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Illiano S, Ciuca L, Bosco A, Rinaldi L, Maurelli MP. Comparison of different molecular protocols for the detection of Uncinaria stenocephala infection in dogs. Vet Parasitol 2024; 330:110249. [PMID: 38981318 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2024.110249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
The present study aims to assess the performance of different molecular targets using various matrices of samples for the detection of Uncinaria stenocephala (US) in hookworm infected dogs. To this end, the DNA extraction was performed on the following matrices of samples: (i) larvae of US obtained from experimentally infected dogs with US with different larvae counts per microliter (µl); (ii) pure US eggs suspension in distilled water with different egg counts per µl; (iii) spiked dog fecal samples with different US eggs per gram (EPG) of feces; (iv) feces from dogs naturally infected with hookworm eggs; (v) fecal suspension with hookworm eggs recovered from the FLOTAC apparatus. All the samples were tested with four different PCR protocols targeting specific regions for the detection of both hookworms US and AC as follows: Protocol A (ITS1, 5.8 S, ITS2) and Protocol B (18 S) for the detection of both species, Protocol C (ITS1) for the detection of AC and Protocol D (ITS1) for the detection of US. The best results were obtained with DNA extracted from US larvae matrix obtained from experimentally infected dogs, showing a detection limit of 3.5 larvae/ml for the protocols A, B and D. A moderate correlation was found between the FLOTAC technique and PCR protocols B and D with respect to fecal samples from dogs naturally infected with hookworms. Indeed, PCR protocols B (18 S) and D (ITS1) gave the best results for feces and fecal suspension from naturally infected dogs. However, all the PCR protocols used showed lower sensitivity than FLOTAC technique. Perhaps, isolating US eggs in advance could help to obtain better quality and quantity of DNA, avoiding some notable factors such as inhibitors present in faecal samples. However, a further study is needed to evaluate and standardise a protocol for the recovery of parasitic elements, that could be applied prior to DNA extraction. Therefore, this could lead to a better amplification of US eggs DNA. In conclusion, our results showed that the type of sample (sample-matrix) used for the DNA extraction samples is crucial, as this affects the diagnostic sensitivity of the technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Illiano
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Via Delpino 1, Naples 80137, Italy.
| | - Lavinia Ciuca
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Via Delpino 1, Naples 80137, Italy.
| | - Antonio Bosco
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Via Delpino 1, Naples 80137, Italy.
| | - Laura Rinaldi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Via Delpino 1, Naples 80137, Italy.
| | - Maria Paola Maurelli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Via Delpino 1, Naples 80137, Italy.
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Rodpai R, Sanpool O, Sadaow L, Boonroumkaew P, Intapan PM, Maleewong W, Yingklang M, Janwan P, Vaisusuk K, Chatan W, Piratae S, Thanchomnang T. Molecular identification and genetic diversity of zoonotic hookworm infections in domestic dogs from northeastern, Thailand. Parasitol Res 2024; 123:115. [PMID: 38285129 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-024-08134-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Hookworm infections remain a significant public health concern in tropical and subtropical regions, including Thailand. This study investigated the species and genetic diversity of hookworm infections in domestic dogs from northeastern Thailand. The molecular analysis focused on amplifying and sequencing specific regions of ribosomal RNA genes (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region) and the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) gene in hookworm larvae recovered from 21 domestic dog stool samples. Among 21 larvae (one larva per infected dog) analyzed, 14 had sequences identical to Ancylostoma caninum, and 7 showed sequences almost identical to Ancylostoma ceylanicum. Phylogenetic analysis of cox1 sequences placed A. caninum and A. ceylanicum in separate clades. The median-joining network of A. caninum cox1 sequences from Thailand showed high haplotype diversity and belonged to the same cluster as sequences from Australia while forming separate clusters from those of A. caninum samples from the USA. The available published A. ceylanicum cox1 sequences (n = 33), in combination with seven sequences in the present study, represented 15 haplotypes distributed among three clusters. Interestingly, A. ceylanicum sequences from dogs and humans shared the same haplotypes. These findings are crucial for recognizing the potential for zoonotic transmission, highlighting the necessity for targeted control measures, and increasing awareness among pet owners and healthcare professionals to mitigate the risk of hookworm transmission to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rutchanee Rodpai
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
- Mekong Health Science Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Oranuch Sanpool
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
- Mekong Health Science Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Lakkhana Sadaow
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
- Mekong Health Science Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Patcharaporn Boonroumkaew
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
- Mekong Health Science Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Pewpan M Intapan
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
- Mekong Health Science Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Wanchai Maleewong
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
- Mekong Health Science Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | | | - Penchom Janwan
- Department of Medical Technology, School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80160, Thailand
| | - Kotchaphon Vaisusuk
- Department of Veterinary Technology and Veterinary Nursing, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Rajabhat Maha Sarakham University, Maha Sarakham, 44000, Thailand
| | - Wasupon Chatan
- Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham, 44000, Thailand
| | - Supawadee Piratae
- Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham, 44000, Thailand
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Dias-Correia TP, Neves LBD, Bittencourt-Oliveira F, Giglio GCB, Pereira TC, Almeida FBD, Rodrigues-Silva R. Diversity of helminths with zoonotic potential and molecular characterization of Toxocara canis infecting domestic dogs from locations of Amazon and Atlantic Forest Brazilian biomes. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA = BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY : ORGAO OFICIAL DO COLEGIO BRASILEIRO DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA 2023; 32:e012723. [PMID: 38055439 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612023078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
The coproparasitological examination of dogs (n=278) from two Brazilian biomes (Amazon [AZ] and Atlantic Forest [AF]) by centrifugal flotation demonstrated positivity values of 54.2% (AF) and 48.5% (AZ). The most prevalent parasites in AF were hookworms (81.0% - 47/58), Toxocara sp. (17.3% - 10/58) and Trichuris vulpis (12.1% - 7/58); while in AZ they were hookworms (86.7% - 72/83), Toxocara sp. (18.1% - 15/83), Dipylidium caninum (13.3% - 11/83) and T. vulpis (10.8% - 9/83). PCR was performed using the partial mitochondrial genes cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (pcox1) and NADH dehydrogenase 1 (pnad1) in 25 fecal samples positive for Toxocara sp. eggs and found one sample positive for pcox1 and six positives for pnad1. The sequencing of these samples was unsuccessful due to the difficulties inherent in copro-PCR+sequencing. The sequencing of 14 samples of T. canis adult helminths retrieved 11 sequences of 414 bp for pcox1 and nine sequences of 358 bp for pnad1. The phylogenetic trees of these sequences confirmed the species T. canis. Intraspecific genetic variation was only observed for pnad1. This is the second study involving molecular analysis of T. canis in dogs from Brazil and adds new information through the use of pnad1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuan Pedro Dias-Correia
- Laboratório de Referência Nacional em Hidatidose - LRNH, Laboratório de Parasitologia Integrativa e Paleoparasitologia - LPIP, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz - IOC, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Leandro Batista das Neves
- Laboratório de Referência Nacional em Hidatidose - LRNH, Laboratório de Parasitologia Integrativa e Paleoparasitologia - LPIP, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz - IOC, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Fernanda Bittencourt-Oliveira
- Laboratório de Referência Nacional em Hidatidose - LRNH, Laboratório de Parasitologia Integrativa e Paleoparasitologia - LPIP, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz - IOC, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Gabriella Cristina Balzana Giglio
- Laboratório de Referência Nacional em Hidatidose - LRNH, Laboratório de Parasitologia Integrativa e Paleoparasitologia - LPIP, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz - IOC, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Thiago Cordeiro Pereira
- Laboratório de Referência Nacional em Hidatidose - LRNH, Laboratório de Parasitologia Integrativa e Paleoparasitologia - LPIP, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz - IOC, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Fernanda Barbosa de Almeida
- Laboratório de Referência Nacional em Hidatidose - LRNH, Laboratório de Parasitologia Integrativa e Paleoparasitologia - LPIP, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz - IOC, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Rosângela Rodrigues-Silva
- Laboratório de Referência Nacional em Hidatidose - LRNH, Laboratório de Parasitologia Integrativa e Paleoparasitologia - LPIP, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz - IOC, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
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Illiano S, Ciuca L, Maurelli MP, Pepe P, Caruso V, Bosco A, Pennacchio S, Amato R, Pompameo M, Rinaldi L. Epidemiological and molecular updates on hookworm species in dogs from southern Italy. BMC Vet Res 2023; 19:204. [PMID: 37833701 PMCID: PMC10571300 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03765-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The zoonotic hookworms Ancylostoma caninum and Uncinaria stenocephala are widespread soil-transmitted helminths in dogs in Europe. Given the veterinary and public health importance of hookworms in dogs and the recent changes in the molecular epidemiology of some species, there is a need to continuously monitor the epidemiological and molecular prevalence of these parasites also at the "local" level. The present study aimed to update the epidemiological scenario of hookworm infections in both owned and stray dogs in southern Italy and to discriminate between different hookworm species (A. caninum and U. stenocephala) through molecular analyses. For this purpose, a retrospective analysis was performed over 10 years (2011-2021), including a total of 7008 owned dogs and 5642 stray dogs referred to our laboratory for copromicroscopic examinations. Moreover, 72 faecal samples, from dogs naturally infected by hookworms, were used to discriminate between A. caninum and U. stenocephala using two PCR protocols. Prior to molecular analyses, a subsample of 40/72 positive faecal samples was used for morphometric investigations on hookworm eggs. RESULTS The results of the ten-year retrospective analysis (2011-2021) showed an overall prevalence of hookworm infection of 9.16%, specifically 5.1% in owned dogs and 14.2% in stray dogs. Logistic regression showed a significant association between positivity to hookworms and the variable "puppies" both in stray (13.84%; OR = 2.4) and owned (7.07%; OR = 2.2) dogs. The results of molecular analyses showed that positivity was confirmed only in 21/72 samples, specifically, 6 samples using protocol A and 19 with protocol B. Sequencing revealed 15 samples positive to U. stenocephala and 6 to A. caninum. CONCLUSIONS The findings of this study showed a high prevalence of hookworm infections in dogs in southern Italy, updating the epidemiological scenario of the last decade. Moreover, the results of the study revealed the first identification of hookworm species in dogs in Italy by molecular studies, highlighting that U. stenocephala is more prevalent than A. caninum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Illiano
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Via Delpino, 1, 80137, Naples, Italy
| | - Lavinia Ciuca
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Via Delpino, 1, 80137, Naples, Italy.
| | - Maria Paola Maurelli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Via Delpino, 1, 80137, Naples, Italy
| | - Paola Pepe
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Via Delpino, 1, 80137, Naples, Italy
| | - Valeria Caruso
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Via Delpino, 1, 80137, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Bosco
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Via Delpino, 1, 80137, Naples, Italy
| | - Saverio Pennacchio
- ASL Naples 1 Centro, Veterinary Hospital, Via Marco Rocco Di Torrepadula, 13, 80145, Naples, Italy
| | - Ruggero Amato
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Via Delpino, 1, 80137, Naples, Italy
| | - Marina Pompameo
- ASL Naples 1 Centro, Veterinary Hospital, Via Marco Rocco Di Torrepadula, 13, 80145, Naples, Italy
| | - Laura Rinaldi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Via Delpino, 1, 80137, Naples, Italy
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Souza JBB, Silva ZMDA, Alves-Ribeiro BS, Moraes IDS, Alves-Sobrinho AV, Saturnino KC, Ferraz HT, Machado MRF, Braga ÍA, Ramos DGDS. Prevalence of Intestinal Parasites, Risk Factors and Zoonotic Aspects in Dog and Cat Populations from Goiás, Brazil. Vet Sci 2023; 10:492. [PMID: 37624279 PMCID: PMC10459326 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10080492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal diseases caused by parasites are frequently diagnosed in the clinical routine of domestic animals, especially dogs and cats. In general, they trigger factors that can affect human health due to zoonoses. Therefore, this study aims to identify the main intestinal parasites obtained from the fecal samples of dogs and cats in the municipality of Jata, Brazil, and their associated risk factors. Between October 2020 and March 2022, fecal samples were collected from 359 dogs and 55 cats through spontaneous defecation and subsequently subjected to coproparasitological analyses using the Willis fluctuation and Hoffman spontaneous sedimentation techniques. The following parasitic species were identified: Ancylostoma spp., Toxocara spp., Trichuris vulpis, Dipylidium caninum; Giardia spp., Entamoeba spp., Cystoisospora spp., and Platynosomum fastosum. The risk factors associated with parasitism include age, average income of owners, access to garbage, sewage, waste, outdated deworming, and contact with animals. The results demonstrate the need to establish public policies and implement preventive and control measures to reduce the occurrence of parasites in animals and the exposure of humans to pathogenic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Bruno Borges Souza
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Veterinary Clinical Analysis, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Jataí, Jataí 75801-615, Brazil; (J.B.B.S.); (Z.M.d.A.S.); (B.S.A.-R.); (I.d.S.M.); (A.V.A.-S.); (Í.A.B.)
| | - Zara Mariana de Assis Silva
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Veterinary Clinical Analysis, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Jataí, Jataí 75801-615, Brazil; (J.B.B.S.); (Z.M.d.A.S.); (B.S.A.-R.); (I.d.S.M.); (A.V.A.-S.); (Í.A.B.)
| | - Bruna Samara Alves-Ribeiro
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Veterinary Clinical Analysis, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Jataí, Jataí 75801-615, Brazil; (J.B.B.S.); (Z.M.d.A.S.); (B.S.A.-R.); (I.d.S.M.); (A.V.A.-S.); (Í.A.B.)
| | - Iago de Sá Moraes
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Veterinary Clinical Analysis, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Jataí, Jataí 75801-615, Brazil; (J.B.B.S.); (Z.M.d.A.S.); (B.S.A.-R.); (I.d.S.M.); (A.V.A.-S.); (Í.A.B.)
| | - Ana Vitória Alves-Sobrinho
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Veterinary Clinical Analysis, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Jataí, Jataí 75801-615, Brazil; (J.B.B.S.); (Z.M.d.A.S.); (B.S.A.-R.); (I.d.S.M.); (A.V.A.-S.); (Í.A.B.)
| | - Klaus Casaro Saturnino
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathological Anatomy, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Jataí, Jataí 75801-615, Brazil;
| | - Henrique Trevizoli Ferraz
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Jataí, Jataí 75801-615, Brazil;
| | - Mônica Rodrigues Ferreira Machado
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Physiology in Fish, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Jataí, Jataí 75801-615, Brazil;
| | - Ísis Assis Braga
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Veterinary Clinical Analysis, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Jataí, Jataí 75801-615, Brazil; (J.B.B.S.); (Z.M.d.A.S.); (B.S.A.-R.); (I.d.S.M.); (A.V.A.-S.); (Í.A.B.)
| | - Dirceu Guilherme de Souza Ramos
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Veterinary Clinical Analysis, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Jataí, Jataí 75801-615, Brazil; (J.B.B.S.); (Z.M.d.A.S.); (B.S.A.-R.); (I.d.S.M.); (A.V.A.-S.); (Í.A.B.)
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Rinaldi L, Krücken J, Martinez-Valladares M, Pepe P, Maurelli MP, de Queiroz C, Castilla Gómez de Agüero V, Wang T, Cringoli G, Charlier J, Gilleard JS, von Samson-Himmelstjerna G. Advances in diagnosis of gastrointestinal nematodes in livestock and companion animals. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2022; 118:85-176. [PMID: 36088084 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2022.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Diagnosis of gastrointestinal nematodes in livestock and companion animals has been neglected for years and there has been an historical underinvestment in the development and improvement of diagnostic tools, undermining the undoubted utility of surveillance and control programmes. However, a new impetus by the scientific community and the quickening pace of technological innovations, are promoting a renaissance of interest in developing diagnostic capacity for nematode infections in veterinary parasitology. A cross-cutting priority for diagnostic tools is the development of pen-side tests and associated decision support tools that rapidly inform on the levels of infection and morbidity. This includes development of scalable, parasite detection using artificial intelligence for automated counting of parasitic elements and research towards establishing biomarkers using innovative molecular and proteomic methods. The aim of this review is to assess the state-of-the-art in the diagnosis of helminth infections in livestock and companion animals and presents the current advances of diagnostic methods for intestinal parasites harnessing (i) automated methods for copromicroscopy based on artificial intelligence, (ii) immunodiagnosis, and (iii) molecular- and proteome-based approaches. Regardless of the method used, multiple factors need to be considered before diagnostics test results can be interpreted in terms of control decisions. Guidelines on how to apply diagnostics and how to interpret test results in different animal species are increasingly requested and some were recently made available in veterinary parasitology for the different domestic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Rinaldi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy.
| | - J Krücken
- Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Centre for Resistance Research, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - M Martinez-Valladares
- Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (CSIC-Universidad de León), Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - P Pepe
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - M P Maurelli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - C de Queiroz
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 3331 Hospital Drive, Host-Parasite Interactions (HPI) Program University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, St Georges University, Grenada
| | - V Castilla Gómez de Agüero
- Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (CSIC-Universidad de León), Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - T Wang
- Kreavet, Kruibeke, Belgium
| | - Giuseppe Cringoli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | | | - J S Gilleard
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 3331 Hospital Drive, Host-Parasite Interactions (HPI) Program University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - G von Samson-Himmelstjerna
- Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Centre for Resistance Research, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Ubirajara Filho C, Santos K, Lima T, Alves L, Carvalho G, Ramos R. Gastrointestinal parasites in dogs and cats in line with the One Health' approach. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-4162-12355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Dogs and cats are frequently affected by gastrointestinal parasites of medical and veterinary concern. The correct diagnosis is pivotal to the treatment outcome, reducing the risk of environmental contamination and spreading of these pathogens. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites of domiciled dogs and cats in an urban area of Northeastern Brazil, as well as to discuss the findings from a “One Health” perspective. Fecal samples (n = 231) of dogs (n = 126) and cats (n = 105) were obtained directly from the environment after spontaneous defecation, and subsequently analyzed through the Mini-FLOTAC and Baermann techniques. Of all samples, 28.14% (65/231) presented immature forms of gastrointestinal parasites, with 31.75% (40/126) and 23.81% (25/105) of dogs and cats positive, respectively (x 2 = 1.413; p = 0.2345). Two genera of helminths (Ancylostoma and Toxocara) and two genera of protozoa (Cystoisospora and Entamoeba) were identified. Additionally, co-infections were observed in 15% (6/40) of positive dogs and 28% (7/25) of positive cats (p = 0.2207). None metastrongyloid larvae were detected. In conclusion, animals herein assessed presented a high prevalence of zoonotic gastrointestinal nematodes. Therefore, preventive measures against these neglected parasites should be stimulated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - K.K.F. Santos
- Universidade Federal do Agreste de Pernambuco, Brasil
| | | | - L.C. Alves
- Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - G.A. Carvalho
- Universidade Federal do Agreste de Pernambuco, Brasil
| | - R.A.N. Ramos
- Universidade Federal do Agreste de Pernambuco, Brasil
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8
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Retrospective study of canine endoparasites diagnosed by fecal flotation methods analyzed across veterinary parasitology diagnostic laboratories, United States, 2018. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:439. [PMID: 34465379 PMCID: PMC8406898 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04960-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Companion animal endoparasites play a substantial role in both veterinary medicine and public health. Updated epidemiological studies are necessary to identify trends in occurrence and distribution of these parasites, and their associated risk factors. This study aimed to assess the occurrence of canine endoparasites retrospectively, using fecal flotation test data available through participating academic veterinary parasitology diagnostic laboratories across the United States of America (USA). Methods Canine fecal flotation records from ten veterinary diagnostic laboratories located in nine states in the USA acquired from January 1, 2018, to December 31, 2018, were included. Results A total of 4692 fecal flotation test results were obtained, with a majority comprised of client-owned dogs (3262; 69.52%), followed by research dogs (375; 8.00%), and shelter dogs (122; 2.60%). Samples from 976 (20.80%) dogs were positive for at least one parasite, and co-infections of two or more parasites were found in 3.82% (179/4692) of the samples. The five most commonly detected parasites were: Giardia sp., (8.33%; 391/4692), Ancylostomatidae (5.63%; 264/4692), Cystoisospora spp. (4.35%; 204/4692), Toxocara canis (2.49%;117/4692), and Trichuris vulpis (2.43%; 114/4692). Various other internal parasites, including gastrointestinal and respiratory nematodes, cestodes, trematodes, and protozoans were detected in less than 1% of samples. Conclusions These data illustrate the importance of parasite prevention, routine fecal screening, and treatment of pet dogs. Additionally, pet owners should be educated about general parasite prevalence, prevention, and anthelmintic treatment regimens to reduce the risks of environmental contamination and zoonotic transmission. Graphical Abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13071-021-04960-7.
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Ntampaka P, Niragire F, Nyaga PN, Habarugira G. Canine Gastrointestinal Nematodiases and Associated Risk Factors in Kigali City, Rwanda. J Parasitol Res 2021; 2021:9956256. [PMID: 34350033 PMCID: PMC8328699 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9956256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine nematodes pose a public health risk to humans and livestock; however, the prevalence of canine nematodiases in Rwanda is unknown. This study aimed at determining the prevalence of canine nematodiases and identifying the risk factors for such infections in Kigali, the capital city of Rwanda. A cross-sectional study involved 93 dogs selected across Kigali city. Faecal samples were collected from apparently healthy dogs, and nematode eggs were identified and quantified using the McMaster technique. Risk factors for canine nematodiases were analysed by a multivariable binary logistic regression model. The overall prevalence of gastrointestinal (GI) nematodiases in dogs was 33.3% (95% CI: 23.8-42.9). The most prevalent species was Ancylostoma spp with 32.3% (95% CI: 22.8-41.8). Nearly 38.7% and 3.2% of the dogs infected with Ancylostoma spp and Toxocara canis had high egg counts per gram (EPG) of faeces (≥550), respectively. Approximately 96.8% of dogs infected with nematodes had monoinfection. Logistic regression analysis showed that dog's age (1 to 2.5 years old), location (Gasabo and Kicukiro districts), and feeding practices were significantly associated with prevalence of canine nematodiases. In particular, the adjusted odds ratio (AOR) was more than 5 times higher for dogs fed on uncooked animal products and leftovers from households and restaurants compared to those who ate food prepared for them. The AOR was also about 16 times higher for dogs that scavenged and ate leftovers from households compared to those who ate food prepared for them. The findings of this study indicate that the prevalence of GI nematodes in domestic dogs in Kigali city, Rwanda, was 33.3% (95% CI: 23.8-42.9). The identified nematodes, namely, Ancylostoma spp. and Toxocara canis, are zoonotic, and dogs and humans are at risk of contracting these nematodes. The factors associated with canine GI nematodes in Kigali city include feeding practices and the dog's age and location (district). Dog owners need to rethink procedures for deworming and feeding their dogs. Again, the public should be made aware of the role of dogs in transmitting zoonotic nematodes to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pie Ntampaka
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Rwanda, P.O. Box 57, Nyagatare, Rwanda
| | - François Niragire
- Department of Applied Statistics, University of Rwanda, P.O. Box 1514, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Philip Njeru Nyaga
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 29053-00625, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Gervais Habarugira
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Rwanda, P.O. Box 57, Nyagatare, Rwanda
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Human density, economic level and frequency of canine helminths in Buenos Aires. J Helminthol 2021; 95:e20. [PMID: 33820570 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x21000055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to explore through cross-sectional study the variation in the prevalence of parasitic helminths in canine faeces collected from green spaces of Buenos Aires according to the human density (HD) and economic level (EL) in the surroundings. HD and EL were considered as independent variables with three categories each. Twenty public squares (one hectare of surface) were randomly selected for each existing combination of the two independent variables. Ten random samples of fresh canine faeces were obtained in each square and analysed for helminths by the sedimentation and flotation techniques. The prevalence for each of the species was analysed using generalized linear models (GLM). The prevalence was modelled with a binomial error distribution and a logit link function. Helminth eggs were detected in 45 out of the 200 (22.5%) faecal samples collected and in 18 of the 20 green spaces sampled. The species observed were Ancylostoma caninum (13% of samples), Trichuris vulpis (8%) and Toxocara canis (4.5%). The GLM indicated that the prevalence of A. caninum in the slum areas (very high HD and very low EL) was higher than that in the other areas studied. However, the HD seemed to contribute more than the EL to the variations in the prevalence of A. caninum in faecal samples. The GLM showed no differences in the prevalence of the other parasite species for the different levels of the independent variables.
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Silva GSD, Ferreira FC, Romera DM, Soares VE, Bonuti MR. Larva migrans in Votuporanga, São Paulo, Brazil: Where does the danger hide? REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA = BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY : ORGAO OFICIAL DO COLEGIO BRASILEIRO DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA 2020; 29:e004920. [PMID: 33027423 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612020075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Soil samples collected near municipal schools (public/EMEI and private/EPEI schools), clubs (CLB), public squares (PS) and residential condominiums (CND) and samples of animal faeces from the Zoonosis Control Centre (CCZ) of the municipality of Votuporanga/SP were analysed using the Baermann method for the detection of zoonotic helminth larvae. The prevalence rates of the nematode genera identified were determined, and the results were compared using Fisher's exact and chi-square frequency tests. Information about cases of larvae migrans in the population were collected from the Family Health Units and the private health plans. All sites were positive for Ancylostoma spp. and, with the exception of EPEIs and dog faeces, for Strongyloides spp. The prevalence of Ancylostoma spp. was 87.5% for CND samples, 74.29% for EMIEs, 63.64% for CLB, 61.76% for PS and 64.29% for dog's and 42.86% for cats at CCZ. The prevalence of Strongyloides spp. ranged from 14.29% (cats/CCZ) to 41.18% (PS). Cases of cutaneous larva migrans were reported during interviews. Thus, from the public health perspective, the risk of individuals that frequent recreational areas in the municipality, especially children, to be infected by helminth larvae is noteworthy, indicating the need to develop policies aimed at controlling this important zoonosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giane Serafim da Silva
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Animal de Votuporanga, Instituto Biológico, Agência Paulista de Tecnologia dos Agronegócios-APTA, Secretaria de Agricultura e Abastecimento, Votuporanga, SP, Brasil
| | | | - Daiane Mompean Romera
- Centro de Seringueira e Sistemas Agroflorestais, Instituto Agronômico de Campinas, Agência Paulista de Tecnologia dos Agronegócios-APTA, Secretaria de Agricultura e Abastecimento, Votuporanga, SP, Brasil
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Epidemiological aspects of Ancylostoma spp. infection in naturally infected dogs from São Paulo state, Brazil. VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY- REGIONAL STUDIES AND REPORTS 2020; 22:100452. [PMID: 33308717 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2020.100452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ancylostoma spp. are the most prevalent canine nematode parasites in Brazil. Despite their widespread parasitism in juvenile dogs, infections may occur regardless of host age. Although eosinophilia is a frequent finding in experimental infections, it is uncommon in naturally infected dogs. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of Ancylostoma spp. and the eosinophil blood counts (EBC) in naturally infected dogs, with or without comorbidities, admitted to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of the São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Botucatu campus, São Paulo state, Brazil, from 2009 to 2018. All retrospective data were gathered from veterinary medical records (VMR); diagnosis of Ancylostoma infection required the identification of eggs in fecal samples by the simple flotation test (SFT). Ancylostoma-infected animals were evaluated for other intestinal parasitic coinfections (IPC) by either the SFT or the centrifugal-flotation test. Dogs free of any gastro-intestinal parasites were prospectively included in control group (Group C). Ancylostoma-infected animals were defined: Ancylostoma spp. only intestinal parasite infection (Group A), Ancyslostoma spp. with concurrent IPC (Group B), Ancylostoma spp. only intestinal parasite infection with concurrent systemic disorders (Group D), and Ancylostoma spp. with both IPC and concurrent systemic disorders (Group E). The overall prevalence of Ancylostoma spp. was 12.1% (207/1715), that was decreased from 2014 to 2018 (9.7%) relative to the 2009-to-2013 period (13.9%). Prevalence was not significantly different between dogs <1-year-old (10.7% [51/478]) and ≥ 1 year-old (11.7% [130/1109]). IPC was observed in 45.4% (93/205) of the animals positive for Ancylostoma spp., while dogs <1 year old experienced IPC more often (58.8% [30/51]) than dogs ≥1 year old (38.5% [50/130]) (P = 0.02). Group A (n = 35) exhibited median EBC of 1.05 × 109/L, and an eosinophilia ratio of 34.3% that was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than Group C (0.45 × 109/L and 4.1%, respectively). Both variables did not differ in Group B (n = 20), D (n = 39) or E (n = 36) in comparison to Group C (P > 0.05). By ROC curve analysis, only Group A generated a significant area under the curve (0.72). With EBC cutoff of 0.85 × 109 eosinophils/L, sensitivity and specificity were 65.7% and 70.8%, respectively. Eosinophil counts alone may be helpful in raising suspicion of an Ancylostoma spp. infection if further intestinal parasites and concurrent disorders are absent. However, local prevalence data and epidemiological findings should also be evaluated, since eosinophilia is less frequently observed with Ancylostoma spp. infections in the presence of comorbidities.
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Harvey TV, Tang AM, da Paixao Sevá A, Albano dos Santos C, Santos Carvalho SM, Magalhães da Rocha CMB, Oliveira BCM, Albuquerque GR. Enteric parasitic infections in children and dogs in resource-poor communities in northeastern Brazil: Identifying priority prevention and control areas. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008378. [PMID: 32516309 PMCID: PMC7282628 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and risk factors of the main enteric parasitic infections that affect children and dogs in the municipality of Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil; and to identify the geopolitical areas that should receive priority interventions to combat them. Between March and November 2016, fecal samples of 143 dogs and 193 children aged 1 month to 5 years were collected in 40 rural and semirural communities using a systematic sampling approach, stratified by district. Samples were collected by legal guardians of the children and / or dog owners. Eggs, larvae, cysts and oocysts of parasites were concentrated by centrifugal-flotation and centrifugal-sedimentation, and acid-resistant staining was used to visualize parasites. One hundred and thirty-two children (68.4%), 111 dogs (77.6%) and 199 (73.7%) dog fecal samples collected from streets were parasitized. Giardiasis, cryptosporidiosis, amoeba infections and hookworm were the most frequent infections in all studied populations, in addition to trichuriasis in dogs and ascaridiasis in children. A predominance of Giardia and hookworms was observed in children and dogs, respectively. The coastal districts of Aritaguá, Olivença and the main district had a higher parasitic diversity and overlapping of important potential zoonotic infections. Age over one year (p<0.001), adjusted OR = 3.65; 95% CI = 1.86-7.16) and income below the minimum monthly salary (p = 0.02, adjusted OR = 2.78, 95% CI = 1.17-6.59) were the main factors associated with intestinal parasitic infections in children and dogs, respectively. The coastal districts of Aritaguá and Olivença and the main district should be prioritized through enteric disease control programs, and the factors associated with infections must be considered in the design of health interventions in these districts. The integration between affirmative income actions and investments to improve the health infrastructure of these communities may work more effectively than current preventive measures to combat enteric parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiani Vitor Harvey
- Departamento de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Animal, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz—UESC, Ilhéus, Bahia, Brasil
- * E-mail:
| | - Alice M. Tang
- Department of Public Health & Community Medicine, School of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of América
| | - Anaiá da Paixao Sevá
- Departamento de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Animal, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz—UESC, Ilhéus, Bahia, Brasil
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo–USP, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Camila Albano dos Santos
- Departamento de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz—UESC, Ilhéus, Bahia, Brasil
| | | | | | - Bruno César Miranda Oliveira
- Departamento de Apoio, Produção e Saúde Animal, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Araçatuba, SP, Brasil
| | - George Rego Albuquerque
- Departamento de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Animal, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz—UESC, Ilhéus, Bahia, Brasil
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Bezerra-Santos MA, Furtado LFV, Rabelo ÉML, Nogueira BCF, Yamatogi RS, Campos AK. High prevalence of Ancylostoma caninum infection in black-eared opossums (Didelphis aurita) in an urban environment. Parasitol Res 2020; 119:2343-2346. [PMID: 32435896 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-020-06708-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Marsupials of the genus Didelphis, such as black-eared opossums (Didelphis aurita), are common synanthropic animals in urban areas of Brazil. These marsupials are frequently parasitized by numerous helminth species, including ancylostomatid nematodes. This study aimed to report the occurrence of Ancylostoma caninum in black-eared opossums captured in an urban environment of Southeastern Brazil and discuss the potential impact of these findings for public health. From January to June 2019, we collected fecal samples from 49 restrained opossums and evaluated by a simple flotation method; Helminth eggs were observed at different magnifications and identified according to morphological and morphometric features. Genomic DNA was extracted from Ancylostomatidae eggs and screened by duplex PCR for Ancylostoma spp. and Necator americanus using primers that amplify a region of internal transcribed spacer 2 and the 28S ribosomal RNA (ITS2-28S rRNA). Ancylostoma spp. eggs were detected in 65.3% (32/49) of the animals. Sequence analysis revealed 100% homology with A. caninum sequences from GenBank. Our results demonstrate a new host-parasite interaction for A. caninum, suggesting that black-eared opossums may participate in the zoonotic cycle of this parasite in urban areas of Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Antônio Bezerra-Santos
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Viçosa, Av. PH Rolfs, s/n, University Campus, Vicosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil.
| | - Luis Fernando Viana Furtado
- University of the State of Minas Gerais, Av. Juca Stockler, 1130, Nossa Sra. das Gracas, Passos, MG, 37900-106, Brazil
| | - Élida Mara Leite Rabelo
- Department of Parasitology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Bárbara Cristina Félix Nogueira
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Viçosa, Av. PH Rolfs, s/n, University Campus, Vicosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Seiti Yamatogi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Viçosa, Av. PH Rolfs, s/n, University Campus, Vicosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Artur Kanadani Campos
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Viçosa, Av. PH Rolfs, s/n, University Campus, Vicosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
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Automated Diagnosis of Canine Gastrointestinal Parasites Using Image Analysis. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9020139. [PMID: 32093178 PMCID: PMC7169455 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9020139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Because canine intestinal parasites are considered cosmopolitan, they carry significant zoonotic potential to public health. These etiological agents are routinely diagnosed using microscopic examination commonly used because of its low cost, simple execution, and direct evidence. However, there are reports in the literature on the poor performance of this test due to low to moderate sensitivity resulting from frequent errors, procedures and interpretation. Therefore, to improve the diagnostic efficiency of microscopic examination in veterinary medicine, we developed and evaluated a unique new protocol. This system was tested in a study involving four genera of highly prevalent canine intestinal parasites in an endemic region in São Paulo state, Brazil. Fecal samples from 104 animals were collected for this research. The new protocol had a significantly higher (p < 0.0001) number of positive cases on image data, including parasites and impurities, and was elaborate to test them with the TF-GII/Dog technique, with a moderate agreement and Kappa index of 0.7636. We concluded that the new Prototic Coproparasitological Test for Dogs (PC-Test Dog) allowed a better visualization of the parasitic structures and showed a favorable result for the diagnosis of intestinal parasites in dogs.
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Furtado LFV, Dias LTDO, Rodrigues TDO, Silva VJD, Oliveira VNGMD, Rabelo ÉML. Egg genotyping reveals the possibility of patent Ancylostoma caninum infection in human intestine. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3006. [PMID: 32080267 PMCID: PMC7033205 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59874-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hookworms are intestinal parasites that cause major public health problems, especially in developing countries. To differentiate eggs from different hookworm species, it is necessary to use molecular methodologies, since the eggs are morphologically similar. Here, we performed the molecular identification of single hookworm eggs from six Brazilian states. Of the 634 eggs individually analyzed, 98.1% (622/634) represented Necator americanus, and surprisingly, 1.9% (12/634 eggs from the same patient) represented Ancylostoma caninum. DNA analysis of the A. caninum-positive stool sample revealed no contamination with animal feces. This is the first report of the presence of A. caninum eggs in human feces, which may have a direct implication for the epidemiology of hookworm infection caused by this species. This suggests the need for special attention regarding prophylaxis, as different reservoirs, previously not described, may have great relevance for the spread of A. caninum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Fernando Viana Furtado
- Universidade do Estado de Minas Gerais, Avenida Juca Stockler, 1130, CEP 37900-106, Nossa Sra. das Gracas, Passos, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Lucas Teixeira de Oliveira Dias
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Avenida Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, Departamento de Parasitologia, L4 237, Laboratório de Parasitologia Molecular, Pampulha, CEP 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Thais de Oliveira Rodrigues
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Avenida Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, Departamento de Parasitologia, L4 237, Laboratório de Parasitologia Molecular, Pampulha, CEP 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Vivian Jordania da Silva
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Avenida Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, Departamento de Parasitologia, L4 237, Laboratório de Parasitologia Molecular, Pampulha, CEP 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Valéria Nayara Gomes Mendes de Oliveira
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Avenida Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, Departamento de Parasitologia, L4 237, Laboratório de Parasitologia Molecular, Pampulha, CEP 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Élida Mara Leite Rabelo
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Avenida Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, Departamento de Parasitologia, L4 237, Laboratório de Parasitologia Molecular, Pampulha, CEP 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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Abstract
I herein review published studies reporting the prevalence of Toxocara infection in dogs and cats in Brazil. Based on data gathered from faecal examinations of approximately 38,940 dogs and 5600 cats from different Brazilian studies, the mean prevalence of Toxocara infection is 11.4% (range: 0.7-48.9%) in dogs and 16.7% (0.3-43.1%) in cats. These mean values based on faecal examinations should be interpreted with cautious, considering the obvious differences in terms of sample size, diagnostic tests and animal populations. Accordingly, necropsy investigations reveal higher mean prevalence values (21.9% for Toxocara canis and 27.6% Toxocara cati in dogs and cats, respectively). The contamination with Toxocara eggs in different environments and the significance of these parasites from a public health perspective in Brazil are briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipe Dantas-Torres
- Department of Immunology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.
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Abstract
AbstractAll canine hookworms are known to be zoonotic, causing infections ranging from transient skin irritations to prolonged ‘creeping eruptions’, eosinophilic enteritis and even patent intestinal infections. There is little information on canine hookworm species and their public health significance in sub-Saharan Africa. This study determined the prevalence and species of hookworms in dogs from different climatic zones of Kenya. Dog faecal samples were collected from the environment, and hookworm eggs were isolated by zinc chloride flotation and subjected to DNA extraction. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays targeting the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) 1 and 2, 5.8S and 28S ribosomal RNA ofAncylostomaspp. andUncinaria stenocephalawere performed, and hookworm species were identified by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) or DNA sequencing. Hookworm eggs were detected by microscopy in 490/1621 (30.23%, 95% CI 28.01–32.54) faecal samples. Estimates of faecal prevalence were high in counties receiving higher rainfall (Narok 46.80%, Meru 44.88%) and low in those with a more arid climate (Isiolo 19.73%, Turkana 11.83%). In a subset of 70 faecal samples,Ancylostoma caninum(n = 59) was the most common species, followed byA. braziliense(n = 10) andA.cf.duodenale(n = 1). This study reports for the first time the detection ofA.cf.duodenalein dog faeces and zoonotic hookworm species in Kenyan dogs. These findings emphasize the need for control measures such as enforcing laws for restraining stray dogs, regular deworming of dogs, and public health awareness programmes aimed at informing communities on outdoor use of footwear.
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Dubey JP, Lindsay DS. Coccidiosis in dogs—100 years of progress. Vet Parasitol 2019; 266:34-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2018.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Abstract
The presence and distribution of various species of canine hookworms in Africa are poorly known. The main objective of this study, therefore, was to identify the hookworm species present in canine faecal samples from Morogoro, Tanzania, using molecular techniques. Faecal samples from 160 local dogs were collected and hookworm positive samples processed to recover larvae for further molecular characterization. DNA was extracted from pools of larvae from individual samples (n = 66), which were analysed subsequently using two different molecular approaches, polymerase chain reaction-linked restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and species-specific PCR coupled with Sanger sequencing. The PCR-RFLP technique detected only the presence of the ubiquitous Ancylostoma caninum in the 66 samples. However, by species-specific PCR coupled with Sanger sequencing we identified ten samples with A. braziliense, two with Uncinaria stenocephala and five with A. ceylanicum. Thus, all four known species of canine hookworms were identified in Morogoro, Tanzania. To our knowledge this is the first report of the detection of the presence of U. stenocephala and A. ceylanicum in Africa using molecular techniques. In addition to their veterinary importance, canine hookworms have zoonotic potential and are of public health concern.
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Pumidonming W, Salman D, Gronsang D, Abdelbaset AE, Sangkaeo K, Kawazu SI, Igarashi M. Prevalence of gastrointestinal helminth parasites of zoonotic significance in dogs and cats in lower Northern Thailand. J Vet Med Sci 2016; 78:1779-1784. [PMID: 27570099 PMCID: PMC5240754 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.16-0293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal zoonotic helminths of dogs and cats have a public health concern
worldwide. We investigated the prevalence of gastrointestinal helminths of zoonotic
significance in dogs and cats in lower Northern Thailand and utilized molecular tools for
species identification of hookworms and Opisthorchis viverrini. Fecal
samples of 197 dogs and 180 cats were collected. Overall prevalence of infection using
microscopy was 40.1% in dogs and 33.9% in cats. Helminth infection found in both dogs and
cats included hookworms, Spirometra spp., Taenia spp.,
Toxocara spp., O. viverrini,
Strongyloides spp. and Trichuris spp. Hookworms were
the most common helminth in dogs, while Spirometra spp. were the most
prevalent in cats. Among hookworm infection in dogs and cats, Ancylostoma
ceylanicum was the most prevalent hookworm, being 82.1% in hookworm infected
dogs and 95.8% in hookworm infected cats. Mixed-infection due to hookworms and
Spirometra spp. was the most dominant in both dogs and cats. Our
finding showed that zoonotic helminth infection is highly prevalent in dogs and cats in
the lower Northern area of Thailand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilawan Pumidonming
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
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