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Jochum F, Meyer-Krott M, Hübler T, Lorenz M, Bedikian R, Zakarian J, Litzka A, Judex G, Hertzberg H, Klee D, Maurer L, Schacht M, Al-Radhi A, Maier J, Kröckel A, Faustmann C, Lavalle L, Dahbane S. Real-world evidence study on tolerance and growth in infants fed an infant formula with two human milk oligosaccharides vs mixed fed and exclusively breastfed infants. Mol Cell Pediatr 2023; 10:7. [PMID: 37597076 PMCID: PMC10439867 DOI: 10.1186/s40348-023-00162-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are important components of human milk having diverse functions in the development of infants. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have demonstrated that infant formulas with the HMOs 2'-fucosyllactose (2'FL) and lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT) are safe, well-tolerated, and support normal growth. This study aimed to generate real-world evidence (RWE) on growth and gastrointestinal (GI) tolerance in infants consuming a formula with 1 g/L 2'FL and 0.5 g/L LNnT, including a mixed feeding group not studied before in RCTs. PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS This 8-week open-label prospective multicenter study was conducted in Germany and Austria, and included groups of healthy, exclusively breastfed infants (BF), exclusively formula-fed infants (FF) who received the HMO-formula, and infants mixed fed with both HMO formula and human milk (MF). Co-primary outcomes were anthropometry and gastrointestinal tolerance via validated Infant Gastrointestinal Symptom Questionnaire (IGSQ). Secondary outcomes included formula satisfaction and adverse events (AEs). RESULTS One-hundred six infants completed the study (46 FF, 22 MF, and 38 BF). Mean anthropometric z-scores were comparable between groups and generally within ± 0.5 of WHO medians at week 8. IGSQ composite scores demonstrated good GI tolerance in all groups with no significant group differences at week 4 or 8. IGSQ composite scores in FF improved during the course of the study and parents provided high satisfaction ratings for the HMO-formula. Four potentially product-related AEs were reported in FF (no in MF). CONCLUSIONS In this RWE study examining an infant formula with HMOs, growth and GI tolerance outcomes were confirming the good tolerance and safety of this early feeding option previously reported in RCTs.
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Grants
- NCT05150288 Société des Produits Nestlé S.A., Vevey, Switzerland
- NCT05150288 Société des Produits Nestlé S.A., Vevey, Switzerland
- NCT05150288 Société des Produits Nestlé S.A., Vevey, Switzerland
- NCT05150288 Société des Produits Nestlé S.A., Vevey, Switzerland
- NCT05150288 Société des Produits Nestlé S.A., Vevey, Switzerland
- NCT05150288 Société des Produits Nestlé S.A., Vevey, Switzerland
- NCT05150288 Société des Produits Nestlé S.A., Vevey, Switzerland
- NCT05150288 Société des Produits Nestlé S.A., Vevey, Switzerland
- NCT05150288 Société des Produits Nestlé S.A., Vevey, Switzerland
- NCT05150288 Société des Produits Nestlé S.A., Vevey, Switzerland
- NCT05150288 Société des Produits Nestlé S.A., Vevey, Switzerland
- NCT05150288 Société des Produits Nestlé S.A., Vevey, Switzerland
- NCT05150288 Société des Produits Nestlé S.A., Vevey, Switzerland
- NCT05150288 Société des Produits Nestlé S.A., Vevey, Switzerland
- NCT05150288 Société des Produits Nestlé S.A., Vevey, Switzerland
- NCT05150288 Société des Produits Nestlé S.A., Vevey, Switzerland
- NCT05150288 Société des Produits Nestlé S.A., Vevey, Switzerland
- NCT05150288 Société des Produits Nestlé S.A., Vevey, Switzerland
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Jochum
- Klinik für Kinder- und Jugendmedizin, Ev. Waldkrankenhaus Spandau Stadtrandstr. 555, 13589, Berlin und Medizinische Hochschule Brandenburg - Theodor Fontane (MHB), 16816, Neuruppin, Germany.
| | | | - Tina Hübler
- Gemeinschaftspraxis Kinder- und Jugendarztpraxis, Clemensstraße 4, 47608, Geldern, Germany
| | - Maja Lorenz
- Kinder- und Jugendarzt, Venloer Straße 67, 41751, Viersen, Germany
| | - Raffi Bedikian
- Kinder- und Jugendärztliche Gemeinschaftspraxis, Eugen-Zur-Nieden-Ring 1, 46145, Oberhausen, Germany
| | - Joseph Zakarian
- Kinderarztpraxis, Suitbertusstr. 31, 40223, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Anja Litzka
- Facharztpraxis für Kinder- und Jugendmedizin, Regensburger Str. 40, 93133, Burglengenfeld, Germany
| | - Guido Judex
- Zentrum für Kinder- und Jugendgesundheit Regensburg, Dr.-Leo-Ritter-Str. 4, 93049, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Holger Hertzberg
- Kinder- und Jugendarztpraxis, Ludwigstraße 4, 91126, Schwabach, Germany
| | - Daniela Klee
- Kinder- und Jugendarzt, Röntgen-Str. 6, 68642, Bürstadt, Germany
| | - Lothar Maurer
- Fachärzte für Säuglings-, Kinder- und Jugendmedizin, Welschgasse 39, 67227, Frankenthal, Germany
| | - Martin Schacht
- Facharzt für Säuglings-, Kinder- und Jugendmedizin, Schwachhauser Heerstr. 63a, 28211, Bremen, Germany
| | - Adnan Al-Radhi
- Kinder- und Jugendarzt Al-Radhi, Winckelhoferstrasse 3, 89584, Ehingen, Germany
| | - Jan Maier
- Kinder und Jugendarztpraxis, Geranienstr. 11, 70771, Leinfelden-Echterdingen, Germany
| | - Alexander Kröckel
- Kinder- und Jugendarztpraxis, Schwarzwurzelstraße 52/54, 12689, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Faustmann
- Facharzt für Kinder- und Jugendheilkunde, Wiener Strasse 8a, 7400, Oberwart, Austria
| | - Luca Lavalle
- Nestlé Research, Société des Produits Nestlé S.A., Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Samir Dahbane
- Global Medical Affairs, Société des Produits Nestlé S.A., Vevey, Switzerland
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Durham SD, Wei Z, Lemay DG, Lange MC, Barile D. Creation of a milk oligosaccharide database, MilkOligoDB, reveals common structural motifs and extensive diversity across mammals. Sci Rep 2023; 13:10345. [PMID: 37365203 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-36866-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The carbohydrate fraction of most mammalian milks contains a variety of oligosaccharides that encompass a range of structures and monosaccharide compositions. Human milk oligosaccharides have received considerable attention due to their biological roles in neonatal gut microbiota, immunomodulation, and brain development. However, a major challenge in understanding the biology of milk oligosaccharides across other mammals is that reports span more than 5 decades of publications with varying data reporting methods. In the present study, publications on milk oligosaccharide profiles were identified and harmonized into a standardized format to create a comprehensive, machine-readable database of milk oligosaccharides across mammalian species. The resulting database, MilkOligoDB, includes 3193 entries for 783 unique oligosaccharide structures from the milk of 77 different species harvested from 113 publications. Cross-species and cross-publication comparisons of milk oligosaccharide profiles reveal common structural motifs within mammalian orders. Of the species studied, only chimpanzees, bonobos, and Asian elephants share the specific combination of fucosylation, sialylation, and core structures that are characteristic of human milk oligosaccharides. However, agriculturally important species do produce diverse oligosaccharides that may be valuable for human supplementation. Overall, MilkOligoDB facilitates cross-species and cross-publication comparisons of milk oligosaccharide profiles and the generation of new data-driven hypotheses for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sierra D Durham
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave., Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Zhe Wei
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave., Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Danielle G Lemay
- Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Western Human Nutrition Research Center, 430 West Health Sciences Dr., Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Matthew C Lange
- International Center for Food Ontology Operability Data and Semantics, 216 F Street Ste. 139, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Daniela Barile
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave., Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
- Foods for Health Institute, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave., Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
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Zhang P, Zhu Y, Li Z, Zhang W, Mu W. Recent Advances on Lacto- N-neotetraose, a Commercially Added Human Milk Oligosaccharide in Infant Formula. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:4534-4547. [PMID: 35385279 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c01101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) act as the important prebiotics and display many unique health effects for infants. Lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT), an abundant HMO, attracts increasing attention because of its unique beneficial effects to infants and great commercial importance. It occurs in all groups of human milk, but the concentration generally decreases gradually with the lactation period. It has superior prebiotic property for infants, and its other health effects have also been verified, including being immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, preventing necrotizing enterocolitis, antiadhesive antimicrobials, antiviral activity, and promoting maturation of intestinal epithelial cells. Safety evaluation and clinical trial studies suggest that LNnT is safe and well-tolerant for infants. It has been commercially added as a functional ingredient in infant formula. LNnT can be synthesized via chemical, enzymatic, or cell factory approachs, among which the metabolic engineering-based cell factory synthesis is considered to be the most practical and effective. In this article, the occurrence and physiological effects of LNnT were reviewed in detail, the safety evaluation and regulation status of LNnT were described, various approaches to LNnT synthesis were comprehensively summarized and compared, and the future perspectives of LNnT-related studies were provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Yingying Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Zeyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Wenli Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Wanmeng Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
- International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
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4
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Li Z, Zhu Y, Ni D, Zhang W, Mu W. Occurrence, functional properties, and preparation of 3-fucosyllactose, one of the smallest human milk oligosaccharides. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 63:9364-9378. [PMID: 35438024 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2064813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are receiving wide interest and high attention due to their health benefits, especially for newborns. The HMOs-fortified products are expected to mimic human milk not only in the kinds of added oligosaccharides components but also the appropriate proportion between these components, and further provide the nutrition and physiological effects of human milk to newborns as closely as possible. In comparison to intensively studied 2'-fucosyllactose (2'-FL), 3-fucosyllactose (3-FL) has less attention in almost all respects. Nerveless, 3-FL naturally occurs in breast milk and increases roughly over the course of lactation with a nonnegligible content, and plays an irreplaceable role in human milk and delivers functional properties to newborns. According to the safety evaluation, 3-FL shows no acute oral toxicity, genetic toxicity, and subchronic toxicity. It has been approved as generally recognized as safe (GRAS). Biological production of 3-FL can be realized by enzymatic and cell factory approaches. The α1,3- or α1,3/4-fucosyltransferase is the key enzyme for 3-FL biosynthesis. Various metabolic engineering strategies have been applied to enhance 3-FL yield using cell factory approach. In conclusion, this review gives an overview of the recent scientific literatures regarding occurrence, bioactive properties, safety evaluation, and biotechnological preparation of 3-FL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Yingying Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Dawei Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Wenli Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Wanmeng Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
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Weighted analysis of 2'-fucosylactose, 3-fucosyllactose, lacto-N-tetraose, 3'-sialyllactose, and 6'-sialyllactose concentrations in human milk. Food Chem Toxicol 2022; 163:112877. [PMID: 35304182 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.112877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Over 150 human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) have been identified and their concentrations in human milk vary depending on Secretor and Lewis blood group status, environmental and geographical factors, lactation stage, gestational period, and maternal health. Quantitation of HMOs in human milk has been the focus of numerous studies, however, comprehensive and weighted statistical analyses of their levels in human milk are lacking. Therefore, weighted means, standard deviations, medians, interquartile ranges, and 90th percentiles for 2'-fucosyllactose (2'-FL), 3-fucosyllactose (3-FL), lacto-N-tetraose (LNT), 3'-sialyllactose (3'-SL) and 6'-sialyllactose (6'-SL) were calculated using random sampling and the levels of these HMOs in human milk reported in the literature. Probability distributions of the reported levels were also constructed. Although the levels reported in the published studies varied, the weighted means for 2'-FL, 3-FL, LNT, 3'-SL, and 6'-SL were calculated to be 2.58, 0.57, 0.94, 0.28, and 0.39 g/L, respectively, which are consistent with those that have been previously determined in other systematic analyses. Likely due to the use of weighting, the 90th percentiles were greater than the 95% confidence limits that have been previously calculated. Our study therefore provides accurate and important statistical data to help support the level of appropriate HMO supplementation in infant formula.
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Durham SD, Robinson RC, Olga L, Ong KK, Chichlowski M, Dunger DB, Barile D. A one-year study of human milk oligosaccharide profiles in the milk of healthy UK mothers and their relationship to maternal FUT2 genotype. Glycobiology 2021; 31:1254-1267. [PMID: 34142145 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwab057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are indigestible carbohydrates with prebiotic, pathogen decoy and immunomodulatory activities that are theorized to substantially impact infant health. The objective of this study was to monitor HMO concentrations over 1 year to develop a long-term longitudinal dataset. HMO concentrations in the breast milk of healthy lactating mothers of the Cambridge Baby Growth and Breastfeeding Study (CBGS-BF) were measured at birth, 2 weeks, 6 weeks, 3 months, 6 months and 12 months postpartum. HMO quantification was conducted by high-performance anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection using a newly validated "dilute-and-shoot" method. This technique minimizes sample losses and expedites throughput, making it particularly suitable for the analysis of large sample sets. Varying patterns of individual HMO concentrations were observed with changes in lactation timepoint and maternal secretor status, with the most prominent temporal changes occurring during the first 3 months. These data provide valuable information for the development of human milk banks in view of targeted distribution of donor milk based on infant age. Maternal FUT2 genotype was determined based on identification at single-nucleotide polymorphism rs516246 and compared with the genotype expected based on phenotypic markers in the HMO profile. Surprisingly, two mothers genotyped as secretors produced milk that displayed very low levels of 2'-fucosylated moieties. This unexpected discrepancy between genotype and phenotype suggests that differential enzyme expression may cause substantial variation in HMO profiles between genotypically similar mothers, and current genotypic methods of secretor status determination may require validation with HMO markers from milk analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sierra D Durham
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, 1 Shields Ave., Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Randall C Robinson
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, 1 Shields Ave., Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Laurentya Olga
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Box 116, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Ken K Ong
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Box 116, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge Biomedical Campus Hills Road, Box 285, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
- Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Box 289, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Maciej Chichlowski
- Medical and Scientific Affairs, RB/Mead Johnson Nutrition Institute, 2400 W. Lloyd Expy., Evansville, IN 47712, USA
| | - David B Dunger
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Box 116, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge Biomedical Campus Hills Road, Box 285, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Daniela Barile
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, 1 Shields Ave., Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Foods for Health Institute, University of California, Davis, 1 Shields Ave., Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Binia A, Lavalle L, Chen C, Austin S, Agosti M, Al-Jashi I, Pereira AB, Costeira MJ, Silva MG, Marchini G, Martínez-Costa C, Stiris T, Stoicescu SM, Vanpée M, Rakza T, Billeaud C, Picaud JC, Domellöf M, Adams R, Castaneda-Gutierrez E, Sprenger N. Human milk oligosaccharides, infant growth, and adiposity over the first 4 months of lactation. Pediatr Res 2021; 90:684-693. [PMID: 33446921 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-020-01328-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The relationship between human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) and infant growth and adiposity is not fully understood and comprehensive studies are missing from the current literature. METHODS We screened and recruited 370 healthy, pregnant women and their infants from seven European countries. Breastmilk samples were collected using standardized procedures at six time points over 4 months, as were infant parameters. Correlations and associations between HMO area under the curve, anthropometric data, and fat mass at 4 months were tested. RESULTS Lacto-N-neotetraose had a negative correlation with the change in length (rs = -0.18, P = 0.02). Sialyllacto-N-tetraose c (LSTc) had a positive correlation with weight for length (rs = 0.19, P = 0.015). Infants at the 25th upper percentile were fed milk higher in 3'-sialyllactose and LSTc (P = 0.017 and P = 0.006, respectively) compared to the lower 25th percentile of the weight-for-length z-score gain over 4 months of lactation. No significant associations between growth and body composition and Lewis or secretor-dependent HMOs like 2'-fucosyllactose were identified. CONCLUSIONS Changes in the HMO composition of breastmilk during the first 4 months appear to have little influence on infant growth and body composition in this cohort of healthy mothers and infants. IMPACT Modest associations exist between individual HMO and infant growth outcomes at least in healthy growing populations. Our study provides a comprehensive investigation of associations between all major HMO and infant growth and adiposity including several time points. Certain groups of HMOs, like the sialylated, may be associated with adiposity during the first months of lactation. HMO may modulate the risk of future metabolic disease. Future population studies need to address the role of specific groups of HMOs in the context of health and disease to understand the long-term impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aristea Binia
- Nestlé Research, Société des Produits Nestlé SA, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Luca Lavalle
- Nestlé Research, Société des Produits Nestlé SA, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Cheng Chen
- Nestlé Research, Société des Produits Nestlé SA, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sean Austin
- Nestlé Research, Société des Produits Nestlé SA, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Isam Al-Jashi
- Al Jashi Isam Private Med. Practice, Bucharest, Romania
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Thameur Rakza
- Centre d'Investigation Clinique de Lille, Hôpital Jeanne de Flandre, Lille, France
| | | | | | | | - Rachel Adams
- Cultivate: Nutrition Content + Strategy, Decatur, GA, USA
| | | | - Norbert Sprenger
- Nestlé Research, Société des Produits Nestlé SA, Lausanne, Switzerland
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The Mean of Milk: A Review of Human Milk Oligosaccharide Concentrations throughout Lactation. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13082737. [PMID: 34444897 PMCID: PMC8398195 DOI: 10.3390/nu13082737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are non-digestible and structurally diverse complex carbohydrates that are highly abundant in human milk. To date, more than 200 different HMO structures have been identified. Their concentrations in human milk vary according to various factors such as lactation period, mother’s genetic secretor status, and length of gestation (term or preterm). The objective of this review is to assess and rank HMO concentrations from healthy mothers throughout lactation at a global level. To this aim, published data from pooled (secretor and non-secretor) human milk samples were used. When samples were reported as secretor or non-secretor, means were converted to a pooled level, using the reported mean of approximately 80/20% secretor/non-secretor frequency in the global population. This approach provides an estimate of HMO concentrations in the milk of an average, healthy mother independent of secretor status. Mean concentrations of HMOs were extracted and categorized by pre-defined lactation periods of colostrum (0–5 days), transitional milk (6–14 days), mature milk (15–90 days), and late milk (>90 days). Further categorizations were made by gestational length at birth, mother’s ethnicity, and analytical methodology. Data were excluded if they were from preterm milk, unknown sample size and mothers with any known disease status. A total of 57 peer-reviewed articles reporting individual HMO concentrations published between 1996 and 2020 were included in the review. Pooled HMO means reported from 31 countries were analyzed. In addition to individual HMO concentrations, 12 articles reporting total HMO concentrations were also analyzed as a basis for relative HMO abundance. Total HMOs were found as 17.7 g/L in colostrum, 13.3 g/L in transitional milk, and 11.3 g/L in mature milk. The results show that HMO concentrations differ largely for each individual HMO and vary with lactation stages. For instance, while 2′-FL significantly decreased from colostrum (3.18 g/L ± 0.9) to late milk (1.64 g/L ± 0.67), 3-FL showed a significant increase from colostrum (0.37 g/L ± 0.1) to late milk (0.92 g/L ± 0.5). Although pooled human milk contains a diverse HMO profile with more than 200 structures identified, the top 10 individual HMOs make up over 70% of total HMO concentration. In mature pooled human milk, the top 15 HMOs in decreasing order of magnitude are 2′-FL, LNDFH-I (DFLNT), LNFP-I, LNFP-II, LNT, 3-FL, 6′-SL, DSLNT, LNnT, DFL (LDFT), FDS-LNH, LNFP-III, 3′-SL, LST c, and TF-LNH.
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9
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Chatziioannou A, Benjamins E, Pellis L, Haandrikman A, Dijkhuizen L, van Leeuwen SS. Extraction and Quantitative Analysis of Goat Milk Oligosaccharides: Composition, Variation, Associations, and 2'-FL Variability. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:7851-7862. [PMID: 34232652 PMCID: PMC8383309 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c00499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Human milk oligosaccharides (hMOS) are associated with health benefits for newborns. We studied the composition of goat MOS (gMOS) from colostrum up to the 9th month of lactation to conceive an overview of the structures present and their fate. Potential correlations with factors such as age, parity, and lifetime milk production were examined. An effective method for gMOS extraction and ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to fluorescence detection (UPLC-FLD) analysis was established, following 2-aminobenzamide gMOS labeling. Considerable biological variability was highlighted among the 12 quantified gMOS and the 9 non-quantified structures in the individual milk samples. Most characteristic, 2'-fucosyllactose was present in 73.7% of the milk samples analyzed, suggesting the possibility of a secretor/non-secretor goat genotype, similar to humans. Contributing factors to the observed biological variability were goat age, parity, lifetime milk production, and the kids' sex. The results significantly contribute to the current understanding of (variations in) gMOS composition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eric Benjamins
- Ausnutria
BV, Dokter van Deenweg
150, 8025 BM Zwolle, The Netherlands
| | - Linette Pellis
- Ausnutria
BV, Dokter van Deenweg
150, 8025 BM Zwolle, The Netherlands
| | | | - Lubbert Dijkhuizen
- CarbExplore
Research BV, Zernikepark
12, 9747 AN Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sander S. van Leeuwen
- Sector
Human Nutrition and Health, Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
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Thum C, Wall CR, Weiss GA, Wang W, Szeto IMY, Day L. Changes in HMO Concentrations throughout Lactation: Influencing Factors, Health Effects and Opportunities. Nutrients 2021; 13:2272. [PMID: 34209241 PMCID: PMC8308359 DOI: 10.3390/nu13072272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are important functional biomolecules in human breast milk. Understanding the factors influencing differences in HMO composition and changes in their concentration over lactation can help to design feeding strategies that are well-adapted to infant's needs. This review summarises the total and individual concentration of HMOs from data published from 1999 to 2019. Studies show that the HMO concentrations are highest in colostrum (average 9-22 g/L), followed by slightly lower concentrations in transitional milk (average 8-19 g/L), with a gradual decline in mature milk as lactation progresses, from 6-15 g/L in breast milk collected within one month of birth, to 4-6 g/L after 6 months. Significant differences in HMO composition have been described between countries. Different HMOs were shown to be predominant over the course of lactation, e.g., 3-fucosyllactose increased over lactation, whereas 2'-fucosyllactose decreased. Recent clinical studies on infant formula supplemented with 2'-fucosyllactose in combination with other oligosaccharides showed its limited beneficial effect on infant health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Thum
- AgResearch Ltd., Te Ohu Rangahau Kai, Palmerston North 4474, New Zealand;
| | - Clare Rosemary Wall
- Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand;
| | | | - Wendan Wang
- Yili Maternal and Infant Nutrition Institute, Inner Mongolia Yili Industrial Group, Co., Ltd., Fengtai District, Beijing 100071, China; (W.W.); (I.M.-Y.S.)
| | - Ignatius Man-Yau Szeto
- Yili Maternal and Infant Nutrition Institute, Inner Mongolia Yili Industrial Group, Co., Ltd., Fengtai District, Beijing 100071, China; (W.W.); (I.M.-Y.S.)
| | - Li Day
- AgResearch Ltd., Te Ohu Rangahau Kai, Palmerston North 4474, New Zealand;
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11
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Buffet-Bataillon S, Bellanger A, Boudry G, Gangneux JP, Yverneau M, Beuchée A, Blat S, Le Huërou-Luron I. New Insights Into Microbiota Modulation-Based Nutritional Interventions for Neurodevelopmental Outcomes in Preterm Infants. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:676622. [PMID: 34177860 PMCID: PMC8232935 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.676622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiota and the central nervous system have parallel developmental windows during pre and post-natal life. Increasing evidences suggest that intestinal dysbiosis in preterm infants predisposes the neonate to adverse neurological outcomes later in life. Understanding the link between gut microbiota colonization and brain development to tailor therapies aimed at optimizing initial colonization and microbiota development are promising strategies to warrant adequate brain development and enhance neurological outcomes in preterm infants. Breast-feeding has been associated with both adequate cognitive development and healthy microbiota in preterms. Infant formula are industrially produced substitutes for infant nutrition that do not completely recapitulate breast-feeding benefices and could be largely improved by the understanding of the role of breast milk components upon gut microbiota. In this review, we will first discuss the nutritional and bioactive component information on breast milk composition and its contribution to the assembly of the neonatal gut microbiota in preterms. We will then discuss the emerging pathways connecting the gut microbiota and brain development. Finally, we will discuss the promising microbiota modulation-based nutritional interventions (including probiotic and prebiotic supplementation of infant formula and maternal nutrition) for improving neurodevelopmental outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Buffet-Bataillon
- Institut NuMeCan, INRAE, INSERM, Univ Rennes, Saint-Gilles, France
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, CHU Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Amandine Bellanger
- Institut NuMeCan, INRAE, INSERM, Univ Rennes, Saint-Gilles, France
- Department of Pediatrics-Neonatology, CHU Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Gaelle Boudry
- Institut NuMeCan, INRAE, INSERM, Univ Rennes, Saint-Gilles, France
| | | | | | - Alain Beuchée
- Department of Pediatrics-Neonatology, Univ Rennes, CHU Rennes, LTSI-UMR 1099, Rennes, France
| | - Sophie Blat
- Institut NuMeCan, INRAE, INSERM, Univ Rennes, Saint-Gilles, France
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12
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Han SM, Derraik JGB, Binia A, Sprenger N, Vickers MH, Cutfield WS. Maternal and Infant Factors Influencing Human Milk Oligosaccharide Composition: Beyond Maternal Genetics. J Nutr 2021; 151:1383-1393. [PMID: 33768224 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxab028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Maternal genetics is a key determinant of human milk oligosaccharide (HMO) composition in human milk. Beyond genetic status, other factors influencing the HMO profile are poorly defined. Thus, we aimed to review the existing evidence on the associations between nongenetic maternal and infant factors and HMO composition. A systematic search was performed on PubMed and Web of Science (without a time restriction) to identify any relevant studies published. In total, 1056 results were obtained, of which 29 articles were selected to be included in this review. The range of factors investigated include lactation stage, maternal pre-pregnancy BMI (ppBMI), maternal age, parity, maternal diet, mode of delivery, infant gestational age, and infant sex. The data suggest that, beyond maternal genetics, HMO composition seems to be influenced by all these factors, but the underlining mechanisms remain speculative. The published evidence is discussed in this review, along with potential implications for infant growth and development. For example, 2'-fucosyllactose, which was reportedly increased in mothers with higher ppBMIs, was also associated with increased infant weight and height. In addition, greater levels of sialylated HMOs after preterm birth may support brain development in these infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Min Han
- Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - José G B Derraik
- Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Endocrinology, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Aristea Binia
- Nestlé Research, Société des Produits Nestlé SA, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Norbert Sprenger
- Nestlé Research, Société des Produits Nestlé SA, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mark H Vickers
- Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Wayne S Cutfield
- Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,A Better Start-National Science Challenge, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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13
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Moubareck CA. Human Milk Microbiota and Oligosaccharides: A Glimpse into Benefits, Diversity, and Correlations. Nutrients 2021; 13:1123. [PMID: 33805503 PMCID: PMC8067037 DOI: 10.3390/nu13041123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human milk represents a cornerstone for growth and development of infants, with extensive array of benefits. In addition to exceptionally nutritive and bioactive components, human milk encompasses a complex community of signature bacteria that helps establish infant gut microbiota, contributes to maturation of infant immune system, and competitively interferes with pathogens. Among bioactive constituents of milk, human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are particularly significant. These are non-digestible carbohydrates forming the third largest solid component in human milk. Valuable effects of HMOs include shaping intestinal microbiota, imparting antimicrobial effects, developing intestinal barrier, and modulating immune response. Moreover, recent investigations suggest correlations between HMOs and milk microbiota, with complex links possibly existing with environmental factors, genetics, geographical location, and other factors. In this review, and from a physiological and health implications perspective, milk benefits for newborns and mothers are highlighted. From a microbiological perspective, a focused insight into milk microbiota, including origins, diversity, benefits, and effect of maternal diet is presented. From a metabolic perspective, biochemical, physiological, and genetic significance of HMOs, and their probable relations to milk microbiota, are addressed. Ongoing research into mechanistic processes through which the rich biological assets of milk promote development, shaping of microbiota, and immunity is tackled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole Ayoub Moubareck
- College of Natural and Health Sciences, Zayed University, Dubai 19282, United Arab Emirates
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14
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In Love with Shaping You-Influential Factors on the Breast Milk Content of Human Milk Oligosaccharides and Their Decisive Roles for Neonatal Development. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12113568. [PMID: 33233832 PMCID: PMC7699834 DOI: 10.3390/nu12113568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are structurally versatile sugar molecules constituting the third major group of soluble components in human breast milk. Based on the disaccharide lactose, the mammary glands of future and lactating mothers produce a few hundreds of different HMOs implicating that their overall anabolism utilizes rather high amounts of energy. At first sight, it therefore seems contradictory that these sugars are indigestible for infants raising the question of why such an energy-intensive molecular class evolved. However, in-depth analysis of their molecular modes of action reveals that Mother Nature created HMOs for neonatal development, protection and promotion of health. This is not solely facilitated by HMOs in their indigestible form but also by catabolites that are generated by microbial metabolism in the neonatal gut additionally qualifying HMOs as natural prebiotics. This narrative review elucidates factors influencing the HMO composition as well as physiological roles of HMOs on their way through the infant body and within the gut, where a major portion of HMOs faces microbial catabolism. Concurrently, this work summarizes in vitro, preclinical and observational as well as interventional clinical studies that analyzed potential health effects that have been demonstrated by or were related to either human milk-derived or synthetic HMOs or HMO fractions.
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15
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From lab bench to formulated ingredient: Characterization, production, and commercialization of human milk oligosaccharides. J Funct Foods 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2020.104052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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17
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Real-world study in infants fed with an infant formula with two human milk oligosaccharides. NUTR HOSP 2020; 37:698-706. [PMID: 32698596 DOI: 10.20960/nh.03084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Introduction: human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are an important component of human milk supporting the development of a balanced intestinal microbiota and immune protection in breastfed infants. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have demonstrated that infant formulas supplemented with the HMOs 2'-fucosyllactose (2'FL) and lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT) are safe, well-tolerated, and support normal growth. This Real-World Evidence (RWE) study aimed to evaluate growth and tolerance in infants consuming a formula supplemented with 1 g/L of 2'FL and 0.5 g/L of LNnT, and included a mixed-feeding group never studied before in RCTs. Participants and methods: this open-label, prospective study was conducted at six centers in Spain, and included healthy, exclusively breastfed infants (BF group), an exclusively formula-fed group (FF) who received a milk-based formula with 2' FL and LNnT, and a group mixed fed with both formula and human milk (MF), for 8 weeks. Co-primary outcomes were growth (anthropometry) and gastrointestinal tolerance (Infant Gastrointestinal Symptom Questionnaire, IGSQ). Secondary outcomes included formula satisfaction and adverse events (AEs). Results: 159 infants completed the study (66 FF, 48 MF, and 45 BF). Mean z-scores for growth were similar between all groups and within ± 0.5 of WHO medians at week 8. Composite IGSQ scores demonstrated low GI distress in all groups, with no significant group differences at baseline, week 4, or week 8. Incidence of AEs was low overall, and comparable across groups. Conclusions: in this RWE study examining a HMO-supplemented infant formula, growth and tolerance outcomes were similar to RCT findings, supporting the effectiveness of this early feeding option.
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18
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van Leeuwen SS. Challenges and Pitfalls in Human Milk Oligosaccharide Analysis. Nutrients 2019; 11:E2684. [PMID: 31698698 PMCID: PMC6893418 DOI: 10.3390/nu11112684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Human milk oligosaccharides have been recognized as an important, functional biomolecule in mothers' milk. Moreover, these oligosaccharides have been recognized as the third most abundant component of human milk, ranging from 10-15 g/L in mature milk and up to and over 20 g/L reported in colostrum. Initially, health benefits of human milk oligosaccharides were assigned via observational studies on the differences between breastfed and bottle fed infants. Later, pools of milk oligosaccharides were isolated and used in functional studies and in recent years more specific studies into structure-function relationships have identified some advanced roles for milk oligosaccharides in the healthy development of infants. In other research, the levels, diversity, and complexity of human milk oligosaccharides have been studied, showing a wide variation in results. This review gives a critical overview of challenges in the analysis of human milk oligosaccharides. In view of the myriad functions that can be assigned, often to specific structures or classes of structures, it is very relevant to assess the levels of these structures in the human milk correctly, as well as in other biological sample materials. Ultimately, the review makes a case for a comparative, inter-laboratory study on quantitative human milk oligosaccharide analysis in all relevant biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sander S van Leeuwen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Cluster Human Nutrition & Health, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
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19
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Austin S, De Castro CA, Sprenger N, Binia A, Affolter M, Garcia-Rodenas CL, Beauport L, Tolsa JF, Fischer Fumeaux CJ. Human Milk Oligosaccharides in the Milk of Mothers Delivering Term versus Preterm Infants. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11061282. [PMID: 31195757 PMCID: PMC6627155 DOI: 10.3390/nu11061282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are a major component of human milk, and play an important role in protecting the infant from infections. Preterm infants are particularly vulnerable, but have improved outcomes if fed with human milk. This study aimed to determine if the HMO composition of preterm milk differed from that of term milk at equivalent stage of lactation and equivalent postmenstrual age. In all, 22 HMOs were analyzed in 500 samples of milk from 25 mothers breastfeeding very preterm infants (< 32 weeks of gestational age, < 1500 g of birthweight) and 28 mothers breastfeeding term infants. The concentrations of most HMOs were comparable at equivalent postpartum age. However, HMOs containing α-1,2-linked fucose were reduced in concentration in preterm milk during the first month of lactation. The concentrations of a number of sialylated oligosaccharides were also different in preterm milk, in particular 3′-sialyllactose concentrations were elevated. At equivalent postmenstrual age, the concentrations of a number of HMOs were significantly different in preterm compared to term milk. The largest differences manifest around 40 weeks of postmenstrual age, when the milk of term infants contains the highest concentrations of HMOs. The observed differences warrant further investigation in view of their potential clinical impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Austin
- Nestlé Research, Vers-Chez-Les-Blanc, 1000 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Carlos A De Castro
- Nestle Research Singapore, 29 Quality Road, 618802 Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Norbert Sprenger
- Nestlé Research, Vers-Chez-Les-Blanc, 1000 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Aristea Binia
- Nestlé Research, Vers-Chez-Les-Blanc, 1000 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Michael Affolter
- Nestlé Research, Vers-Chez-Les-Blanc, 1000 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | | | - Lydie Beauport
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Wejryd E, Martí M, Marchini G, Werme A, Jonsson B, Landberg E, Abrahamsson TR. Low Diversity of Human Milk Oligosaccharides is Associated with Necrotising Enterocolitis in Extremely Low Birth Weight Infants. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10101556. [PMID: 30347801 PMCID: PMC6213888 DOI: 10.3390/nu10101556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Difference in human milk oligosaccharides (HMO) composition in breast milk may be one explanation why some preterm infants develop necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) despite being fed exclusively with breast milk. The aim of this study was to measure the concentration of 15 dominant HMOs in breast milk during the neonatal period and investigate how their levels correlated to NEC, sepsis, and growth in extremely low birth weight (ELBW; <1000 g) infants who were exclusively fed with breast milk. Milk was collected from 91 mothers to 106 infants at 14 and 28 days and at postmenstrual week 36. The HMOs were analysed with high-performance anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection. The HMOs diversity and the levels of Lacto-N-difucohexaose I were lower in samples from mothers to NEC cases, as compared to non-NEC cases at all sampling time points. Lacto-N-difucohexaose I is only produced by secretor and Lewis positive mothers. There were also significant but inconsistent associations between 3′-sialyllactose and 6′-sialyllactose and culture-proven sepsis and significant, but weak correlations between several HMOs and growth rate. Our results suggest that the variation in HMO composition in breast milk may be an important factor explaining why exclusively breast milk fed ELBW infants develop NEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Wejryd
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, 58183 Linköping, Sweden.
| | - Magalí Martí
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, 58183 Linköping, Sweden.
| | - Giovanna Marchini
- Department of Neonatology, Karolinska University Hospital, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden.
- Department of Women´s and Children´s Health, Karolinska Insitute, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Anna Werme
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, 58183 Linköping, Sweden.
| | - Baldvin Jonsson
- Department of Neonatology, Karolinska University Hospital, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden.
- Department of Women´s and Children´s Health, Karolinska Insitute, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Eva Landberg
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, 58183 Linköping, Sweden.
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Linköping University, 58185 Linköping, Sweden.
| | - Thomas R Abrahamsson
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, 58183 Linköping, Sweden.
- Department of Pediatrics, Linköping University, 58183 Linköping, Sweden.
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21
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Austin S, Cuany D, Michaud J, Diehl B, Casado B. Determination of 2'-Fucosyllactose and Lacto-N-neotetraose in Infant Formula. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23102650. [PMID: 30332767 PMCID: PMC6222730 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23102650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Human milk oligosaccharides (HMO) are the third most abundant solid component of human milk. It is likely that they are responsible for at least some of the benefits experienced by breast-fed infants. Until recently HMO were absent from infant formula, but 2'-fucosyllactose (2'-FL) and lacto-N-neoteraose (LNnT) have recently become available as ingredients. The development of formula containing these HMO and the quality control of such formula require suitable methods for the accurate determination of the HMO. We developed two different approaches for analysis of 2'-FL and LNnT in formula; high performance anion exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD) and hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (HILIC-FLD). In lab trials using blank formula spiked with the two oligosaccharides, both approaches worked well with recoveries of 94⁻111% (HPAEC-PAD) and 94⁻104% (HILIC-FLD) and RSD (iR) of 2.1⁻7.9% (HPAEC-PAD) and 2.0⁻7.4% (HILIC-FLD). However, when applied to products produced in a pilot plant, the HPAEC-PAD approach sometimes delivered results below those expected from the addition rate of the ingredients. We hypothesize that the oligosaccharides interact with the formula matrix during the production process and, during sample preparation for HPAEC-PAD those interactions have not been broken. The conditions required for labeling the HMO for detection by the FLD apparently disrupt those interactions, and result in improved recoveries. It is likely that both analytical approaches are appropriate if a suitable extraction process is used to recover the HMO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Austin
- Nestlé Research, Vers-Chez-Les-Blanc, 1000 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Denis Cuany
- Nestlé Research, Vers-Chez-Les-Blanc, 1000 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Julien Michaud
- Nestlé Research, Vers-Chez-Les-Blanc, 1000 Lausanne, Switzerland.
- Current address: GSK Consumer Healthcare S.A., Route de l'Etraz 2, 1260 Nyon, Switzerland.
| | - Bernd Diehl
- Spectral Services, Emil-Hoffmann Strasse 33, D-50996 Köln, Germany.
| | - Begoña Casado
- Nestlé Research, Vers-Chez-Les-Blanc, 1000 Lausanne, Switzerland.
- Société des Produits Nestlé SA, Nutrition SBU, Rue d'Entre-deux-Villes 10, 1814 La-Tour-De-Peilz, Switzerland.
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22
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Bering SB. Human Milk Oligosaccharides to Prevent Gut Dysfunction and Necrotizing Enterocolitis in Preterm Neonates. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10101461. [PMID: 30297668 PMCID: PMC6213229 DOI: 10.3390/nu10101461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on the evidence for health benefits of human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) for preterm infants to stimulate gut adaptation and reduce the incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) in early life. The health benefits of breastfeeding are partly explained by the abundant HMOs that serve as prebiotics and immunomodulators. Gut immaturity in preterm infants leads to difficulties in tolerating enteral feeding and bacterial colonization and a high sensitivity to NEC, particularly when breast milk is insufficient. Due to the immaturity of the preterm infants, their response to HMOs could be different from that in term infants. The concentration of HMOs in human milk is highly variable and there is no evidence to support a specifically adapted high concentration in preterm milk. Further, the gut microbiota is not only different but also highly variable after preterm birth. Studies in pigs as models for preterm infants indicate that HMO supplementation to formula does not mature the gut or prevent NEC during the first weeks after preterm birth and the effects may depend on a certain stage of gut maturity. Supplemented HMOs may become more important for gut protection in the preterm infants when the gut has reached a more mature phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stine Brandt Bering
- Comparative Paediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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23
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Thurl S, Munzert M, Boehm G, Matthews C, Stahl B. Systematic review of the concentrations of oligosaccharides in human milk. Nutr Rev 2018; 75:920-933. [PMID: 29053807 PMCID: PMC5914348 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nux044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Context Oligosaccharides are the third largest solid component in human milk. These diverse compounds are thought to have numerous beneficial functions in infants, including protection against infectious diseases. The structures of more than 100 oligosaccharides in human milk have been elucidated so far. Objective The aim of this review was to identify the main factors that affect the concentrations of oligosaccharides in human milk and to determine whether it is possible to calculate representative and reliable mean concentrations. Data Sources A comprehensive literature search on oligosaccharide concentrations in human milk was performed in 6 electronic databases: BIOSIS, Current Contents Search, Embase, Lancet Titles, MEDLINE and PubMed. Study Selection The initial search resulted in 1363 hits. After the elimination of duplicates, the literature was screened. The application of strict inclusion criteria resulted in 21 articles selected. Data Extraction Oligosaccharide concentrations, both mean values and single values, reported in the literature were sorted by gestational age, secretor status of mothers, and defined lactation periods. Results Mean concentrations, including confidence limits, of 33 neutral and acidic oligosaccharides reported could be calculated. Concentrations of oligosaccharides in human milk show variations that are dependent on both the secretor type of the mother and the lactation period as examined by analyses of variance. In addition, large interlaboratory variations in the data were observed. Conclusions Worldwide interlaboratory quantitative analyses of identical milk samples would be required to identify the most reliable methods of determining concentrations of oligosaccharides in human milk. The data presented here contribute to the current knowledge about the composition and quantities of oligosaccharides in human milk and may foster greater understanding of the biological functions of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Thurl
- Department of Food Technology, Fulda University of Applied Sciences, Fulda, Germany
| | - Manfred Munzert
- Bavarian State Research Centre for Agriculture, Freising, Germany
| | | | | | - Bernd Stahl
- Danone Nutricia Research, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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24
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Austin S, Bénet T. Quantitative determination of non-lactose milk oligosaccharides. Anal Chim Acta 2017; 1010:86-96. [PMID: 29447675 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2017] [Revised: 12/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A method for the determination of non-lactose oligosaccharides (NLO) in milk using liquid chromatography has been developed. Oligosaccharides were labelled with a fluorescent tag, 2-aminobenzamide (2AB), and were identified by comparison of their retention times to those of oligosaccharide standards, their mass (as measured by mass spectrometry) and their fragmentation patterns in the mass spectrometer. The concentrations of the NLO in milk have been determined using 2 different approaches: (1) by preparing a calibration curve using genuine standards of each oligosaccharide. (2) by preparing a calibration curve using maltotriose as a universal standard for all NLO, and assuming all 2AB labelled oligosaccharides give an equimolar response in the detector. The accuracy of the method was assessed by spike-recovery experiments. Using genuine NLO standards for calibration, recoveries were in the range 96-114%. Using maltotriose as a universal calibrant, recoveries were in the range 86-120%. Method precision was assessed by determining the relative standard deviation of the results under repeatability (RSD(r)) and intermediate reproducibility (RSD(iR)) conditions. In most cases RSD(r) and RSD(iR) were below 5% irrespective of calibration method, but increased when NLO levels were close to LoQ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Austin
- Nestlé Research Centre, Vers-Chez-Les-Blanc, 1000 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Thierry Bénet
- Nestlé Research Centre, Vers-Chez-Les-Blanc, 1000 Lausanne, Switzerland
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25
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Influence of Gestational Age, Secretor, and Lewis Blood Group Status on the Oligosaccharide Content of Human Milk. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2017; 64:789-798. [PMID: 27602704 DOI: 10.1097/mpg.0000000000001402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are considered to play an important role for the infant. As the biotechnical production of some HMOs is feasible today and clinical studies are being designed, the individual variation of the total amount of HMOs and of single components is of particular importance. Our objectives were to investigate whether differences exist between term and preterm milk, milk from mothers with secretor or nonsecretor status, and a Lewis blood group (a+b-), (a-b+), or (a-b-) pattern. METHODS Within a longitudinal study 96 milk samples (colostrum, transitional, and mature milk) from 32 mothers with preterm (n = 18) and term (n = 14) infants were collected. Delipidated and deproteinized milk was subjected to porous graphitized carbon cartridges followed by high pH anion exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection. RESULTS Quantitation of 16 single HMOs revealed changes during the first weeks of lactation without discrepancies between term and preterm milk. Significant differences occurred between "secretor" and "nonsecretor" milk (median approximately 10 vs 5 g/L total HMOs). Lacto-N-tetraose (LNT) and lacto-N-fucopentaose (LNFP) II comprised > 55% of the total HMO content in Lewis blood group (a+b-), "nonsecretor" milk and LNT together with 2'fucosyllactose, LNFP I, and difucosyllactose approximately 60% in Lewis (a-b+), "secretor" milk. In Lewis (a-b-), "secretor" milk 80% of oligosaccharides are due to LNT, 2'fucosyllactose, and LNFP I. CONCLUSIONS There are marked differences in total HMOs and single HMOs in milk depending on Lewis blood group and secretor status, which need to be taken into account in clinical studies.
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Effects of Infant Formula With Human Milk Oligosaccharides on Growth and Morbidity: A Randomized Multicenter Trial. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2017; 64:624-631. [PMID: 28107288 PMCID: PMC5378003 DOI: 10.1097/mpg.0000000000001520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of infant formula supplemented with 2 human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) on infant growth, tolerance, and morbidity. METHODS Healthy infants, 0 to 14 days old, were randomized to an intact-protein, cow's milk-based infant formula (control, n = 87) or the same formula with 1.0 g/L 2'fucosyllactose (2'FL) and 0.5 g/L lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT) (test, n = 88) from enrollment to 6 months; all infants received standard follow-up formula without HMOs from 6 to 12 months. Primary endpoint was weight gain through 4 months. Secondary endpoints included additional anthropometric measures, gastrointestinal tolerance, behavioral patterns, and morbidity through age 12 months. RESULTS Weight gain was similar in both groups (mean difference [95% confidence interval] test vs control: -0.30 [-1.94, 1.34] g/day; lower bound of 95% confidence interval was above noninferiority margin [-3 g/day]). Digestive symptoms and behavioral patterns were similar between groups; exceptions included softer stool (P = 0.021) and fewer nighttime wake-ups (P = 0.036) in the test group at 2 months. Infants receiving test (vs control) had significantly fewer parental reports (P = 0.004-0.047) of bronchitis through 4 (2.3% vs 12.6%), 6 (6.8% vs 21.8%), and 12 months (10.2% vs 27.6%); lower respiratory tract infection (adverse event cluster) through 12 months (19.3% vs 34.5%); antipyretics use through 4 months (15.9% vs 29.9%); and antibiotics use through 6 (34.1% vs 49.4%) and 12 months (42.0% vs 60.9%). CONCLUSIONS Infant formula with 2'FL and LNnT is safe, well-tolerated, and supports age-appropriate growth. Secondary outcome findings showing associations between consuming HMO-supplemented formula and lower parent-reported morbidity (particularly bronchitis) and medication use (antipyretics and antibiotics) warrant confirmation in future studies.
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27
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Austin S, De Castro CA, Bénet T, Hou Y, Sun H, Thakkar SK, Vinyes-Pares G, Zhang Y, Wang P. Temporal Change of the Content of 10 Oligosaccharides in the Milk of Chinese Urban Mothers. Nutrients 2016; 8:E346. [PMID: 27338459 PMCID: PMC4924187 DOI: 10.3390/nu8060346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Breastfed infants tend to be less prone to infections and may have improved cognitive benefits compared to formula-fed infants. Human milk oligosaccharides (HMO) are the third most abundant component of human milk, but are absent from formulae. They may be partially responsible for the benefits of breastfeeding. In this cross-sectional observational study, the HMO composition of milk from Chinese mothers was studied to determine the impact of stage of lactation, mode of delivery and geographical location. The content of 10 HMO was measured by HPLC in 446 milk samples from mothers living in three different cities in China. Around 21% of the samples contained levels of 2'-fucosyllactose (2'-FL) below the limit of quantification, which is similar to the frequency of fucosyltransferase-2 non-secretors in other populations, but 2'-FL was detected in all samples. Levels of most of the HMO studied decreased during the course of lactation, but the level of 3-fucosyllactose increased. Levels of 2'-FL and 3-fucosyllactose seem to be strongly correlated, suggesting some sort of mechanism for co-regulation. Levels of 6'-sialyllactose were higher than those of 3'-sialyllactose at early stages of lactation, but beyond 2-4 months, 3'-sialyllactose was predominant. Neither mode of delivery nor geographical location had any impact on HMO composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Austin
- Nestlé Research Centre, Vers-Chez-Les-Blanc, Lausanne 1000, Switzerland.
| | - Carlos A De Castro
- Nestlé Research Centre, Vers-Chez-Les-Blanc, Lausanne 1000, Switzerland.
| | - Thierry Bénet
- Nestlé Research Centre, Vers-Chez-Les-Blanc, Lausanne 1000, Switzerland.
| | - Yangfeng Hou
- Nestlé Research Center Beijing, Beijing 100095, China.
| | - Henan Sun
- Nestlé Research Center Beijing, Beijing 100095, China.
| | - Sagar K Thakkar
- Nestlé Research Centre, Vers-Chez-Les-Blanc, Lausanne 1000, Switzerland.
| | | | - Yumei Zhang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Peiyu Wang
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Education, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China.
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28
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Safety of 2′‐O‐fucosyllactose as a novel food ingredient pursuant to Regulation (EC) No 258/97. EFSA J 2015. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2015.4184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
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29
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Safety of lacto‐N‐neotetraose as a novel food ingredient pursuant to Regulation (EC) No 258/97. EFSA J 2015. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2015.4183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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30
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana L Oliveira
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences; University of Reading; Whiteknights Reading RG6 6AP UK
- Laboratório Nacional de Energia e Geologia (LNEG); Unidade de Bioenergia; Edifício K2, Estrada do Paço do Lumiar 22 Lisboa 1649-036 Portugal
| | - R Andrew Wilbey
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences; University of Reading; Whiteknights Reading RG6 6AP UK
| | - Alistair S Grandison
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences; University of Reading; Whiteknights Reading RG6 6AP UK
| | - Luísa B Roseiro
- Laboratório Nacional de Energia e Geologia (LNEG); Unidade de Bioenergia; Edifício K2, Estrada do Paço do Lumiar 22 Lisboa 1649-036 Portugal
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31
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Musilova S, Rada V, Vlkova E, Bunesova V. Beneficial effects of human milk oligosaccharides on gut microbiota. Benef Microbes 2015; 5:273-83. [PMID: 24913838 DOI: 10.3920/bm2013.0080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Human milk is the gold standard for nourishment of early infants because it contains a number of bioactive components, such as human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs). The high concentration and structural diversity of HMOs are unique to humans. HMOs are a group of complex and diverse glycans that are resistant to gastrointestinal digestion and reach the infant colon as the first prebiotics. N-acetyl-glucosamine containing oligosaccharides were first identified 50 years ago as the 'bifidus factor', a selective growth substrate for intestinal bifidobacteria, thus providing a conceptual basis for HMO-specific bifidogenic activity. Bifidobacterial species are the main utilisers of HMOs in the gastrointestinal tract and represent the dominant microbiota of breast-fed infants, and they may play an important role in maintaining the general health of newborn children. Oligosaccharides are also known to directly interact with the surface of pathogenic bacteria, and various oligosaccharides in milk are believed to inhibit the binding of pathogens and toxins to host cell receptors. Furthermore, HMOs are thought to contribute to the development of infant intestine and brain. Oligosaccharides currently added to infant formula are structurally different from the oligosaccharides naturally occurring in human milk and, therefore, they are unlikely to mimic some of the structure-specific effects. In this review, we describe how HMOs can modulate gut microbiota. This article summarises information up to date about the relationship between the intestinal microbiota and HMOs, and other possible indirect effects of HMOs on intestinal environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Musilova
- Department of Microbiology, Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Agrobiology Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences, Kamycka 129, 165 21 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - V Rada
- Department of Microbiology, Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Agrobiology Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences, Kamycka 129, 165 21 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - E Vlkova
- Department of Microbiology, Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Agrobiology Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences, Kamycka 129, 165 21 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - V Bunesova
- Department of Microbiology, Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Agrobiology Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences, Kamycka 129, 165 21 Prague 6, Czech Republic
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32
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Jeurink PV, van Esch BCAM, Rijnierse A, Garssen J, Knippels LMJ. Mechanisms underlying immune effects of dietary oligosaccharides. Am J Clin Nutr 2013; 98:572S-7S. [PMID: 23824724 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.112.038596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The WHO refers to human milk as the nutritional gold standard for term infants. Human milk contains many immunomodulatory compounds, including oligosaccharides. Human-milk oligosaccharides can serve as prebiotics because the nondigestible oligosaccharides present in human milk show a clear bifidogenic effect on the gut microbiota. Dietary oligosaccharide structures that have prebiotic effects similar to human-milk oligosaccharides include galacto-oligosaccharides, fructo-oligosaccharides, and pectin-derived acidic oligosaccharides. Both animal studies and human clinical trials showed that dietary intervention with these dietary oligosaccharides in early life could lead to the prevention of atopic dermatitis, food allergy, and allergic asthma. The immune-modulating effects of these oligosaccharides are likely assisted via alteration of the intestinal microbiota or in a microbiota-independent manner by direct interaction on immune cells or both. In this review, an overview of the prebiotic role of dietary oligosaccharides on the microbiota and the microbiota-independent immune modulation by these prebiotics is provided. In addition, recent publications that report on the pathways by which the oligosaccharides might exert their direct immunomodulatory effect are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prescilla V Jeurink
- Danone Research-Centre for Specialised Nutrition, Immunology Platform, Wageningen, Netherlands.
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33
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Meyrand M, Dallas DC, Caillat H, Bouvier F, Martin P, Barile D. Comparison of milk oligosaccharides between goats with and without the genetic ability to synthesize α s1-casein. Small Rumin Res 2013; 113:411-420. [PMID: 24587592 DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2013.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Milk oligosaccharides (OS)-free complex carbohydrates-confer unique health benefits to the nursing neonate. Though human digestive enzymes cannot degrade these sugars, they provide nourishment to specific commensal microbes and act as decoys to prevent the adhesion of pathogenic micro-organisms to gastrointestinal cells. At present, the limited quantities of human milk oligosaccharides (HMO) impede research on these molecules and their potential applications in functional food formulations. Considerable progress has been made in the study of OS structures; however, the synthetic pathways leading to their synthesis in the mammary gland are poorly understood. Recent studies show that complex OS with fucose and N-acetyl neuraminic acid (key structural elements of HMO bioactivity) exist in goat milk. Polymorphisms in the CSN1S1 locus, which is responsible for synthesis of αs1-casein, affect lipid and casein micelle structure in goat milk. The present study sought to determine whether CSN1S1 polymorphisms also influence goat milk oligosaccharide (GMO) production and secretion. The GMO compositions of thirty-two goat milk samples, half of which were from genotype A/A (αs1-casein producers) and half from genotype O/O (αs1-casein non-producers), were determined with nanoflow liquid chromatography high-accuracy mass spectrometry. This study represents the most exhaustive characterization of GMO to date. A systematic and comprehensive GMO library was created, consolidating information available in the literature with the new findings. Nearly 30 GMO, 11 of which were novel, were confirmed via tandem mass spectrometric analyses. Six fucosylated OS were identified; 4 of these matched HMO compositions and three were identified for the first time in goat milk. Importantly, multivariate statistical analysis demonstrated that the OS profiles of the A/A and O/O genotype milks could be discriminated by the fucosylated OS. Quantitative analysis revealed that the goat milk samples contained 1.17 g/L of OS; however, their concentration in milks from A/A and O/O genotypes was not different. This study provides evidence of a genetic influence on specific OS biosynthesis but not total OS production. The presence of fucosylated GMO suggests that goat milk represents a potential source of bioactive milk OS suitable as a functional food ingredient.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Meyrand
- Department of Food Science & Technology, University of California, Davis 95616, CA, USA ; Foods for Health Institute, University of California, Davis 95616, CA, USA
| | - D C Dallas
- Department of Food Science & Technology, University of California, Davis 95616, CA, USA ; Foods for Health Institute, University of California, Davis 95616, CA, USA
| | - H Caillat
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UR 631, Station d'Amélioration Génétique des Animaux (SAGA), 31326 Castanet Tolosan, France
| | - F Bouvier
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UE332 Domaine de Bourges, F-18390 Osmoy, France
| | - P Martin
- INRA, UMR1313 - Génétique animale et Biologie intégrative (GABI), Equipe « Lait, Génome & Santé » (LGS), 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - D Barile
- Department of Food Science & Technology, University of California, Davis 95616, CA, USA ; Foods for Health Institute, University of California, Davis 95616, CA, USA
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34
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Jeong KH, Nguyen V, Kim JH. Human milk oligosaccharides: the novel modulator of intestinal microbiota. BMB Rep 2012; 45:433-41. [DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2012.45.8.168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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35
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De Leoz MLA, Gaerlan SC, Strum JS, Dimapasoc LM, Mirmiran M, Tancredi DJ, Smilowitz JT, Kalanetra KM, Mills DA, German JB, Lebrilla CB, Underwood MA. Lacto-N-tetraose, fucosylation, and secretor status are highly variable in human milk oligosaccharides from women delivering preterm. J Proteome Res 2012; 11:4662-72. [PMID: 22900748 DOI: 10.1021/pr3004979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Breast milk is the ideal nutrition for term infants but must be supplemented to provide adequate growth for most premature infants. Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are remarkably abundant and diverse in breast milk and yet provide no nutritive value to the infant. HMOs appear to have at least two major functions: prebiotic activity (stimulation of the growth of commensal bacteria in the gut) and protection against pathogens. Investigations of HMOs in milk from women delivering preterm have been limited. We present the first detailed mass spectrometric analysis of the fucosylation and sialylation in HMOs in serial specimens of milk from 15 women delivering preterm and 7 women delivering at term using nanohigh performance liquid chromatography chip/time-of-flight mass spectrometry. A mixed-effects model with Levene's test was used for the statistical analyses. We find that lacto-N-tetraose, a core HMO, is both more abundant and more highly variable in the milk of women delivering preterm. Furthermore, fucosylation in preterm milk is not as well regulated as in term milk, resulting in higher within and between mother variation in women delivering preterm vs term. Of particular clinical interest, the α1,2-linked fucosylated oligosaccharide 2'-fucosyllactose, an indicator of secretor status, is not consistently present across lactation of several mothers that delivered preterm. The immaturity of HMO production does not appear to resolve over the time of lactation and may have relevance to the susceptibility of premature infants to necrotizing enterocolitis, late onset sepsis, and related neurodevelopmental impairments.
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36
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Abstract
Oligosaccharides in human milk strongly influence the composition of the gut microflora of neonates. Because it is now clear that the microflora play important roles in the development of the infant immune system, human milk oligosaccharides (HMO) are studied frequently. Milk samples contain complex mixtures of HMO, usually comprising several isomeric structures that can be either linear or branched. Traditionally, HMO profiling was performed using HPLC with fluorescence or UV detection. By using porous graphitic carbon liquid chromatography MS, it is now possible to separate and identify most of the isomers, facilitating linkage-specific analysis. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight analysis allows fast profiling, but does not allow isomer separation. Novel MS fragmentation techniques have facilitated structural characterization of HMO that are present at lower concentrations. These techniques now facilitate more accurate studies of HMO consumption as well as Lewis blood group determinations.
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37
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Gabrielli O, Zampini L, Galeazzi T, Padella L, Santoro L, Peila C, Giuliani F, Bertino E, Fabris C, Coppa GV. Preterm milk oligosaccharides during the first month of lactation. Pediatrics 2011; 128:e1520-31. [PMID: 22123889 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2011-1206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Oligosaccharides represent one of the main components of human milk, and they have been assigned important biological functions for newborns. Qualitatively and quantitatively, their presence in milk is strictly related to the expression of the mother's Se and/or Le genes, on the basis of which 4 different milk groups have been described. The aim of the study was to provide new data on the oligosaccharide composition of preterm milk in relation to the 4 groups. METHODS High-pH anion-exchange chromatography was used to quantify levels of 23 oligosaccharides and lactose in 252 milk samples collected from 63 mothers during the first month of lactation and to identify the 4 milk groups. RESULTS Substantial differences in oligosaccharide contents were found within the groups and were strictly related to the presence or absence of specific fucosyl-oligosaccharides. The highest concentration was found in group 1 (>20 g/L), the lowest level was found in group 4 (∼10 g/L), and intermediate values were observed in groups 2 and 3. No statistically significant differences in lactose concentrations were observed among the groups. CONCLUSIONS Our data confirm lower lactose concentrations in preterm milk, compared with term milk, and they provide the first detailed characterization of oligosaccharides in preterm milk, demonstrating important differences in oligosaccharide contents in the 4 groups. These differences might exert an influence on several biological functions that are particularly important for preterm infants and currently are attributed to milk oligosaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orazio Gabrielli
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Azienda Ospedali Riuniti, Ancona, Italy.
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38
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Food-derived oligosaccharides exhibit pharmaceutical properties. Eur J Pharmacol 2011; 668 Suppl 1:S117-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2011.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2011] [Revised: 07/01/2011] [Accepted: 07/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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39
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Human milk glycobiome and its impact on the infant gastrointestinal microbiota. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011. [DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1000083107 order by 1-- gadu] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Human milk contains an unexpected abundance and diversity of complex oligosaccharides apparently indigestible by the developing infant and instead targeted to its cognate gastrointestinal microbiota. Recent advances in mass spectrometry-based tools have provided a view of the oligosaccharide structures produced in milk across stages of lactation and among human mothers. One postulated function for these oligosaccharides is to enrich a specific “healthy” microbiota containing bifidobacteria, a genus commonly observed in the feces of breast-fed infants. Isolated culture studies indeed show selective growth of infant-borne bifidobacteria on milk oligosaccharides or core components therein. Parallel glycoprofiling documented that numerous
Bifidobacterium longum
subsp.
infantis
strains preferentially consume small mass oligosaccharides that are abundant early in the lactation cycle. Genome sequencing of numerous
B. longum
subsp.
infantis
strains shows a bias toward genes required to use mammalian-derived carbohydrates by comparison with adult-borne bifidobacteria. This intriguing strategy of mammalian lactation to selectively nourish genetically compatible bacteria in infants with a complex array of free oligosaccharides serves as a model of how to influence the human supraorganismal system, which includes the gastrointestinal microbiota.
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40
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Human milk glycobiome and its impact on the infant gastrointestinal microbiota. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011. [DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1000083107 order by 8029-- #] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Human milk contains an unexpected abundance and diversity of complex oligosaccharides apparently indigestible by the developing infant and instead targeted to its cognate gastrointestinal microbiota. Recent advances in mass spectrometry-based tools have provided a view of the oligosaccharide structures produced in milk across stages of lactation and among human mothers. One postulated function for these oligosaccharides is to enrich a specific “healthy” microbiota containing bifidobacteria, a genus commonly observed in the feces of breast-fed infants. Isolated culture studies indeed show selective growth of infant-borne bifidobacteria on milk oligosaccharides or core components therein. Parallel glycoprofiling documented that numerous
Bifidobacterium longum
subsp.
infantis
strains preferentially consume small mass oligosaccharides that are abundant early in the lactation cycle. Genome sequencing of numerous
B. longum
subsp.
infantis
strains shows a bias toward genes required to use mammalian-derived carbohydrates by comparison with adult-borne bifidobacteria. This intriguing strategy of mammalian lactation to selectively nourish genetically compatible bacteria in infants with a complex array of free oligosaccharides serves as a model of how to influence the human supraorganismal system, which includes the gastrointestinal microbiota.
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41
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Human milk glycobiome and its impact on the infant gastrointestinal microbiota. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011. [DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1000083107 order by 1-- -] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Human milk contains an unexpected abundance and diversity of complex oligosaccharides apparently indigestible by the developing infant and instead targeted to its cognate gastrointestinal microbiota. Recent advances in mass spectrometry-based tools have provided a view of the oligosaccharide structures produced in milk across stages of lactation and among human mothers. One postulated function for these oligosaccharides is to enrich a specific “healthy” microbiota containing bifidobacteria, a genus commonly observed in the feces of breast-fed infants. Isolated culture studies indeed show selective growth of infant-borne bifidobacteria on milk oligosaccharides or core components therein. Parallel glycoprofiling documented that numerous
Bifidobacterium longum
subsp.
infantis
strains preferentially consume small mass oligosaccharides that are abundant early in the lactation cycle. Genome sequencing of numerous
B. longum
subsp.
infantis
strains shows a bias toward genes required to use mammalian-derived carbohydrates by comparison with adult-borne bifidobacteria. This intriguing strategy of mammalian lactation to selectively nourish genetically compatible bacteria in infants with a complex array of free oligosaccharides serves as a model of how to influence the human supraorganismal system, which includes the gastrointestinal microbiota.
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42
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Human milk glycobiome and its impact on the infant gastrointestinal microbiota. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011. [DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1000083107 order by 8029-- -] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Human milk contains an unexpected abundance and diversity of complex oligosaccharides apparently indigestible by the developing infant and instead targeted to its cognate gastrointestinal microbiota. Recent advances in mass spectrometry-based tools have provided a view of the oligosaccharide structures produced in milk across stages of lactation and among human mothers. One postulated function for these oligosaccharides is to enrich a specific “healthy” microbiota containing bifidobacteria, a genus commonly observed in the feces of breast-fed infants. Isolated culture studies indeed show selective growth of infant-borne bifidobacteria on milk oligosaccharides or core components therein. Parallel glycoprofiling documented that numerous
Bifidobacterium longum
subsp.
infantis
strains preferentially consume small mass oligosaccharides that are abundant early in the lactation cycle. Genome sequencing of numerous
B. longum
subsp.
infantis
strains shows a bias toward genes required to use mammalian-derived carbohydrates by comparison with adult-borne bifidobacteria. This intriguing strategy of mammalian lactation to selectively nourish genetically compatible bacteria in infants with a complex array of free oligosaccharides serves as a model of how to influence the human supraorganismal system, which includes the gastrointestinal microbiota.
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43
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Human milk glycobiome and its impact on the infant gastrointestinal microbiota. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011. [DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1000083107 order by 1-- #] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Human milk contains an unexpected abundance and diversity of complex oligosaccharides apparently indigestible by the developing infant and instead targeted to its cognate gastrointestinal microbiota. Recent advances in mass spectrometry-based tools have provided a view of the oligosaccharide structures produced in milk across stages of lactation and among human mothers. One postulated function for these oligosaccharides is to enrich a specific “healthy” microbiota containing bifidobacteria, a genus commonly observed in the feces of breast-fed infants. Isolated culture studies indeed show selective growth of infant-borne bifidobacteria on milk oligosaccharides or core components therein. Parallel glycoprofiling documented that numerous
Bifidobacterium longum
subsp.
infantis
strains preferentially consume small mass oligosaccharides that are abundant early in the lactation cycle. Genome sequencing of numerous
B. longum
subsp.
infantis
strains shows a bias toward genes required to use mammalian-derived carbohydrates by comparison with adult-borne bifidobacteria. This intriguing strategy of mammalian lactation to selectively nourish genetically compatible bacteria in infants with a complex array of free oligosaccharides serves as a model of how to influence the human supraorganismal system, which includes the gastrointestinal microbiota.
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44
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Human milk glycobiome and its impact on the infant gastrointestinal microbiota. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011. [DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1000083107 and 1880=1880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Human milk contains an unexpected abundance and diversity of complex oligosaccharides apparently indigestible by the developing infant and instead targeted to its cognate gastrointestinal microbiota. Recent advances in mass spectrometry-based tools have provided a view of the oligosaccharide structures produced in milk across stages of lactation and among human mothers. One postulated function for these oligosaccharides is to enrich a specific “healthy” microbiota containing bifidobacteria, a genus commonly observed in the feces of breast-fed infants. Isolated culture studies indeed show selective growth of infant-borne bifidobacteria on milk oligosaccharides or core components therein. Parallel glycoprofiling documented that numerous
Bifidobacterium longum
subsp.
infantis
strains preferentially consume small mass oligosaccharides that are abundant early in the lactation cycle. Genome sequencing of numerous
B. longum
subsp.
infantis
strains shows a bias toward genes required to use mammalian-derived carbohydrates by comparison with adult-borne bifidobacteria. This intriguing strategy of mammalian lactation to selectively nourish genetically compatible bacteria in infants with a complex array of free oligosaccharides serves as a model of how to influence the human supraorganismal system, which includes the gastrointestinal microbiota.
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45
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Human milk glycobiome and its impact on the infant gastrointestinal microbiota. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011. [DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1000083107 order by 8029-- awyx] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Human milk contains an unexpected abundance and diversity of complex oligosaccharides apparently indigestible by the developing infant and instead targeted to its cognate gastrointestinal microbiota. Recent advances in mass spectrometry-based tools have provided a view of the oligosaccharide structures produced in milk across stages of lactation and among human mothers. One postulated function for these oligosaccharides is to enrich a specific “healthy” microbiota containing bifidobacteria, a genus commonly observed in the feces of breast-fed infants. Isolated culture studies indeed show selective growth of infant-borne bifidobacteria on milk oligosaccharides or core components therein. Parallel glycoprofiling documented that numerous
Bifidobacterium longum
subsp.
infantis
strains preferentially consume small mass oligosaccharides that are abundant early in the lactation cycle. Genome sequencing of numerous
B. longum
subsp.
infantis
strains shows a bias toward genes required to use mammalian-derived carbohydrates by comparison with adult-borne bifidobacteria. This intriguing strategy of mammalian lactation to selectively nourish genetically compatible bacteria in infants with a complex array of free oligosaccharides serves as a model of how to influence the human supraorganismal system, which includes the gastrointestinal microbiota.
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46
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Zivkovic AM, German JB, Lebrilla CB, Mills DA. Human milk glycobiome and its impact on the infant gastrointestinal microbiota. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108 Suppl 1:4653-8. [PMID: 20679197 PMCID: PMC3063602 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1000083107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 451] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human milk contains an unexpected abundance and diversity of complex oligosaccharides apparently indigestible by the developing infant and instead targeted to its cognate gastrointestinal microbiota. Recent advances in mass spectrometry-based tools have provided a view of the oligosaccharide structures produced in milk across stages of lactation and among human mothers. One postulated function for these oligosaccharides is to enrich a specific "healthy" microbiota containing bifidobacteria, a genus commonly observed in the feces of breast-fed infants. Isolated culture studies indeed show selective growth of infant-borne bifidobacteria on milk oligosaccharides or core components therein. Parallel glycoprofiling documented that numerous Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis strains preferentially consume small mass oligosaccharides that are abundant early in the lactation cycle. Genome sequencing of numerous B. longum subsp. infantis strains shows a bias toward genes required to use mammalian-derived carbohydrates by comparison with adult-borne bifidobacteria. This intriguing strategy of mammalian lactation to selectively nourish genetically compatible bacteria in infants with a complex array of free oligosaccharides serves as a model of how to influence the human supraorganismal system, which includes the gastrointestinal microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela M. Zivkovic
- Foods for Health Institute
- Department of Food Science and Technology
- Functional Glycobiology Program
| | - J. Bruce German
- Foods for Health Institute
- Department of Food Science and Technology
- Functional Glycobiology Program
| | - Carlito B. Lebrilla
- Foods for Health Institute
- Functional Glycobiology Program
- Department of Chemistry
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine
| | - David A. Mills
- Foods for Health Institute
- Functional Glycobiology Program
- Robert Mondavi Institute for Wine and Food Science, and
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
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47
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Wu S, Tao N, German JB, Grimm R, Lebrilla CB. Development of an annotated library of neutral human milk oligosaccharides. J Proteome Res 2010; 9:4138-51. [PMID: 20578730 DOI: 10.1021/pr100362f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) perform a number of functions including serving as prebiotics to stimulate the growth of beneficial intestinal bacteria, as receptor analogues to inhibit binding of pathogens, and as substances that promote postnatal brain development. There is further evidence that HMOs participate in modulating the human immune system. Because the absorption, catabolism, and biological function of oligosaccharides (OS) have strong correlations with their structures, structure elucidation is key to advancing this research. Oligosaccharides are produced by competing enzymes that provide the large structural diversity and heterogeneity that characterizes this class of compounds. Unlike the proteome, there is no template for oligosaccharides, making it difficult to rapidly identify oligosaccharide structures. In this research, annotation of the neutral free oligosaccharides in milk is performed to develop a database for the rapid identification of oligosaccharide structures. Our strategy incorporates high performance nanoflow liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry for characterizing HMO structures. HPLC-Chip/TOF MS provides a sensitive and quantitative method for sample profiling. The reproducible retention time and accurate mass can be used to rapidly identify the OS structures in HMO samples. A library with 45 neutral OS structures has been constructed. The structures include information regarding the epitopes such as Lewis type, as well as information regarding the secretor status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Wu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
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48
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Meier PP, Engstrom JL, Patel AL, Jegier BJ, Bruns NE. Improving the use of human milk during and after the NICU stay. Clin Perinatol 2010; 37:217-45. [PMID: 20363457 PMCID: PMC2859690 DOI: 10.1016/j.clp.2010.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The feeding of human milk (milk from the infant's own mother; excluding donor milk) during the newborn intensive care unit (NICU) stay reduces the risk of costly and handicapping morbidities in premature infants. The mechanisms by which human milk provides this protection are varied and synergistic, and appear to change over the course of the NICU stay. The fact that these mechanisms include specific human milk components that are not present in the milk of other mammals means that human milk from the infant's mother cannot be replaced by commercial infant or donor human milk, and the feeding of human milk should be a NICU priority. Recent evidence suggests that the impact of human milk on improving infant health outcomes and reducing the risk of prematurity-specific morbidities is linked to specific critical exposure periods in the post-birth period during which the exclusive use of human milk and the avoidance of commercial formula may be most important. Similarly, there are other periods when high doses, but not necessarily exclusive use of human milk, may be important. This article reviews the concept of "dose and exposure period" for human milk feeding in the NICU to precisely measure and benchmark the amount and timing of human milk use in the NICU. The critical exposure periods when exclusive or high doses of human milk appear to have the greatest impact on specific morbidities are reviewed. Finally, the current best practices for the use of human milk during and after the NICU stay for premature infants are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula P Meier
- Department of Women, Children and Family Nursing, Rush University Medical Center, 1653 West Congress Parkway, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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49
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Casado B, Affolter M, Kussmann M. OMICS-rooted studies of milk proteins, oligosaccharides and lipids. J Proteomics 2009; 73:196-208. [PMID: 19793547 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2009.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2009] [Revised: 09/10/2009] [Accepted: 09/21/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Milk has co-evolved with mammals and mankind to nourish their offspring and is a biological fluid of unique complexity and richness. It contains all necessary nutrients for the growth and development of the newborn. Structure and function of biomolecules in milk such as the macronutrients (glyco-) proteins, lipids, and oligosaccharides are central topics in nutritional research. Omics disciplines such as proteomics, glycomics, glycoproteomics, and lipidomics enable comprehensive analysis of these biomolecule components in food science and industry. Mass spectrometry has largely expanded our knowledge on these milk bioactives as it enables identification, quantification and characterization of milk proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids. In this article, we describe the biological importance of milk macronutrients and review the application of proteomics, glycomics, glycoproteomics, and lipidomics to the analysis of milk. Proteomics is a central platform among the Omics tools that have more recently been adapted and applied to nutrition and health research in order to deliver biomarkers for health and comfort as well as to discover beneficial food bioactives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Begoña Casado
- Department of Bioanalytical Science, Nestlé Research Centre, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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50
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German JB, Freeman SL, Lebrilla CB, Mills DA. Human milk oligosaccharides: evolution, structures and bioselectivity as substrates for intestinal bacteria. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 62:205-18; discussion 218-22. [PMID: 18626202 DOI: 10.1159/000146322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Human milk contains a high concentration of diverse soluble oligosaccharides, carbohydrate polymers formed from a small number of monosaccharides. Novel methods combining liquid chromatography with high resolution mass spectrometry have identified approximately 200 unique oligosaccharides structures varying from 3 to 22 sugars. The increasing complexity of oligosaccharides follows the general pattern of mammalian evolution though the concentration and diversity of these structures in homo sapiens are strikingly. There is also diversity among human mothers in oligosaccharides. Milks from randomly selected mothers contain as few as 23 and as many as 130 different oligosaccharides. The functional implications of this diversity are not known. Despite the role of milk to serve as a sole nutrient source for mammalian infants, the oligosaccharides in milk are not digestible by human infants. This apparent paradox raises questions about the functions of these oligosaccharides and how their diverse molecular structures affect their functions. The nutritional function most attributed to milk oligosaccharides is to serve as prebiotics - a form of indigestible carbohydrate that is selectively fermented by desirable gut microflora. This function was tested by purifying human milk oligosaccharides and providing these as the sole carbon source to various intestinal bacteria. Indeed, the selectively of providing the complex mixture of oligosaccharides pooled from human milk samples is remarkable. Among a variety of Bifidobacteria tested only Bifidobacteria longum biovar infantis was able to grow extensively on human milk oligosaccharides as sole carbon source. The genomic sequence of this strain revealed approximately 700 genes that are unique to infantis, including a variety of co-regulated glycosidases, relative to other Bifidobacteria, implying a co-evolution of human milk oligosaccharides and the genetic capability of select intestinal bacteria to utilize them. The goal of ongoing research is to assign specific functions to the combined oligosaccharide-bacteria-host interactions that emerged from this evolutionary pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Bruce German
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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