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Dos Santos RM, Miyamoto JÉ, Siqueira BP, Araujo TR, Vettorazzi JF, Menta PLR, Denom J, Latorraca MQ, Cruciani-Guglielmacci C, Carneiro EM, Torsoni A, Torsoni M, Badan AP, Magnan C, Le Stunff H, Ignácio-Souza L, Milanski M. Interesterified palm oil promotes insulin resistance and altered insulin secretion and signaling in Swiss mice. Food Res Int 2024; 177:113850. [PMID: 38225125 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Interesterified fats have been used to replace trans-fat in ultra-processed foods. However, their metabolic effects are not completely understood. Hence, this study aimed to investigate the effects related to glucose homeostasis in response to interesterified palm oil or refined palm oil intake. Four-week-old male Swiss mice were randomly divided into four experimental groups and fed the following diets for 8 weeks: a normocaloric and normolipidic diet containing refined palm oil (PO group) or interesterified palm oil (IPO group); a hypercaloric and high-fat diet containing refined PO (POHF group) or interesterified PO (IPOHF group). Metabolic parameters related to body mass, adiposity and food consumption showed no significant differences. As for glucose homeostasis parameters, interesterified palm oil diets (IPO and IPOHF) resulted in higher glucose intolerance than unmodified palm oil diets (PO and POHF). Euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp assessment showed a higher endogenous glucose production in the IPO group compared with the PO group. Moreover, the IPO group showed significantly lower p-AKT protein content (in the muscle and liver tissues) when compared with the PO group. Analysis of glucose-stimulated static insulin secretion (11.1 mmol/L glucose) in isolated pancreatic islets showed a higher insulin secretion in animals fed interesterified fat diets (IPO and IPOHF) than in those fed with palm oil (PO and POHF). Interesterified palm oil, including in normolipidic diets, can impair insulin signaling in peripheral tissues and increase insulin secretion by β-cells, characterizing insulin resistance in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raísa Magno Dos Santos
- School of Applied Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, SP, Brazil; Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Josiane Érica Miyamoto
- School of Applied Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, SP, Brazil; Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Piatezzi Siqueira
- School of Applied Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, SP, Brazil; Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Thiago Reis Araujo
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil; Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jean Franciesco Vettorazzi
- Latin American Institute of Life and Nature Sciences (ILACVN), Federal University of Latin American Integration (UNILA), Foz do Iguaçu, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Penelope Lacrisio Reis Menta
- School of Applied Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, SP, Brazil; Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Jessica Denom
- Université de Paris, BFA, UMR 8251, CNRS, F-75013 Paris, France
| | | | | | - Everardo Magalhães Carneiro
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil; Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adriana Torsoni
- School of Applied Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, SP, Brazil; Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcio Torsoni
- School of Applied Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, SP, Brazil; Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Badan
- School of Food Engineering, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | | | - Hervé Le Stunff
- Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience, CNRS UMR 9197, Université Paris-Sud, University Paris Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Letícia Ignácio-Souza
- School of Applied Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, SP, Brazil; Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Marciane Milanski
- School of Applied Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, SP, Brazil; Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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Diets enriched with palm olein, cocoa butter and extra virgin olive oil exhibited similar lipid response: A randomized controlled study in young healthy adults. Nutr Res 2022; 105:113-125. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2022.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Segura J, Rey AI, Olivares Á, Cambero MI, Escudero R, de Ávila MDR, Palomo A, López-Bote C. Free-Range Feeding Alters Fatty Acid Composition at the sn-2 Position of Triglycerides and Subcutaneous Fat Physicochemical Properties in Heavy Pigs. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11102802. [PMID: 34679824 PMCID: PMC8532750 DOI: 10.3390/ani11102802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Fat content and the degree of fatty acid unsaturation in meat are two major concerns for consumers. Fat concentration and its molecular structure (fatty acid positional distribution) are related to the nutritional fat value and tissue rheological properties. Changes in fat concentration and/or fatty acid profile related to modifications of dietary treatments are well described in the literature. Nevertheless, studies aimed to control fatty acid positional distribution by dietary intervention in pigs are scarce, and studies have shown that the internal sn-2 position is highly regulated and resistant to dietary manipulation. However, this study demonstrated that heavy pigs fed on free-range with high levels of oleic acid can alter the fatty acid composition of the internal position of the triglyceride, thus affecting the nutritional value of their fat as well as their physicochemical properties. Abstract The nutritional value of fat consumption depends on both the fatty acid composition and the positional distribution of fatty acids within the triglyceride molecule. This research studies the effect of feeding with three different diets (4% lard-enriched; 11.5% high-oleic sunflower-enriched; and extensive feeding mainly with acorns) on the composition of fatty acids in the sn-2 position (and sn-1,3) of triglycerides and the textural properties of subcutaneous fat in heavy Iberian pigs (n = 210 castrated males). A moderate dietary enrichment with oleic acid in mixed diets did not alter the regulation of the sn-2 position of triglyceride (69.9% and 13.9% of palmitic and oleic acids, respectively), but the extremely high intake of oleic acid in pigs fed mainly on acorns changed the proportions of palmitic and oleic acids at the sn-2 position in the subcutaneous fat of pigs (55.0% and 27.2%, respectively). Hardness, adhesiveness, cohesiveness, gumminess, and chewiness showed the least values in EXT pigs, and the greatest values in LARD-fed barrows. SUN cohesiveness and gumminess did not differ from those fed LARD. In addition, Iberian pigs raised in free-range conditions had a more favorable nutritional lipid profile for human health compared to pigs fed conventional diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Segura
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense, Av. Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.S.); (A.I.R.); (C.L.-B.)
| | - Ana Isabel Rey
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense, Av. Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.S.); (A.I.R.); (C.L.-B.)
| | - Álvaro Olivares
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense, Av. Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.S.); (A.I.R.); (C.L.-B.)
- Correspondence:
| | - María Isabel Cambero
- Sección Departamental de Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense, Av. Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (M.I.C.); (R.E.); (M.D.R.d.Á.)
| | - Rosa Escudero
- Sección Departamental de Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense, Av. Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (M.I.C.); (R.E.); (M.D.R.d.Á.)
| | - María Dolores Romero de Ávila
- Sección Departamental de Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense, Av. Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (M.I.C.); (R.E.); (M.D.R.d.Á.)
| | - Antonio Palomo
- Departamento de Medicina y Cirugía Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense, Av. Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Clemente López-Bote
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense, Av. Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.S.); (A.I.R.); (C.L.-B.)
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Stonehouse W, Sergi D, Benassi-Evans B, James-Martin G, Johnson N, Thompson CH, Abeywardena M. Eucaloric diets enriched in palm olein, cocoa butter, and soybean oil did not differentially affect liver fat concentration in healthy participants: a 16-week randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2021; 113:324-337. [PMID: 33381795 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqaa347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Effects of dietary fat quality on liver fat remain to be elucidated. Inconsistent evidence may be influenced by fatty acid saturation, chain-length, and regio-specificity within triacylglycerol (TAG) molecules. OBJECTIVES We aimed to compare eucaloric diets enriched in palm olein (POo), cocoa butter (COB), and soybean oil (SBO) on liver fat concentration in healthy participants. Secondary outcomes included visceral (VAT) and abdominal subcutaneous (aSCAT) adipose tissue, plus other obesity and cardiometabolic health outcomes. METHODS Eighty-three healthy participants (20-45 y, BMI 18.5-27.5 kg/m2) commenced and 64 completed a 16-wk randomized parallel intervention, preceded by a 2-wk run-in. Participants consumed identical eucaloric background diets differing in test fats [contributing 20% total energy intake (%E)], providing 33%E total fat with the following ratios for PUFAs/SFAs/MUFAs: POo, 4.2/13.5/15%E; SBO, 14.4/8.8/9.4%E; COB, 2.3/19.5/11%E. Liver fat and abdominal adiposity were measured at weeks 0 and 16 using 1H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy/imaging; all other outcomes were measured at 0, 4, 8, 12, and 16 wk. RESULTS Fat quality did not affect liver fat concentration, VAT, aSCAT, obesity indexes, blood pressure, liver enzymes, leptin, or fasting glucose. Body fat mass decreased with SBO and COB compared with POo. SBO decreased serum total cholesterol (TC), LDL cholesterol, and TC:HDL cholesterol relative to POo [estimated marginal mean (95% CI) differences: -0.57 (-0.94, -0.20) mmol/L; -0.37 (-0.68, -0.07) mmol/L; and -0.42 (-0.73, -0.11) mmol/L, respectively]. No diet differences were observed on HDL cholesterol, TAG, apoA1, apoB, apoB:apoA1, or fecal free fatty acids (FFAs), except for lower FFA pentadecanoic acid (15:0) with COB than with SBO and POo. CONCLUSIONS In healthy adults, when consumed as part of eucaloric typical Australian diets, 3 different dietary fat sources did not differentially affect liver fat concentration and amounts of adipose tissue. Effects on serum lipids were inconsistent across lipid profiles. The findings must be confirmed in metabolically impaired individuals before recommendations can be made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Welma Stonehouse
- Health and Biosecurity, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Domenico Sergi
- Health and Biosecurity, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Bianca Benassi-Evans
- Health and Biosecurity, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Genevieve James-Martin
- Health and Biosecurity, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Nathan Johnson
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia.,Boden Collaboration of Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise, and Eating Disorders, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Campbell H Thompson
- Department of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Mahinda Abeywardena
- Health and Biosecurity, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Different Ratios of Corn and Coconut Oil Blends in High‐Fat Diets Influence Fat Deposition without Altering Metabolic Biomarkers in Male Rats. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.202000204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Makeri M, Sahri MM, Ghazali HM, Ahmad K, Muhammad K. Polymorphism, textural and crystallization properties of winged bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus, D.C) oil-based trans-fatty acids free ternary margarine blends. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2018.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Ng YT, Voon PT, Ng TKW, Lee VKM, Mat Sahri M, Mohd Esa N, Ong SH, Ong ASH. Interesterified Palm Olein (IEPalm) and Interesterified Stearic Acid-Rich Fat Blend (IEStear) Have No Adverse Effects on Insulin Resistance: A Randomized Control Trial. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10081112. [PMID: 30126103 PMCID: PMC6115919 DOI: 10.3390/nu10081112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemically-interesterified (CIE) fats are trans-fat free and are increasingly being used as an alternative to hydrogenated oils for food manufacturing industries to optimize their products' characteristics and nutrient compositions. The metabolic effects of CIE fats on insulin activity, lipids, and adiposity in humans are not well established. We investigated the effects of CIE fats rich in palmitic (C16:0, IEPalm) and stearic (C18:0, IEStear) acids on insulin resistance, serum lipids, apolipoprotein concentrations, and adiposity, using C16:0-rich natural palm olein (NatPO) as the control. We designed a parallel, double-blind clinical trial. Three test fats were used to prepare daily snacks for consumption with a standard background diet over a period of 8 weeks by three groups of a total of 85 healthy, overweight adult volunteers. We measured the outcome variables at weeks 0, 6, and at the endpoint of 8. After 8 weeks, there was no significant difference in surrogate biomarkers of insulin resistance in any of the IE fat diets (IEPalm and IEStear) compared to the NatPO diet. The change in serum triacylglycerol concentrations was significantly lower with the IEStear diet, and the changes in serum leptin and body fat percentages were significantly lower in the NatPO-diet compared to the IEPalm diet. We conclude that diets containing C16:0 and C18:0-rich CIE fats do not affect markers of insulin resistance compared to a natural C16:0-rich fat (NatPO) diet. Higher amounts of saturated fatty acids (SFAs) and longer chain SFAs situated at the sn-1,3 position of the triacylglycerol (TAG) backbones resulted in less weight gain and lower changes in body fat percentage and leptin concentration to those observed in NatPO and IEStear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen Teng Ng
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Sciences, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
- Nutrition Unit, Malaysian Palm Oil Board, 6, Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Phooi Tee Voon
- Nutrition Unit, Malaysian Palm Oil Board, 6, Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Tony Kock Wai Ng
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman (UTAR), 31900 Kampar, Perak, Malaysia.
| | - Verna Kar Mun Lee
- Department of Family Medicine, School of Medicine, International Medical University, Clinical Campus, 70300 Seremban, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia.
| | - Miskandar Mat Sahri
- Protein and Food Technology Unit, Malaysian Palm Oil Board, 6, Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Norhaizan Mohd Esa
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Seng Huat Ong
- Department of Actuarial Science and Applied Statistics, UCSI University, 56000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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Kok WM, Chuah CH, Cheng SF. Enzymatic synthesis of structured lipids with behenic acid at the sn-1, 3 positions of triacylglycerols. Food Sci Biotechnol 2018; 27:353-366. [PMID: 30263758 PMCID: PMC6049627 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-017-0271-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A long chain saturated fatty acid (SFA), behenic acid, is incorporated into the sn-1, 3 positions of triacylglycerols in palm olein (POo) and high-oleic sunflower oil (HOS) by solvent-free interesterification catalyzed by Lipozyme RM IM. The enzymatic interesterified HOS (EIE-HOS) yielded 76.5% of BOO and BOB as compared to 45.6% in POo (EIE-POo). The sn-2 position of EIE-HOS displayed 5.3 mol% of SFA which is significantly lower compared to 13.5 mol% in EIE-POo (P < 0.001). The sn-1, 3 positions of EIE-POo exhibited greater amount of behenic acid (82.0 mol%) in relation to EIE-HOS (64.0 mol%) (P < 0.001). Due to the greater variety of constitutive triacylglycerol, EIE-POo showed greater differences between onset (To) and offset temperature (Tf) in the melting endotherms (76.99 °C) as compared to EIE-HOS (68.65 °C), and may offer more intensive cooling sensation and flavor release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wai-Ming Kok
- Unit of Research on Lipids (URL), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Cheng-Hock Chuah
- Unit of Research on Lipids (URL), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Sit-Foon Cheng
- Unit of Research on Lipids (URL), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Teh SS, Voon PT, Hock Ong AS, Choo YM. Incorporation of Palmitic Acid or Stearic Acid into Soybean Oils Using Enzymatic Interesterification. J Oleo Sci 2016; 65:797-802. [DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess16097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Soek Sin Teh
- Engineering and Processing Division, Malaysian Palm Oil Board
| | - Phooi Tee Voon
- Product Development and Advisory Services Division, Malaysian Palm Oil Board
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Effect of sex, dietary glycerol or dietary fat during late fattening, on fatty acid composition and positional distribution of fatty acids within the triglyceride in pigs. Animal 2015; 9:1904-11. [PMID: 26272512 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731115001639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of sex, source of saturated fat (lard v. palm oil) and glycerol inclusion in the fattening diet on composition and fatty acid positional distribution in the triglyceride molecule was studied in pigs from 78 to 110 kg BW. Average daily gain and carcass characteristics, including ham and loin weight, were not affected by dietary treatment but sex affected backfat depth (P < 0.01). A significant interaction between sex and glycerol inclusion was observed; dietary glycerol increased lean content in gilts but not in barrows (P < 0.05 for the interaction). Individual and total saturated fatty acid (SFA) concentrations were greater in barrows than in gilts. In contrast, the concentration of total polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and of C18:2n-6, C18:3n-3, C20:3n-9 and C20:4n-6 in the intramuscular fat (IMF) was higher (P < 0.05) in gilts than in barrows. Sex did not affect total monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) concentration in the IMF. The proportion of SFA in the subcutaneous fat (SF) was higher in barrows than in gilts (P < 0.001). Within the individual SFA, sex affected only the concentrations of C14:0 and C16:0 (P < 0.001). Dietary fat did not affect total SFA or PUFA concentrations of the IMF but the subcutaneous total MUFA concentration tended to be higher (P = 0.079) in pigs fed lard than in pigs fed palm oil. Dietary glycerol increased total MUFA and C18:1n-9 concentration in the IMF and increased total MUFA and decreased C18:2n-6, C18:3n-3 and total PUFA concentrations in the SF. The data indicate that altering the fatty acid composition of the triglyceride molecule at the 2-position, by dietary intervention during the fattening phase, is very limited.
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Ruiz-López N, Segura J, Menoyo D, Cambero MI, López-Bote CJ. Comparison of analytical techniques for the determination of the positional distribution of fatty acids in triacylglycerols. Relationship with pig fat melting point and hardness. GRASAS Y ACEITES 2015. [DOI: 10.3989/gya.1073142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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May CY, Nesaretnam K. Research advancements in palm oil nutrition. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2014; 116:1301-1315. [PMID: 25821404 PMCID: PMC4371640 DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201400076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Revised: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/25/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Palm oil is the major oil produced, with annual world production in excess of 50 million tonnes. About 85% of global palm oil produced is used in food applications. Over the past three decades, research on nutritional benefits of palm oil have demonstrated the nutritional adequacy of palm oil and its products, and have resulted in transitions in the understanding these attributes. Numerous studies have demonstrated that palm oil was similar to unsaturated oils with regards to effects on blood lipids. Palm oil provides a healthy alternative to trans-fatty acid containing hydrogenated fats that have been demonstrated to have serious deleterious effects on health. The similar effects of palm oil on blood lipids, comparable to other vegetable oils could very well be due to the structure of the major triglycerides in palm oil, which has an unsaturated fatty acid in the stereospecific numbers (sn)-2 position of the glycerol backbone. In addition, palm oil is well endowed with a bouquet of phytonutrients beneficial to health, such as tocotrienols, carotenoids, and phytosterols. This review will provide an overview of studies that have established palm oil as a balanced and nutritious oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Choo Yuen May
- Malaysian Palm Oil Board, 6 Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru BangiKajang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Kalanithi Nesaretnam
- Malaysian Palm Oil Board, 6 Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru BangiKajang, Selangor, Malaysia
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Stearic acids at sn-1, 3 positions of TAG are more efficient at limiting fat deposition than palmitic and oleic acids in C57BL/6 mice. Br J Nutr 2013; 111:1174-80. [PMID: 24286356 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114513003668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we investigated the effect of long-acyl chain SFA, namely palmitic acid (16:0) and stearic acid (18:0), at sn-1, 3 positions of TAG on obesity. Throughout the 15 weeks of the experimental period, C57BL/6 mice were fed diets fortified with cocoa butter, sal stearin (SAL), palm mid fraction (PMF) and high-oleic sunflower oil (HOS). The sn-1, 3 positions were varied by 16:0, 18:0 and 18:1, whilst the sn-2 position was preserved with 18:1. The HOS-enriched diet was found to lead to the highest fat deposition. This was in accordance with our previous postulation. Upon normalisation of total fat deposited with food intake to obtain the fat:feed ratio, interestingly, mice fed the SAL-enriched diet exhibited significantly lower visceral fat/feed and total fat/feed compared with those fed the PMF-enriched diet, despite their similarity in SFA-unsaturated fatty acid-SFA profile. That long-chain SFA at sn-1, 3 positions concomitantly with an unsaturated FA at the sn-2 position exert an obesity-reducing effect was further validated. The present study is the first of its kind to demonstrate that SFA of different chain lengths at sn-1, 3 positions exert profound effects on fat accretion.
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