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Flores-Sotelo I, Juárez N, González MI, Chávez A, Vannan DT, Eksteen B, Terrazas LI, Reyes JL. Endogenous innate sensor NLRP3 is a key component in peritoneal macrophage dynamics required for cestode establishment. Immunol Res 2024:10.1007/s12026-024-09496-3. [PMID: 38842647 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-024-09496-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
The NLRP3 receptor can assemble inflammasome platforms to trigger inflammatory responses; however, accumulating evidence suggests that it can also display anti-inflammatory properties. Here, we explored the role of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain pyrin-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) in Taenia crassiceps experimental infection, which requires immune polarization into a Th2-type profile and peritoneal influx of suppressive macrophages for successful colonization. NLRP3 deficient mice (NLRP3-/-) were highly resistant against T. crassiceps, relative to wild-type (WT) mice. Resistance in NLRP3-/- mice was associated with a diminished IL-4 output, high levels of IL-15, growth factor for both innate and adaptive lymphocytes, and a dramatic decrease in peritoneum-infiltrating suppressive macrophages. Also, a transcriptional analysis on bone marrow-derived macrophages exposed to Taenia-secreted antigens and IL-4 revealed that NLRP3-/- macrophages express reduced transcripts of relm-α and PD-1 ligands, markers of alternative activation and suppressive ability, respectively. Finally, we found that the resistance displayed by NLRP3-/- mice is transferred through intestinal microbiota exchange, since WT mice co-housed with NLRP3-/- mice were significantly more resistant than WT animals preserving their native microbiota. Altogether, these data demonstrate that NLRP3 is a component of innate immunity required for T. crassiceps to establish, most likely contributing to macrophage recruitment, and controlling lymphocyte-stimulating cytokines such as IL-15.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irán Flores-Sotelo
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Experimental y Regulación de la Inflamación Hepato-Intestinal, UBIMED, FES, Iztacala, UNAM, Tlalnepantla de Baz, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Natalia Juárez
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Experimental y Regulación de la Inflamación Hepato-Intestinal, UBIMED, FES, Iztacala, UNAM, Tlalnepantla de Baz, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Marisol I González
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Experimental y Regulación de la Inflamación Hepato-Intestinal, UBIMED, FES, Iztacala, UNAM, Tlalnepantla de Baz, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Auraamellaly Chávez
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Experimental y Regulación de la Inflamación Hepato-Intestinal, UBIMED, FES, Iztacala, UNAM, Tlalnepantla de Baz, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Danielle T Vannan
- Boston Scientific Corporation, Urology Division, 200 Boston Scientific Way, Marlborough, MA, USA
| | | | - Luis I Terrazas
- Laboratorio de Inmunoparasitología, UBIMED, FES Iztacala, UNAM, Tlalnepantla de Baz, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - José L Reyes
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Experimental y Regulación de la Inflamación Hepato-Intestinal, UBIMED, FES, Iztacala, UNAM, Tlalnepantla de Baz, Estado de México, Mexico.
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2
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Jain S, Rana M. From the discovery of helminths to the discovery of their carcinogenic potential. Parasitol Res 2023; 123:47. [PMID: 38095695 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-023-08022-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Cancer involves a major aberration in the normal behaviour of cells, making them divide continuously, which interferes with the normal physiology of the body. The link between helminths and their cancer-inducing potential has been proposed in the last century. The exact pathway is still not clear but chronic inflammation in response to the deposited eggs, immune response against soluble egg antigens, and co-infection with a third party (a bacteria, a virus, or infection leading to a change in microbiome) seems to be the reasons for cancer induction. This review looks into the historical outlook on helminths along with their epidemiology, morphology, and life cycle. It then focuses on providing correlations between helminth infection and molecular mechanism of carcinogenesis by elaborating upon epidemiological, clinical, and surgical studies. While the cancer-inducing potential has been convincingly established only for a few helminths and studies point out towards possible cancer-inducing ability of the rest of the helminths elucidated in this work, however, more insights into the immunobiology of helminths as well as infected patients are required to conclusively comment upon this ability of the latter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidhant Jain
- Institute for Globally Distributed Open Research and Education (IGDORE), Rewari, Haryana, India.
| | - Meenakshi Rana
- Dyal Singh College, University of Delhi, Lodhi Road, Pragati Vihaar, New Delhi, India
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3
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Atia AF, Abou-Hussien NM, Sweed DM, Sweed E, Abo-Khalil NA. Auranofin attenuates Schistosoma mansoni egg-induced liver granuloma and fibrosis in mice. J Helminthol 2023; 97:e95. [PMID: 38053397 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x23000792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is a serious tropical disease. Despite extensive research into the etiology of liver fibrosis, effective therapeutic options remain limited. This study aims to assess the effectiveness of auranofin in treating hepatic granuloma and fibrogenesis produced by Schistosoma (S.) mansoni eggs. Auranofin is a gold complex that contains thioglucose tetraacetate and triethylphosphine. Eighty BALB/c male mice were divided into four groups (n=20/group): negative control (GI), positive control (GII), and early (GIII) and late (GIV) treatment groups with oral auranofin according to beginning of treatment 4th week and 6th week post-infection. Mice were infected subcutaneously in a dose of 60±10 cercariae/mouse. Worm counts, egg loads, and oogram patterns were determined. Biochemical, histological, and immunostaining of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), Sirtuin 3 (SIRT3), and smooth muscle actin (SMA) were assessed. GIII showed a significant decrease in the total S. mansoni worm burden and ova/gram in liver tissue (with reduction percent of 63.07% and 78.26%, respectively). Schistosomal oogram patterns, immature and mature ova, also showed a significant decrease. The reduction in granuloma number and size was 40.63% and 48.66%, respectively, in GIII, whereas in GIV, the reduction percent was 76.63% and 67.08%. In addition, the degree of fibrosis was significantly diminished in both treated groups. GIV showed significant reduction in IL-1β and SMA expression and increase in SIRT3 expression. These findings reveal how auranofin suppresses the development of liver fibrosis. Therefore, it is crucial to take another look at auranofin as a prospective medication for the treatment of S. mansoni egg-induced hepatic granuloma and consequent fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A F Atia
- Medical Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom, Menoufia, Egypt
| | - N M Abou-Hussien
- Medical Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom, Menoufia, Egypt
| | - D M Sweed
- Pathology Department, National Liver Institute, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom, Menoufia, Egypt
| | - E Sweed
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom, Menoufia, Egypt
| | - N A Abo-Khalil
- Medical Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom, Menoufia, Egypt
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4
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Chen CS, Zhang YG, Wang HJ, Fan HN. Effect and mechanism of reactive oxygen species-mediated NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing 3 inflammasome activation in hepatic alveolar echinococcosis. World J Gastroenterol 2023; 29:2153-2171. [PMID: 37122606 PMCID: PMC10130966 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v29.i14.2153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is a significant component of the innate immune system that plays a vital role in the development of various parasitic diseases. However, its role in hepatic alveolar echinococcosis (HAE) remains unclear.
AIM To investigate the NLRP3 inflammasome and its mechanism of activation in HAE.
METHODS We assessed the expression of NLRP3, caspase-1, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-18 in the marginal zone and corresponding normal liver of 60 patients with HAE. A rat model of HAE was employed to investigate the role of the NLRP3 inflammasome in the marginal zone of HAE. Transwell experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of Echinococcus multilocularis (E. multilocularis) in stimulating Kupffer cells and hepatocytes. Furthermore, immunohistochemistry, Western blotting, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were used to evaluate NLRP3, caspase-1, IL-1β, and IL-18 expression; flow cytometry was used to detect apoptosis and reactive oxygen species (ROS).
RESULTS NLRP3 inflammasome activation was significantly associated with ROS. Inhibition of ROS production decreased NLRP3-caspase-1-IL-1β pathway activation and mitigated hepatocyte damage and inflammation.
CONCLUSION E. multilocularis induces hepatocyte damage and inflammation by activating the ROS-mediated NLRP3-caspase-1-IL-1β pathway in Kupffer cells, indicating that ROS may serve as a potential target for the treatment of HAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cai-Song Chen
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine of Qinghai University, Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University, Xining 810001, Qinghai Province, China
| | - Yao-Gang Zhang
- Qinghai Province Research Key Laboratory for Echinococcosis, Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University, Xining 810001, Qinghai Province, China
| | - Hai-Jiu Wang
- Qinghai Province Research Key Laboratory for Echinococcosis, Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University, Xining 810001, Qinghai Province, China
| | - Hai-Ning Fan
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Qinghai Province Research Key Laboratory for Echinococcosis, Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University, Xining 810001, Qinghai Province, China
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Wang X, Travis OK, Shields CA, Tardo GA, Giachelli C, Nutter CW, Glenn HL, Cooper OG, Davis T, Thomas R, Williams JM, Cornelius DC. NLRP3 inhibition improves maternal hypertension, inflammation, and vascular dysfunction in response to placental ischemia. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2023; 324:R556-R567. [PMID: 36847598 PMCID: PMC10069976 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00192.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
Preeclampsia (PE) is a pregnancy-specific hypertensive disorder with end-organ damage that presents after 20 wk of gestation. PE pathophysiology often includes vascular dysfunction and increased inflammation that continues to damage patient health even after PE resolves. Currently, there is no cure for PE beyond delivery of the fetal-placental unit. Previous clinical studies have identified elevated placental NLRP3 expression in patients with PE and suggest NLRP3 as a potential therapeutic target. In this study, we examined the effect of NLRP3 inhibition on PE pathophysiology in the reduced uterine perfusion pressure (RUPP) model rat using MCC950 (20 mg/kg/day) or esomeprazole (3.5 mg/kg/day). We hypothesized that increased NLRP3 in response to placental ischemia impairs anti-inflammatory IL-33 signaling to induce T-helper 17 cell (TH17) and cytolytic NK cell (cNK) activation, which is known to mediate oxidative stress and vascular dysfunction leading to maternal HTN and intrauterine growth restriction. RUPP rats had significantly higher placental NLRP3 expression, maternal blood pressure, fetal reabsorption rate, vascular resistance, oxidative stress, cNKs and TH17s, and decreased IL-33 compared with normal pregnant (NP) rats. NLRP3 inhibition, with either treatment, significantly reduced placental NLRP3 expression, maternal blood pressure, fetal reabsorption rates, vascular resistance, oxidative stress, cNK, and TH17 populations in RUPP rats. Based on our findings, NLRP3 inhibition reduces PE pathophysiology and esomeprazole may be a potential therapeutic for PE treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, United States
| | - Olivia K Travis
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, United States
| | - Corbin A Shields
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, United States
| | - G Ann Tardo
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, United States
| | - Chelsea Giachelli
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, United States
| | - Christopher W Nutter
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, United States
| | - Hannah L Glenn
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, United States
| | - Olive G Cooper
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, United States
| | - Tatiana Davis
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, United States
| | - Rashauna Thomas
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, United States
| | - Jan M Williams
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, United States
| | - Denise C Cornelius
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, United States
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, United States
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Kalantari P, Shecter I, Hopkins J, Pilotta Gois A, Morales Y, Harandi BF, Sharma S, Stadecker MJ. The balance between gasdermin D and STING signaling shapes the severity of schistosome immunopathology. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2211047120. [PMID: 36943884 PMCID: PMC10068786 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2211047120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
There is significant disease heterogeneity among mouse strains infected with the helminth Schistosoma mansoni. Here, we uncover a unique balance in two critical innate pathways governing the severity of disease. In the low-pathology setting, parasite egg-stimulated dendritic cells (DCs) induce robust interferon (IFN)β production, which is dependent on the cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)/stimulator of interferon genes (STING) cytosolic DNA sensing pathway and results in a Th2 response with suppression of proinflammatory cytokine production and Th17 cell activation. IFNβ induces signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)1, which suppresses CD209a, a C-type lectin receptor associated with severe disease. In contrast, in the high-pathology setting, enhanced DC expression of the pore-forming protein gasdermin D (Gsdmd) results in reduced expression of cGAS/STING, impaired IFNβ, and enhanced pyroptosis. Our findings demonstrate that cGAS/STING signaling represents a unique mechanism inducing protective type I IFN, which is counteracted by Gsdmd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Kalantari
- Department of Immunology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA02111
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Center for Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA16802
| | - Ilana Shecter
- Department of Immunology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA02111
| | - Jacob Hopkins
- Department of Immunology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA02111
| | - Andrea Pilotta Gois
- Department of Immunology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA02111
| | - Yoelkys Morales
- Department of Immunology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA02111
| | - Bijan F. Harandi
- Department of Immunology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA02111
| | - Shruti Sharma
- Department of Immunology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA02111
| | - Miguel J. Stadecker
- Department of Immunology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA02111
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A novel cysteine protease inhibitor in Baylisascaris schroederi migratory larvae regulates inflammasome activation through the TLR4-ROS-NLRP3 pathway. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:334. [PMID: 36151570 PMCID: PMC9508711 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05466-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Giant pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) are the obligate host of the parasitic roundworm Baylisascaris schroederi. The infection of giant pandas with B. schroederi is very common. At present, little is known about the mechanism of immune interaction between B. schroederi and the host. As an important component of innate immunity, the NOD-like receptor 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome plays an important role in host immune response and the occurrence and development of infectious diseases. Methods We analyzed the regulation of NLRP3 inflammasome activation in monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) by the recombinant B. schroederi migratory larvae cysteine protease inhibitor rBsCPI-1, knowing from a previous study that the CPI-1 is highly expressed in B. schroederi migratory larvae. We first determined the effects of rBsCPI-1 and excretory–secretory products of B. schroederi migratory larvae on cell proliferation using the CCK-8 and LDH release assays. We then analyzed NLRP3 inflammasome activation, pyroptosis and pro-inflammatory cytokine release by quantitative-PCR, western blotting and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The signaling pathway of rBsCPI-1 to activate NLRP3 inflammasomes was analyzed in activation and inhibition experiments. Finally, the effects of rBsCPI-1 on inflammasome activation in mice immunized with rBsCPI-1 were analyzed. Results The activation and inhibition experiments revealed that rBsCPI-1 induced inflammasome activation through the TLR4–ROS–NLRP3 signaling pathway, with reactive oxygen species (ROS) not only functioning as an activator of the NLRP3 inflammasome, but also an activation product of the NLRP3 inflammasome. rBsCPI-1 promoted the activation and assembly of the NLRP3 inflammasome, which further converted the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18 into mature active forms. At the same time, caspase-1 cleaved gasdermin D to trigger cell pyroptosis. The results of animal immunization experiments further confirmed that rBsCPI-1 could induce the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome. Conclusions rBsCPI-1 activates the inflammasome through the TLR4–ROS–NLRP3 signaling pathway and further induces the pyroptosis of MDMs and release of pro-inflammatory factors IL-1β and IL-18, thus promoting the occurrence and development of the inflammatory response in the host. Graphical abstract ![]()
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Hurtado-Navarro L, Angosto-Bazarra D, Pelegrín P, Baroja-Mazo A, Cuevas S. NLRP3 Inflammasome and Pyroptosis in Liver Pathophysiology: The Emerging Relevance of Nrf2 Inducers. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11050870. [PMID: 35624734 PMCID: PMC9137763 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11050870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammasomes, particularly the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain, leucine-rich repeat, and pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome, apparently serve as crucial regulators of the inflammatory response through the activation of Caspase-1 and induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines and pyroptotic cell death. Pyroptosis is a type of programmed cell death mediated by Caspase-1 cleavage of Gasdermin D and the insertion of its N-terminal fragment into the plasma membrane, where it forms pores, enabling the release of different pro-inflammatory mediators. Pyroptosis is considered not only a pro-inflammatory pathway involved in liver pathophysiology but also an important pro-fibrotic mediator. Diverse molecular mechanisms linking oxidative stress, inflammasome activation, pyroptosis, and the progression of liver pathologies have been documented. Numerous studies have indicated the protective effects of several antioxidants, with the ability to induce nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) activity on liver inflammation and fibrosis. In this review, we have summarised recent studies addressing the role of the NLRP3 inflammasome and pyroptosis in the pathogenesis of various hepatic diseases, highlighting the potential application of Nrf2 inducers in the prevention of pyroptosis as liver protective compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Hurtado-Navarro
- Molecular Inflammation Group, Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB), University Clinical Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca, 30120 Murcia, Spain; (L.H.-N.); (D.A.-B.); (P.P.)
| | - Diego Angosto-Bazarra
- Molecular Inflammation Group, Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB), University Clinical Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca, 30120 Murcia, Spain; (L.H.-N.); (D.A.-B.); (P.P.)
| | - Pablo Pelegrín
- Molecular Inflammation Group, Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB), University Clinical Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca, 30120 Murcia, Spain; (L.H.-N.); (D.A.-B.); (P.P.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology B and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Alberto Baroja-Mazo
- Molecular Inflammation Group, Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB), University Clinical Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca, 30120 Murcia, Spain; (L.H.-N.); (D.A.-B.); (P.P.)
- Correspondence: (A.B.-M.); (S.C.); Tel.: +34-868-885-039 (A.B.-M.); +34-868-885-031 (S.C.)
| | - Santiago Cuevas
- Molecular Inflammation Group, Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB), University Clinical Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca, 30120 Murcia, Spain; (L.H.-N.); (D.A.-B.); (P.P.)
- Correspondence: (A.B.-M.); (S.C.); Tel.: +34-868-885-039 (A.B.-M.); +34-868-885-031 (S.C.)
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Bąska P, Norbury LJ. The Role of Nuclear Factor Kappa B (NF-κB) in the Immune Response against Parasites. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11030310. [PMID: 35335634 PMCID: PMC8950322 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11030310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system consists of various cells, organs, and processes that interact in a sophisticated manner to defend against pathogens. Upon initial exposure to an invader, nonspecific mechanisms are raised through the activation of macrophages, monocytes, basophils, mast cells, eosinophils, innate lymphoid cells, or natural killer cells. During the course of an infection, more specific responses develop (adaptive immune responses) whose hallmarks include the expansion of B and T cells that specifically recognize foreign antigens. Cell to cell communication takes place through physical interactions as well as through the release of mediators (cytokines, chemokines) that modify cell activity and control and regulate the immune response. One regulator of cell states is the transcription factor Nuclear Factor kappa B (NF-κB) which mediates responses to various stimuli and is involved in a variety of processes (cell cycle, development, apoptosis, carcinogenesis, innate and adaptive immune responses). It consists of two protein classes with NF-κB1 (p105/50) and NF-κB2 (p100/52) belonging to class I, and RelA (p65), RelB and c-Rel belonging to class II. The active transcription factor consists of a dimer, usually comprised of both class I and class II proteins conjugated to Inhibitor of κB (IκB). Through various stimuli, IκB is phosphorylated and detached, allowing dimer migration to the nucleus and binding of DNA. NF-κB is crucial in regulating the immune response and maintaining a balance between suppression, effective response, and immunopathologies. Parasites are a diverse group of organisms comprised of three major groups: protozoa, helminths, and ectoparasites. Each group induces distinct effector immune mechanisms and is susceptible to different types of immune responses (Th1, Th2, Th17). This review describes the role of NF-κB and its activity during parasite infections and its contribution to inducing protective responses or immunopathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Bąska
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Luke J. Norbury
- Department of Biosciences and Food Technology, School of Science, STEM College, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia;
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Charan HV, Dwivedi DK, Khan S, Jena G. Mechanisms of NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated hepatic stellate cell activation: therapeutic potential for liver fibrosis. Genes Dis 2022; 10:480-494. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2021.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
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Li J, Zhang J, Zhang B, Chen L, Chen G, Zhu D, Chen J, Duan L, Duan Y. rSjP40 Inhibited the Activity of Collagen Type I Promoter via Ets-1 in HSCs. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:765616. [PMID: 34820381 PMCID: PMC8606555 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.765616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is a severe disease characterized by excessive deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) components in the liver. Activated hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) are a major source of ECM and a key regulator of liver fibrosis. Collagen type I alpha I (COL1A1) is one of the main components of ECM and is a major component in fibrotic tissues. Previously, we demonstrated that soluble egg antigen from Schistosoma japonicum could inhibit the expression of COL1A1 in activated HSCs. In addition, studies have found that Ets proto-oncogene 1 (Ets-1) suppresses the production of ECM by down-regulating matrix related genes such as COL1A1 induced by transforming growth factor β, and ultimately inhibits liver fibrosis. In this study, the major aim was to investigate the effect and mechanism of Ets-1 on inhibiting COL1A1 gene promoter activity in HSCs by recombinant Schistosoma japonicum protein P40 (rSjP40). We observed the rSjP40 inhibited the expression of COL1A1 by inhibiting the activity of the COL1A1 promoter, and the core region of rSjP40 acting on COL1A1 promoter was located at -1,722/-1,592. In addition, we also demonstrated that rSjP40 could promote the expression of Ets-1, and Ets-1 has a negative regulation effect on the COL1A1 promoter in human LX-2 cells. These data suggest that rSjP40 might inhibit the activity of COL1A1 promoter and inhibit the activation of HSCs by increasing the expression of transcription factor Ets-1, which will provide a new experimental basis for the prevention and treatment of liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, China.,Cancer Research Center Nantong, Nantong Tumor Hospital & Tumor Hospital Affiliated to Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Jiali Zhang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, China.,Department of Laboratory, Xishan People's Hospital of Wuxi City, Wuxi, China
| | - Bei Zhang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Liuting Chen
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Guo Chen
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Dandan Zhu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Jinling Chen
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Lian Duan
- Department of Medical Informatics, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Yinong Duan
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, China
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12
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von Bülow V, Lichtenberger J, Grevelding CG, Falcone FH, Roeb E, Roderfeld M. Does Schistosoma Mansoni Facilitate Carcinogenesis? Cells 2021; 10:1982. [PMID: 34440754 PMCID: PMC8393187 DOI: 10.3390/cells10081982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is one of the most prominent parasite-induced infectious diseases, causing tremendous medical and socioeconomic problems. Current studies have reported on the spread of endemic regions and the fear of development of resistance against praziquantel, the only effective drug available. Among the Schistosoma species, only S. haematobium is classified as a Group 1 carcinogen (definitely cancerogenic to humans), causing squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder, whereas infection with S. mansoni is included in Group 3 of carcinogenic hazards to humans by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), indicating insufficient evidence to determine its carcinogenicity. Nevertheless, although S. mansoni has not been discussed as an organic carcinogen, the multiplicity of case reports, together with recent data from animal models and cell culture experiments, suggests that this parasite can predispose patients to or promote hepatic and colorectal cancer. In this review, we discuss the current data, with a focus on new developments regarding the association of S. mansoni infection with human cancer and the recently discovered biomolecular mechanisms by which S. mansoni may predispose patients to cancer development and carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena von Bülow
- Department of Gastroenterology, Justus Liebig University, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (V.v.B.); (J.L.); (E.R.)
| | - Jakob Lichtenberger
- Department of Gastroenterology, Justus Liebig University, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (V.v.B.); (J.L.); (E.R.)
| | - Christoph G. Grevelding
- Institute of Parasitology, BFS, Justus Liebig University, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (C.G.G.); (F.H.F.)
| | - Franco H. Falcone
- Institute of Parasitology, BFS, Justus Liebig University, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (C.G.G.); (F.H.F.)
| | - Elke Roeb
- Department of Gastroenterology, Justus Liebig University, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (V.v.B.); (J.L.); (E.R.)
| | - Martin Roderfeld
- Department of Gastroenterology, Justus Liebig University, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (V.v.B.); (J.L.); (E.R.)
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13
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Lam HYP, Liang TR, Peng SY. Ameliorative effects of Schisandrin B on Schistosoma mansoni-induced hepatic fibrosis in vivo. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009554. [PMID: 34161342 PMCID: PMC8259995 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is second only to malaria as the most devastating parasitic disease in the world. It is caused by the helminths Schistosoma mansoni (S. mansoni), S. haematobium, or S. japonicum. Typically, patients with schistosomiasis suffer from symptoms of liver fibrosis and hepatosplenomegaly. Currently, patients were treated with praziquantel. Although praziquantel effectively kills the worm, it cannot prevent re-infection or resolve liver fibrosis. Also, current treatment options are not ample to completely cure liver fibrosis and splenic damages. Moreover, resistance of praziquantel has been reported in vivo and in vitro studies. Therefore, finding new effective treatment agents is urgently needed. Schisandrin B (Sch B) of Schisandra chinensis has been shown to protect against different liver injuries including fatty liver disease, hepatotoxicity, fibrosis, and hepatoma. We herein investigate the potential of using Sch B to treat S. mansoni-induced liver fibrosis. Results from the present study demonstrate that Sch B is beneficial in treating S. mansoni-induced liver fibrosis and splenic damages, through inhibition of inflammasome activation and apoptosis; and aside from that regulates host immune responses. Besides, Sch B treatment damages male adult worm in the mice, consequently helps to reduce egg production and lessen the parasite burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Yin Pekkle Lam
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Ruei Liang
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
- Ph.D. Program in Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Yi Peng
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
- Ph.D. Program in Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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14
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Chu JQ, Gao FF, Wu W, Li C, Pan Z, Sun J, Wang H, Huang C, Lee SH, Quan JH, Lee YH. Expression profiles of NOD-like receptors and regulation of NLRP3 inflammasome activation in Toxoplasma gondii-infected human small intestinal epithelial cells. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:153. [PMID: 33712075 PMCID: PMC7953608 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04666-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Toxoplasma gondii is a parasite that primarily infects through the oral route. Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors (NLRs) play crucial roles in the immune responses generated during parasitic infection and also drive the inflammatory response against invading parasites. However, little is known about the regulation of NLRs and inflammasome activation in T. gondii-infected human small intestinal epithelial (FHs 74 Int) cells. METHODS FHs 74 Int cells infected with T. gondii were subsequently evaluated for morphological changes, cytotoxicity, expression profiles of NLRs, inflammasome components, caspase-cleaved interleukins (ILs), and the mechanisms of NLRP3 and NLRP6 inflammasome activation. Immunocytochemistry, lactate dehydrogenase assay, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), real-time quantitative RT-PCR, and western blotting techniques were utilized for analysis. RESULTS Under normal and T. gondii-infected conditions, members of the NLRs, inflammasome components and caspase-cleaved ILs were expressed in the FHs Int 74 cells, except for NLRC3, NLRP5, and NLRP9. Among the NLRs, mRNA expression of NOD2, NLRP3, NLRP6, and NAIP1 was significantly increased in T. gondii-infected cells, whereas that of NLRP2, NLRP7, and CIITA mRNAs decreased significantly in a time-dependent manner. In addition, T. gondii infection induced NLRP3, NLRP6 and NLRC4 inflammasome activation and production of IL-1β, IL-18, and IL-33 in FHs 74 Int cells. T. gondii-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation was strongly associated with the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK; however, JNK1/2 had a weak effect. NLRP6 inflammasome activation was not related to the MAPK pathway in FHs 74 Int cells. CONCLUSIONS This study highlighted the expression profiles of NLRs and unraveled the underlying mechanisms of NLRP3 inflammasome activation in T. gondii-infected FHs 74 Int cells. These findings may contribute to understanding of the mucosal and innate immune responses induced by the NLRs and inflammasomes during T. gondii infection in FHs 74 Int cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Qi Chu
- Stem Cell Research and Cellular Therapy Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524001, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Fei Fei Gao
- Brain Korea 21 FOUR Project for Medical Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 35015, Republic of Korea.,Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 35015, Republic of Korea
| | - Weiyun Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong Province, 524001, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunchao Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong Province, 524001, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaobin Pan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong Province, 524001, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinhui Sun
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong Province, 524001, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong Province, 524001, People's Republic of China
| | - Cong Huang
- Department of Dermatology, Skin Research Institute of Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, 518036, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Sang Hyuk Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Sun General Hospital, Daejeon, 34084, Republic of Korea.,Department of Infection Biology, Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, 6 Munhwa-dong, Jung-gu, Daejeon, 35015, Korea
| | - Juan-Hua Quan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong Province, 524001, People's Republic of China.
| | - Young-Ha Lee
- Brain Korea 21 FOUR Project for Medical Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 35015, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 35015, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Infection Biology, Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, 6 Munhwa-dong, Jung-gu, Daejeon, 35015, Korea.
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15
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Interplays between inflammasomes and viruses, bacteria (pathogenic and probiotic), yeasts and parasites. Immunol Lett 2020; 228:1-14. [PMID: 32971149 PMCID: PMC7505743 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2020.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, scientists studying the molecular mechanisms of inflammation have discovered an amazing phenomenon - the inflammasome - a component of the innate immune system that can regulate the functional activity of effector cells during inflammation. At present, it is known that inflammasomes are multimolecular complexes (cytosolic multiprotein oligomers of the innate immune system) that contain many copies of receptors recognizing the molecular structures of cell-damaging factors and pathogenic agents. Inflammasomes are mainly formed in myeloid cells, and their main function is participation in the cleavage of the pro-IL-1β and pro-IL-18 cytokines into their biologically active forms (IL-1β, IL-18). Each type of microorganism influences particular inflammasome activation, and long-term exposure of the organism to viruses, bacteria, yeasts or parasites, among others, can induce uncontrolled inflammation and autoinflammatory diseases. Therefore, this review aims to present the most current scientific data on the molecular interplay between inflammasomes and particular microorganisms. Knowledge about the mechanisms responsible for the interaction between the host and certain types of microorganisms could contribute to the individuation of innovative strategies for the treatment of uncontrolled inflammation targeting a specific type of inflammasome activated by a specific type of pathogen.
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16
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Lozano-Ruiz B, González-Navajas JM. The Emerging Relevance of AIM2 in Liver Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186535. [PMID: 32906750 PMCID: PMC7555176 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2) is a cytosolic receptor that recognizes double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) and triggers the activation of the inflammasome cascade. Activation of the inflammasome results in the maturation of inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-1 β and IL-18, and a form of cell death known as pyroptosis. Owing to the conserved nature of its ligand, AIM2 is important during immune recognition of multiple pathogens. Additionally, AIM2 is also capable of recognizing host DNA during cellular damage or stress, thereby contributing to sterile inflammatory diseases. Inflammation, either in response to pathogens or due to sterile cellular damage, is at the center of the most prevalent and life-threatening liver diseases. Therefore, during the last 15 years, the study of inflammasome activation in the liver has emerged as a new research area in hepatology. Here, we discuss the known functions of AIM2 in the pathogenesis of different hepatic diseases, including non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), hepatitis B, liver fibrosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Lozano-Ruiz
- Alicante Institute for Health and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL), 03010 Alicante, Spain;
- Department of Pharmacology, Paediatrics and Organic Chemistry, University Miguel Hernández (UMH), 03550 San Juan, Alicante, Spain
| | - José M. González-Navajas
- Alicante Institute for Health and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL), 03010 Alicante, Spain;
- Department of Pharmacology, Paediatrics and Organic Chemistry, University Miguel Hernández (UMH), 03550 San Juan, Alicante, Spain
- Networked Biomedical Research Center for Hepatic and Digestive Diseases (CIBERehd), Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Institute of Research, Development and Innovation in Healthcare Biotechnology in Elche (IDiBE), University Miguel Hernández, 03202 Elche, Alicante, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-(965)-913-928
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17
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Sanches RCO, Souza C, Oliveira SC. Schistosoma antigens as activators of inflammasome pathway: from an unexpected stimulus to an intriguing role. Microbes Infect 2020; 22:534-539. [PMID: 32841730 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2020.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Parasites of the genus Schistosoma are organisms capable of living for decades within the definitive host. They interfere with the immune response by interacting with host's receptors. In this review, we discuss from the first reports to the most recent discoveries regarding the ability of Schistosoma antigens in triggering intracellular receptors and inducing inflammasome activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo C O Sanches
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Cláudia Souza
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Sergio C Oliveira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais (INCT-DT), CNPq MCT, 31270-901, Salvador, Brazil.
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18
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The role of the adaptor molecule STING during Schistosoma mansoni infection. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7901. [PMID: 32404867 PMCID: PMC7220917 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64788-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is a human parasitic disease responsible for serious consequences for public health, as well as severe socioeconomic impacts in developing countries. Here, we provide evidence that the adaptor molecule STING plays an important role in Schistosoma mansoni infection. S. mansoni DNA is sensed by cGAS leading to STING activation in murine embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs). Sting-/- and C57BL/6 (WT) mice were infected with schistosome cercariae in order to assess parasite burden and liver pathology. Sting-/- mice showed worm burden reduction but no change in the number of eggs or granuloma numbers and area when compared to WT animals. Immunologically, a significant increase in IFN-γ production by the spleen cells was observed in Sting-/- animals. Surprisingly, Sting-/- mice presented an elevated percentage of neutrophils in lungs, bronchoalveolar lavage, and spleens. Moreover, Sting-/- neutrophils exhibited increased survival rate, but similar ability to kill schistosomula in vitro when stimulated with IFN-γ when compared to WT cells. Finally, microbiota composition was altered in Sting-/- mice, revealing a more inflammatory profile when compared to WT animals. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that STING signaling pathway is important for S. mansoni DNA sensing and the lack of this adaptor molecule leads to enhanced resistance to infection.
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19
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Cellular Interplay as a Consequence of Inflammatory Signals Leading to Liver Fibrosis Development. Cells 2020; 9:cells9020461. [PMID: 32085494 PMCID: PMC7072785 DOI: 10.3390/cells9020461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation has been known to be an important driver of fibrogenesis in the liver and onset of hepatic fibrosis. It starts off as a process meant to protect the liver from further damage, but it can become the main promoter of liver fibrosis. There are many inflammation-related pathways activated during liver fibrosis that lead to hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) activation and collagen-deposition in the liver. Such events are mostly modulated upstream of HSCs and involve signals from hepatocytes and innate immune cells. One particular event is represented by cell death during liver injury that generates multiple inflammatory signals that further trigger sterile inflammation and enhancement of inflammatory response. The assembly of inflammasome that responds to danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) stimulates the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and at the same time, initiates programmed cell death called pyroptosis. This review focuses on cellular and molecular mechanisms responsible for initiation and progress of inflammation in the liver.
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20
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Chen TT, Peng S, Wang Y, Hu Y, Shen Y, Xu Y, Yin J, Liu C, Cao J. Improvement of Mitochondrial Activity and Fibrosis by Resveratrol Treatment in Mice with Schistosoma japonicum Infection. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9110658. [PMID: 31717714 PMCID: PMC6920829 DOI: 10.3390/biom9110658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis caused by Schistosoma japonicum is a major parasitic disease in the People's Republic of China. Liver fibrosis is the main pathological mechanism of schistosomiasis, and it is also the major lesion. The common drug used for its treatment, praziquantel (PZQ), does not have a marked effect on liver fibrosis. Resveratrol (RSV), which is an antioxidant, improves mitochondrial function and also attenuates liver fibrosis. The combination of PZQ and RSV has been found to have a synergistic antischistosomal effect on Schistosoma mansoni; additionally, the activity of PZQ is enhanced in the presence of RSV. Here, we examine the therapeutic effects of RSV on the S. japonicum infection in a mouse model, and we investigate RSV as a novel therapeutic agent for mitochondrial function and schistosomiasis-associated liver fibrosis (SSLF). Mitochondrial membrane potential was examined using flow cytometry analysis. The expression of the mitochondrial biogenesis genes PGC-α and fibrosis-associated genes collagen I, collagen III and α-SMA were examined using western blot analysis. Fibrosis-associated histological changes were examined using Masson trichrome staining. Additionally, the effects of RSV on S. japonicum adult worms were examined using scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. RSV treatment improved mitochondrial function by increasing membrane potential and increasing PGC-α expression (mitochondrial biogenesis). Further, RSV attenuated liver injury, including liver scarring, by decreasing collagen deposition and the extent of fibrosis, based on the decrease in expression of the fibrosis-related genes. RSV also decreased the adult worm count and caused considerable physical damage to the worm. These results indicate that RSV upregulates mitochondrial biogenesis and inhibits fibrosis. RSV may have potential as a therapeutic target for the treatment of fibrosis in schistosomiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Tuwen Chen
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH, Shanghai 200025, China; (T.T.C.); (Y.W.); (Y.H.); (Y.S.); (Y.X.); (J.Y.); (C.L.)
- National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai 200025, China
- WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai 200025, China
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 97004, Taiwan;
| | - Shihyi Peng
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 97004, Taiwan;
| | - Yanjuan Wang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH, Shanghai 200025, China; (T.T.C.); (Y.W.); (Y.H.); (Y.S.); (Y.X.); (J.Y.); (C.L.)
- National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai 200025, China
- WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Yuan Hu
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH, Shanghai 200025, China; (T.T.C.); (Y.W.); (Y.H.); (Y.S.); (Y.X.); (J.Y.); (C.L.)
- National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai 200025, China
- WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Yujuan Shen
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH, Shanghai 200025, China; (T.T.C.); (Y.W.); (Y.H.); (Y.S.); (Y.X.); (J.Y.); (C.L.)
- National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai 200025, China
- WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Yuxin Xu
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH, Shanghai 200025, China; (T.T.C.); (Y.W.); (Y.H.); (Y.S.); (Y.X.); (J.Y.); (C.L.)
- National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai 200025, China
- WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Jianhai Yin
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH, Shanghai 200025, China; (T.T.C.); (Y.W.); (Y.H.); (Y.S.); (Y.X.); (J.Y.); (C.L.)
- National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai 200025, China
- WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Congshan Liu
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH, Shanghai 200025, China; (T.T.C.); (Y.W.); (Y.H.); (Y.S.); (Y.X.); (J.Y.); (C.L.)
- National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai 200025, China
- WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Jianping Cao
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH, Shanghai 200025, China; (T.T.C.); (Y.W.); (Y.H.); (Y.S.); (Y.X.); (J.Y.); (C.L.)
- National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai 200025, China
- WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai 200025, China
- Correspondence:
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