1
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Stratakis N, Siskos AP, Papadopoulou E, Nguyen AN, Zhao Y, Margetaki K, Lau CHE, Coen M, Maitre L, Fernández-Barrés S, Agier L, Andrusaityte S, Basagaña X, Brantsaeter AL, Casas M, Fossati S, Grazuleviciene R, Heude B, McEachan RRC, Meltzer HM, Millett C, Rauber F, Robinson O, Roumeliotaki T, Borras E, Sabidó E, Urquiza J, Vafeiadi M, Vineis P, Voortman T, Wright J, Conti DV, Vrijheid M, Keun HC, Chatzi L. Urinary metabolic biomarkers of diet quality in European children are associated with metabolic health. eLife 2022; 11:e71332. [PMID: 35076016 PMCID: PMC8789316 DOI: 10.7554/elife.71332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Urinary metabolic profiling is a promising powerful tool to reflect dietary intake and can help understand metabolic alterations in response to diet quality. Here, we used 1H NMR spectroscopy in a multicountry study in European children (1147 children from 6 different cohorts) and identified a common panel of 4 urinary metabolites (hippurate, N-methylnicotinic acid, urea, and sucrose) that was predictive of Mediterranean diet adherence (KIDMED) and ultra-processed food consumption and also had higher capacity in discriminating children's diet quality than that of established sociodemographic determinants. Further, we showed that the identified metabolite panel also reflected the associations of these diet quality indicators with C-peptide, a stable and accurate marker of insulin resistance and future risk of metabolic disease. This methodology enables objective assessment of dietary patterns in European child populations, complementary to traditional questionary methods, and can be used in future studies to evaluate diet quality. Moreover, this knowledge can provide mechanistic evidence of common biological pathways that characterize healthy and unhealthy dietary patterns, and diet-related molecular alterations that could associate to metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikos Stratakis
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Alexandros P Siskos
- Cancer Metabolism & Systems Toxicology Group, Division of Cancer, Department of Surgery & Cancer and Division of Systems Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion & Reproduction, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital CampusLondonUnited Kingdom
| | | | - Anh N Nguyen
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical CenterRotterdamNetherlands
| | - Yinqi Zhao
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Katerina Margetaki
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Chung-Ho E Lau
- Cancer Metabolism & Systems Toxicology Group, Division of Cancer, Department of Surgery & Cancer and Division of Systems Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion & Reproduction, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital CampusLondonUnited Kingdom
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Muireann Coen
- Cancer Metabolism & Systems Toxicology Group, Division of Cancer, Department of Surgery & Cancer and Division of Systems Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion & Reproduction, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital CampusLondonUnited Kingdom
- Oncology Safety, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZenecaCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Lea Maitre
- ISGlobalBarcelonaSpain
- Universitat Pompeu FabraBarcelonaSpain
- CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud PúblicaMadridSpain
| | - Silvia Fernández-Barrés
- ISGlobalBarcelonaSpain
- Universitat Pompeu FabraBarcelonaSpain
- CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud PúblicaMadridSpain
| | - Lydiane Agier
- Inserm, CNRS, University Grenoble Alpes, Team of environmental epidemiology applied to reproduction and respiratory health, IABGrenobleFrance
| | - Sandra Andrusaityte
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Vytautas Magnus UniversityKaunasLithuania
| | - Xavier Basagaña
- ISGlobalBarcelonaSpain
- Universitat Pompeu FabraBarcelonaSpain
- CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud PúblicaMadridSpain
| | | | - Maribel Casas
- ISGlobalBarcelonaSpain
- Universitat Pompeu FabraBarcelonaSpain
- CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud PúblicaMadridSpain
| | - Serena Fossati
- ISGlobalBarcelonaSpain
- Universitat Pompeu FabraBarcelonaSpain
- CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud PúblicaMadridSpain
| | | | - Barbara Heude
- Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Statistics, Université de Paris, Inserm, InraParisFrance
| | - Rosemary RC McEachan
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation TrustBradfordUnited Kingdom
| | | | - Christopher Millett
- Public Health Policy Evaluation Unit, School of Public Health, Imperial CollegeLondonUnited Kingdom
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, University of São PauloSão PauloBrazil
| | - Fernanda Rauber
- Public Health Policy Evaluation Unit, School of Public Health, Imperial CollegeLondonUnited Kingdom
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, University of São PauloSão PauloBrazil
- Center for Epidemiological Research in Nutrition and Health, University of São PauloSão PauloBrazil
| | - Oliver Robinson
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Theano Roumeliotaki
- Department of Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of CreteHeraklionGreece
| | - Eva Borras
- ISGlobalBarcelonaSpain
- Centre for Genomic Regulation, The Barcelona Institute of Science and TechnologyBarcelonaSpain
| | - Eduard Sabidó
- ISGlobalBarcelonaSpain
- Centre for Genomic Regulation, The Barcelona Institute of Science and TechnologyBarcelonaSpain
| | - Jose Urquiza
- ISGlobalBarcelonaSpain
- Universitat Pompeu FabraBarcelonaSpain
- CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud PúblicaMadridSpain
| | - Marina Vafeiadi
- Department of Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of CreteHeraklionGreece
| | - Paolo Vineis
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Trudy Voortman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical CenterRotterdamNetherlands
| | - John Wright
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation TrustBradfordUnited Kingdom
| | - David V Conti
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Martine Vrijheid
- ISGlobalBarcelonaSpain
- Universitat Pompeu FabraBarcelonaSpain
- CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud PúblicaMadridSpain
| | - Hector C Keun
- Cancer Metabolism & Systems Toxicology Group, Division of Cancer, Department of Surgery & Cancer and Division of Systems Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion & Reproduction, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital CampusLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Leda Chatzi
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesUnited States
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2
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Bujtor M. Can dietary intake protect against low-grade inflammation in children and adolescents? Brain Behav Immun Health 2021; 18:100369. [PMID: 34825233 PMCID: PMC8604686 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2021.100369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In children and adolescents, chronic low-grade inflammation has been implicated in the pathogenesis of co- and multi-morbid conditions to mental health disorders. Diet quality is a potential mechanism of action that can exacerbate or ameliorate low-grade inflammation; however, the exact way dietary intake can regulate the immune response in children and adolescents is still to be fully understood. In this review, I discuss the current observational and interventional evidence that supports a potential therapeutic role for dietary intake in the amelioration of low-grade inflammation and highlight the need to develop a better understanding of the biological mechanisms underlying and attenuating the associations between dietary intake and low-grade inflammation in children and adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Bujtor
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience Division of Psychological Medicine Kings College London and Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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3
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Teixeira B, Afonso C, Rodrigues S, Oliveira A. Healthy and Sustainable Dietary Patterns in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review. Adv Nutr 2021; 13:1144-1185. [PMID: 34850824 PMCID: PMC9340991 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmab148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The need for adherence to a healthy and sustainable dietary pattern in the pediatric stage is discussed worldwide, being linked to a progressive incidence of noncommunicable diseases in adulthood. The aims of this systematic review were to summarize the healthy and/or sustainable dietary patterns, defined a priori, described in the literature for use during the pediatric stage; to evaluate the adherence to these dietary patterns; and identify the health-related benefits associated with adherence to these patterns. A literature search was carried out on Medline, Scopus, and Web of Science from 2010 up to 2021, according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. A total of 128 articles were included according to the following criteria: participants 2-17 y old, healthy and/or sustainable dietary patterns defined by an a priori methodology; articles written in English or Portuguese; and published since 2010. Fifty instruments with 14 adaptations that measure adherence to healthy and/or sustainable dietary patterns in children and adolescents were found. The Mediterranean Diet was the most studied dietary pattern. Adherence to healthy and/or sustainable dietary patterns has wide variations worldwide. Most of the instruments described have been little studied at pediatric ages, reducing the ability to extrapolate results. Higher adherence to these dietary patterns was associated with lower body fat, waist circumference, blood pressure, and metabolic risk. There is no consensus regarding the association with BMI. No studies have proofs of the sustainability characteristics of these instruments, it being necessary to produce a new sustainable instrument or test the association of the previous ones with, for example, the ecological footprint. Further validations of these instruments in each country and more prospective studies are needed to establish temporal relations with health-related outcomes. This systematic review was registered at www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/ as CRD42020221788.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cláudia Afonso
- Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal,EPIUnit - Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto [Institute of Public Health, University of Porto], Porto, Portugal,Laboratório para a Investigação Integrativa e Translacional em Saúde Populacional (ITR), [Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR)], Porto, Portugal
| | - Sara Rodrigues
- Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal,EPIUnit - Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto [Institute of Public Health, University of Porto], Porto, Portugal,Laboratório para a Investigação Integrativa e Translacional em Saúde Populacional (ITR), [Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR)], Porto, Portugal
| | - Andreia Oliveira
- EPIUnit - Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto [Institute of Public Health, University of Porto], Porto, Portugal,Laboratório para a Investigação Integrativa e Translacional em Saúde Populacional (ITR), [Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR)], Porto, Portugal,Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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4
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Kerr JA, Liu RS, Gasser CE, Mensah FK, Burgner D, Lycett K, Gillespie AN, Juonala M, Clifford SA, Olds T, Saffery R, Gold L, Liu M, Azzopardi P, Edwards B, Dwyer T, Wake M. Diet quality trajectories and cardiovascular phenotypes/metabolic syndrome risk by 11-12 years. Int J Obes (Lond) 2021; 45:1392-1403. [PMID: 33824404 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-021-00800-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate associations between early-life diet trajectories and preclinical cardiovascular phenotypes and metabolic risk by age 12 years. METHODS Participants were 1861 children (51% male) from the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children. At five biennial waves from 2-3 to 10-11 years: Every 2 years from 2006 to 2014, diet quality scores were collected from brief 24-h parent/self-reported dietary recalls and then classified using group-based trajectory modeling as 'never healthy' (7%), 'becoming less healthy' (17%), 'moderately healthy' (21%), and 'always healthy' (56%). At 11-12 years: During children's physical health Child Health CheckPoint (2015-2016), we measured cardiovascular functional (resting heart rate, blood pressure, pulse wave velocity, carotid elasticity/distensibility) and structural (carotid intima-media thickness, retinal microvasculature) phenotypes, and metabolic risk score (composite of body mass index z-score, systolic blood pressure, high-density lipoproteins cholesterol, triglycerides, and glucose). Associations were estimated using linear regression models (n = 1100-1800) adjusted for age, sex, and socioeconomic position. RESULTS Compared to 'always healthy', the 'never healthy' trajectory had higher resting heart rate (2.6 bpm, 95% CI 0.4, 4.7) and metabolic risk score (0.23, 95% CI 0.01, 0.45), and lower arterial elasticity (-0.3% per 10 mmHg, 95% CI -0.6, -0.1) and distensibility (-1.2%, 95% CI -1.9, -0.5) (all effect sizes 0.3-0.4). Heart rate, distensibility, and diastolic blood pressure were progressively poorer for less healthy diet trajectories (linear trends p ≤ 0.02). Effects for systolic blood pressure, pulse wave velocity, and structural phenotypes were less evident. CONCLUSIONS Children following the least healthy diet trajectory had poorer functional cardiovascular phenotypes and metabolic syndrome risk, including higher resting heart rate, one of the strongest precursors of all-cause mortality. Structural phenotypes were not associated with diet trajectories, suggesting the window to prevent permanent changes remains open to at least late childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Kerr
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia. .,The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
| | - Richard S Liu
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Constantine E Gasser
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Australian Institute of Family Studies, Southbank, VIC, Australia
| | - Fiona K Mensah
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - David Burgner
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Kate Lycett
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia
| | - Alanna N Gillespie
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Markus Juonala
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Division of Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Susan A Clifford
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Tim Olds
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Richard Saffery
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Lisa Gold
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Mengjiao Liu
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Peter Azzopardi
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Maternal and Child Health Program, International Development Discipline, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ben Edwards
- Australian National University Centre for Social Research and Methods, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Terence Dwyer
- The George Institute for Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Melissa Wake
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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5
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Diet quality at age 5-6 and cardiovascular outcomes in preadolescents. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2021; 43:506-513. [PMID: 34024563 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2021.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Specific dietary components during childhood may affect risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Whether overall higher diet quality prevents children from adverse cardiovascular outcomes remains contradictive. We aimed to examine the associations between diet quality at age 5-6 years and cardiovascular outcomes after a 6-year follow-up. METHODS We used data from the Amsterdam Born Children and their Development study, a multi-ethnic birth cohort. Dietary intake was assessed at age 5-6 using a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire and diet quality was ascertained with the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) score and the child diet quality score (CDQS), an index specifically developed for Dutch school-age children. Cardiovascular outcomes were examined after 6-years follow-up (age 11-12, N = 869). Outcomes were body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), blood pressure (BP), lipid profile, fasting glucose and carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT). Multivariable linear and logistic regression models adjusted for baseline value were used to examine associations between diet quality and cardiovascular outcomes. RESULTS Higher diet quality at age 5-6 was associated with lower BMI (DASH score: Δ quintile (Q) 5 and Q1: -0.35 kg/m2, p for trend = 0.016), lower WC (DASH score: Δ Q5 and Q1: -1.0 cm, p for trend = 0.028), lower systolic (DASH score: Δ Q5 and Q1: -2.7 mmHg, p for trend = 0.046) and diastolic BP (DASH score: Δ Q5 and Q1: -2.4, p for trend < 0.001) and with lower plasma triglycerides (DASH score: Δ Q5 and Q1: -0.20 mmol/L, p for trend = 0.032) after 6-years follow-up. Associations of the CDQS with these outcomes showed similar trends, but less pronounced. We found no statistically significant associations between diet quality and LDL-C, HDL-C, total cholesterol, fasting glucose or CIMT. CONCLUSIONS Higher diet quality in childhood at age 5-6 years predicted better health on some cardiovascular outcomes in preadolescence.
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6
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Bujtor M, Turner AI, Torres SJ, Esteban-Gonzalo L, Pariante CM, Borsini A. Associations of Dietary Intake on Biological Markers of Inflammation in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review. Nutrients 2021; 13:356. [PMID: 33503979 PMCID: PMC7911843 DOI: 10.3390/nu13020356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In children and adolescents, chronic low-grade inflammation has been implicated in the pathogenesis of co- and multi-morbid conditions to mental health disorders. Diet quality is a potential mechanism of action that can exacerbate or ameliorate low-grade inflammation; however, the exact way dietary intake can regulate the immune response in children and adolescents is still to be fully understood. METHODS Studies that measured dietary intake (patterns of diet, indices, food groups, nutrients) and any inflammatory biomarkers in children and adolescents aged 2 to19 years and published until November 2020 were included in this systematic review, and were selected in line with PRISMA guidelines through the following databases: Academic Search Complete, CINAHL, Global Health, Medline COMPLETE and Web of Science-Core Collection. A total of 53 articles were identified. RESULTS Results show that adequate adherence to healthful dietary patterns such as the Mediterranean diet, or food groups such as vegetables and fruit, or macro/micro nutrients such as fibre or vitamin C and E, are associated with decreased levels of pro-inflammatory biomarkers, mainly c-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), whereas adherence to a Western dietary pattern, as well as intake of food groups such as added sugars, macro-nutrients such as saturated fatty acids or ultra-processed foods, is associated with higher levels of the same pro-inflammatory biomarkers. CONCLUSIONS This is the first systematic review examining dietary intake and biological markers of inflammation in both children and adolescents. A good quality diet, high in vegetable and fruit intake, wholegrains, fibre and healthy fats ameliorates low-grade inflammation, and therefore represents a promising therapeutic approach, as well as an important element for disease prevention in both children and adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Bujtor
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Melbourne, VIC 3125, Australia; (M.B.); (A.I.T.); (S.J.T.)
| | - Anne I. Turner
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Melbourne, VIC 3125, Australia; (M.B.); (A.I.T.); (S.J.T.)
| | - Susan J. Torres
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Melbourne, VIC 3125, Australia; (M.B.); (A.I.T.); (S.J.T.)
| | - Laura Esteban-Gonzalo
- Nursing Department, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Carmine M. Pariante
- Stress, Psychiatry and Immunology Laboratory, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College, London SE5 9RT, UK;
| | - Alessandra Borsini
- Stress, Psychiatry and Immunology Laboratory, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College, London SE5 9RT, UK;
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7
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Borges LPSL, de Santana NL, da Costa THM. Adherence to National Food Guide Recommendations: Can It Slow the Obesity Epidemic? A Systematic Review. Curr Nutr Rep 2020; 9:316-328. [PMID: 33145722 DOI: 10.1007/s13668-020-00339-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Dietary guidelines (DG) have the objective to promote healthy diet and prevent chronic diseases. In order to evaluate if this purpose is being achieved, we systematically reviewed studies that associated adherence to DG with obesity. RECENT FINDINGS We identified 2012 articles published in the last 5 years, and 38 remained in the final sample. The majority of studies demonstrated a negative association between adherence to DG and obesity. Studies with positive or no association presented mutual characteristics, such as populations composed only by children or adolescents, and dietary intake or dietary adherence assessed through non-validated or weak methods. Adherence to DG seems to be a protective factor for obesity in adults, but this relationship is not so clear for children and adolescents. To improve the quality of dietary intake results, studies must utilize appropriate methods to answer their questions with less biased estimate of dietary intake.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Teresa Helena Macedo da Costa
- Department of Nutrition, School of Health Science, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, 70919-970, Brazil.
- University of Oxford, Oxford, England.
- Human Nutrition Research, Medical Research Council, Cambridge, England.
- Sabbatical at Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.
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8
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Wilson JE, Blizzard L, Gall SL, Magnussen CG, Oddy WH, Dwyer T, Venn AJ, Smith KJ. An age- and sex-specific dietary guidelines index is a valid measure of diet quality in an Australian cohort during youth and adulthood. Nutr Res 2019; 65:43-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2019.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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9
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Childhood dietary trajectories and adolescent cardiovascular phenotypes: Australian community-based longitudinal study. Public Health Nutr 2018; 21:2642-2653. [PMID: 29947308 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980018001398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE With the intention to inform future public health initiatives, we aimed to determine the extent to which typical childhood dietary trajectories predict adolescent cardiovascular phenotypes. DESIGN Longitudinal study. Exposure was determined by a 4 d food diary repeated over eight waves (ages 4-15 years), coded by Australian Dietary Guidelines and summed into a continuous diet score (0-14). Outcomes were adolescent (Wave 8, age 15 years) blood pressure, resting heart rate, pulse wave velocity, carotid intima-media thickness, retinal arteriole-to-venule ratio. Latent class analysis identified 'typical' dietary trajectories from childhood to adolescence. Adjusted linear regression models assessed relationships between trajectories and cardiovascular outcomes, adjusted for a priori potential confounders. SETTING Community sample, Melbourne, Australia. SUBJECTS Children (n 188) followed from age 4 to 15 years. RESULTS Four dietary trajectories were identified: unhealthy (8 %); moderately unhealthy (25 %); moderately healthy (46 %); healthy (21 %). There was little evidence that vascular phenotypes associated with the trajectories. However, resting heart rate (beats/min) increased (β; 95 % CI) across the healthy (reference), moderately healthy (4·1; -0·6, 8·9; P=0·08), moderately unhealthy (4·5; -0·7, 9·7; P=0·09) and unhealthy (10·5; 2·9, 18·0; P=0·01) trajectories. CONCLUSIONS Decade-long dietary trajectories did not appear to influence macro- or microvascular structure or stiffness by mid-adolescence, but were associated with resting heart rate, suggesting an early-life window for prevention. Larger studies are needed to confirm these findings, the threshold of diet quality associated with these physiological changes and whether functional changes in heart rate are followed by phenotypic change.
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10
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The Design, Development and Evaluation of the Vegetarian Lifestyle Index on Dietary Patterns among Vegetarians and Non-Vegetarians. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10050542. [PMID: 29701727 PMCID: PMC5986422 DOI: 10.3390/nu10050542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditionally, healthful diets and lifestyles have been examined only in relation to single nutrients, foods, or food groups in terms of dietary exposure. An alternative approach is to conceptualize an index based on vegetarian food pyramid guidelines as a measure of overall diet and lifestyle quality. Our objectives were to: (1) develop the Vegetarian Lifestyle Index (VLI); and (2) evaluate adherence to the Vegetarian Food Guide Pyramid (VFGP) among a low-risk population of Adventists. The index was based on the operationalization of 14 dietary and lifestyle components. All components were equally weighted. Higher score reflected greater adherence to the VFGP. The analytic sample (n = 90,057) comprised 47.7% non-vegetarians, 5.6% semi-, 10.1% pesco-, and 29.0% lacto-ovo-vegetarians, and 7.7% vegans, of which 1.1% were current smokers and 9.9% were alcohol consumers. Population mean VLI score was 7.43 (SD = 1.75) ranging from 1 to 12.5. Non-vegetarians (6.14; 95% confidence interval (CI), 6.06⁻6.21) had a significantly lower mean compared to semi- (7.31; 95% CI, 7.22⁻7.40), pesco- (7.41; 95% CI, 7.32⁻7.49), and lacto-ovo-vegetarians (8.16; 95% CI, 8.08⁻8.24), as well as vegans (8.88; 95% CI, 8.78⁻8.96). Vegetarians scored on average 1.18 to 2.73 more points than their non-vegetarian counterparts. Results demonstrate that the index has strong discriminant ability across distinct dietary patterns. Additionally, the VLI provides a useful measure of diet and lifestyle adherence to further refine vegetarian food pyramid guidelines.
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11
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Hilger-Kolb J, Bosle C, Motoc I, Hoffmann K. Associations between dietary factors and obesity-related biomarkers in healthy children and adolescents - a systematic review. Nutr J 2017; 16:85. [PMID: 29282082 PMCID: PMC5745631 DOI: 10.1186/s12937-017-0300-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The obesity prevalence in children and adolescents has increased worldwide during the past 30 years. Although diet has been identified as one risk factor for developing obesity in this age group, the role of specific dietary factors is still unclear. One way to gain insight into the role of these factors might be to detect biomarkers that reflect metabolic health and to identify the associations between dietary factors and these biomarkers. This would enable nutrition-related metabolic changes to be detected early in life, which might be a promising strategy to prevent childhood obesity. However, existing literature offers only inconclusive evidence for diet and some of these obesity-related biomarkers (e.g., blood lipids). We thus conducted a systematic literature review to further examine eligible studies that investigate associations between dietary factors and 12 obesity-related biomarkers in healthy children and adolescents aged 3-18 years. Methods We searched the scientific databases PubMed/Medline and Web of Science Core Collection for potentially eligible articles. Our final literature search resulted in 2727 hits. After the selection process, we included 81 articles that reported on 1111 single observations on dietary factors and any of the obesity-related biomarkers. Results Around 81% of the total observations showed nonsignificant results. For many biomarkers we did not find enough observations to draw clear conclusions on possible associations between a dietary factor and the respective biomarker. In cases where we identified enough observations, the results were contradictory. Since these nonsignificant and inconclusive findings may impede the development of effective strategies against childhood obesity, this article takes a closer look at possible reasons for such findings. In addition, it provides action points for future research efforts. Conclusions In conclusion, current evidence on associations between dietary factors and obesity-related biomarkers is inconclusive. We thus provided an overview on which specific limitations may impede current research. Such knowledge is necessary to enable future research efforts to better elucidate the role of diet in the early stages of obesity development. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12937-017-0300-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Hilger-Kolb
- Mannheim Institute of Public Health, Social and Preventive Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Ludolf-Krehl-Str. 7-11, D-68167, Mannheim, Germany.
| | - Catherin Bosle
- Mannheim Institute of Public Health, Social and Preventive Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Ludolf-Krehl-Str. 7-11, D-68167, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Irina Motoc
- Mannheim Institute of Public Health, Social and Preventive Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Ludolf-Krehl-Str. 7-11, D-68167, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Kristina Hoffmann
- Mannheim Institute of Public Health, Social and Preventive Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Ludolf-Krehl-Str. 7-11, D-68167, Mannheim, Germany
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Leermakers ETM, van den Hooven EH, Franco OH, Jaddoe VWV, Moll HA, Kiefte-de Jong JC, Voortman T. A priori and a posteriori derived dietary patterns in infancy and cardiometabolic health in childhood: The role of body composition. Clin Nutr 2017; 37:1589-1595. [PMID: 28830701 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2017.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Cardiometabolic risk has its origins in early life. However, it is unclear whether diet during early childhood is associated with cardiometabolic health, and what the role is of obesity. We aimed to study whether overall diet during early childhood is associated with cardiometabolic health and to examine if difference in body composition explain this association. METHODS We examined associations of different types of dietary patterns in infancy with cardiometabolic health at school age among 2026 Dutch children participating in a population-based cohort in the Netherlands. Food intake at the age of 1 year was assessed with a food-frequency questionnaire. Three dietary pattern approaches were used: 1) An a priori-defined diet quality score; 2) dietary patterns based on variation in food intake, derived from principal component analysis (PCA); and 3) dietary patterns based on variations in fat and fat-free mass index, derived with reduced-rank regression (RRR). At the children's age of 6 years, we measured their body composition, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and serum concentrations of insulin, triglycerides, and HDL-cholesterol, which we combined in a cardiometabolic risk-factor score. RESULTS We observed that, after adjustment for confounders, children with higher adherence to a 'Health-conscious' PCA-derived pattern had a lower cardiometabolic risk-factor score (-0.07 SD (95%CI -0.12; -0.02) per SD). This association did not change after adjustment for fat and fat-free mass index. The RRR-derived dietary patterns based on variations in body composition were not associated with the cardiometabolic risk-factor score. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that diet in early childhood may affect cardiometabolic health independent of differences in body composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth T M Leermakers
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Edith H van den Hooven
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Oscar H Franco
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Vincent W V Jaddoe
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Henriëtte A Moll
- Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jessica C Kiefte-de Jong
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Leiden University College, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Trudy Voortman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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