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Pélissier L, Lambert C, Stensel DJ, Beraud D, Finlayson G, Pereira B, Boirie Y, Duclos M, Isacco L, Thivel D. Individual variability and consistency of post-exercise energy and macronutrient intake, appetite sensations, and food reward in healthy adults. Appetite 2024; 200:107568. [PMID: 38901766 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2024.107568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Limited evidence is available about the variability of appetitive responses within individuals after an acute bout of exercise. The present study aimed to assess the consistency and individual variability of post-exercise appetitive responses in healthy individuals. Twenty participants (10 females, 23.9 ± 4.1 years, 22.5 ± 2.0 kg m-2) joined the laboratory to perform four sessions separated by a minimum of 5 days: i) a control session with a rest period before and an ad libitum lunch (REST), and ii) three identical exercise sessions (EX) with a 30-min moderate-intensity (60-70% of predicted maximal heart rate) walking bout ending 25 min before the ad libitum lunch. Subjective appetite sensations were assessed before and after the meal at regular intervals, and satiety quotients were calculated. Food reward was assessed by the Leeds Food Preference Questionnaire before and after lunch. For each EX session, the difference with the REST session was calculated (Δ = EX - REST). Energy and macronutrient intake were consistent in response to exercise (all intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) > 0.8) while results showed that post-exercise subjective appetite sensations and satiety quotients varied across the three EX sessions (almost all ICC < 0.7). Food reward was overall consistent in response to exercise before the test meal but not after. When considering the changes (Δ), the results showed no or poor consistency for most of the appetitive outcomes. To conclude, energy and macronutrient intake, as well as pre-meal food reward, are consistent after exercise in healthy individuals, while subjective appetite sensations are not stable within individuals across the sessions. Regarding the variations from REST to EX sessions, the results suggest that the individual changes observed are only random day-to-day variations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léna Pélissier
- Clermont Auvergne University, UPR 3533, Laboratory of the Metabolic Adaptations to Exercise under Physiological and Pathological Conditions (AME2P), CRNH Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - Céline Lambert
- Biostatistics Unit, DRCI, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - David J Stensel
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK; National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals of Leicester National Health Service (NHS) Trust and the University of Leicester, Leicester, UK; Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Japan; Department of Sports Science and Physical Education, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Ma Liu Shui, Hong Kong.
| | - Duane Beraud
- Clermont Auvergne University, UPR 3533, Laboratory of the Metabolic Adaptations to Exercise under Physiological and Pathological Conditions (AME2P), CRNH Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - Graham Finlayson
- Appetite Control & Energy Balance Research Group, School of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine & Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK.
| | - Bruno Pereira
- Biostatistics Unit, DRCI, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - Yves Boirie
- Department of Human Nutrition, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - Martine Duclos
- Observatoire National de l'Activité Physique et de la Sédentarité (ONAPS), Faculty of Medicine, Clermont Auvergne University, Clermont-Ferrand, France; Department of Sport Medicine and Functional Explorations, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France; International Research Chair Health in Motion, Clermont Auvergne University Foundation, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - Laurie Isacco
- Clermont Auvergne University, UPR 3533, Laboratory of the Metabolic Adaptations to Exercise under Physiological and Pathological Conditions (AME2P), CRNH Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - David Thivel
- Clermont Auvergne University, UPR 3533, Laboratory of the Metabolic Adaptations to Exercise under Physiological and Pathological Conditions (AME2P), CRNH Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France; Department of Sport Medicine and Functional Explorations, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France; International Research Chair Health in Motion, Clermont Auvergne University Foundation, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
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Thackray AE, Stensel DJ. The impact of acute exercise on appetite control: Current insights and future perspectives. Appetite 2023; 186:106557. [PMID: 37044176 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2023.106557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
The interaction of exercise with appetite control and energy intake has been widely studied due to the ability of exercise-related energy expenditure to influence energy and substrate balance. Many empirical studies have explored appetite and energy intake responses to acute (single) exercise bouts involving a variety of protocols in diverse populations revealing several consistent trends. The balance of evidence suggests that acute moderate-to-vigorous intensity land-based exercise suppresses subjective appetite feelings and the orexigenic hormone acylated ghrelin and elevates the anorexigenic hormones peptide YY and glucagon-like peptide-1. These perturbations are transient and hormone concentrations usually return to resting values in the hours after exercise without evoking compensatory increases in appetite or energy intake on the same day. This evidence counters the popular assertion that exercise transiently increases appetite and may prompt greater energy intake at subsequent meals. The indifference of the appetite control system to acute exercise-induced energy deficits contrasts with the immediate increases in appetite and energy intake provoked by equivalent diet-induced energy deficits. There is, however, considerable inter-individual variability in subjective appetite and hormonal responses to acute exercise with some individuals experiencing greater exercise-induced appetite suppression than others. Current evidence supports the promotion of exercise as a strategy for inducing a short-term energy deficit but the relevance of this for long-term appetite regulation and the control of body mass remains uncertain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice E Thackray
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom; National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust and University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom.
| | - David J Stensel
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom; National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust and University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom; Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Japan; Department of Sports Science and Physical Education, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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3
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Compensatory eating after exercise in everyday life: Insights from daily diary studies. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0282501. [PMID: 36920917 PMCID: PMC10016725 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0282501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
There is considerable variability in how successful people are in losing weight via exercise programs. Experimental research suggests that greater food intake after exercise may be one factor underlying this variability, but no studies have assessed patterns of post-exercise eating behaviour over time in naturalistic settings. Thus, we aimed to assess how exercise and contextual factors (e.g., hunger, presence of others) influence the healthiness and amount of food eaten after exercise in two daily diary studies. In Study 1, participants (n = 48) reported their food intake and exercise daily for 28 days. For each meal, they provided a brief description of the food(s) eaten which were then categorised as healthy, unhealthy, or mixed (neither healthy nor unhealthy) by two independent coders. Study 2 used the same method, but participants (n = 55) also reported the portion size of each meal. Hierarchical linear modelling showed that in Study 1, contrary to expectations, post-exercise meals were less likely to be unhealthy (relative to mixed) than were random meals from non-exercise days (OR = 0.63, p = .011), and that participants ate proportionally fewer unhealthy meals on exercise days compared to non-exercise days (b = -4.27, p = .004). Study 2 replicated these findings, and also found that participants consumed larger meals after exercise in comparison to random meals from non-exercise days (b = 0.25, p < .001). Participants were not consistently engaging in compensatory eating by eating less healthily after exercise compared to on non-exercise days, but they did eat larger portions post-exercise. This work highlights the need for naturalistic methods of assessing compensatory eating, and has the potential to facilitate development of strategies to improve health behaviour regulation.
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Li Y, Xia X, Yu A, Xu H, Zhang C. Duration of an acute moderate-intensity exercise session affects approach bias toward high-calorie food among individuals with obesity. Appetite 2022; 172:105955. [PMID: 35122877 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2022.105955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is partly driven by unhealthy eating behaviors underpinned by an approach bias toward high-calorie food. Although exercise is a useful strategy for weight loss among individuals with obesity, whether exercise modulates this approach bias is unclear. This study assessed whether the duration of an acute moderate-intensity exercise altered the approach bias toward high-calorie food among individuals with obesity. In total, 24 individuals with obesity were included in this study with a randomized, counterbalanced, crossover design. Participants completed three sessions of 30, 45, or 60 minutes of moderate-intensity exercise (40%-59% of heart rate reserve) on an elliptical trainer or completed a control rest session for 55 minutes. Food approach bias was evaluated using a joystick-based approach-avoidance task immediately before and after each session. Two-way repeated-measures analysis of variance was used to analyze the data. We found that compared with that before exercise, the approach bias score toward high-calorie food was significantly decreased only in the 45-minute exercise session (p = .015) and that this score was also significantly lower than that after both the 60-minute exercise session (p = .002) and the control session (p = .024). These findings suggest a dose-response relationship between exercise duration and approach bias, with 45 minutes of moderate-intensity exercise being an effective strategy for decreasing the approach bias toward high-calorie food among individuals with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yansong Li
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Xue Xia
- School of Psychology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Anqi Yu
- Shanghai Dianfeng Institute of Fat Lose, Shanghai, China
| | - Huangmei Xu
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunhua Zhang
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China.
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Dorling JL, Höchsmann C, Fearnbach SN, Apolzan JW, Hsia DS, Johannsen N, Church TS, Martin CK. Initial Weight Change and Long-Term Changes in Weight and Compensation during Supervised Exercise Training. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2021; 53:1675-1684. [PMID: 33731664 PMCID: PMC8282755 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Our primary aim was to investigate the association between initial weight change and longer-term changes in weight and compensation (predicted weight loss-observed weight loss) during exercise. As secondary aims, we investigated if initial weight change was related to change in cardiometabolic risk markers and energy balance modulators. METHODS Two 6-month randomized controlled exercise trials conducted in individuals with overweight or obesity were analyzed (study 1, n = 312; study 2, n = 102). In both studies, participants in an exercise condition (4 kcal·kg-1·wk-1 [KKW], 8 KKW, 12 KKW, or 20 KKW) were split into tertiles based on percent weight change from baseline to week 4. Tertiles 1 and 3 exhibited the least and most initial weight loss, respectively. Changes in end points were compared between tertiles. RESULTS At month 6, weight loss was lower in tertile 1 than tertile 3 (study 1: -3.6%, 95% confidence interval [CI] = -4.6 to -2.6; study 2: -1.8%, 95% CI = -3.1 to -0.4; P ≤ 0.034). Tertile 1 also showed greater compensation than tertile 3 in study 1 (3.0 kg, 95% CI = 2.2 to 3.9) and study 2 (1.5 kg, 95% CI = 0.3 to 2.6; P ≤ 0.048). Changes in triglycerides and, in study 1, HDL cholesterol were less favorable in tertile 1 versus tertile 3 (P ≤ 0.043); however, changes in other cardiometabolic markers were similar (P ≥ 0.209). In study 2, tertile 1 increased energy intake and exhibited maladaptive changes in eating behaviors relative to tertile 3 (P < 0.050). No between-tertile differences in cumulative exercise energy expenditure and physical activity were evident (P ≥ 0.321). CONCLUSIONS Less initial weight loss was associated with longer-term attenuated weight loss and greater compensation during aerobic exercise training. Individuals who display less initial weight loss during exercise may require early interventions to decrease compensation and facilitate weight loss.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Neil Johannsen
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA
- Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Tim S. Church
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA
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Charlot K, Chapelot D. Comparison of energy-matched high-intensity interval and moderate-intensity continuous exercise sessions on latency to eat, energy intake, and appetite. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2019; 44:665-673. [DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2018-0485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
High-intensity interval exercises (HIIex) have gained popularity but their effects on eating behavior are poorly known. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether the effects of HIIex on the 3 main components of eating behavior (appetite, intake, and latency to eat) differ from those of moderate-intensity continuous exercises (MICex) for the same energy expenditure. Fifteen young normal-weight males completed 3 sessions in a counterbalanced order: HIIex (30-s bouts at 90% of maximal oxygen uptake interceded with 60-s bouts at 35% of maximal oxygen uptake for 20 min), MICex (42% of maximal oxygen uptake for 40 min), and a resting session (REST). Trials were scheduled 80 and 100 min after a standard breakfast for MICex and HIIex, respectively. At 120 min, participants were isolated until they asked for lunch. Appetite was rated on 4 visual analog scales (hunger, desire to eat, fullness, and prospective consumption) every 15 min until meal request. Results showed that the mean latency of requesting lunch was significantly longer after HIIex than after REST (+17.3 ± 4.3 min, P = 0.004), but not after MICex (P = 0.686). Energy intake was not different between conditions, leading to a negative energy balance in the 2 exercise sessions. Thus, the effects of HIIex on eating behavior are likely primarily mediated through the latency of meal initiation. However, inter-individual variability was large and further studies are needed to identify the predictive factors of this response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keyne Charlot
- Université Paris 13, Laboratoire Réponses Cellulaires et Fonctionnelles à l’Hypoxie, UFR Santé Médecine et Biologie Humaine, 74 rue Marcel Cachin, 93017 Bobigny Cedex, France
- Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Unité de Physiologie des Exercices et Activités en Conditions Extrêmes, Département Environnements Opérationnels, 91220 Brétigny-sur-Orge, France
| | - Didier Chapelot
- Université Paris 13, Laboratoire Réponses Cellulaires et Fonctionnelles à l’Hypoxie, UFR Santé Médecine et Biologie Humaine, 74 rue Marcel Cachin, 93017 Bobigny Cedex, France
- Centre de Recherche en Epidémiologie et Statistique, Equipe de Recherche en Epidémiologie Nutritionnelle (EREN), Inserm (U1153), Inra (U1125), Cnam, Université Paris 13, UFR Santé Médecine et Biologie Humaine, 74 rue Marcel Cachin, 93017, Bobigny, France
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7
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Goltz FR, Thackray AE, King JA, Dorling JL, Atkinson G, Stensel DJ. Interindividual Responses of Appetite to Acute Exercise: A Replicated Crossover Study. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2019; 50:758-768. [PMID: 29240652 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Acute exercise transiently suppresses appetite, which coincides with alterations in appetite-regulatory hormone concentrations. Individual variability in these responses is suspected, but replicated trials are needed to quantify them robustly. We examined the reproducibility of appetite and appetite-regulatory hormone responses to acute exercise and quantified the individual differences in responses. METHODS Fifteen healthy, recreationally active men completed two control (60-min resting) and two exercise (60-min fasted treadmill running at 70% peak oxygen uptake) conditions in randomized sequences. Perceived appetite and circulating concentrations of acylated ghrelin and total peptide YY (PYY) were measured immediately before and after the interventions. Interindividual differences were explored by correlating the two sets of response differences between exercise and control conditions. Within-participant covariate-adjusted linear mixed models were used to quantify participant-condition interactions. RESULTS Compared with control, exercise suppressed mean acylated ghrelin concentrations and appetite perceptions (all ES = 0.62-1.47, P < 0.001) and elevated total PYY concentrations (ES = 1.49, P < 0.001). For all variables, the standard deviation of the change scores was substantially greater in the exercise versus control conditions. Moderate-to-large positive correlations were observed between the two sets of control-adjusted exercise responses for all variables (r = 0.54-0.82, P ≤ 0.036). After adjusting for baseline measurements, participant-condition interactions were present for all variables (P ≤ 0.053). CONCLUSIONS Our replicated crossover study allowed, for the first time, the interaction between participant and acute exercise response in appetite parameters to be quantified. Even after adjustment for individual baseline measurements, participants demonstrated individual differences in perceived appetite and hormone responses to acute exercise bouts beyond any random within-subject variability over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda R Goltz
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UNITED KINGDOM.,National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Alice E Thackray
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UNITED KINGDOM.,National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - James A King
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UNITED KINGDOM.,National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - James L Dorling
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UNITED KINGDOM.,National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Greg Atkinson
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - David J Stensel
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UNITED KINGDOM.,National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UNITED KINGDOM
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8
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Beaulieu K, Hopkins M, Blundell J, Finlayson G. Does Habitual Physical Activity Increase the Sensitivity of the Appetite Control System? A Systematic Review. Sports Med 2018; 46:1897-1919. [PMID: 27002623 PMCID: PMC5097075 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-016-0518-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Background It has been proposed that habitual physical activity improves appetite control; however, the evidence has never been systematically reviewed. Objective To examine whether appetite control (e.g. subjective appetite, appetite-related peptides, food intake) differs according to levels of physical activity. Data Sources Medline, Embase and SPORTDiscus were searched for articles published between 1996 and 2015, using keywords pertaining to physical activity, appetite, food intake and appetite-related peptides. Study Selection Articles were included if they involved healthy non-smoking adults (aged 18–64 years) participating in cross-sectional studies examining appetite control in active and inactive individuals; or before and after exercise training in previously inactive individuals. Study Appraisal and Synthesis Of 77 full-text articles assessed, 28 studies (14 cross-sectional; 14 exercise training) met the inclusion criteria. Results Appetite sensations and absolute energy intake did not differ consistently across studies. Active individuals had a greater ability to compensate for high-energy preloads through reductions in energy intake, in comparison with inactive controls. When physical activity level was graded across cross-sectional studies (low, medium, high, very high), a significant curvilinear effect on energy intake (z-scores) was observed. Limitations Methodological issues existed concerning the small number of studies, lack of objective quantification of food intake, and various definitions used to define active and inactive individuals. Conclusion Habitually active individuals showed improved compensation for the energy density of foods, but no consistent differences in appetite or absolute energy intake, in comparison with inactive individuals. This review supports a J-shaped relationship between physical activity level and energy intake. Further studies are required to confirm these findings. PROSPERO Registration Number CRD42015019696 Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s40279-016-0518-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark Hopkins
- School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.,Academy of Sport and Physical Activity, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
| | - John Blundell
- School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
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King JA, Deighton K, Broom DR, Wasse LK, Douglas JA, Burns SF, Cordery PA, Petherick ES, Batterham RL, Goltz FR, Thackray AE, Yates T, Stensel DJ. Individual Variation in Hunger, Energy Intake, and Ghrelin Responses to Acute Exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2017; 49:1219-1228. [PMID: 28511192 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to characterize the immediate and extended effect of acute exercise on hunger, energy intake, and circulating acylated ghrelin concentrations using a large data set of homogenous experimental trials and to describe the variation in responses between individuals. METHODS Data from 17 of our group's experimental crossover trials were aggregated yielding a total sample of 192 young, healthy males. In these studies, single bouts of moderate to high-intensity aerobic exercise (69% ± 5% V˙O2 peak; mean ± SD) were completed with detailed participant assessments occurring during and for several hours postexercise. Mean hunger ratings were determined during (n = 178) and after (n = 118) exercise from visual analog scales completed at 30-min intervals, whereas ad libitum energy intake was measured within the first hour after exercise (n = 60) and at multiple meals (n = 128) during the remainder of trials. Venous concentrations of acylated ghrelin were determined at strategic time points during (n = 118) and after (n = 89) exercise. RESULTS At group level, exercise transiently suppressed hunger (P < 0.010, Cohen's d = 0.77) but did not affect energy intake. Acylated ghrelin was suppressed during exercise (P < 0.001, Cohen's d = 0.10) and remained significantly lower than control (no exercise) afterward (P < 0.024, Cohen's d = 0.61). Between participants, there were notable differences in responses; however, a large proportion of this spread lay within the boundaries of normal variation associated with biological and technical assessment error. CONCLUSION In young men, acute exercise suppresses hunger and circulating acylated ghrelin concentrations with notable diversity between individuals. Care must be taken to distinguish true interindividual variation from random differences within normal limits.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A King
- 1School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UNITED KINGDOM; 2NIHR Leicester-Loughborough, Diet, Lifestyle and Physical Activity Biomedical Research Unit, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UNITED KINGDOM; 3Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UNITED KINGDOM; 4Academy of Sport and Physical Activity, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UNITED KINGDOM; 5Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UNITED KINGDOM; 6Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, SINGAPORE; 7Department of Medicine, University College London, London, UNITED KINGDOM; 8NIHR University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, London, UNITED KINGDOM; and 9College of Medicine, Biological Sciences and Psychology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UNITED KINGDOM
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10
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Gonzalez JT, Frampton J, Deighton K. Postprandial suppression of appetite is more reproducible at a group than an individual level: Implications for assessing inter-individual variability. Appetite 2017; 108:375-382. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2016.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Revised: 09/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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The Effect of a 20 km Run on Appetite Regulation in Long Distance Runners. Nutrients 2016; 8:nu8110672. [PMID: 27792164 PMCID: PMC5133060 DOI: 10.3390/nu8110672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Revised: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to investigate appetite-related hormonal responses and energy intake after a 20 km run in trained long distance runners. Twenty-three male long-distance runners completed two trials: either an exercise trial consisting of a 20 km outdoor run (EX) or a control trial with an identical period of rest (CON). Blood samples were collected to determine plasma acylated ghrelin, peptide YY3-36 (PYY3-36) and other hormonal and metabolite concentrations. Energy intake during a buffet test meal was also measured 30 min after the exercise or rest periods. Although plasma acylated ghrelin concentrations were significantly decreased after the 20 km run (p < 0.05), plasma PYY3-36 did not change significantly following exercise. Absolute energy intake during the buffet test meal in EX (1325 ± 55 kcal) was significantly lower than that in CON (1529 ± 55 kcal), and there was a relatively large degree of individual variability for exercise-induced changes in energy intake (−40.2% to 12.8%). However, exercise-induced changes in energy intake were not associated with plasma acylated ghrelin or PYY3-36 responses. The results demonstrated that a 20 km run significantly decreased plasma acylated ghrelin concentrations and absolute energy intake among well-trained long distance runners.
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12
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Rider BC, Bassett DR, Strohacker K, Overstreet BS, Fitzhugh EC, Raynor HA. Psycho-Physiological Effects of Television Viewing During Exercise. J Sports Sci Med 2016; 15:524-531. [PMID: 27803632 PMCID: PMC4974866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We propose that enjoyment is an important factor in the adoption and long-term maintenance of exercise. Television (TV) viewing is believed to be a highly enjoyed leisure-time activity, combining it with exercise may make for a more enjoyable exercise experience. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of television (TV) viewing on psychological and physiological variables during a moderate-intensity exercise bout. Twenty-eight insufficiently active (<150 minutes per week of moderate intensity PA and/or 75 minutes of vigorous PA) adults (Age: M = 47.4 ± 7.6 years) participated in this study. Each participant performed three separate 30-minute walking bouts on a motorized treadmill. During each bout, participants watched a program they selected (30-minute scripted show) (self-selected TV condition), a British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) nature program (standardized TV condition), or no TV program (no TV condition). Participants were unable to select the nature program as their self-selected program, as it was not a 30-minute scripted program. A Polar Heart Rate (HR) monitor and validated surveys on affect and enjoyment were used. Participants reported greater enjoyment of exercise for both self-selected and standardized TV conditions (97.1 ± 15.2 and 92.7 ± 15.2), compared to the No TV condition (77.5 ± 13.4, p < 0.001). The two TV conditions resulted in similar levels of focus on TV viewing (self-selected TV: 81.2 ± 19.7; standardized TV: 79.1 ± 14.2, p > 0.05) and dissociation from walking (self-selected TV: 38.1 ± 6.7 and standardized TV: 33.2 ± 3.9); they also resulted in more dissociation than the no TV condition (TV: 72.6 ± 5.6, p = 0.002). The findings indicate that TV viewing, regardless of whether the programming is self-selected or standardized, associates with greater enjoyment of exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian C Rider
- Department of Kinesiology, Recreation, & Sport Studies, Knoxville TN, USA; Department of Kinesiology, Hope College, Holland MI
| | - David R Bassett
- Department of Kinesiology, Recreation, & Sport Studies , Knoxville TN, USA
| | - Kelley Strohacker
- Department of Kinesiology, Recreation, & Sport Studies , Knoxville TN, USA
| | | | - Eugene C Fitzhugh
- Department of Kinesiology, Recreation, & Sport Studies , Knoxville TN, USA
| | - Hollie A Raynor
- Department of Nutrition, The University of Tennessee , Knoxville TN, USA
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Emery RL, Levine MD, Jakicic JM. Examining the effect of binge eating and disinhibition on compensatory changes in energy balance following exercise among overweight and obese women. Eat Behav 2016; 22:10-15. [PMID: 27064752 PMCID: PMC4983198 DOI: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2016.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Some women behaviorally compensate for the energy expended during exercise by increasing their energy intake or becoming more sedentary, thereby decreasing their energy expenditure. Although behavioral compensation can attenuate or even reverse the energy deficit generated by exercise, few data are available on predictors of compensatory responses to exercise. The present study aimed to identify eating-related predictors of compensatory changes in energy balance following exercise. Overweight and obese, physically inactive women (N=48) completed self-report measures of disinhibition and binge eating and participated in two experimental conditions, exercise and rest, in counterbalanced order. Energy intake and expenditure were measured for 24-hours following each experimental condition to estimate energy balance. On average, women were 21.33±2.09years old and 63% were white. Of the sample, 63% compensated for the energy expended during exercise by increasing their energy intake or decreasing their energy expenditure. Linear mixed effects modeling with repeated measurement showed that disinhibition was not predictive of behavioral compensation. However, there was a significant difference between the negative energy balance observed following the rest condition and the positive energy balance observed following the exercise condition among women who reported binge eating, which was driven by a tendency to spend less time being physically active and more time being sedentary following exercise. These findings indicate that women who binge eat may be at greatest risk of compensating for exercise. Future research is needed to better understand psychosocial predictors and common mechanisms through which behavioral compensation is promoted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L. Emery
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, 210 South Bouquet Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Michele D. Levine
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, 3811 O’Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - John M. Jakicic
- Department of Health & Physical Activity, University of Pittsburgh, 230 South Bouquet Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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Unick JL, Strohacker K, Papandonatos GD, Williams D, O'Leary KC, Dorfman L, Becofsky K, Wing RR. Examination of the Consistency in Affective Response to Acute Exercise in Overweight and Obese Women. JOURNAL OF SPORT & EXERCISE PSYCHOLOGY 2015; 37:534-546. [PMID: 26524099 PMCID: PMC4724861 DOI: 10.1123/jsep.2015-0104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This study examined whether inactive, overweight/obese women experience consistent affective responses to moderate-intensity exercise. Twenty-eight women participated in 3 identical (same treadmill grade and speed within a subject) 30-min exercise sessions. The Feeling Scale (FS), Positive and Negative Affect Schedule and Subjective Exercise Experience Scale were administered pre- and postexercise and FS was also administered every 5 min during exercise. All measures exhibited less than optimal agreement in pre-to-postexercise change within an individual across the 3 sessions (ICCs = 0.02-0.60), even after controlling for within-subject variations in heart rate. Only FS exhibited "good" consistency when controlling for preexercise values (ICC = 0.72). However, the mean FS score during exercise was highly consistent within an individual (ICC = 0.83). Thus, an individual's affective response to an exercise session does not provide reliable information about how they will respond to subsequent exercise sessions. Taking the average of FS measurements during exercise may yield more consistent findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Unick
- Weight Control and Diabetes Research Center, the Miriam Hospital and Brown Medical School, Providence, RI
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