1
|
Sáez-Fuertes L, Kapravelou G, Grases-Pintó B, Bernabeu M, Knipping K, Garssen J, Bourdet-Sicard R, Castell M, Rodríguez-Lagunas MJ, Collado MC, Pérez-Cano FJ. Early-Life Supplementation Enhances Gastrointestinal Immunity and Microbiota in Young Rats. Foods 2024; 13:2058. [PMID: 38998564 PMCID: PMC11241808 DOI: 10.3390/foods13132058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Revised: 06/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Immunonutrition, which focuses on specific nutrients in breast milk and post-weaning diets, plays a crucial role in supporting infants' immune system development. This study explored the impact of maternal supplementation with Bifidobacterium breve M-16V and a combination of short-chain galacto-oligosaccharide (scGOS) and long-chain fructo-oligosaccharide (lcFOS) from pregnancy through lactation, extending into the early childhood of the offspring. The synbiotic supplementation's effects were examined at both mucosal and systemic levels. While the supplementation did not influence their overall growth, water intake, or food consumption, a trophic effect was observed in the small intestine, enhancing its weight, length, width, and microscopic structures. A gene expression analysis indicated a reduction in FcRn and Blimp1 and an increase in Zo1 and Tlr9, suggesting enhanced maturation and barrier function. Intestinal immunoglobulin (Ig) A levels remained unaffected, while cecal IgA levels decreased. The synbiotic supplementation led to an increased abundance of total bacteria and Ig-coated bacteria in the cecum. The abundance of Bifidobacterium increased in both the intestine and cecum. Short-chain fatty acid production decreased in the intestine but increased in the cecum due to the synbiotic supplementation. Systemically, the Ig profiles remained unaffected. In conclusion, maternal synbiotic supplementation during gestation, lactation, and early life is established as a new strategy to improve the maturation and functionality of the gastrointestinal barrier. Additionally, it participates in the microbiota colonization of the gut, leading to a healthier composition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Sáez-Fuertes
- Physiology Section, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (L.S.-F.); (G.K.); (B.G.-P.); (M.C.); (F.J.P.-C.)
- Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA-UB), 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
| | - Garyfallia Kapravelou
- Physiology Section, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (L.S.-F.); (G.K.); (B.G.-P.); (M.C.); (F.J.P.-C.)
| | - Blanca Grases-Pintó
- Physiology Section, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (L.S.-F.); (G.K.); (B.G.-P.); (M.C.); (F.J.P.-C.)
- Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA-UB), 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
| | - Manuel Bernabeu
- Institute of Agrochemisty and Food Technology-National Research Council (IATA-CSIC), 46980 Valencia, Spain; (M.B.); (M.C.C.)
| | - Karen Knipping
- Danone Research & Innovation, 3584 Utrecht, The Netherlands; (K.K.); (J.G.)
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Johan Garssen
- Danone Research & Innovation, 3584 Utrecht, The Netherlands; (K.K.); (J.G.)
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Margarida Castell
- Physiology Section, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (L.S.-F.); (G.K.); (B.G.-P.); (M.C.); (F.J.P.-C.)
- Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA-UB), 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
- Center for Biomedical Research Network for the Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - María José Rodríguez-Lagunas
- Physiology Section, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (L.S.-F.); (G.K.); (B.G.-P.); (M.C.); (F.J.P.-C.)
- Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA-UB), 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
| | - María Carmen Collado
- Institute of Agrochemisty and Food Technology-National Research Council (IATA-CSIC), 46980 Valencia, Spain; (M.B.); (M.C.C.)
| | - Francisco José Pérez-Cano
- Physiology Section, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (L.S.-F.); (G.K.); (B.G.-P.); (M.C.); (F.J.P.-C.)
- Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA-UB), 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ajomiwe N, Boland M, Phongthai S, Bagiyal M, Singh J, Kaur L. Protein Nutrition: Understanding Structure, Digestibility, and Bioavailability for Optimal Health. Foods 2024; 13:1771. [PMID: 38890999 PMCID: PMC11171741 DOI: 10.3390/foods13111771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
This review discusses different protein sources and their role in human nutrition, focusing on their structure, digestibility, and bioavailability. Plant-based proteins, such as those found in legumes, nuts, and seeds, may contain anti-nutritional factors that impact their bioavailability apart from structural and compositional differences from animal proteins. Animal proteins are generally highly digestible and nutritionally superior to plant proteins, with higher amino acid bioavailability. Alternative protein sources are also processed in different ways, which can alter their structure and nutritional value, which is also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nneka Ajomiwe
- School of Food Technology and Natural Sciences, Massey University, 4442 Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Mike Boland
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, 4442 Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Suphat Phongthai
- Food Science and Technology Division, School of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
| | - Manisha Bagiyal
- School of Food Technology and Natural Sciences, Massey University, 4442 Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Jaspreet Singh
- School of Food Technology and Natural Sciences, Massey University, 4442 Palmerston North, New Zealand
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, 4442 Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Lovedeep Kaur
- School of Food Technology and Natural Sciences, Massey University, 4442 Palmerston North, New Zealand
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, 4442 Palmerston North, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hoogeveen AM, Moughan PJ, Stroebinger N, Neumann EJ, McNabb WC, Montoya CA. Validation of a Combined In Vivo/In Vitro Ileal Fermentation Assay in the Growing Pig to be Used as a Model for Adult Humans. J Nutr 2024; 154:1461-1471. [PMID: 38432560 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2024.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND An in vivo/in vitro ileal fermentation assay using growing pigs has been developed but not yet formally validated. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to validate the in vivo/in vitro ileal fermentation assay by comparing in vitro fermentation values with those obtained in vivo in growing pigs. The effect of raising pigs under different environmental conditions was also investigated. METHODS Thirty piglets (1.59 ± 0.31 kg body weight, mean ± standard deviation) were subjected to 1 of 3 treatments: artificially reared (AR) (nonfarm, laboratory housing conditions) from postnatal day (PND) 7 (AR group), inoculated orally with human infant fecal extracts from birth until PND 8 and AR (AR+ group), or conventionally reared on a farm (control group). Starting at PND 7, the AR and AR+ pigs received human infant formula for 3 wk, followed by a human-type diet for 5 wk. Control pigs were weaned on the farm and, on PND 63, relocated to the laboratory animal facility. From PND 63, all pigs received a human-type diet. On PND 78, pigs were killed, after which ileal digesta were collected to perform an in vitro ileal fermentation (in vitro organic matter [OM] fermentability and organic acid production) and to determine digesta microbial composition and dietary OM fermentability in vivo. RESULTS The rearing regimen resulted in only a few differences in ileal microbial taxonomic composition. The rearing regimen generally did not affect the in vitro production of individual organic acids. The in vivo and in vitro OM fermentability of proximal ileal digesta (19.7 ± 2.04%; mean ± SEM) was similar (P > 0.05) for the AR and control pigs but not for the AR+ pigs. CONCLUSIONS The control-rearing regimen was preferred over AR or AR+ because of ease of implementation. The in vitro ileal fermentation assay accurately predicted the in vivo OM fermentability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Me Hoogeveen
- Riddet Institute, Te Ohu Rangahau Kai, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand; School of Food and Advanced Technology, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Paul J Moughan
- Riddet Institute, Te Ohu Rangahau Kai, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Natascha Stroebinger
- Riddet Institute, Te Ohu Rangahau Kai, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Eric J Neumann
- Riddet Institute, Te Ohu Rangahau Kai, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand; Epi-Insight Limited, East Taieri, New Zealand
| | - Warren C McNabb
- Riddet Institute, Te Ohu Rangahau Kai, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Carlos A Montoya
- Riddet Institute, Te Ohu Rangahau Kai, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand; Smart Foods & Bioproducts, AgResearch Limited, Te Ohu Rangahau Kai, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
He W, Connolly ED, Wu G. Characteristics of the Digestive Tract of Dogs and Cats. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1446:15-38. [PMID: 38625523 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-54192-6_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
As for other mammals, the digestive system of dogs (facultative carnivores) and cats (obligate carnivores) includes the mouth, teeth, tongue, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and accessory digestive organs (salivary glands, pancreas, liver, and gallbladder). These carnivores have a relatively shorter digestive tract but longer canine teeth, a tighter digitation of molars, and a greater stomach volume than omnivorous mammals such as humans and pigs. Both dogs and cats have no detectable or a very low activity of salivary α-amylase but dogs, unlike cats, possess a relatively high activity of pancreatic α-amylase. Thus, cats select low-starch foods but dogs can consume high-starch diets. In contrast to many mammals, the vitamin B12 (cobalamin)-binding intrinsic factor for the digestion and absorption of vitamin B12 is produced in: (a) dogs primarily by pancreatic ductal cells and to a lesser extent the gastric mucosa; and (b) cats exclusively by the pancreatic tissue. Amino acids (glutamate, glutamine, and aspartate) are the main metabolic fuels in enterocytes of the foregut. The primary function of the small intestine is to digest and absorb dietary nutrients, and its secondary function is to regulate the entry of dietary nutrients into the blood circulation, separate the external from the internal milieu, and perform immune surveillance. The major function of the large intestine is to ferment undigested food (particularly fiber and protein) and to absorb water, short-chain fatty acids (serving as major metabolic fuels for epithelial cells of the large intestine), as well as vitamins. The fermentation products, water, sloughed cells, digestive secretions, and microbes form feces and then pass into the rectum for excretion via the anal canal. The microflora influences colonic absorption and cell metabolism, as well as feces quality. The digestive tract is essential for the health, survival, growth, and development of dogs and cats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenliang He
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Erin D Connolly
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Guoyao Wu
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hoogeveen AME, Moughan PJ, Hodgkinson SM, Stroebinger N, Yu W, Rettedal EA, McNabb WC, Montoya CA. In Vitro Ileal Fermentation is Affected More by the Fiber Source Fermented than the Ileal Microbial Composition in Growing Pigs. Curr Dev Nutr 2023; 7:100076. [PMID: 37180852 PMCID: PMC10172865 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdnut.2023.100076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The fermentation of undigested material in the ileum is quantitatively important. However, the respective contributions of the microbial composition and the substrate to ileal fermentation are unclear. Objective This aim was to investigate the contribution of microbial composition and fiber source to in vitro ileal fermentation outcomes. Methods Thirteen ileal cannulated female pigs (Landrace/Large White; 9-wk-old; 30.5 kg body weight) were given diets containing black beans, wheat bread, chickpeas, peanuts, pigeon peas, sorghum, or wheat bran as the sole protein source for 7 d (100 g protein/kg dry matter diet). On day 7, ileal digesta were collected and stored at -80°C for microbial analysis and in vitro fermentation. For each diet, a pooled ileal inoculum was prepared to ferment different fiber sources (cellulose, pectin, arabinogalactan, inulin, fructooligosaccharides, and resistant starch) for 2 h at 37°C. Organic matter fermentability and organic acid production were determined following in vitro fermentation. Data were analyzed using a 2-way ANOVA (inoculum × fiber). Results Forty-five percent of the identified genera in the digesta differed across diets. For instance, the number of Lactococcus was 115-fold greater (P ≤ 0.05) in the digesta of pigs fed the pigeon pea diet than for pigs fed the wheat bran diet. For both in vitro organic matter fermentability and organic acid production, there were significant (P ≤ 0.05) interactions between the inoculum and the fiber source. For instance, pectin and resistant starch resulted in 1.6- to 31-fold more (P ≤ 0.05) lactic acid production when fermented by the pigeon pea inoculum than other inocula. For specific fiber sources, statistically significant correlations were found between the number of bacteria from certain members of the ileal microbial community and fermentation outcomes. Conclusions Both the fiber source fermented and the ileal microbial composition of the growing pig affected in vitro fermentation; however, the effect of the fiber source was predominant.Curr Dev Nutr 2023;x:xx.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna ME. Hoogeveen
- Riddet Institute, Te Ohu Rangahau Kai, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- School of Food and Advanced Technology, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Paul J. Moughan
- Riddet Institute, Te Ohu Rangahau Kai, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Suzanne M. Hodgkinson
- Riddet Institute, Te Ohu Rangahau Kai, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Natascha Stroebinger
- Riddet Institute, Te Ohu Rangahau Kai, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Wenjun Yu
- Riddet Institute, Te Ohu Rangahau Kai, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Elizabeth A. Rettedal
- Riddet Institute, Te Ohu Rangahau Kai, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- Smart Foods and Bioproducts, AgResearch Limited, Te Ohu Rangahau Kai, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Warren C. McNabb
- Riddet Institute, Te Ohu Rangahau Kai, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Carlos A. Montoya
- Riddet Institute, Te Ohu Rangahau Kai, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- Smart Foods and Bioproducts, AgResearch Limited, Te Ohu Rangahau Kai, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- Corresponding author.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Looking for Possible Benefits of Combining Short-Chain Fructo-Oligosaccharides (scFOS) with Saccharomyces cerevisiae Sc 47 on Weaned Pigs Orally Challenged with Escherichia coli F4 . Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13030526. [PMID: 36766416 PMCID: PMC9913220 DOI: 10.3390/ani13030526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of supplementing short-chain fructo-oligosaccharides (scFOS) combined or not with live yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae Sc 47 on weanling pigs challenged with Escherichia coli F4+. We allocated ninety-six piglets to four experimental diets: control (CTR); supplemented with scFOS (5 g/kg Profeed® P95) (scFOS); S. cerevisiae Sc 47 (1 g/kg Actisaf® Sc 47 HR +) (YEA); or both (SYN). Parameters included: performance; E. coli F4+ detection; fermentation activity; inflammatory biomarkers; and ileal histomorphology. Our results showed that supplementing scFOS was able to reduce the incidence of diarrhea, and both supplements were able to lower counts of EHEC along the gut. Supplementing scFOS was mostly associated with changes in the gut ecosystem and increases in the lactobacilli population, while S. cerevisiae Sc 47 registered increases in the numbers of ileal intraepithelial lymphocytes. The synbiotic mixture showed the lowest diarrhea incidence and fecal scores, benefiting from complementary modes of action and possible synergistic effects due to a hypothesized yeast-LAB cross-feeding phenomenon in the foregut. In conclusion, our results evidence that supplementing scFOS or Saccharomyces cerevisiae Sc 47 is efficacious to fight post-weaning colibacillosis, and combining both could be beneficial in high-risk scenarios.
Collapse
|
7
|
Hoogeveen AME, Moughan PJ, Henare SJ, Schulze P, McNabb WC, Montoya CA. Type of Dietary Fiber Is Associated with Changes in Ileal and Hindgut Microbial Communities in Growing Pigs and Influences In Vitro Ileal and Hindgut Fermentation. J Nutr 2021; 151:2976-2985. [PMID: 34320183 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxab228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The degree of ileal organic matter (OM) fermentation appears to be comparable to hindgut fermentation in growing pigs. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to determine if dietary fiber sources with known different total gastrointestinal tract (GIT) fermentability in humans affect ileal and hindgut microbial communities and ileal fermentation in growing pigs used as an animal model for human adults. METHODS Male pigs (21 kg bodyweight; 9 wk old; PIC Camborough 46 × PIC boar 356L; n = 8/diet) were fed for 42 d a diet containing cellulose (CEL, low fermentability) as the sole fiber source (4.5%) or diets in which half of the CEL was replaced by moderately fermentable fiber, psyllium (PSY), or kiwifruit (KF) fiber. For each diet, terminal jejunal (substrate) and ileal (inoculum) digesta were collected from euthanized animals for in vitro ileal fermentation (2 h). Terminal ileal (substrate) and cecal (inoculum) digesta were used for in vitro hindgut fermentation (24 h). After in vitro fermentations, OM fermentation and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production were determined. Ileal digesta and feces were collected for microbial analysis. Data were analyzed by 2-factor ANOVA (diet × GIT region). RESULTS In vitro ileal OM fermentation was on average 22% and comparable to hindgut OM fermentation. Ileal and hindgut OM fermentation, SCFA production, and microbial community composition changed (P < 0.05) when CEL was partially replaced by KF or PSY. For instance, pigs fed the PSY diet had 3-fold higher (P ≤ 0.05) number of ileal and fecal bacteria than pigs fed the CEL and KF diets. Pigs fed the CEL diet had 4-fold higher (P ≤ 0.05) hindgut valeric acid production than pigs fed the other diets. CONCLUSIONS Ileal fermentation is quantitatively significant. Partial substitution of CEL with more fermentable fibers influences both ileal and hindgut microbial communities and the fermentation in growing pigs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna M E Hoogeveen
- School of Food and Advanced Technology, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.,Riddet Institute, Te Ohu Rangahau Kai, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Paul J Moughan
- Riddet Institute, Te Ohu Rangahau Kai, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Sharon J Henare
- Riddet Institute, Te Ohu Rangahau Kai, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.,School of Health Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Philipp Schulze
- Riddet Institute, Te Ohu Rangahau Kai, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Warren C McNabb
- Riddet Institute, Te Ohu Rangahau Kai, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Carlos A Montoya
- Riddet Institute, Te Ohu Rangahau Kai, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.,Smart Foods, AgResearch Limited, Te Ohu Rangahau Kai, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
van Trijp MPH, Rösch C, An R, Keshtkar S, Logtenberg MJ, Hermes GDA, Zoetendal EG, Schols HA, Hooiveld GJEJ. Fermentation Kinetics of Selected Dietary Fibers by Human Small Intestinal Microbiota Depend on the Type of Fiber and Subject. Mol Nutr Food Res 2020; 64:e2000455. [PMID: 32918522 PMCID: PMC7685165 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202000455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE An underexplored topic is the investigation of health effects of dietary fibers via modulation of human small intestine (SI) microbiota. A few previous studies hint at fermentation of some dietary fibers in the distal SI of humans and pigs. Here the potential of human SI microbiota to degrade dietary fibers and produce metabolites in vitro is investigated. METHODS AND RESULTS Fructans, galacto-oligosaccharides, lemon pectins, and isomalto/malto-polysaccharides are subjected to in vitro batch fermentations inoculated with ileostomy effluent from five subjects. Fiber degradation products, formation of bacterial metabolites, and microbiota composition are determined over time. Galacto- and fructo-oligosaccharides are rapidly utilized by the SI microbiota of all subjects. At 5h of fermentation, 31%-82% of galacto-oligosaccharides and 29%-89% fructo-oligosaccharides (degree of polymerization DP4-8) are utilized. Breakdown of fructo-oligosaccharides/inulin DP ≥ 10, lemon pectin, and iso-malto/maltopolysaccharides only started after 7h incubation. Degradation of different fibers result in production of mainly acetate, and changed microbiota composition over time. CONCLUSION Human SI microbiota have hydrolytic potential for prebiotic galacto- and fructo-oligosaccharides. In contrast, the higher molecular weight fibers inulin, lemon pectin, and iso-malto/maltopolysaccharides show slow fermentation rate. Fiber degradation kinetics and microbiota responses are subject dependent, therefore personalized nutritional fiber based strategies are required.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mara P. H. van Trijp
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics GroupDivision of Human Nutrition and HealthWageningen UniversityStippeneng 4WageningenWG 6708The Netherlands
| | - Christiane Rösch
- Laboratory of Food ChemistryWageningen UniversityBornse Weilanden 9WageningenWG 6708The Netherlands
| | - Ran An
- Laboratory of MicrobiologyWageningen UniversityStippeneng 4WageningenWG 6708The Netherlands
| | - Shohreh Keshtkar
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics GroupDivision of Human Nutrition and HealthWageningen UniversityStippeneng 4WageningenWG 6708The Netherlands
| | - Madelon J. Logtenberg
- Laboratory of Food ChemistryWageningen UniversityBornse Weilanden 9WageningenWG 6708The Netherlands
| | - Gerben D. A. Hermes
- Laboratory of MicrobiologyWageningen UniversityStippeneng 4WageningenWG 6708The Netherlands
| | - Erwin G. Zoetendal
- Laboratory of MicrobiologyWageningen UniversityStippeneng 4WageningenWG 6708The Netherlands
| | - Henk A. Schols
- Laboratory of Food ChemistryWageningen UniversityBornse Weilanden 9WageningenWG 6708The Netherlands
| | - Guido J. E. J. Hooiveld
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics GroupDivision of Human Nutrition and HealthWageningen UniversityStippeneng 4WageningenWG 6708The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
In vitro ileal and caecal fermentation of fibre substrates in the growing pig given a human-type diet. Br J Nutr 2020; 125:998-1006. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114520003542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
AbstractThis study characterised the in vitro ileal fermentability of different substrates in the growing pig, adopted as an animal model for the adult human, and compared in vitro ileal and caecal fermentation in the pig. Substrates (arabinogalactan (AG), cellulose, fructo-oligosaccharide (FOS), inulin, mucin, citrus pectin and resistant starch) were fermented in vitro (ileal 2 h and caecal 24 h) with an ileal or caecal inoculum prepared from ileal or caecal digesta collected from growing pigs (n 5) fed a human-type diet for 15 d. The organic matter (OM) fermentability and production of organic acids were determined. In general, there was considerable in vitro ileal fermentation of fibre, and the substrates differed (P < 0·001) for both in vitro ileal and caecal OM fermentability and for organic acid production. Pectin had the greatest in vitro ileal OM fermentability (26 %) followed by AG, FOS and resistant starch (15 % on average), and cellulose, inulin and mucin (3 % on average). The fermentation of FOS, inulin and mucin was greater for in vitro caecal fermentation compared with the ileal counterpart (P ≤ 0·05). In general, the organic acid production was higher for in vitro caecal fermentation (P ≤ 0·05). For instance, the in vitro ileal acetic acid production represented 4–46 % of in vitro caecal production. Energy from fibre fermentation of 0·6–11 kJ/g substrate fermented could be expected in the ileum of the pig. In conclusion, substrates are fermented in both the ileum and caecum. The degree of fermentation varies among substrates, especially for in vitro ileal fermentation.
Collapse
|
10
|
Jena A, Montoya CA, Mullaney JA, Dilger RN, Young W, McNabb WC, Roy NC. Gut-Brain Axis in the Early Postnatal Years of Life: A Developmental Perspective. Front Integr Neurosci 2020; 14:44. [PMID: 32848651 PMCID: PMC7419604 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2020.00044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that alterations in the development of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract during the early postnatal period can influence brain development and vice-versa. It is increasingly recognized that communication between the GI tract and brain is mainly driven by neural, endocrine, immune, and metabolic mediators, collectively called the gut-brain axis (GBA). Changes in the GBA mediators occur in response to the developmental changes in the body during this period. This review provides an overview of major developmental events in the GI tract and brain in the early postnatal period and their parallel developmental trajectories under physiological conditions. Current knowledge of GBA mediators in context to brain function and behavioral outcomes and their synthesis and metabolism (site, timing, etc.) is discussed. This review also presents hypotheses on the role of the GBA mediators in response to the parallel development of the GI tract and brain in infants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Jena
- School of Food & Advanced Technology, College of Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.,The Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.,Food Nutrition & Health, Grasslands Research Centre, AgResearch, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Carlos A Montoya
- The Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.,Food Nutrition & Health, Grasslands Research Centre, AgResearch, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Jane A Mullaney
- The Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.,Food Nutrition & Health, Grasslands Research Centre, AgResearch, Palmerston North, New Zealand.,High-Value Nutrition National Science Challenge, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Ryan N Dilger
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Wayne Young
- The Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.,Food Nutrition & Health, Grasslands Research Centre, AgResearch, Palmerston North, New Zealand.,High-Value Nutrition National Science Challenge, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Warren C McNabb
- The Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.,High-Value Nutrition National Science Challenge, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Nicole C Roy
- The Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.,High-Value Nutrition National Science Challenge, Auckland, New Zealand.,Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|