitines and fatty acid β-oxidation, a decrease of specific amino acids including branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) and (lyso)glycerophospholipids previously associated with obesity, and adipose tissue expansion. The metabolic footprint of bariatric procedures was specifically characterized by an increase of bile acid circulating pools and a decrease of ceramide levels, a greater perioperative decline in BCAA, and the rise of circulating serine and glycine, mirroring glycemic control and inflammation improvement. In one study, 3-hydroxybutyrate was particularly identified as an early metabolic marker of long-term prognosis after surgery and proposed to increase current prognostic modalities and contribute to personalized treatment. CONCLUSIONS Metabolomics helped in deciphering the metabolic response to weight loss treatments. Moving from association to causation is the next challenge to move to a further level of clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Tulipani
- Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Gastronomy, Biomarkers & Nutrimetabolomic Lab, XaRTA, INSA, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Research Institute (IBIMA), Service of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Malaga Hospital Complex (Virgen de la Victoria), University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain
| | - Jules Griffin
- MRC Human Nutrition Research, Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Biochemistry and the Cambridge Systems Biology Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Magali Palau-Rodriguez
- Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Gastronomy, Biomarkers & Nutrimetabolomic Lab, XaRTA, INSA, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ximena Mora-Cubillos
- Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Gastronomy, Biomarkers & Nutrimetabolomic Lab, XaRTA, INSA, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa M Bernal-Lopez
- Biomedical Research Institute (IBIMA), Service of Internal Medicine, Malaga Hospital Complex (Hospital Regional Universitario de Malaga), University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco J Tinahones
- Biomedical Research Institute (IBIMA), Service of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Malaga Hospital Complex (Virgen de la Victoria), University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Barbara E Corkey
- School of Medicine, Obesity Research Center, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Cristina Andres-Lacueva
- Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Gastronomy, Biomarkers & Nutrimetabolomic Lab, XaRTA, INSA, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Tulipani S, Palau-Rodriguez M, Miñarro Alonso A, Cardona F, Marco-Ramell A, Zonja B, Lopez de Alda M, Muñoz-Garach A, Sanchez-Pla A, Tinahones FJ, Andres-Lacueva C. Biomarkers of Morbid Obesity and Prediabetes by Metabolomic Profiling of Human Discordant Phenotypes. Clin Chim Acta 2016; 463:53-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2016.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Carter RN, Morton NM. Cysteine and hydrogen sulphide in the regulation of metabolism: insights from genetics and pharmacology. J Pathol 2015; 238:321-32. [PMID: 26467985 PMCID: PMC4832394 DOI: 10.1002/path.4659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2015] [Revised: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Obesity and diabetes represent a significant and escalating worldwide health burden. These conditions are characterized by abnormal nutrient homeostasis. One such perturbation is altered metabolism of the sulphur‐containing amino acid cysteine. Obesity is associated with elevated plasma cysteine, whereas diabetes is associated with reduced cysteine levels. One mechanism by which cysteine may act is through its enzymatic breakdown to produce hydrogen sulphide (H2S), a gasotransmitter that regulates glucose and lipid homeostasis. Here we review evidence from both pharmacological studies and transgenic models suggesting that cysteine and hydrogen sulphide play a role in the metabolic dysregulation underpinning obesity and diabetes. We then outline the growing evidence that regulation of hydrogen sulphide levels through its catabolism can impact metabolic health. By integrating hydrogen sulphide production and breakdown pathways, we re‐assess current hypothetical models of cysteine and hydrogen sulphide metabolism, offering new insight into their roles in the pathogenesis of obesity and diabetes. © 2015 The Authors. Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roderick N Carter
- Molecular Metabolism Group, University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, Queens Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - Nicholas M Morton
- Molecular Metabolism Group, University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, Queens Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, UK
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Freeland-Graves JH, Lee JJ, Mousa TY, Elizondo JJ. Patients at risk for trace element deficiencies: bariatric surgery. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2014; 28:495-503. [PMID: 25087156 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2014.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a worldwide epidemic associated with diseases such as diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease. Current methods for weight loss are not very effective, particularly for those with morbid obesity. Surgical therapy may be recommended for those with a BMI≥40kg/m(2), or BMI≥35kg/m(2) with co-morbidities. This therapy can produce significant weight loss and improve/resolve co-morbidities including hypertension and hyperlipidemia. Yet successes may be tempered by adverse effects on trace element absorption and status. A PubMed literature search identified studies from January 1980 to February 2013 for inclusion in a meta-analysis. Publications that contained keywords 'bariatric surgery or gastric bypass,' 'trace element or mineral or zinc or iron or copper or iodine or manganese', and 'absorption or status or rate or level' were identified. Inclusion criteria were human markers that reflect changes in trace element status before and after bariatric surgery. The meta-analysis found a decrease in blood copper, zinc, hemoglobin, as well as an increase in iron, regardless of the type of surgery. The pooled effect sizes and 95% confidence intervals were 0.17 and -0.09 to 0.43 for plasma/serum iron (p=0.20); -0.49 and -0.67 to -0.31 for blood hemoglobin (p=0.00); -0.47 and -0.90 to -0.05 for plasma/serum copper (p=0.03); -0.77 and -1.20 to -0.35 for plasma/serum zinc (p=0.00). Differences in levels of these minerals pre- and post-surgery may have been influenced by the time period after surgery, a pre-existing deficiency, type and dose of vitamin-mineral supplements, and malabsorption due to elimination of parts of the gastrointestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jane J Lee
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Tamara Y Mousa
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA
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Ashrafian H, Harling L, Darzi A, Athanasiou T. Neurodegenerative disease and obesity: what is the role of weight loss and bariatric interventions? Metab Brain Dis 2013; 28:341-53. [PMID: 23653255 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-013-9412-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are amongst the leading causes of worldwide disability, morbidity and decreased quality of life. They are increasingly associated with the concomitant worldwide epidemic of obesity. Although the prevalence of both AD and PD continue to rise, the available treatment strategies to combat these conditions remain ineffective against an increase in global neurodegenerative risk factors. There is now epidemiological and mechanistic evidence associating obesity and its related disorders of impaired glucose homeostasis, type 2 diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome with both AD and PD. Here we describe the clinical and molecular relationship between obesity and neurodegenerative disease. Secondly we outline the protective role of weight loss, metabolic and caloric modifying interventions in the context of AD and PD. We conclude that the application of caloric restriction through dietary changes, bariatric (metabolic) surgery and gut hormone therapy may offer novel therapeutic strategies against neurodegenerative disorders. Investigating the protective mechanisms of weight loss, metabolic and caloric modifying interventions can increase our understanding of these major public health diseases and their management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hutan Ashrafian
- The Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Imperial College London at St Mary's Hospital Campus, 10th Floor, Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother (QEQM) Building, Praed Street, London, W2 1NY, UK.
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Plasma total cysteine is a determinant of adiposity in healthy adolescents living in the Republic of Seychelles. Proc Nutr Soc 2012. [DOI: 10.1017/s0029665112001826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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